Journal articles on the topic 'Grain protein deviation'
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Mosleth, Ellen F., Marie Lillehammer, Till K. Pellny, Abigail J. Wood, Andrew B. Riche, Abrar Hussain, Simon Griffiths, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, and Peter R. Shewry. "Genetic variation and heritability of grain protein deviation in European wheat genotypes." Field Crops Research 255 (September 2020): 107896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107896.
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Geyer, Manuel, Volker Mohler, and Lorenz Hartl. "Genetics of the Inverse Relationship between Grain Yield and Grain Protein Content in Common Wheat." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162146.
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Grain protein content (GPC) is one of the most important criteria to determine the quality of common wheat (Triticum aestivum). One of the major obstacles for bread wheat production is the negative correlation between GPC and grain yield (GY). Previous studies demonstrated that the deviation from this inverse relationship is highly heritable. However, little is known about the genetics controlling these deviations in common wheat. To fill this gap, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for GY, GPC, and four derived GY-GPC indices using an eight-way multiparent advanced generation intercross population comprising 394 lines. Interval mapping was conducted using phenotypic data from up to nine environments and genotypic data from a 20k single-nucleotide polymorphism array. The four indices were highly heritable (0.76–0.88) and showed distinct correlations to GY and GPC. Interval mapping revealed that GY, GPC, and GY-GPC indices were controlled by 6, 12, and 12 unique QTL, of which each explained only a small amount of phenotypic variance (R2 ≤ 10%). Ten of the 12 index QTL were independent of loci affecting GY and GPC. QTL regions harboured several candidate genes, including Rht-1, WAPO-A1, TaTEF-7A, and NRT2.6-7A. The study confirmed the usefulness of indices to mitigate the inverse GY-GPC relationship in breeding, though the selection method should reflect their polygenic inheritance.
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Williams, P. C., and D. C. Sobering. "Comparison of Commercial near Infrared Transmittance and Reflectance Instruments for Analysis of Whole Grains and Seeds." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.3.
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Near infrared transmittance and reflectance instruments were compared for the determination of protein, oil, moisture and some other constituents and parameters in several grains and seeds of commerce. Both approaches were comparable in accuracy and reproducibility. The importance of optimisation of the wavelength range in whole grain analysis is demonstrated for measurements in both the NIR and visible/NlR wavelength ranges. The RPD statistic, which relates the standard error of prediction to the standard deviation of the original data, is illustrated as a method for the evaluation of calibrations. The concept of monitoring the accuracy of analysis using whole grain calibrations with ground grain calibrations is introduced.
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Mosleth, Ellen F., Yongfang Wan, Artem Lysenko, Gemma A. Chope, Simon P. Penson, Peter R. Shewry, and Malcolm J. Hawkesford. "A novel approach to identify genes that determine grain protein deviation in cereals." Plant Biotechnology Journal 13, no. 5 (November 14, 2014): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12285.
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Thorwarth, Patrick, Hans P. Piepho, Yusheng Zhao, Erhard Ebmeyer, Johannes Schacht, Ralf Schachschneider, Ebrahim Kazman, Jochen C. Reif, Tobias Würschum, and Carl Friedrich Horst Longin. "Higher grain yield and higher grain protein deviation underline the potential of hybrid wheat for a sustainable agriculture." Plant Breeding 137, no. 3 (April 26, 2018): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12588.
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Lutsey, Pamela L., David R. Jacobs, Sujata Kori, Elizabeth Mayer-Davis, Steven Shea, Lyn M. Steffen, Moyses Szklo, and Russell Tracy. "Whole grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study." British Journal of Nutrition 98, no. 2 (August 2007): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507700715.
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We examined the relationship between whole grain intake and obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD using baseline data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Whole grain intake was measured by a 127-item FFQ in 5496 men and women free of CHD and previously known diabetes. Mean whole grain intake was 0·5 (sd0·5) servings per d; biochemical measures reflect fasting levels. After adjustment for demographic and health behaviour variables, mean differences for the highest quintile of whole grain intake minus the lowest quintile of intake were 0·6 kg/m2for BMI, 0·36 mg/l for C-reactive protein, 0·82 μmol/l for homocysteine, 0·15 mU/l*mmol/l for homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), 0·48 mU/l for serum insulin, 2·0 mg/dl for glucose and 5·7 % for prevalence of newly diagnosed impaired fasting glucose (glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl or diabetes medication). These differences represent 11–13 % of a standard deviation of BMI, HOMA, glucose and impaired fasting glucose, but 23 %, 52 % and 80 % of a standard deviation of homocysteine, C-reactive protein and insulin, respectively. An inverse association between whole grains and urine albumin excretion was suggested but retained statistical significance after adjustment only in Chinese and Hispanic participants. No associations were observed between whole grain intake and two subclinical disease measures: carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery calcification. Concordant with previous research, whole grain intake was inversely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation and elevated fasting glucose or newly diagnosed diabetes. Counter to hypothesis, however, whole grain intake was unrelated to subclinical CVD.
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Nigro, D., A. Gadaleta, G. Mangini, P. Colasuonno, I. Marcotuli, A. Giancaspro, S. L. Giove, R. Simeone, and A. Blanco. "Candidate genes and genome-wide association study of grain protein content and protein deviation in durum wheat." Planta 249, no. 4 (January 2, 2019): 1157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-03075-1.
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Latshaw, Susan P., Merle F. Vigil, and Scott D. Haley. "Genotypic Differences for Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Protein Deviation in Hard Winter Wheat." Agronomy Journal 108, no. 6 (November 2016): 2201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.02.0070.
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Bogard, Matthieu, Vincent Allard, Maryse Brancourt-Hulmel, Emmanuel Heumez, Jean-Marie Machet, Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy, Philippe Gate, Pierre Martre, and Jacques Le Gouis. "Deviation from the grain protein concentration–grain yield negative relationship is highly correlated to post-anthesis N uptake in winter wheat." Journal of Experimental Botany 61, no. 15 (August 2, 2010): 4303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq238.
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Cheng, Weimin, Zhuopin Xu, Shuang Fan, Pengfei Zhang, Jiafa Xia, Hui Wang, Yafeng Ye, Binmei Liu, Qi Wang, and Yuejin Wu. "Effects of Variations in the Chemical Composition of Individual Rice Grains on the Eating Quality of Hybrid Indica Rice Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy." Foods 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11172634.
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The chemical composition of individual hybrid rice (F2) varieties varies owing to genetic differences between parental lines, and the effects of these differences on eating quality are unclear. In this study, based on a self-developed near-infrared spectroscopy platform, we explored these effects among a set of 143 hybrid indica rice varieties with different eating qualities. The single-grain amylose content (SGAC) and single-grain protein content (SGPC) models were established with coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.9064 and 0.8847, respectively, and the dispersion indicators (standard deviation, variance, extreme deviation, quartile deviation, and coefficient of variation) were proposed to analyze the variations in the SGAC and SGPC based on the predicted results. Our correlation analysis found that the higher the variation in the SGAC and SGPC, the lower the eating quality of the hybrid indica rice. Moreover, the addition of the dispersion indicators of the SGAC and SGPC improved the R2 of the eating quality model constructed using the composition-related physicochemical indicators (amylose content, protein content, alkali-spreading value, and gel consistency) from 0.657 to 0.850. Therefore, this new method proved to be useful for identifying high-eating-quality hybrid indica rice based on single near-infrared spectroscopy prior to processing and cooking.
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Delwiche, Stephen R., Richard O. Pierce, Okkyung K. Chung, Bradford W. Seabourn, L. Baker, T. Boyd, c. Brenner, et al. "Protein Content of Wheat by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Whole Grain: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 81, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 587–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/81.3.587.
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abstract A collaborative study was performed to assess accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of a nearinfrared (near-IR) method for determining crude protein content (PC) of whole-grain wheat. Four types of commercially available near-IR instruments, representing various combinations of wavelength region, mode of energy capture, method of energy dispersion, and treatment of spectral data, were used. Eight, 9,10, and 11 collaborators were involved, the exact number depending on instrument type. All collaborators received 22 samples of whole-grain hard red winter (HRW) wheat. They were furnished reference PCs (i.e., protein concentrations, w/w) corrected to a 12% moisture basis for instrument standardization. AOAC Method 990.03— combustion analysis—was the reference procedure. Standardization consisted of performing one of the following treatments to the instrument manufacturer's (or federal agency's) PC equation: (1) bias correction, (2) slope and intercept correction, or (3) recalibration with inclusion of standardization sample spectra. Standardized equations were then applied to a test set of 12 unknown HRW wheat sample spectra, with 2 samples blindly duplicated. The PCs of test samples ranged from 9 to 16%. Near-IR predictions were compared with reference measurements. Averaged within instrument type, root mean square of differences were 0.22, 0.24, 0.25, and 0.26% PC, depending on instrument. Corrected for bias within the test set, standard errors became 0.22, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24% PC, respectively. These values were approximately twice the estimated lower limit for error (representing sample inhomogeneity). Overall repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD,) values were 0.92, 0.36, 0.42, and 0.74%, respectively. Overall reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values were 1.15, 0.61,1.53, and 1.38%. Such values for within-laboratory and between-laboratory variations of the near- IR methods were equivalent to values reported for the combustion method (990.03) for wheat. An inhouse study that examined all 6 U.S. wheat classes with one of the 4 instrument types produced repeatability and reproducibility values similar to those of the collaborative study, suggesting that the near-IR technique may be applied to red, white, hard, soft, and durum wheats. The near-IR method for determination of PC of whole-grain wheat has been adopted First Action (997.06) by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
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Gimenez, Kevin, Pierre Blanc, Odile Argillier, Jean-Baptiste Pierre, Jacques Le Gouis, and Etienne Paux. "Dissecting Bread Wheat Heterosis through the Integration of Agronomic and Physiological Traits." Biology 10, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090907.
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To meet the challenge of feeding almost 10 billion people by 2050, wheat yield has to double by 2050. However, over the past 20 years, yield increase has slowed down and even stagnated in the main producing countries. Following the example of maize, hybrids have been suggested as a solution to overcome yield stagnation in wheat. However, wheat heterosis is still limited and poorly understood. Gaining a better understanding of hybrid vigor holds the key to breed for better varieties. To this aim, we have developed and phenotyped for physiological and agronomic traits an incomplete factorial design consisting of 91 hybrids and their nineteen female and sixteen male parents. Monitoring the plant development with normalized difference vegetation index revealed that 89% of the hybrids including the five higher yielding hybrids had a longer grain filling phase with a delayed senescence that results in larger grain size. This average increase of 7.7% in thousand kernel weight translated to a positive mid-parent heterosis for grain yield for 86% of hybrids. In addition, hybrids displayed a positive grain protein deviation leading to a +4.7% heterosis in protein yield. These results shed light on the physiological bases underlying yield heterosis in wheat, paving new ways to breed for better wheat hybrids.
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Djalovic, Ivica, Muhammad Riaz, Kashif Akhtar, Goran Bekavac, Aleksandar Paunovic, Vladimir Pejanovic, Sajjad Zaheer, and P. V. Vara Prasad. "Yield and Grain Quality of Divergent Maize Cultivars under Inorganic N Fertilizer Regimes and Zn Application Depend on Climatic Conditions in Calcareous Soil." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112705.
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The variations in temperature and rainfall patterns under climate change are threatening crop production systems, and optimizing fertilization practices is a prerequisite for sustainable cereal production. This two-year field study investigated the effects of eight treatments (T1: P60K60; T2: P60K60 + Nmin spring; T3: P60K60 + N40autumn + Nmin spring; T4: P60K60 + N60spring; T5: P60K60 + N100spring; T6: P60K60 + N40autumn + N60spring + Zn; T7: P60K60 + N60autumn + N80spring + Zn; and T8: P60K60 + N160spring + Zn) on the grain yield and quality of four divergent maize cultivars (NS-4023, NS-640, NS-6010 and NS-6030). The observations on climatic data showed substantial variations in monthly and cumulative rainfall only, which was 174 and 226 mm for 2011 and 2012, respectively, and much less than the historical cumulative rainfall of 339 mm. However, temperature during growth years showed little deviation from the historical data. The data showed that treatment and maize cultivar significantly influenced grain yield; however, grain yield remained lower in 2012 than in 2011 for each treatment and cultivar. Applying N as split doses in combination with Zn, resulted in higher grain yields than adding at once. However, the treatments and cultivars affected grain quality variables differently, including oil, thiol SH, phytate, inorganic P, soluble protein, starch, total phenol, protein, total sugars and tryptophan contents. Despite the pronounced difference in grain yields between 2011 and 2012 for each treatment and cultivar, grain quality did not always vary significantly between cultivars. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the relationships between grain yield and grain quality varied significantly during 2011 and 2012. The changes in rainfall patterns at critical growth maize stages seemed to be a more important factor than temperature in regulating the response of maize cultivars in terms of grain yield and quality to various fertilization regimes in this study.
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Kovtunov, V. V., N. A. Kovtunova, and A. S. Popov. "The indices of sorghum seed quality in dependence on ecological and geographical origin." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 843, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012007.
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Abstract The current paper presents the study results of protein percentage, content of lysine and starch in the collection samples of grain sorghum of various ecological and geographical origin. It was determined that the seed protein percentage in the grain sorghum samples varied from 9.0 to 13.5%. The highest values were identified in the samples from Russia (KiM, Krymbel, Krusta, Ros’), Ukraine (Pioner 412/Milovskoe 6, No. 13-13, Pioner 878/Genicheskoe brown 129) and China (KX 8, No. 26-14) with 13.0-13.5%. The lysine content in protein of the studied samples was 2.5-4.3%, while the value of the standard variety Zernogradskoe 88 was 3.17% with the standard deviation of 0.24%. The maximum content (3.8-4.3%) was identified in the samples Early Hegari (Peru), Line ExF3 IS12606 (Australia), DN-35f (Ukraine), CS-175 (Philippines), H.S.-21 (Romania), Sorghum k-9553 (Korea). The starch content in seed of the collection samples varied within 70.2-77.5%. The highest intragroup values were showed by the samples from Peru (73.9%), Australia (73.8%), France (73.0%), Senegal (73.4%).
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Bonfil, David J., Yaron Michael, Shilo Shiff, and Itamar M. Lensky. "Optimizing Top Dressing Nitrogen Fertilization Using VENμS and Sentinel-2 L1 Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2021): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193934.
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Environmental and economic constraints are forcing farmers to be more precise in the rates and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application to wheat. In practice, N is frequently applied without knowledge of the precise amount needed or the likelihood of significant protein enhancement. The objective of this study was to help farmers optimize top dress N application by adopting the use of within-field reference N strips. We developed an assisting app on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to map the spatial variability of four different vegetation indices (VIs) in each field by calculating the mean VI, masking extreme values (three standard deviations, 3σ) of each field, and presenting the anomaly as a deviation of ±σ and ±2σ or deviation of percentage. VIs based on red-edge bands (REIP, NDRE, ICCI) were very useful for the detection of wheat above ground N uptake and in-field anomalies. VENµS high temporal and spatial resolutions provide advantages over Sentinel-2 in monitoring agricultural fields during the growing season, representing the within-field variations and for decision making, but the spatial coverage and accessibility of Sentinel-2 data are much better. Sentinel-2 data is already available on the GEE platform and was found to be of much help for the farmers in optimizing topdressing N application to wheat, applying it only where it will increase grain yield and/or grain quality. Therefore, the GEE anomaly app can be used for top-N dressing application decisions. Nevertheless, there are some issues that must be tested, and more research is required. To conclude, satellite images can be used in the GEE platform for anomaly detection, rendering results within a few seconds. The ability to use L1 VENµS or Sentinel-2 data without atmospheric correction through GEE opens the opportunity to use these data for several applications by farmers and others.
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Alonso-Riaño, Patricia, María Teresa Sanz Diez, Beatriz Blanco, Sagrario Beltrán, Ester Trigueros, and Oscar Benito-Román. "Water Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Compounds from Brewer’s Spent Grain: Kinetic Study, Extract Characterization, and Concentration." Antioxidants 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9030265.
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Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) was chemically characterized obtaining 52.1% of carbohydrates, 17.8% protein, 5.9% lipids, 13.5% insoluble lignin and 24.3% of water-soluble extractives. This work has been focused on the study of polyphenol extraction of the extractive fraction by water ultrasound-assisted extraction. Selected extraction conditions were 47 °C and 21.7 mL water/gdry-BSG. The effect of solvent polarity on polyphenol extraction was studied by using ethanol aqueous mixtures, from 20% to 100% ethanol. The kinetics of polyphenol extraction have been fitted to the power law and the Weibull models yielding mean values of the root mean square deviation lower than 7.5%. Extracts have been characterized in terms of quantification of individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and protein and sugar soluble fractions (glucose, xylose, and arabinose). Polyphenol profile has been compared with other hydrolytic techniques, such as acid, basic and enzymatic hydrolysis, showing that ultrasound was not as effective as basic hydrolysis to release the phenolic acids esterified to the cell wall. A further centrifuge ultrafiltration concentration step was able to yield a retentate enriched in the protein fraction while individual phenolic compounds where mainly transferred to the permeate.
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Tamm, Ylle, Inga Jansone, Sanita Zute, and Ida Jakobsone. "Genetic and Environmental Variation of Barley Characteristics and the Potential of Local Origin Genotypes for Food Production." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 69, no. 4 (September 1, 2015): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2015-0024.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic and environmental variation of yield and food quality characteristics (protein, starch, β-glucan and husk content, test weight and thousand grain weight) of covered and hulless barley genotypes in organic management conditions. Two different field experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, hulless barley genotypes 'Kornelija', 'Irbe', '1165', '1185' and the covered varieties 'Ansis' and 'Maali' were studied in two locations in Latvia and in one location in Estonia during 2014. 'Ansis', ‘Kornelija', '1165' and '1185' were included in the second experiment carried out at Stende during three sequential years (2011-2013). The effect of genotype, environment (location and year) and co-effect of these factors contributed significantly to the variation in yield and grain quality traits of the barley genotypes. As a result of experimental treatments grain yield and quality traits varied by all tested factors. There were considerable differences in impact of studied sources of variation. Grain yield was influenced more by environmental factors than by genotype. Impact of genotype was highest for husk content and test weight. Integral evaluation method was carried out for comparison of barley genotypes to identify the best ones by the lowest deviation from the desired value. The covered barley variety 'Maali' showed good adaptation to different environmental conditions, having good yield, β-glucan content and high thousand grain weight. The line '1165' and variety 'Kornelija' showed best results among hulless barley varieties
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Liu, Sujun, Lan Xu, Yifan Wu, Senay Simsek, and Devin J. Rose. "End-Use Quality of Historical and Modern Winter Wheats Adapted to the Great Plains of the United States." Foods 11, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 2975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11192975.
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Improving milling and baking properties is important during wheat breeding. To determine changes in milling and baking quality of hard winter wheat, 23 adapted cultivars released in the Great Plains between 1870 and 2013 were grown in triplicate in a single location (Mead, NE, USA) over two crop years (2018 and 2019). Grain yield and kernel hardness index increased by release year (p < 0.05). The observed increase in hardness index was accompanied by a decrease in percent soft kernels (p < 0.05). Diameter and weight decreased with release year in 2019 (p < 0.05), and their standard deviation increased with the release year (p < 0.05). Flour protein content decreased with release year (p < 0.05) and dough mixing quality increased (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found for baking property variables, but bran water retention capacity (BWRC), which is correlated with whole wheat bread quality, increased with release year (p < 0.05). In conclusion, wheat kernels have become harder but more variable in shape over a century of breeding. Mixing quality showed significant improvements, and loaf volume and firmness remained constant, even in the presence of a decrease in protein concentration. Bran quality decreased across release year, which may have implications for whole grain baking quality and milling productivity.
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Khodadadi, Mostafa, Hamid Dehghani, and Mohammad Fotokian. "Genetic diversity of wheat grain quality and determination the best clustering technique and data type for diversity assessment." Genetika 46, no. 3 (2014): 763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1403763k.
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Wheat is an important staple in human nutrition and improvement of its grain quality characters will have high impact on population's health. The objectives of this study were assessing variation of some grain quality characteristics in the Iranian wheat genotypes and identify the best type of data and clustering method for grouping genotypes. In this study 30 spring wheat genotypes were cultivated through randomized complete block design with three replications in 2009 and 2010 years. High significant difference among genotypes for all traits except for Sulfate, K, Br and Cl content, also deference among two years mean for all traits were no significant. Meanwhile there were significant interaction between year and genotype for all traits except Sulfate and F content. Mean values for crude protein, Zn, Fe and Ca in Mahdavi, Falat, Star, Sistan genotypes were the highest. The Ca and Br content showed the highest and the lowest broadcast heritability respectively. In this study indicated that the Root Mean Square Standard Deviation is efficient than R Squared and R Squared efficient than Semi Partial R Squared criteria for determining the best clustering technique. Also Ward method and canonical scores identified as the best clustering method and data type for grouping genotypes, respectively. Genotypes were grouped into six completely separate clusters and Roshan, Niknejad and Star genotypes from the fourth, fifth and sixth clusters had high grain quality characters in overall.
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Thiex, Nancy J., Harold Manson, Shirley Anderson, Jan-Åke Persson, S. Anderson, E. Bogren, G. Bolek, et al. "Determination of Crude Protein in Animal Feed, Forage, Grain, and Oilseeds by Using Block Digestion with a Copper Catalyst and Steam Distillation into Boric Acid: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.2.309.
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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of an extension of AOAC Official Method 991.20, Nitrogen (Crude) in Milk, to animal feed, forage (plant tissue), grain, and oilseed materials. Test portions are digested in an aluminum block at 420°C in sulfuric acid with potassium sulfate and a copper catalyst. Digests are cooled and diluted, and concentrated sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the acid and make the digest basic; the liberated ammonia is distilled by using steam distillation. The liberated ammonia is trapped in a weak boric acid solution and titrated with a stronger standardized acid, hydrochloric acid; colorimetric endpoint detection is used. Fourteen blind samples were sent to 13 collaborators in the United States, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Recoveries of nitrogen from lysine, tryptophan, and acetanilide were 86.8, 98.8, and 100.1%, respectively. The within-laboratory relative standard deviation (RSDr, repeatability) ranged from 0.40 to 2.38% for crude protein. The among-laboratories (including within-) relative standard deviation (RSDR, reproducibility) ranged from 0.44 to 2.38%. It is recommended that the method be adopted First Action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. A lower concentration (1% H3BO3) of trapping solution was compared with the concentration specified in the original protocol (4% H3BO3) and was found comparable for use in an automatic titration system in which titration begins automatically as soon as distillation starts. The Study Directors recommend that 1% H3BO3 as an optional alternative to 4% boric acid trapping solution be allowed for automatic titrators that titrate throughout the distillation.
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Merrick, Lance F., Steven R. Lyon, Kerry A. Balow, Kevin M. Murphy, Stephen S. Jones, and Arron H. Carter. "Utilization of Evolutionary Plant Breeding Increases Stability and Adaptation of Winter Wheat Across Diverse Precipitation Zones." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 21, 2020): 9728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229728.
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Evolutionary plant breeding (EPB) is a breeding method that was used to create wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-evolving populations (EP), bi-parental and composite-cross populations (BPPs and CCPs), by using natural selection and bulking of seed to select the most adaptable, diverse population in an environment by increasing the frequency of favorable alleles in a heterogeneous population. This study used seven EPs to evaluate EPB in its ability to increase the performance of agronomic, quality, and disease resistance traits and adaptability across different precipitation zones. The populations were tested in field trials in three diverse locations over 2 years. Least significant differences showed the EPs performance was dependent on their pedigree and were statistically similar and even out-performed some of their respective parents in regards to grain yield, grain protein concentration, and disease resistance. Stability models including Eberhart and Russel’s deviation from Regression (S2di), Shukla’s Stability Variance (σi2), Wricke’s Ecovalance (Wi), and the multivariate Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model were used to evaluate the adaptability of the EPs and their parents. The BPPs and CCPs demonstrated significantly greater stability over the parents across precipitation zones, confirming the capacity of genetically diverse EP populations to adapt to different environments.
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Pecetti, Luciano, Paolo Annicchiarico, Margherita Crosta, Tommaso Notario, Barbara Ferrari, and Nelson Nazzicari. "White Lupin Drought Tolerance: Genetic Variation, Trait Genetic Architecture, and Genome-Enabled Prediction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032351.
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White lupin is a high-protein crop requiring drought tolerance improvement. This study focused on a genetically-broad population of 138 lines to investigate the phenotypic variation and genotype × environment interaction (GEI) for grain yield and other traits across drought-prone and moisture-favourable managed environments, the trait genetic architecture and relevant genomic regions by a GWAS using 9828 mapped SNP markers, and the predictive ability of genomic selection (GS) models. Water treatments across two late cropping months implied max. available soil water content of 60–80% for favourable conditions and from wilting point to 15% for severe drought. Line yield responses across environments featured a genetic correlation of 0.84. Relatively better line yield under drought was associated with an increased harvest index. Two significant QTLs emerged for yield in each condition that differed across conditions. Line yield under stress displayed an inverse linear relationship with the onset of flowering, confirmed genomically by a common major QTL. An adjusted grain yield computed as deviation from phenology-predicted yield acted as an indicator of intrinsic drought tolerance. On the whole, the yield in both conditions and the adjusted yield were polygenic, heritable, and exploitable by GS with a high predictive ability (0.62–0.78). Our results can support selection for climatically different drought-prone regions.
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Siriamornpun, S., M. Wootton, J. M. Cox, F. Bekes, and C. W. Wrigley. "Capillary electrophoresis of wheat gliadin proteins and its potential for wheat varietal identification using pattern matching software." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 8 (2001): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00179.
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Gliadins from 11 wheat flours were extracted with 30% ethanol and fractionated by capillary electrophoresis on a 20-µm i.d. untreated fused silica capillary using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing polymer modifier. Capillary electrophoresis conducted at a constant current provided very good resolution and reproducibility (relative standard deviation <0.5) in mp;lt;15 min. Pattern matching of the profiles was performed with the PatMatch program to provide quantitative comparisons, using the relative mobility and intensity data for each gliadin protein. Data processing parameters, including the integration of the electrophoregram, were optimised for separation of gliadins extracted from either whole-grain or flour samples. The reproducibility and repeatability were compared using peak height and/or area percentages. The optimal window width for identifying matching gliadin peaks was 0.80–1.20% relative mobility units. Using these conditions, it was concluded that unknown varieties could be identified with a confidence level of 90–95%.
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Curti, María Isabel, Florencia Cora Jofre, Silvana M. Azcarate, José M. Camiña, Pablo D. Ribotta, and Marianela Savio. "Greening Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Sorghum Flour Multielemental Determination by Microwave-Induced Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (December 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9201094.
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Sorghum is the fourth most important cereal produced in Argentina and the fifth worldwide. It has good agronomic characteristics and could be developed in arid areas, allowing a wide geographic distribution. Its starch content, higher than 70%, makes it possible to obtain a good yield of flours. Nutritionally, it should be noted that the grain does not have the protein fraction called prolamins, which makes it suitable for consumption by people with celiac disease. The multielemental composition constitutes an important indicator of the nutritional profile of the grains and allows, together with other parameters, to select the most suitable varieties for human consumption. In its determination, the preanalytical stage is decisive to obtain a reliable result. Organic samples are a challenge for sample introduction systems that use plasma-based techniques. As an alternative to conventional pretreatment with a microwave-assisted digestion (MWAD), a greener, quick, and simple treatment is proposed, using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) in diluted acid media. The UAE method accelerates analysis times, improves performance and productivity, and was applied to sorghum samples cultivated in the province of La Pampa (Argentina). Microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) was employed for the determination of Cu, K, Mg, Mn, P, and Zn. The detection limits found ranged from 0.6 (Cu) to 89 (P) mg kg−1, and the precision expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD) was ≤7.7% (Zn). For validation, a maize reference material (NCS ZC 73010) was evaluated. The principal component analysis revealed three different groupings related to the sorghum varieties’ mineral profile.
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Cowling, Wallace A., Felipe A. Castro-Urrea, Katia T. Stefanova, Li Li, Robert G. Banks, Renu Saradadevi, Olaf Sass, Brian P. Kinghorn, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Optimal Contribution Selection Improves the Rate of Genetic Gain in Grain Yield and Yield Stability in Spring Canola in Australia and Canada." Plants 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020383.
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Crop breeding must achieve higher rates of genetic gain in grain yield (GY) and yield stability to meet future food demands in a changing climate. Optimal contributions selection (OCS) based on an index of key economic traits should increase the rate of genetic gain while minimising population inbreeding. Here we apply OCS in a global spring oilseed rape (canola) breeding program during three cycles of S0,1 family selection in 2016, 2018, and 2020, with several field trials per cycle in Australia and Canada. Economic weights in the index promoted high GY, seed oil, protein in meal, and Phoma stem canker (blackleg) disease resistance while maintaining plant height, flowering time, oleic acid, and seed size and decreasing glucosinolate content. After factor analytic modelling of the genotype-by-environment interaction for the additive effects, the linear rate of genetic gain in GY across cycles was 0.059 or 0.087 t ha−1 y−1 (2.9% or 4.3% y−1) based on genotype scores for the first factor (f1) expressed in trait units or average predicted breeding values across environments, respectively. Both GY and yield stability, defined as the root-mean-square deviation from the regression line associated with f1, were predicted to improve in the next cycle with a low achieved mean parental coancestry (0.087). These methods achieved rapid genetic gain in GY and other traits and are predicted to improve yield stability across global spring canola environments.
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Kireeva, K. V., N. M. Kostomakhin, I. A. Pushkaryev, and T. V. Kureninova. "Interpretation of cows blood biochemical parameters on rations with the inclusion of corn grain." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2103-01.
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Primary changes in the physiological status of animals can be traced in the deviation from the norm of indicators of a number of substances in biological fl uids, since biochemical indicators are a kind of indicator of processes occurring in the body. Having knowledge of hematological changes in the body of cattle, managers and specialists of livestock farms can manage the productivity and health of highly productive animals. The purpose of the research was to determine and analyze the biochemical parameters of the blood of cows in the dry period and at the increasing the milk yield when wet crushed corn grain was introduced into their ration. The research has been carried out on cows of Black-and-White breed in LLC “Agrofi rma “Urozhai” in the Zonal district in the Altai Territory. During the research the prevalence of productivity indicators of cows of the experimental group over analogues from the control group was proved. Thus average daily milk yield for the accounting period (60 days) it was 30,9 kg, which was 5,2 kg more than the control herdmates (P > 0,95). The total productivity of one head was 1541,57 kg of milk in the control group and 1854,69 kg in the experimental group, which was 313,12 kg more (P > 0,95). It has been found that most of the studied biochemical parameters corresponded to the physiological norm. The exception was the increased content of total protein in the blood of lactating cows of the experimental group 5 g/l above the upper limit of the norm (P > 0,999). A low albumin content in the blood of animals of the experimental group has been noted, and this indicator was signifi cantly lower than that in the control group by 3,45 g/l (P > 0,99). An excess of the physiological norm of globulin in the blood of animals of both groups has been found, the indicators of the experimental group signifi cantly exceeded the control group by 9,5 g/l (P > 0,99). There was a low level of chlorides after the increasing the milk yield 88,1 mmol/l in the control group and 89,2 mmol/l in the experimental group, then excess of manganese after the increasing the milk yield was 4,50 mmol/l in the control group and 8,14 mmol/l in the experimental group, which could be associated with the increased content of this element in feed and soil.
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Сергей Евгеньевич, Терентьев,, Москалева, Марина Владимировна, and Титенок, Анна Александровна. "The Effect of Fertilizer Doses on the Quality of Malting Barley Grain." Beer and beverages, no. 4 (December 22, 2022): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52653/pin.2022.04.04.009.
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Пивоваренная промышленность за последние пять лет развивается достаточно стремительными темпами. Вследствие чего встает вопрос об улучшении качества сырья, а именно об интенсификации выращивания пивоваренного ячменя с соответствующими показателями технологического качества для производства солода. Сбалансированное внесение минеральных удобрений, наряду с правильно подобранным сортом и влиянием метеорологических и агроклиматических условий, относят к важным факторам формирования качественных характеристик сырья. Ценность пивоваренного ячменя заключается в пониженном содержании белка в зерне, низкой его пленчатости и высоком содержании крахмала, посредством взаимодействия с сахарами которого можно судить о качестве готового солода для производства различных сортов пива. Государственный реестр каждый год пополняется новыми сортами, но только хороших характеристик сорта для выращивания недостаточно. При планировании операций системы удобрения ячменя необходимо учитывать повышенный уровень потребления элементов питания. Исходя из вышеизложенного, интересный аспект улучшения качества при возделывании пивоваренного ячменя заключается в изучении норм внесения минеральных удобрений в течение периода вегетации, что послужило целью исследования. Ячмень - скороспелая зерновая культура, что говорит о быстропроходящих этапах органогенеза, и поэтому обладает чувствительностью на отклонение оптимальных метеорологических условий произрастания. Почвы опыта были дерново-подзолистыми, что говорит о необходимости внесения базовых норм удобрений, а это внесение навоза, запахивание сидератных культур и минимальное внесение минеральных удобрений под весеннюю вспашку. В течение периода вегетации вносили дозы минеральных удобрений с разным количеством действующего вещества. Для более наглядного сравнения в одном из вариантов минеральные удобрения дополнительно не вносили. По результатам проведенных испытаний было выяснено влияние норм внесения, которые могут сказаться на качестве готового солода, что в последующем также скажется на вкусе готового напитка, из-за повышенного содержания белка в готовом зерне. The brewing industry has been developing too rapidly over the past five years, which raises the question of improving the quality of raw materials for the brewing industry, namely, the intensification of the cultivation of malting barley with appropriate technological quality indicators for the production of malt. An important factor, along with a properly selected variety and the influence of meteorological and agro-climatic conditions, is the balanced application of mineral fertilizers. The value of malting barley lies in the reduced protein content in the grain, its low film content and high starch content, by means of interaction with the sugars of which it is possible to judge the quality of the finished malt for the production of various beers. The state Register is updated every year with more and more new varieties, but only good characteristics of the variety are not enough for cultivation. When planning operations of the barley fertilization system, it is necessary to take into account the increased level of consumption of batteries. Based on the above, an interesting aspect in improving the quality in the cultivation of malting barley is the study of the norms for the application of mineral fertilizers during the growing season, which served as the purpose of the study. Barley is a precocious grain crop, which indicates the rapid stages of organogenesis and therefore has sensitivity to deviation of optimal meteorological conditions of growth. The soils of the experiment were sod-podzolic, which indicates the need for the introduction of basic norms for fertilization, and this is the introduction of manure, plowing of siderate crops and minimal application of mineral fertilizers for spring plowing. During the growing season, doses of mineral fertilizers with different amounts of active substance were applied. For a more visual comparison, mineral fertilizers were not additionally applied in one of the variants. According to the results of the tests, the influence of the application rates was clarified. They can affect the quality of the finished malt, which in the future will also affect the taste of the finished drink, due to the increased protein content in the finished grain.
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Elhag Eltahir, Yasmin, Hassan Mohammed Ali, B. E. Hago, and O. Mahgoub. "Serum biochemistry parameters in the Omani racing Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius)." Journal of Agricultural and Marine Sciences [JAMS] 21 (January 1, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jams.vol21iss0pp65-76.
Full textAbstract:
Blood samples were collected from thirty, 2-year old female Arabian camels from the eastern region of Oman. Camels were managed in the traditional way in the Arabian Gulf region, primarily fed fresh alfalfa and barley grain. Blood was drawn into serum vaccutainers from jugular venipuncture. Serum samples were analyzed by spectrophotometric analysis using a CX7/CX7 serum chemistry analyzer (Synchron, Beckman). Means, standard deviations and minimum and maximum values were calculated using Excel spreadsheets on Microsoft Office 2007. The SAS (2000) package was used to produce coefficient of determination (R2) between the eight serum mineral values. The following mean values Å} standard deviation were recorded: glucose: 92.8Å}19.2 mg/dL; total protein (TP): 6.17 Å} 0.34 g/dL; albumin: 32.21 Å} 9.933 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen (BUN): 15.48 Å} 4.49 mg/dL; creatinine: 1.64 Å} 0.238 mg/dL; uric acid: 0.28 Å} 0.041 mg/dL; total globulins (TG): 0.28 Å} 0.041 mg/dL; cholesterol: 40.52 Å} 13.225 mg/dL; total bilirubin: 0.34Å}0.124 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase (ALP): 113.9Å}29.75 (IU/L); aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 88.8Å}70.03 (IU/L); alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 13.3Å}5.97 (IU/L); Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT): 21.3Å}10.18 (IU/L); lactate dehydrogenase (LD); 419.9Å}160.38 (IU/L); Creatine kinase (CK): 46.3Å}16.2 (IU/L); sodium (Na): 144.5Å}5.80 mmol/L; potassium (K): 4.23Å}0.42 mmol/L; calcium (Ca): 9.63Å}0.43; phosphorus (P): 9.56?Å}0.76 mg/dL; iron (Fe): 107.8Å}25.54 μg/dl; copper (Cu): 72.5Å}8.08 μg/dl; chlorine (Cl): 113.0Å}4.52 mmol/L. Findings of the current study provide baseline values that may be used by clinicians for racing camels in Oman. There were some significant correlations especially between macro minerals (Na, Ca, K, and P) that may be used to estimate their values with less cost by reducing the number of elements to be analyzed.
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Espino-Rosales, Diana, Alejandro Lopez-Moro, Leticia Heras-González, Maria Jose Jimenez-Casquet, Fatima Olea-Serrano, and Miguel Mariscal-Arcas. "Estimation of the Quality of the Diet of Mexican University Students Using DQI-I." Healthcare 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010138.
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The quality of diet can be measured using diet quality indices, based on knowledge of associations between diet and health. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether the International Diet Quality Index is suitable for use as a diet quality index in populations of Mexican university girls. A cross-sectional nutritional survey was conducted at the University of Chihuahua (Mexico), collecting semi-quantitative nutritional information and socio-economic and lifestyle data from a representative sample of 400 women. Mean (Standard Deviation (SD)) age was 21.43 years (SD: 3.72); 59.1% were normal weight, 26.6% overweight, 15.3% obesity. The Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) was developed according to the method of Kim et al. (2003) and focused on major aspects of a high-quality diet (variety, adequacy, moderation and overall balance). The total score of Diet Quality Index-International reached 53.86% (SD: 11.43), indicating that the general diet of Mexican women a poor-quality diet. Adequacy scored highest, followed by moderation and variety. Overall balance scored the lowest. Variety: 26.3 % consumed less than 4 food groups daily, only 12.8% take more than 1 serving from each food group, and 50.6% consumed only one source of protein daily. Regarding adequacy, a large proportion of the population reported an intake of proteins, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and fruit greater than 50% of recommendation; the vegetables, fiber and grain groups were less 50%. Poor scores were obtained for total fat and SFA consumption (moderation). No statistically significant differences are observed for any of the variables under study and score of the Diet Quality Index-International: body mass index, weight, physical activity level, education level of father and mother, location of lunch, breakfast considered important, knowledge of nutrition, which allows us to consider a relatively uniform population in its eating habits. These people are close to a Westernized diet, and an intervention in nutritional education would be advisable to improve the intake of unprocessed foods, consume a greater variety of protein sources and significantly reduce consumption of sugary foods and soft drinks. Due to different methodological and cultural factors, the proposed Diet Quality Index-International dietary assessment method does not seem to be useful in the assessment of diet quality in the Mexican university population, so further research is needed to develop a diet quality index adapted to the Mexican population.
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Lyte, Kianna E., Brou Kouakou, and Jung Lee. "PSX-31 Effects of substitution of corn and soybean meal with dried distiller’s grains and solubles (DDGS) in legume based diets on lamb feed intake, body weight gain and blood metabolites." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (December 2019): 455–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.897.
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Abstract In the United States, bioethanol is generated from corn and biodiesel from soybean oil to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Ethanol production generates DDGS, high in bypass protein and soluble carbohydrates, which can be used as a cheaper alternative replacement for corn and soybean. This experiment was conducted to evaluate voluntary feed intake, body weight gain and blood metabolites of lambs fed legume-based diets supplemented with corn and soybean meal or dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). Animals were individually housed in pens (1.52 mx 1.52 m) under a modified carport shed with woodchips as bedding. They were stratified into four groups (n = 9) with similar weights and standard deviation and randomly assigned to four treatments. The lambs were fed ground sericea hay (SL) or alfalfa meal (ALF) with either corn and soybean meal (control) or DDGS for 60 days. Treatments were SLC, SLDDGS, ALFC and AFLDDGS. The lambs were fed ad libitum based on their selected treatment and given water daily. At the end of the 60 days, weights and blood samples were collected. Plasma samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Data were analyzed using Proc Mix Procedure of SAS. Results indicated that replacing corn with DDGS did not (P > 0.05) affect voluntary feed intake, final live weight and carcass weight. Blood NEFA and glucose were not affected by dietary treatments. BUN increased in lambs fed alfalfa with corn and soybean meal compared to animals fed either legume supplemented with DDGS. Similarly animals fed sericea have lower (P < 0.05) BUN (19 vs 23 mg/dL) when corn and soybean meal were replaced with DDGS. DDGS can be used in legume diets for growing lambs in replacement for corn and soybean meal.
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Chapuis, Guillaume, Mathilde Le Boudic-Jamin, Rumen Andonov, Hristo Djidjev, and Dominique Lavenier. "Parallel Seed-Based Approach to Multiple Protein Structure Similarities Detection." Scientific Programming 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/279715.
Full textAbstract:
Finding similarities between protein structures is a crucial task in molecular biology. Most of the existing tools require proteins to be aligned in order-preserving way and only find single alignments even when multiple similar regions exist. We propose a new seed-based approach that discovers multiple pairs of similar regions. Its computational complexity is polynomial and it comes with a quality guarantee—the returned alignments have both root mean squared deviations (coordinate-based as well as internal-distances based) lower than a given threshold, if such exist. We do not require the alignments to be order preserving (i.e., we consider nonsequential alignments), which makes our algorithm suitable for detecting similar domains when comparing multidomain proteins as well as to detect structural repetitions within a single protein. Because the search space for nonsequential alignments is much larger than for sequential ones, the computational burden is addressed by extensive use of parallel computing techniques: a coarse-grain level parallelism making use of available CPU cores for computation and a fine-grain level parallelism exploiting bit-level concurrency as well as vector instructions.
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Sweeney, Rose A., and Paul R. Rexroad. "Comparison of LECO FP-228 "Nitrogen Determinator" with AOAC Copper Catalyst Kjeldahl Method for Crude Protein." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 6 (November 1, 1987): 1028–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.6.1028.
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Abstract The LECO FP-228 "Nitrogen Determinator" was compared with the AOAC copper catalyst Kjeldahl method, 7.033-7.037, for the determination of crude protein in feed materials. The completely microprocessor- controlled instrument determines nitrogen by measuring the nitrogen gas following combustion of the sample; it was easy to operate and broadly applicable. A wide variety of feed materials of various nitrogen levels were analyzed in one mixed sequence. Results were precise, accurate, and rapid. Analysis time for one sample was approximately 3 min. Fourteen samples containing 2.5-15.5% N were selected for study and consisted of meals, grains, forages, and standard organic materials. The overall mean for the 14 samples by the LECO combustion method was 8.61% N compared with an overall mean of 8.58% N for the AOAC Kjeldahl method. Within-sample standard deviations for the LECO combustion method ranged from 0.013 to 0.052% N with a pooled standard deviation (SD) of 0.033% N for the 14 samples. Standard deviations for the AOAC Kjeldahl method ranged from 0.006 to 0.035% N with a pooled SD of 0.022% N. Combined average recovery of nitrogen from tryptophan, lysine- HC1, and EDTA determined by the LECO combustion method was 99.94% compared to 99.88% determined by the AOAC Kjeldahl method.
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Bicsak, Ronald C., R. Boles, R. Cathey, V. Collins, K. Hannasious, J. Haselhorst, L. Henderson, et al. "Comparison of Kjeldahl Method for Determination of Crude Protein in Cereal Grains and Oilseeds with Generic Combustion Method: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.4.780.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Seven laboratories participated in a collaborative study to extend the applicability of the AOAC generic combustion method for determination of crude protein in animal feed (990.03) to include determination in cereal grains and oilseeds. In the study, method 990.03 was compared with the AOAC mercury catalyst Kjeldahl method for determination of protein in grains (979.09) and crude protein in animal feed (954.01). The study also evaluated the effect on the results of fineness of grind. For determination of crude protein in grains and oilseeds by the combustion method, standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 0.10 to 0.37 and from 0.25 to 0.54, respectively, and relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 0.77 to 2.57% and from 1.24 to 3.15%, respectively. The combustion method was adopted first action by AOAC International for determination of crude protein in cereal grains and oilseeds containing 0.2- 20% nitrogen.
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MARTIN, J. M., and W. L. ALEXANDER. "INTERGENOTYPIC COMPETITION IN BIBLENDS OF SPRING WHEAT." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 871–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-109.
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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs evaluate germplasm sources and/or segregating progenies comprising a mixture of genotypes. If intergenotypic competition is operating, then performance of mixtures of genotypes may not be indicative of the performance of its pure line components. Our objective was to measure and quantify intergenotypic competition in 1:1 mixtures of eight spring wheat cultivars representing both tall and semidwarf classes. The 28 possible 1:1 biblends plus the eight uniblends were evaluated in a replicated trial in 2 yr at Bozeman, Montana. Grain yield, test weight, and grain protein concentration were measured. Analysis of variance showed the eight cultivars differed as uniblends and for average performance in biblends for all three measured traits. Interactions, deviations of biblends from average performance of the two uniblend components, were detected for test weight and grain protein concentration in the first year and for grain yield in the second year and for grain protein concentration when combined over years. Intergenotypic competition reduced grain yield of biblends compared to uniblends in the second year but not in the first year. Grain protein concentration and test weight did not show a proportionate change in response to the reduced grain yield. General mixing effects isolated for each cultivar showed competitive ability could not be delineated on the basis of height class.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., mixtures, competing ability
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Quincke, M. C., C. J. Peterson, and C. C. Mundt. "Relationship between Incidence of Cephalosporium Stripe and Yield Loss in Winter Wheat." International Journal of Agronomy 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/635219.
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Cephalosporium stripe (caused byCephalosporium gramineum) can be a serious disease of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Effects of Cephalosporium stripe on yield, test weight, protein, and kernel characteristics were examined using 12 winter wheat varieties in field plots inoculated and not inoculated with the pathogen. Averaged over varieties, inoculation decreased yield, test weight, kernel weight, and kernel diameter; grain protein and the standard deviations of kernel weight and kernel diameter were increased by inoculation. Grain yield of the susceptible check was reduced by as much as 41% with addition of inoculum. The most resistant and the most susceptible varieties performed similarly for yield in the two environments, while varieties with intermediate levels of resistance were sometimes inconsistent. There was a linear relationship between yield and % whiteheads (sterile heads caused by disease) in one environment and a curvilinear relation in the other.
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Marques, Ana Coelho, Fernando C. Lidon, Ana Rita F. Coelho, Cláudia Campos Pessoa, Inês Carmo Luís, Paula Scotti-Campos, Manuela Simões, et al. "Quantification and Tissue Localization of Selenium in Rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae) Grains: A Perspective of Agronomic Biofortification." Plants 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121670.
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In worldwide production, rice is the second-most-grown crop. It is considered a staple food for many populations and, if naturally enriched in Se, has a huge potential to reduce nutrient deficiencies in foodstuff for human consumption. This study aimed to develop an agronomic itinerary for Se biofortification of Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) and assess potential physicochemical deviations. Trials were implemented in rice paddy field with known soil and water characteristics and two genotypes resulting from genetic breeding (OP1505 and OP1509) were selected for evaluation. Plants were sprayed at booting, anthesis and milky grain phases with two different foliar fertilizers (sodium selenate and sodium selenite) at different concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 g Se·ha−1). After grain harvesting, the application of selenate showed 4.9–7.1 fold increases, whereas selenite increased 5.9–8.4-fold in OP1509 and OP1505, respectively. In brown grain, it was found that in the highest treatment selenate or selenite triggered much higher Se accumulation in OP1505 relatively to OP1509, and that no relevant variation was found with selenate or selenite spraying in each genotype. Total protein increased exponentially in OP1505 genotype when selenite was applied, and higher dosage of Se also increased grain weight and total protein content. It was concluded that, through agronomic biofortification, rice grain can be enriched with Se without impairing its quality, thus highlighting its value in general for the industry and consumers with special needs.
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Lunegov, A. M., I. R. Selivanova, and I. V. Lunegova. "Analysis and evaluation of the industrial veterinary diet "brit veterinary diet cat grain free struvite" in the complex treat-ment of struvite urolitiaisis." International bulletin of Veterinary Medicine 1 (2020): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17238/issn2072-2419.2020.1.57.
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Intensive consumption of dry feed of low quality, a sedentary lifestyle in animals, chronic infectious diseases of the urinary tract of cats lead to an increase of urolithia-sis. We have conducted analysis and evalua-tion of the veterinary diets "Brit Veterinary Diet Cat Struvite Grain Free" in cats with a stated diagnosis of struvite urolithiasis. The study was conducted in veterinary clin-ic LLC «Nikavet» in Saint-Petersburg and at the Department of pharmacology and toxicology of SPbGAVM in the autumn-winter period in 2019. The object of clinical and laboratory research were ten domestic cats of different sex, age and breed groups. During the clinical analysis of urine in most patients, urine pH was at the upper limits of the norm or exceeded it at an average of 0.5 units. The urine of all studied animals was muddy with a high density of 0.06 g/l, max-imum protein content was in the range of 3.0 g/l, at a rate of 0-0. 04. Such indicators in the urine as leukocytes, urobilinogen, ascorbic acid, epithelium, red blood cells exceeded the permissible limits. Duing urine sediment microscopy in three studied animals, crystals (struvites) occupied the entire field of view. Ultrasound examination of the bladder in animals showed a large and a moderate amount of hyperechoic suspension in the cavity, thickening of the mucous layer and clear differentiation of the layers of the bladder wall. After complex treatment with the use of veterinary diets at 15th day, the results of the analysis of urine from seven of the ten animals showed a good positive trend for the evaluated criteria (pH, protein, leukocyte count, uroliths and microflo-ra). At the end of 30 days from the begin-ning of the therapy performed in conjunc-tion with diet therapy, no deviations from physiological norms were detected during ultrasound diagnostics or according to the results of clinical analysis of urine.
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Xu, Xiaobin, Cong Teng, Yu Zhao, Ying Du, Chunqi Zhao, Guijun Yang, Xiuliang Jin, et al. "Prediction of Wheat Grain Protein by Coupling Multisource Remote Sensing Imagery and ECMWF Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081349.
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Industrialization production with high quality and effect on winter is an important measure for accelerating the shift from increasing agricultural production to improving quality in terms of grain protein content (GPC). Remote sensing technology achieved the GPC prediction. However, large deviations in interannual expansion and regional transfer still exist. The present experiment was carried out in wheat producing areas of Beijing (BJ), Renqiu (RQ), Quzhou, and Jinzhou in Hebei Province. First, the spectral consistency of Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (LS8) and RapidEye (RE) was compared with Sentinel-2 (S2) satellites at the same ground point in the same period. The GPC prediction model was constructed by coupling the vegetation index with the meteorological data obtained by the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts using hierarchical linear model (HLM) method. The prediction and spatial expansion of regional GPC were validated. Results were as follows: (1) Spectral information calculated from S2 imagery were highly consistent with LS8 (R2 = 1.00) and RE (R2 = 0.99) imagery, which could be jointly used for GPC modeling. (2) The predicted GPC by using the HLM method (R2 = 0.524) demonstrated higher accuracy than the empirical linear model (R2 = 0.286) and showed higher improvements across inter-annual and regional scales. (3) The GPC prediction results of the verification samples in RQ, BJ, Xiaotangshan (XTS) in 2018, and XTS in 2019 were ideal with root mean square errors of 0.61%, 1.13%, 0.91%, and 0.38%, and relative root mean square error of 4.11%, 6.83%, 6.41%, and 2.58%, respectively. This study has great application potential for regional and inter-annual quality prediction.
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Rex, Samantha M., Jillian Trabulsi, Sandra Baker, Barry Bodt, and Shannon M. Robson. "Food Purchasing Behaviors of WIC Participants: What Non-WIC Eligible Foods Items Are Being Purchased." American Journal of Health Promotion 34, no. 3 (December 19, 2019): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117119892765.
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Purpose: To describe items purchased during a shopping trip by families enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC). Design: Cross-sectional, quantitative, observational study. Setting: Grocery stores in the Newark, Delaware area. Participants: A convenience sample of mothers (n = 35) were recruited from a local WIC Clinic waiting room. Measures: The number of items categorized into 12 food groups, (baby food, beverages, dairy, fats/oils, fruit, vegetables, grains, protein, preprepared, seasonings, sweets, and other) extracted from grocery receipts. Analysis: Means and frequencies were used to analyze continuous and categorical data, respectively, for receipt data and demographics. Results: The most common foods purchased not included as part of the WIC food package included protein (1.0 [standard deviation, SD 3.0]), preprepared foods (0.9 [SD 2.0]), and other foods (1.0 [SD 1.9]). The most frequent foods purchased included as part of the WIC food package included fruit (2.3 [SD 1.5]), grains (1.7 [SD 1.6]), and dairy (1.5 [SD 0.8]). Conclusions: Further investigation of foods purchased that were not part of the WIC food package is warranted, as understanding food purchases particularly among low-income mothers may inform nutrition education practices.
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Tyan, A., and M. M. Bayazitova. "SELECTION OF THE MASHING MODE IN THE PREPARATION OF BEER WORT BY USING THE WHEAT MALT." SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 447, no. 3 (June 12, 2021): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1491.57.
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In recent years, according to the sharp increase in the number of breweries and high competition on the consumer market, it is very important to extend the raw material base of the industry and the range of produced beer from the recommended raw materials. One of the ways to expand the raw material base of breweries is developing recommendations for the use of new zoned varieties of barley, in particular as well as the use of special malts, wheat malt, the development of new recipes and technologies for beer producing. As it is known, barley, wheat, rye, and malt produced from these cereal crops are processed to a greater extent at present. Along with traditional types of cereals, such cereals as amaranth, buckwheat, triticale, sorghum, oats, etc. are used. Among the listed alternative crops, wheat should be noted as the most promising type of cereal raw materials. Wheat (Triticum) is an herbaceous annual plant of the cereal family. Hard wheat (T. durum) and soft wheat (T. aestivum) are the most important. Both species are holo-grain, i.e., the grain is covered with fruiting and seed shells, fused and consisting of several layers of cells, and do not have flower (chaff) shells. At present time, high-yielding winter and spring wheat (T.aestivum) is mainly cultivated. This species has loose floury grains and rather low protein content. It should be noted that unmalted wheat is rarely used in brewing. This is because that the use of this cereal as unmalted material leads to significant deviations in the technological process, in particular, the filtration of wort and beer slows down, reduces the colloidal stability of the final product. At the same time, as a raw material for malt, wheat has some advantages over barley. The article deals with the effect of different amounts of wheat malt on the mashing process, the percentage of mashing and mashing modes of barley and wheat malt are selected experimentally.
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Srdic, Jelena, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, Zorica Pajic, and Milomir Filipovic. "Characterization of maize inbred lines based on molecular markers, heterosis and pedigree data." Genetika 39, no. 3 (2007): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0703355s.
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Information about the genetic diversity of inbred lines is essential in planning maize breeding programmes. Utilization of diverse parents in the process of hybridization has the greatest influence on producing high yielding hybrids. The aim of this research was to determine genetic diversity of ten maize inbred lines of different origin on the basis of protein and RAPD markers and to compare these results with pedigree and grain yield heterosis data. Results of genetic distances, based on protein and RAPD markers were similar and in concurrence with the date on the origin of inbreds. Usefulness of protein and RAPD markers for assigning inbreds to heterotic groups was examined by the cluster analysis. Cluster analysis based on protein markers, RAPD and heterosis showed clear grouping of lines into two main heterotic groups. Only few deviations were noticed, and those among inbreds not belonging to those heterotic groups. According to the observed results it could be concluded that grouping of inbred lines based on molecular markers, generally agrees with their pedigrees and that clusters are representatives of heterotic groups. Very high and highly significant estimate of rank correlation coefficient between RAPD and heterosis (0,876**) also confirmed that.
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KAUSTELL, K., E. MÄNTYSAARI, and P. HUHTANEN. "Concentrate feeding and milk yield based on the field data of milk recorded herds." Agricultural and Food Science 7, no. 4 (January 4, 1998): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.5605.
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Field data from 16 051 Finnish milk recorded herds including milk yield (MY), feed consumption, feed analyses, and the herd effect for milk yield (HMILK) obtained from the national breeding value estimation program, were analysed to detect the influence of concentrate feeding on milk production. HMILKs are deviations from the average national level with mean of 45 kg and SD of 722 kg. Mean MY was 6917 kg and mean dry matter intake (DMI) 5679 kg per cow per year. The effect of concentrate feeding on HMILK and MY was studied by using quantitative [amount of energy (FUI) and concentrates (CI) in the diet] and qualitative [proportion of grain (Gc) or compound feed (Mc) in concentrates or CP content (CPc) of concentrates] diet characteristics as dependent variables in multivariate regression analysis. The general linear effect of CI was 1.18 kg MY/kg CI. Production response of CI decreased with increasing CI as indicated by significant interactions between CI and CI classes. Gc showed a negative relationship with HMILK, but CPc proved to be a more important factor affecting HMILK. Feeding grain instead of compound feed was connected with too low protein content in concentrates. Mc was positively correlated with CP content of concentrates. However, the use of compound feed appeared to give a slight increase in HMILK even after accounting for the effect of CP. ;
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Klimova, Elena, Ivan Fesenko, Elena Kuznetsova, Ján Brindza, Gyunesh Nasrullaeva, Olga Rezunova, and Elena Kuznetsova. "Assessment of a new artificial buckwheat species Fagopyrum hybridum as a source of plant raw materials compared to F. Tataricum and F. Esculentum." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 14 (August 28, 2020): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1393.
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A promising way to increase the use of buckwheat is the wider introduction of technologies for its processing, including grinding of non-hulled grain. It requires the search for new plant materials with more suitable characteristics. In this work, the possibilities to use the grain of a new artificial buckwheat species Fagopyrum hybridum for flour production are studied in comparison with two cultivated species F. tataricum and F. esculentum. Some chemical characteristics of F. hybridum flour were evaluated. According to the size of the kernel fragments in different modes of milling within each species the significant differences were identified within F. esculentum and F. hybridum (p <0.001 and p <0.05, respectively); there were no significant differences within F. tataricum (p >0.1). Fragments of the seed hulls of F. tataricum and F. hybridum compared to ones of F. esculentum were distinguished by the absence of pronounced acute angles. For the cultivated species, amino acid compositions of grain protein of the studied samples manifest no strong deviations from earlier published results. The new species F. hybridum has the amino acid composition similar to ones of the both cultivated species with slight superiority in the content of all essential amino acids. So, the content of Cysteine, Tryptophan, Arginine, Lysine, Methionine, Leucine + Isoleucine, Threonine, Histidine and Valine in seeds of F. hybridum was 5.2, 15.0, 25.8, 30.2, 31.2, 36.0, 38.4, 41.1 and 46.2% higher compared to F. tataricum and 11.1, 43.7, 39.2, 3.7, 31.2, 15.2, 14.8, 20.0, 18.9% higher compared to F. esculentum. Using DPPH it was assessed the antioxidant activity (AOA) of whole grain flour of three buckwheat species and decreasing of the AOA during heating up to 100 °C. After water extraction the AOA was maximal for F. tataricum flour; F. hybridum and F. esculentum manifested similar values with the same decline dynamics during heating. After ethanol extraction the flour of F. hybridum shown higher AOA compared to both cultivated species before temperature treatment (1.3 times) as well as after heating to 100 °C (1.2 times). The results of the analysis of the fractional composition of flour from the whole grain of the three buckwheats shown the fragments of the seed hulls of F. tataricum and F. hybridum compared to ones of F. esculentum were characterized by the absence of pronounced acute angles. Additional experiments are needed to optimize the technology of whole-grain buckwheat flour. But the grain of F. tataricum and F. hybridum looks like more suitable for these purposes than the non-hulled grain of F. esculentum.
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Santos, N. C., W. P. Silva, S. L. Barros, A. J. de B. Araújo, J. P. Gomes, R. L. J. Almeida, A. P. S. Nascimento, et al. "Study on Drying of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grains: Physical-Chemical and Bioactive Quality." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 9 (June 30, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n9p203.
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The present study aimed to assess the drying kinetics of black rice and fit different mathematical models (empirical and diffusive) to the experimental data, and evaluate the effect of drying air temperature on the physical-chemical and bioactive compounds quality of black rice. Drying air temperatures ranged from 40 to 80 ºC and the drying air speed was 1.5 m/s. Physical-chemical characterization of the product was based on the following parameters: moisture, water activity, ashes, total protein content, pH, total acidity, lipids, total carbohydrates, total anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Among the empirical models, Page showed the lowest mean squared deviations (MSD) and highest coefficients of determination (R2). For the diffusion model, the values of effective mass diffusivity and convective heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing drying air temperature, and the Biot number indicated that the first-type boundary condition would also describe well the drying process. Physical-chemical parameters and bioactive compounds differed between the temperatures used, and the temperature of 60 ºC led to the best relationship between drying time and preservation of product characteristics.
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Kalam, Faiza, Syed Ali, Angela Pfammatter, Bonnie Spring, Ayah Takrouri, and Annie Lin. "Evaluation of the Comparative Validity of a Smartphone Weight-Loss Trial App with a 24-Hour Diet Recall." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac070.025.
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Abstract Objectives Despite the presence of several weight loss apps on the market, the validity of the diet data collected from these apps has rarely been tested. A granular analysis of app validity at the food-level, rather than overall intake, is needed to closely examine factors that contribute to the variability of diet data between these apps and standard diet assessments. This study investigated the comparative validity of diet data from a weight loss app at the food level. Methods A weight loss app was used for the Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomization Trial (SMART) to assist participants with tracking their food intake throughout the study. A trained dietitian conducted three 24-hour diet recalls at baseline using the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) protocol. Food items reported by participants were categorized into 9 major NDSR food groups (beverage, dairy, fats, fruits, vegetables, grains, protein, sweets, miscellaneous) and 2 other categories (mixed, restaurant). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) determined agreement of diet data (i.e., calories and macronutrients) for all food items. ICC ranges were defined as: ≥0.90, excellent; 0.75 to <0.90, good; 0.5 to <0.75, moderate; and <0.5, poor agreement. Bland Altman analyses determined the estimated mean bias and standard deviation of differences between the app and recall. A subgroup analysis was conducted to evaluate agreement of energy content by food group. Results Agreement between the SMART app and recall ranged from moderate to good for all diet data (ICCs = 0.71 to 0.83). Bland Altman plots also confirmed the ICC results; there were little to modest differences between the SMART app and 24-hour recall for energy (−3.0 ± 94.7 kcal), carbohydrates (−0.2 ± 12.2 g), protein (−0.1 ± 5.5 g), and fat (−0.2 ± 5.1 g). When analyzing energy content by food group, agreement between the two diet assessments was excellent for restaurant and sweet food items (ICCs = 0.93 to 0.94) and good for beverages, dairy, fruits, and miscellaneous items (ICCs = 0.76 − 0.87). There was moderate agreement for vegetables, fat, grains, proteins, and mixed dishes (ICCs = 0.51 to 0.68). Conclusions There was moderate to good agreement between the SMART app and recall for all diet data. Results suggest that the variability may stem from the type of food reported in the app. Funding Sources NIH grants R01DK108678 and T32CA193193.
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Lazareva, M. V., N. A. Shkil, and S. V. Mezentseva. "SUBSTANTIATION OF PHARMACOLOGICAL CORRECTION OF THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ANIMAL NUTRITION." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 3 (October 24, 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-56-3-110-115.
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The pharmacological correction of the mineral composition of animal nutrition has been substantiated. The analysis of the results of studies of fodder by veterinary laboratories of the Novosibirsk region for the period 2018–2019 was carried out. It has been established that in the production of animal fodder such crops as wheat, barley, oats, millet, corn, peas, and soybeans are used. Cereals make up about 85% of the compound fodder, legumes – 45%. It is noted that the mass fraction of moisture and dry matter in all types of animal fodder is within the permissible ranges of the norm. In winter cows are fed with hay, silage and mixed fodder. So protein deficiency (10.69 ± 0.35%) occurs for milk yield above 10 kg per day. The largest amount of crude protein is contained in the meal (36.48 ± 1.31%), the least is in silage (3.08 ± 0.12%). Crude fat is mainly contained in the millcake (9.68 ± 0.83%), and its minimum content is characterized by feed concentrates (0.49 ± 0.39%). Rough forage – hay and straw are rich in fiber (27.04 ± 0.58 and 36.87 ± 1.29%, respectively). A low level of calcium was found in fodder such as silage and grain used for feed purposes – 2.07 ± 0.11 and 2.22 ± 0.21 g / kg, respectively. Potassium deficiency was detected in compound animal fodder (2.75–3.03 g / kg), which requires correction of the diet. A low phosphorus content is noted in roughage, silage, grain (0.07–0.27%). The forage obtained during the ensiling process is provided with zinc at 8.02 ± 1.51 mg / kg, which is a low figure. The iron content in the compound feed is at an average level of supply – 40–50 mg / kg. Evaluation of the mineral composition of different types of feed showed the highest frequency of deviations in the amount of zinc – 42.5%. There are also significant fluctuations in the content of phosphorus and calcium in feed – 26.25 and 23.75%, respectively.
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Bode, Katherine, Logan Smith, Tony Wells, Gena Wollenberg, and Jllian Joyce. "The Relationship between Diet and Suicide Risk and Resilience in Wildland Firefighters." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac054.003.
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Abstract Objectives 1) To determine the nutrient intake and diet quality of wildland firefighters (WLFF); 2) to determine the relationship between diet quality and mental health indices (e.g., anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, suicidality) among WLFF. Methods This cross-sectional study involved a convenience sample of 37 WLFF recruited via social media from across the US. Dietary intake was assessed via 24-hour recall entered into nutrient analysis software and scored using the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI) for diet quality. Mental health was assessed using several indices for suicidality, anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and alcohol use. Nutrient intake and HEI scores were compared to current US adult intake patterns from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Relationships between HEI scores and mental health indices were determined using Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Mean (± standard deviation) age was 40.0 ± 11.7 years and 87.1% of participants were Caucasian with body mass index of 28.1 ± 4.5 kg/m2. Mean HEI score was 52.5 ± 14.8 out of 100, 10.6% lower than the US adult population. Added sugar, refined grains, and total protein all had scores between 81–100/100, indicating adequate intake. Total HEI, saturated fat, total vegetable, and sodium scores were between 51–80/100, indicating need for improvement. Seafood/plant protein, dairy, whole grains, and total fruit scores were between 0–50/100, indicating poor intake. Relationships between HEI scores and mental health indices were significant, moderate, and inverse (beneficial) for total HEI, dark greens and legumes, and fatty acid ratio scores with Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item, and Patient Health Questionnaire. Conclusions Diet quality for the diets of WLFF is lower than the US adult population, in significant need of improvement, and potentially impacting mental health status. Funding Sources Not applicable.
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Boland, OW, and JJ Walcott. "Levels of heterosis for yield and quality in an F1 hybrid wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, no. 4 (1985): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9850545.
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A newly released F1 hybrid wheat (Hybrid Titan) was compared with its parents and three commercial check cultivars in yield trials over 16 site years. Mid-parent heterosis varied considerably (100-127%) over the sites and averaged 111%. However, high-parent and high-check cultivar heterosis levels were much lower (99-119%), most likely a consequence of the low yield of the male parent. A concurrent seeding rate trial showed that lower levels of heterosis resulted if the seeding rate of the hybrid was reduced below that of the parent and check cultivars. Quality tests performed on the harvested grain showed some characters deviating considerably from expected values. The most significant of these were lower milling yield, flour protein content, and water absorption. The T. timopheevi nucleo-cytoplasmic system for producing hybrid wheat was implicated as having likely side effects on yield performance and quality. The study emphasized the need for both parents to be high-yielding and to have good combining ability for both yield and quality.
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Belahsen, Rekia, and Mohamed Rguibi. "Population health and Mediterranean diet in southern Mediterranean countries." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 8A (December 2006): 1130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007668517.
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AbstractBackground and objectivesIn recent decades, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders has increased worldwide; the objective here is to describe the situation in southern Mediterranean countries.ResultsData derived from surveys in the region countries showed that in 2002 more than 60% of all deaths in the southern Mediterranean region are attributed to NCDs. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) caused from about 34.3 to 52% of all deaths, making it the major killer among NCDs. In almost all of the southern Mediterranean countries, CVD risk factors increased with age, affected more women and urban area and were significantly associated with obesity. The Mediterranean dietary pattern, generally recognised, as a healthy diet is still the model for southern Mediterranean population; however, following the rapid process of urbanisation, southern Mediterranean populations have changed their lifestyle and food habits and tend to shift from traditional food habit. Indeed, intake trends illustrate the fall in whole-grain intake with a rise in animal sources and vegetable oils. Dietary energy has been steadily increasing by approximately 1000 kcal per capita per day between 1965 and 2000, exceeding per caput energy requirements. Protein and carbohydrate contribution to the energy intake show only small deviations and fat contribution to the energy intake is low, whereas fibre intake is generally low and that of SFA is high. Also, sedentarity appears to play a critical role in the development of body fat and may be a risk indicator for features of metabolic syndrome.ConclusionThe major goal to prevent CVD should begin by preventing obesity through physical exercise and healthy nutrition. The nutritional prevention policy required should encourage population to adhere to the Mediterranean model.
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Loveday, D. M., P. A. Thacker, D. G. Wilson, and J. J. McKinnon. "Validation of the cannulated pig model for determining intestinal nutrient disappearance in cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-061.
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The mobile nylon bag technique was used to determine the potential of cannulated pigs to model intestinal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility of ruminal undegradable residues (RUDR) of various feed samples in cattle. A total of 11 feeds (six protein supplements and five forages) varying in rumen degradability were utilized: canola meal (regular vs. heated); soybean meal (regular vs. heated); distillers’ grains (regular vs. heated ); alfalfa hay (regular vs. dehydrated alfalfa pellets); barley silage (regular vs. heated); and barley straw. Ruminal undegradable residues of each feedstuff were placed into eight polyester bags and inserted into the duodenum of two cannulated Hereford steers (644 ± 14 kg). Another eight bags for each RUDR sample were randomly allocated to six crossbred gilts (Camborough 15 line female × Canabred sire; 50 ± 1.2 kg body weight) and inserted into the pigs’ duodenum via duodenal cannulas. Bags were recovered in the feces from both the cattle and pigs. Regression analysis was used to relate intestinal DM and CP digestibility obtained in pigs with those obtained in steers. Intercepts not different from zero were forced through the zero intercept to obtain a measure of bias and loss of precision resulting from forcing the zero intercept. The non-zero regression equations relating steer estimates to those obtained from pigs were -3.17 + 0.95 X [r2 = 0.98, residual standard deviation (RSD) = 3.84] and 0.35 + 0.96 X (r2 = 0.98, RSD = 6.16) for DM and CP disappearance, respectively. Forcing the non-zero intercept resulted in pigs over predicting intestinal DM disappearance in cattle by 10.6% with a RSD of 4.30. Using the pig model, intestinal CP disappearance of cattle was over predicted by 3.1% with a RSD of 5.85. It was concluded that pigs can be used to model intestinal DM and CP disappearance of ruminal undegraded feed residues in cattle. Key words: Cattle, pigs, mobile nylon bag technique, intestinal nutrient availability