Journal articles: 'Grain-Oriented (GO) and Non-Grain-Oriented (NO) Electrical Steels'

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Du, Yizhou, Ronald O’Malley, and Mario F. Buchely. "Review of Magnetic Properties and Texture Evolution in Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." Applied Sciences 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 6097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13106097.

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Electrical steels can be classified into two groups: grain-oriented (GO) and non-oriented (NGO) electrical steel. NGO electrical steels are mainly considered as core materials for different devices, such as electric motors, generators, and rotating machines. The magnetic properties and texture evolution of NGO electrical steels depend on multiple factors (such as chemical content, heat-treatment, and rolling process) making the development of new products a complex task. In this review, studies on the magnetic properties of NGO electrical steels and the corresponding texture evolution are summarized. The results indicate that further research is required for NGO electrical steels to ensure high permeability and low core loss properties.

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Nesser, Manar, Olivier Maloberti, Elias Salloum, Julien Dupuy, and Jérôme Fortin. "Influence of a Laser Irradiation and Laser Scribing on Magnetic Properties of GO Silicon Steels Sheets Using a Nanosecond Fiber Laser." European Journal of Electrical Engineering 23, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ejee.230603.

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Improving the performance of electrical steels within the magnetic circuits is essential to save energy. The domain refinement through local surface treatment by laser is an effective technique to reduce the iron losses in grain-oriented iron silicon steels. To interpret the mechanism of this technique, we have quantitatively studied the impact of nanosecond pulse laser treatment on the magnetic properties of grain-oriented Fe(3%wt)Si sheets. We measured the total power loss and apparent permeability of the samples using a Single-Sheet Tester (SST). The laser treatment resulted in a loss reduction of up to 24% compared to the average power loss of standard samples at 50 Hz. At mid-induction levels, the reduction was also accompanied by an improvement in apparent permeability. A dynamic magnetic behavior law was used to identify a dynamic property Λ including information on density, surface area and wall mobility and another internal permeability property µ representative of static field and magnetization characteristics. Lastly, we presented the behavior of these properties under different laser treatment.

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Pluta, Wojciech A. "The Effect of Magnetic Anisotropy on the Computed Specific Total Loss in Electrical Steel." Energies 17, no. 5 (February 26, 2024): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17051112.

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Grain-oriented (GO) electrical steel (ES) laminates are still very important in industrial applications due to their remarkable crystallographic properties. Cores of large electrical machines and transformers are built from ES. The performances of these devices are significantly influenced by the properties of ES. The improvement of ES properties has been the subject of considerable research for many years. The phenomenon of magnetic anisotropy is highly non-linear, and it should be taken into account by the designers of magnetic circuits. The article proposes a modified model for calculating the angular properties of specific total loss of ES. The modeling takes into account the isotropic component (from classic eddy currents) and the anisotropic component, which is the sum of hysteresis and excess losses. For the directional loss modeling, the Boltzmann function was used. An analysis of the dependency of model coefficients on the frequency is presented.

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Maciusowicz, Michal, Grzegorz Psuj, and Paweł Kochmański. "Identification of Grain Oriented SiFe Steels Based on Imaging the Instantaneous Dynamics of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Using Short-Time Fourier Transform and Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010118.

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This paper presents a new approach to the extraction and analysis of information contained in magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) for evaluation of grain oriented (GO) electrical steels. The proposed methodology for MBN analysis is based on the combination of the Short-Time Fourier Transform for the observation of the instantaneous dynamics of the phenomenon and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) for the extraction of hidden information and building the knowledge. The use of DCNN makes it possible to find even complex and convoluted rules of the Barkhausen phenomenon course, difficult to determine based solely on the selected features of MBN signals. During the tests, several samples made of conventional and high permeability GO steels were tested at different angles between the rolling and transverse directions. The influences of the angular resolution and the proposed additional prediction update algorithm on the DCNN accuracy were investigated, obtaining the highest gain for the angle of 3.6°, for which the overall accuracy exceeded 80%. The obtained results indicate that the proposed new solution combining time–frequency analysis and DCNN for the quantification of information from MBN having stochastic nature may be a very effective tool in the characterization of the magnetic materials.

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Kovác̆, F., M. Dz̆ubinský, and Y. Sidor. "Columnar grain growth in non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 269, no. 3 (March 2004): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(03)00628-0.

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Bürger, R., H. Kleine, S. Mager, and J. Wieting. "New possibilities for semifinished grain-oriented and non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 112, no. 1-3 (July 1992): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(92)91155-m.

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Backes, Constanze, Marek Smaga, and Tilmann Beck. "Mechanical and functional fatigue of non-oriented and grain-oriented electrical steels." International Journal of Fatigue 186 (September 2024): 108410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2024.108410.

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Kovac, F., V. Stoyka, and I. Petryshynets. "Strain-induced grain growth in non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 320, no. 20 (October 2008): e627-e630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2008.04.020.

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Stewart, Zackary, and K. V. Sudhakar. "Efficient Batch Anneal for Non-Grain Oriented Electrical Steels." Journal of Mechatronics 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jom.2015.1126.

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Stöcker, Anett, Max Weiner, Grzegorz Korpała, Ulrich Prahl, Xuefei Wei, Johannes Lohmar, Gerhard Hirt, et al. "Integrated Process Simulation of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 6659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216659.

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A tailor-made microstructure, especially regarding grain size and texture, improves the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels. One way to adjust the microstructure is to control the production and processing in great detail. Simulation and modeling approaches can help to evaluate the impact of different process parameters and finally select them appropriately. We present individual model approaches for hot rolling, cold rolling, annealing and shear cutting and aim to connect the models to account for the complex interrelationships between the process steps. A layer model combined with a microstructure model describes the grain size evolution during hot rolling. The crystal plasticity finite-element method (CPFEM) predicts the cold-rolling texture. Grain size and texture evolution during annealing is captured by the level-set method and the heat treatment model GraGLeS2D+. The impact of different grain sizes across the sheet thickness on residual stress state is evaluated by the surface model. All models take heterogeneous microstructures across the sheet thickness into account. Furthermore, a relationship is established between process and material parameters and magnetic properties. The basic mathematical principles of the models are explained and demonstrated using laboratory experiments on a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.16 wt.% Si as an example.

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Pirgazi, Hadi, Roumen H. Petrov, and Leo Kestens. "Modeling the Magnetic Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steels Based on Microstructural Parameters." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.734.

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Magnetic properties of electrical steels such as magnetization behavior and electrical losses are mainly related to chemical composition, crystallographic orientation and microstructure. By now, several models have been proposed to empirically correlate magnetic properties and affecting parameters. A quantitative model based on physical understanding of the interaction between the magnetic field variables (e.g. domain structure) and local microstructural variables (e.g. grain orientation and misorientation, grain boundary plane inclination) is still missing. To obtain a better understanding of the interaction between grain boundaries and domain walls, the magnitude of free pole density at grain boundaries was taken into account. Experimental results from 3-dimentional EBSD experiments were employed to measure the grain boundary orientation for several samples with different chemical composition and grain size. The free pole density was calculated using the relative misorientation between adjacent grains, and was included in a model together with grain size, magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and silicon equivalent. By comparison with the experimental results of the magnetic induction measured at low, medium and high magnetic fields, is shown that the magnetization behavior can be more accurately predicted when the above mentioned phenomena are taken into account.

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Polyxeni, Vourna, Papadopoulos Nikolaos D, Stefanakis Nikos, Xafakis Sotirios, and Hristoforou Evangelos. "Temperature effects on grain growth phenomena and magnetic properties of silicon steels used in marine applications." Annals of Marine Science 7, no. 1 (June 21, 2023): 040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ams.000037.

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The present paper investigates the stages of the microstructure and texture evolution in non-oriented electrical silicon steels by means of magnetic measurements and metallographic analysis. The goal of this work was to study temperature effects and their influence on grain growth processes in non-oriented electrical steels while being subjected to different annealing conditions and to clarify the mechanism of grain boundary motion during annealing. It is important to study the development of texture and grain size in electrical steel samples along the entire production line chain (hot rolling, cold rolling, and final annealing), as both are affected by each processing stage. The lack of magnetic data dependent on the operating temperature of non-oriented electrical steels makes it impossible to accurately design high-power motors (e.g., propulsion systems in ships) or generators that are to operate at high temperatures. The correlation of magnetic properties with the microstructure of electrical steels can yield important information about their suitability for various substrates and marine applications. In addition, it can potentially non-destructively define both the annealing stage and the preferred crystallographic growth pattern in single-phase ferritic steels, which affect the performance and longevity of the electromagnetic devices in which these are used.

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Sidor, Yuriy, and Frantisek Kovac. "Microstructural aspects of grain growth kinetics in non-oriented electrical steels." Materials Characterization 55, no. 1 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2005.01.015.

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SIDOR, Y., F. KOVAC, and T. KVACKAJ. "Grain growth phenomena and heat transport in non-oriented electrical steels." Acta Materialia 55, no. 5 (March 2007): 1711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.10.032.

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Felix, R. A. C., Luiz Brandão, M. A. da Cunha, C. H. P. Paiva, J. R. L. Amaro, Lucas S. Teles, Ricardo Luiz O. da Rosa, R. P. G. Júnior, Thiago A. Saldanha, and Victor Hugo G. Bezerra. "Evaluation of the Relationship between Crystallographic Texture and Magnetic Properties through the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Coefficient." Materials Science Forum 775-776 (January 2014): 427–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.775-776.427.

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It is well known that iron has a magnetocrystalline anisotropy and, therefore, the crystallographic texture has great influence on its magnetic properties. In most applications of non-oriented grain electrical steels, it is desirable that the magnetic properties are isotropic. In this work, modern quantitative texture analysis methods are used to characterize the crystallographic textures of many types of non-oriented grain electrical steels and their relation with the magnetic properties. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy coefficient is the parameter of texture analysis that is directly related to the magnetic properties. This paper analyzes the correlation between the magnetic properties of electrical steels with 3 wt.% to 5 wt.% silicon and their magnetocrystalline anisotropy coefficients.

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He, Qinyu, Yulong Liu, Chengyi Zhu, Xiaohui Xie, Rong Zhu, and Guangqiang Li. "Effect of Phosphorus Content on Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186332.

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The effect of target phosphorus (P) content on the precipitates, microstructure, texture, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties of low-carbon (C) and low-silicon (Si) non-oriented electrical steel (NOES) was investigated and the influence mechanism was clarified. The results indicate that the precipitates in the steels are mainly aluminum (Al)-manganese (Mn)-Si-bearing complex nitrides ((Al,Si,Mn)xNy) and P-bearing complex nitrides ((Al,Si,Mn)xNy-P). Increasing target phosphorus content in the steels decreases (Al,Si,Mn)xNy, and increases (Al,Si,Mn)xNy-P. The number density of the precipitates is the lowest, and the average size of the precipitates and grain size of the finished steel is the largest in the samples with target P content at the 0.14% level (0.14%P-targeted). The average grain size and microstructure homogeneity of the steels are influenced by the addition of phosphorus. The content of the {111}<112> component decreases, and the favorable texture increases after phosphorus is added to the steel. The magnetic induction of the steel is improved. Grain refinement and microstructure inhomogeneity lead to an iron loss increase after target phosphorus content increases in the steel. The best magnetic induction B50 is 1.765 T in the 0.14%P-targeted samples. The tensile strength and yield strength are improved owing to solid solution strengthening and the grain refinement effect of phosphorus added to the steels.

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Arita, Y., and Yoshiyuki Ushigami. "Effect of Aluminum and Titanium Content on Grain Growth, Texture and Magnetic Properties in 3%Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4428.

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The effect of annealing temperature on grain growth, texture development and magnetic properties of Al-free and Al-1% added non-oriented electrical steel were investigated. Normal grain growth occurred in Al-free steel. On the other hand, abnormal grain growth occurred in Al-added steel which was annealed at 800°C for 24h. Precipitates in these two steels were different. TiN precipitated in Alfree steel, but in the case of Al-added steel, AlN and TiC precipitated. The TiC in Al-added steel was so fine that it inhibited the normal grain growth and finally caused the abnormal grain growth. Main textures of both steels were near {111}<112>, but the intensity of near {111}<112> in the abnormal grain growth was higher than that in the normal grain growth. Magnetic flux density (B50/Bs) was decreased by the grain growth. Especially B50/Bs in the abnormal grain growth was lower than that in normal grain growth. B50/Bs in these steels can be estimated by their three-dimensional textures in vector method.

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Leuning, Nora, Markus Jaeger, Benedikt Schauerte, Anett Stöcker, Rudolf Kawalla, Xuefei Wei, Gerhard Hirt, et al. "Material Design for Low-Loss Non-Oriented Electrical Steel for Energy Efficient Drives." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 6588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216588.

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Due to the nonlinear material behavior and contradicting application requirements, the selection of a specific electrical steel grade for a highly efficient electrical machine during its design stage is challenging. With sufficient knowledge of the correlations between material and magnetic properties and capable material models, a material design for specific requirements can be enabled. In this work, the correlations between magnetization behavior, iron loss and the most relevant material parameters for non-oriented electrical steels, i.e., alloying, sheet thickness and grain size, are studied on laboratory-produced iron-based electrical steels of 2.4 and 3.2 wt % silicon. Different final thicknesses and grain sizes for both alloys are obtained by different production parameters to produce a total of 21 final material states, which are characterized by state-of-the-art material characterization methods. The magnetic properties are measured on a single sheet tester, quantified up to 5 kHz and used to parametrize the semi-physical IEM loss model. From the loss parameters, a tailor-made material, marked by its thickness and grain size is deduced. The influence of different steel grades and the chance of tailor-made material design is discussed in the context of an exemplary e-mobility application by performing finite-element electrical machine simulations and post-processing on four of the twenty-one materials and the tailor-made material. It is shown that thicker materials can lead to fewer iron losses if the alloying and grain size are adapted and that the three studied parameters are in fact levers for material design where resources can be saved by a targeted optimization.

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Wei, Xuefei, Alexander Krämer, Gerhard Hirt, Anett Stöcker, Rudolf Kawalla, Martin Heller, Sandra Korte-Kerzel, et al. "Influence of Process Parameters on Grain Size and Texture Evolution of Fe-3.2 wt.-% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 6822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226822.

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The magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel, widely used in electric machines, are closely related to the grain size and texture of the material. How to control the evolution of grain size and texture through processing in order to improve the magnetic properties is the research focus of this article. Therefore, the complete process chain of a non-oriented electrical steel with 3.2 wt.-% Si was studied with regard to hot rolling, cold rolling, and final annealing on laboratory scale. Through a comprehensive analysis of the process chain, the influence of important process parameters on the grain size and texture evolution as well as the magnetic properties was determined. It was found that furnace cooling after the last hot rolling pass led to a fully recrystallized grain structure with the favorable ND-rotated-cube component, and a large portion of this component was retained in the thin strip after cold rolling, resulting in a texture with a low γ-fiber and a high ND-cube component after final annealing at moderate to high temperatures. These promising results on a laboratory scale can be regarded as an effective way to control the processing on an industrial scale, to finally tailor the magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel according to their final application.

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Chen, Long, Dongyang Yan, Tong Ben, Libing Jing, and Qian Liu. "Measurement of magnetic properties of grain-oriented electrical steel under bending stress in a wide frequency range." AIP Advances 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 025340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000423.

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To clarify the mechanism of the magnetic properties deterioration and the increasing loss of the Grain-Oriented (GO) electrical steel wound cores under serving conditions, the effect of the bending stress in a wide frequency range should be thoroughly investigated. In this paper, a magnetic properties measuring system for GO electrical steel under different bending stress from 50 Hz to 1000 Hz is proposed. To ensure the accuracy and reproductivity of the measurements, the waveform of magnetic flux densities should be controlled to be sinusoidal. However, the bending stress aggravates the material’s nonlinear properties, making waveform control very difficult. To solve this problem, a frequency-domain adaptive dual-loop feedback control algorithm is developed. Obtained results show that the proposed method has a good effect on waveform control under bending stress, and the loss of the material under different magnetizing conditions is then analyzed.

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Boehm, Lucas, Christoph Hartmann, Ines Gilch, Anett Stoecker, Rudolf Kawalla, Xuefei Wei, Gerhard Hirt, et al. "Grain Size Influence on the Magnetic Property Deterioration of Blanked Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 7055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227055.

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Non-oriented electrical steel sheets are applied as a core material in rotors and stators of electric machines in order to guide and magnify their magnetic flux density. Their contouring is often realized in a blanking process step, which results in plastic deformation of the cut edges and thus deteriorates the magnetic properties of the base material. This work evaluates the influence of the material’s grain size on its iron losses after the blanking process. Samples for the single sheet test were blanked at different cutting clearances (15 µm–70 µm) from sheets with identical chemical composition (3.2 wt.% Si) but varying average grain size (28 µm–210 µm) and thickness (0.25 mm and 0.5 mm). Additionally, in situ measurements of blanking force and punch travel were carried out. Results show that blanking-related iron losses either increase for 0.25 mm thick sheets or decrease for 0.5 mm thick sheets with increasing grain size. Although this is partly in contradiction to previous research, it can be explained by the interplay of dislocation annihilation and transgranular fracturing. The paper thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the blanking process of coarse-grained, thin electrical steel sheets.

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Giri, Sushil K., Saurabh Kundu, Aditya Prakash, S. Cicale, L. Albini, and Indradev Samajdar. "Defining the Role of Hot Band Annealing in High-Permeability Grain-Oriented (GO) Electrical Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 53, no. 5 (March 23, 2022): 1873–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06643-z.

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Mangiorou, E. "Correlation of grain growth phenomena with magnetic properties in non - oriented electrical steels." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 108 (March 18, 2016): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/108/1/012016.

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Freitas, Francisco N. C., Manoel Ribeiro da Silva, Sergio S. M. Tavares, and Hamilton F. G. Abreu. "Texture and Microstructure Evolution during Box Annealing of a Non-Oriented-Grain Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.595.

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Non-oriented grain type electrical steels are used mainly in electrical rotating machines such as motors and compressors, in which the magnetization direction rotates 360 ° every cycle while remaining in the plane of the plate. The performance of these devices is affected by crystallographic texture of electrical steels due to strong anisotropy of magnetic properties. The electrical steel is supplied in the form of plates which are processed by cold rolling and subsequent annealing. Both, cold rolling and annealing directly influence the formation of crystallographic texture components. During annealing, recrystallization occurs, and this phenomenon gives rise to changes in texture that influences the quality of the final product and its application. Several works have been published in the study of the evolution of crystallographic texture and grain size in this type of electrical steel. In this work, samples have been taken in industrial conditions at various temperatures during the annealing in a coil box. Electrical steel samples cold rolled with reductions of 50% and 70% in thickness were removed during the process of annealing, and the evolution of texture with increasing temperature was studied. Aspects related to recrystallization, grain size and the evolution of texture and magnetic properties were discussed. Texture and recrystallization were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The magnetic properties were measured in a vibrating sample magnetometer.

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Verbeken, Kim, Edgar Gomes, Juergen Schneider, and Yvan Houbaert. "Correlation between the Magnetic Properties and the Crystallographic Texture during the Processing of Non Oriented Electrical Steel." Solid State Phenomena 160 (February 2010): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.160.189.

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The magnetic properties in electrical steels are strongly dependent on the crystallographic texture as well as other microstructural features such as grain size. Both, texture and grain size, are determined by the thermo-mechanical history of the material. This work regards a set of different thermo-mechanical paths applied on two types of non-oriented electrical steels containing 2.4% and 3.0%Si, respectively. The evolution of grain size, microstructure morphology and texture throughout processing were studied in detail by optical microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD). The impact of the texture on the magnetic properties was evaluated. This was done by the calculation of the magnetic anisotropy energy and the A parameter, i.e. a parameter defined in scientific literature that describes the magnetic "quality" of the texture, which can be correlated with the magnetic properties of the materials. Finally, the influence of further laser cutting on the crystallographic texture will be examined as well.

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Ouyang, Ye Xian, and Jing Liu. "High Temperature Brittleness of Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Containing Phosphrous." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.350.

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High temperature brittleness of non-oriented electrical steel containing 0.14wt% phosphorus was investigated by mechanical testing, scanning electrical microscopy (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The steels were annealed at 800~950°C with hold time of 2~30min under dry hydrogen/nitrogen mixture and wet mixture gas. The mechanical testing results indicated that elongation and bend-to-failure times of steel sheets annealed in wet gas was decreased with hold time extending, and dramatically dropped when it exceeded some value. The critical time of brittleness was become shorter with increase of annealing temperature. It was shown by AES that the phosphorus segregation at grain boundary induced by decarbonizing under wet gas led to inter-granular brittle fracture in the steel sheets.

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Gutiérrez Castañeda, E. J., C. N. Palafox Cantú, A. A. Torres Castillo, A. Salinas Rodríguez, R. Deaquino Lara, F. Botello Rionda, F. Márquez Torres, and S. García Guillermo. "Columnar grain growth during annealing prior to cold rolling of non-oriented electrical steels." Materials Science and Engineering: B 243 (April 2019): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2019.03.016.

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Yashiki, H., and A. Okamoto. "Effect of hot-band grain size on magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 23, no. 5 (September 1987): 3086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1987.1065261.

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Li, Na, Li Xiang, and Pei Zhao. "Effect of Antimony on the Structure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of High Efficiency Non-Oriented Electrical Steel." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.435.

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The effect of antimony on the structure, texture and magnetic properties of high efficiency non-oriented electrical steel were investigated. The results showed that antimony played an important role on inhibiting the grain growth and enhancing the fraction of favorable texture in the annealed steels. With the increase of antimony content, core loss of specimens monotonously increased and the magnetic flux density increased firstly and then decreased. The magnetic properties of specimen results showed that the magnetic flux density in the steel with 0.12% antimony reached the maximum value, while the core loss didn’t increase obviously. However, when the antimony content in steel reached 0.22%, the magnetic properties deteriorated significantly. This is maybe that the addition of antimony in steels inhibited the development of {111} texture content and increased the intensity of Goss and {100} texture on the grain boundary.

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Lee, Se Il, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Influence of Phosphorous and Boron on the Recrystallization, Grain Growth and Mechanical Properties of 3% Si Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.302.

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A new approach to obtain high strength of non-oriented electrical steel by addition of phosphorus is proposed. The method includes B-additions which suppress grain boundary P segregation, strengthen the grain boundary cohesion and enhance the P solid solution hardening. Two 3% Si steels, a B-free 0.1%P steel and a 20 ppm B-added 0.1%P steel were analyzed. The microstructures were studied by EBSD. The B-addition resulted in a pronounced rotated cube component, {100}<011>, after a hot-band annealing treatment. A -fiber texture was developed in the B-free steel. The B-addition caused a retardation of the recrystallization, allowing for the growth of grains with a lower stored energy, such as rotated cube oriented grains. The steels were further cold rolled and recrystallization annealed to observe a similar effect after large cold reductions. The present contribution focuses on the potential of this concept to obtain high strength 3% Si steels with low core losses.

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Kestens, Leo, Roumen H. Petrov, Patricia Gobernado, and Elke Leunis. "Texture Control in Non-Oriented Electrical Steels by Severe Plastic Deformation." Solid State Phenomena 160 (February 2010): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.160.23.

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Although plenty of research has already been carried out on the issue of texture control in non-oriented electrical steels, there is not yet a universally applied industrial process to obtain an optimized {001} fibre texture. Among the various laboratory processes that have been studied so far, cross rolling seems to be one of the most promising approaches. For evident reasons cross-rolling cannot be implemented on a conventional continuous rolling line of an industrial plant. In the present study a potential interesting alternative is presented which may deliver a similar texture evolution as the cross rolling process, but can be applied in a continuous line of hot and cold rolling operations followed by recrystallization annealing. By applying severe rolling reductions a very strong rotated cube texture is obtained very much similar to the one that is observed after cross rolling. After annealing, the rotated cube texture changes to a {h11}<1/h,21> fibre texture with a maximum on the {311}<136> component which implies the potential to develop a {001} fibre texture after further processing. It is argued that the appearance of the {311}<136> recrystallization texture component can be attributed to oriented nucleation in the vicinity of grain boundaries between slightly misoriented rotated cube grains.

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Felix, R. A. C., R. L. O. da Rosa, and Luiz P. Brandão. "Comparison between Magnetic Anisotropy Energy and a Parameter to the Assessment of Magnetic Property of Electrical Steel." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.449.

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Alternative methods of quantitative texture analysis are applied to characterize the non-oriented grain electrical steels (NOG) in relation to their magnetic properties. Magnetic anisotropy energy (Ea) and A parameter are two models based on crystallographic texture that generates global parameters that can be used to predict the magnetic properties of NOG steels. In this work, these two models were used to evaluate the magnetic polarization and compared between themselves to realize which one best correlates to this property.

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Salinas-Rodríguez, Armando, and E. Gutiérrez-Castañeda. "Processing and Microstructure of Grain Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Strips with Improved Magnetic Properties." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2800–2805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2800.

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The effects of annealing prior to cold rolling on the microstructure and magnetic properties of a low-C grain non-oriented (GNO) electrical steel strip have been investigated. It is shown that annealing of the hot-rolled strips in the intercritical region, Ac13, causes rapid decarburization and development of large columnar ferrite grains. This microstructure leads, after cold-rolling and a fast annealing treatment at temperatures between 800 and 850 °C, to a polygonal ferrite grain microstructure with magnetic properties superior to those observed typically in the same steel in the industrial fully processed condition. The results are attributed to the {100}-fiber texture developed during the final annealing. Annealing at T<800 °C or T>850 °C results in formation of {111}-fiber texture components due to recristallization or transformation of deformed ferrite leading to a negative effect on the final magnetic properties. The results suggest that annealing prior to cold rolling offers an attractive alternative processing route for the manufacture of fully processed low-C, Si-Al GNO electrical steels strips.

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Faba, Antonio, and Simone Quondam Antonio. "An Overview of Non-Destructive Testing of Goss Texture in Grain-Oriented Magnetic Steels." Mathematics 9, no. 13 (July 1, 2021): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9131539.

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Grain oriented steels are widely used for electrical machines and components, such as transformers and reactors, due to their high magnetic permeability and low power losses. These outstanding properties are due to the crystalline structure known as Goss texture, obtained by a suitable process that is well-known and in widespread use among industrial producers of ferromagnetic steel sheets. One of the most interesting research areas in this field has been the development of non-destructive methods for the quality assessment of Goss texture. In particular, the study of techniques that can be implemented in industrial processes is very interesting. Here, we provide an overview of techniques developed in the past, novel approaches recently introduced, and new perspectives. The reliability and accuracy of several methods and equipment are presented and discussed.

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García S., Edgar, E. Treviño L., and Armando Salinas-Rodríguez. "Effect of Deformation Temperature on the Hot Ductility of Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 560 (November 2007): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.560.103.

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The hot tensile ductility of solution treated Si-Al electrical steels was investigated at temperatures between 850 and 1150 °C. Samples for mechanical testing were obtained from continuous cast thin slabs and hot rolled strips. A continuous decrease in ductility was observed up to about 1000 °C. After that, the ductility was recovered in strip samples while in slab samples the ductility remained constant at RA<10%. This behavior was associated with the presence of large quantities of undissolved AlN particles formed during slow cooling of the slab. In the case of strip specimens, where the starting slab is not cooled to room temperature, the 1000 °C ductility minimum was attributed to strain localization at grain boundary nucleated ferrite grains. Rapid nucleation and growth of microvoids at AlN particles formed during cooling to test temperatures in the vicinity of Ae3 resulted in intergranular tensile failure by microvoid coalescence.

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Gaggiotti, Matteo, Luciano Albini, Giulia Stornelli, Giulia Tiracorrendo, Luca Landi, and Andrea Di Schino. "Ultra-Fast Heating Treatment Effect on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Magnetic Characteristics of Non-Oriented Grain Electrical Steels." Applied Sciences 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2023): 9833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179833.

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This paper focuses on the effect of rapid annealing on Non-Grain Oriented Electrical Steel (NGO) in terms of microstructure, mechanical properties, and magnetic properties. The Ultra-Fast Heating (UFH) tests were performed by a transversal induction heater on NGO electrical steel samples (cold rolled down to 0.5 mm), varying the heating power (80 kW and 90 kW) and the speed of the strip through the induction heater. This allowed us to exploit heating rates (HR) in the range of 200–300 °C/s and targeting peak temperature (Tpeak) up to a maximum of 1250 °C. The comparison between the microstructure as obtained by conventional annealing and the ultra-fast heating process highlights a clear effect in terms of grain size refinement provided by the UFH. In particular, the average grain size as obtained by UFH ranges two/three times lower than by a conventional process. The results show the possibility of applying UFH to NGO steels, targeting mechanical properties such as those obtained by the standard process, combined with the benefits from this innovative heat treatment in terms of green energy and the minimization of CO2 emissions. Magnetic characterization performed by a single sheet tester (30 × 90 mm) showed that the values of core losses are comparable with conventional NGO grades.

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Zhang, Yuan Xiang, Li Guo Wu, Yun Bo Xu, Yang Wang, Li Qing Chen, Yong Mei Yu, and Guo Dong Wang. "Effect of Secondary Cooling on Microstructure, Texture and Properties of 1.2wt% Si Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Processed by Twin-Roll Strip Casting." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.798.

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The influence of different secondary cooling conditions (air cooling and water cooling) on microstructure, texture and properties of Fe-1.2wt%Si non-oriented silicon strips prepared by twin-roll strip casting were studied. Specimens were examined by OIM, EBSD and X-RD. The microstructures obtained by water cooling are more homogeneous and coarse in grain size than that obtained by air cooling. The dominant {100} texture can be observed in the case of water cooled, while the air cooled strip show a diffuse texture characteristic. The annealed sheets subjected to water cooling than air cooling show higher permeability and lower core loss due to the presence of relatively larger grain size and more ideal fibre components such as Goss and Cube., It seems that rapid secondary cooling of as cast strips can furtherer optimize the microstructure and texture prior to cold rolling and then substantially the final magnetic properties of 1.2wt% Si non-oriented silicon steels.

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Wang, Jiayi, Qiang Ren, Yan Luo, and Lifeng Zhang. "Effect of non-metallic precipitates and grain size on core loss of non-oriented electrical silicon steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 451 (April 2018): 454–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.072.

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Trindade, M. A., Marcos Flavio de Campos, Fernando José Gomes Landgraf, Nelson Batista de Lima, and A. Almeida. "Influence of Thickness on Magnetic and Microstructural Properties in Electrical Steels Semi-Processed of Low Efficiency." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.466.

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In this study, a steel for semiprocessed electrical purposes of non-oriented grain with approximately 0.05% carbon content and 0.02% silicon content was evaluated. Lamellas with kind of thicknesses 0.58 mm, 0,66 mm and 0.87 mm were processed on an industrial scale with a strain rate in the hardening lamination between 3 and 5%. The magnetic properties were evaluated after the wet heat treatment. The loss separation method was applied, estimating the hysteretic plot with hysteresis measure in the quasi static condition and the parasitic losses calculated according to Thomson's Equation. By increasing grain size, permeability increases and coercivity decreases. However, in the case of losses, there is an optimum grain size. After the procedure of separation of losses, it was observed that increase of thickness results in increase of the anomalous parcel of magnetic losses.

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Xie, Li, Mingtao He, Jiangtao Wang, Jian Wang, Yalin Lu, Wenting Xu, and Chunfa Yao. "Abnormal growth of columnar grains and formation of Σ3 grain boundaries in non-oriented electrical steels." Materials Letters 269 (June 2020): 127671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.127671.

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An, Ling-Zi, Yin-ping Wang, Hong-Yu Song, Guo-Dong Wang, and Hai-Tao Liu. "Improving magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels by controlling grain size prior to cold rolling." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 491 (December 2019): 165636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.165636.

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Belhadj, A., P. Baudouin, F. Breaban, A. Deffontaine, M. Dewulf, and Y. Houbaert. "Effect of laser cutting on microstructure and on magnetic properties of grain non-oriented electrical steels." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 256, no. 1-3 (January 2003): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(01)00937-4.

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Pirgazi, Hadi, Roumen H. Petrov, and Leo A. I. Kestens. "Effect of Grain Boundary-Magnetic Domain Interaction on the Magnetization Behavior of Non-Oriented Electrical Steels." steel research international 87, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201400608.

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Petryshynets, Ivan, František Kováč, Mária Molnárová, Petra Gavendová, Martin Sopko, and Branislav Petrov. "Columnar Grain Growth with Enhanced Rotation Texture in Temper Rolled NO Silicon Steels." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.201.

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The present work investigates texture evolution stages in vacuum-degassed non-oriented electrical steels. The main idea behind the improvement of soft magnetic properties relies on deformation induced grain growth phenomena and heat transport phenomena promoting the preferable formation of columnar grains with so called cube crystallographic orientation {100}<0vw>. In order to achieve the desired orientation with appropriate microstructure state from magnetic properties point of view, we have used an adjusted temper rolling process at elevated temperature and subsequent dynamical annealing in laboratory conditions.

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Paltanea, Gheorghe, Veronica Manescu Paltanea, Horia Gavrila, and Doina Elena Gavrila. "Magnetic Materials Used in the Magnetic Core Manufacture of Electrical Machines and Transformers." Key Engineering Materials 775 (August 2018): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.775.184.

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Two types of silicon iron steels, M400-65A non-oriented and MOH grain-oriented alloys were characterized using an industrial Brockhaus Single Strip Tester at two peak magnetic polarizations of 500 mT and 1000 mT in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 Hz. The samples were cut parallel to the rolling direction trough different cutting technologies, which are the classical mechanical-, then the non-conventional laser-, water-jet-and traveling wire electro-erosion methods. The loss separation concept was applied and the total energy losses, determined experimentally, for each sample were decomposed into hysteresis, classical (Foucault) and excess (anomalous) energy losses. A detailed analysis of each type of losses as a function of the frequency was made and the influence of the cutting technology was analyzed.

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Gutiérrez C., Emmanuel, Armando Salinas-Rodríguez, and Enrique Nava-Vázquez. "Effect of Fast Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Non-Oriented Al-Si Low C Electrical Steels." Materials Science Forum 560 (November 2007): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.560.29.

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The effects of heating rate and annealing temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled Al-Si, low C non-oriented electrical steels are investigated using SEM metallography and uniaxial tensile tests. The experimental results show that short term annealing at temperatures up to 850 °C result in microstructures consisting of recrystallized ferrite grains with sizes similar to those observed in industrial semi-processed strips subjected to long term batch annealing treatments. Within the temperature range investigated, the grain size increases and the 0.2% offset yield strength decreases with increasing temperature. It was observed that the rate of change of grain size with increasing temperature increases when annealing is performed at temperatures greater than Ac1 (~870 °C). This effect is attributed to Fe3C dissolution and rapid C segregation to austenite for annealing temperatures within the ferrite+austenite phase field. This leads to faster ferrite growth and formation of pearlite when the steel is finally cooled to room temperature. The presence of pearlite at room temperature decreases the ductility of samples annealed at T > Ac1.

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Wan, Yong, Wei-qing Chen, and Shao-jie Wu. "Effects of Lanthanum and Boron on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Non-oriented Electrical Steels." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0039.

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AbstractThe effects of lanthanum and boron on the inclusion size distribution, microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of three non-oriented electrical steels have been studied. After final annealing, lanthanum effectively inhibited the precipitation of MnS precipitates and promoted the growth of grains, an addition of 0.0041 wt.% boron led to the precipitation of Fe2B particles and inhibited grain growth. On the other hand, steel containing 0.0055 wt.% lanthanum had the strongest {100} and {111} fiber texture and the weakest {112}〈110〉 texture among the steels. Compared to steel without lanthanum and boron, steel with 0.0050 wt.% lanthanum and 0.0041 wt.% boron obtained slightly stronger intensities of {100} and {111} fiber texture, and a little weaker intensity of {112}〈110〉 texture. Steel containing 0.0055 wt.% lanthanum achieved the best magnetic properties, whose core loss and magnetic flux density were 4.268 W/kg and 1.768 T, respectively.

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Wu, Shengjie, Wanlin Wang, Chongxiang Yue, and Hualong Li. "Effect of hot band annealing prior to cold rolling on the mechanical toughness and magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 3 (2023): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023036.

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In this work, the effect of hot band annealing on subsequent microstructure, toughness and final magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steel was investigated. It was found that the hot band annealing temperature plays an important role in the microstructure, toughness, texture and final magnetic properties. After hot band annealing, the grain size of hot-rolled and final annealed steels were increased, which made contribution to the reduction of iron loss. Besides that, hot band annealing could enhance the favorable θ-fiber texture and weaken the unfavorable γ-fiber texture of the final annealed steel. The magnetic induction B5000 of final annealed steel increased with the increasing of hot band annealing temperature within the testing range. In addition, the coarsening grain size caused by high hot band annealing temperature leaded to a sharp decrease in toughness of the hot-rolled steel. An increase in test temperature would improve the impact toughness of hot-rolled steel after hot band annealing. When the test temperature rose to 100 °C, ductile fracture occurred in all the hot-rolled steels under the hot band annealing condition of 850–950 °C.

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Quondam Antonio, Simone, Vincenzo Bonaiuto, Fausto Sargeni, and Alessandro Salvini. "Neural Network Modeling of Arbitrary Hysteresis Processes: Application to GO Ferromagnetic Steel." Magnetochemistry 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry8020018.

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A computationally efficient hysteresis model, based on a standalone deep neural network, with the capability of reproducing the evolution of the magnetization under arbitrary excitations, is here presented and applied in the simulation of a commercial grain-oriented electrical steel sheet. The main novelty of the proposed approach is to embed the past history dependence, typical of hysteretic materials, in the neural net, and to illustrate an optimized training procedure. Firstly, an experimental investigation was carried out on a sample of commercial GO steel by means of an Epstein equipment, in agreement with the international standard. Then, the traditional Preisach model, identified only using three measured symmetric hysteresis loops, was exploited to generate the training set. Once the network was trained, it was validated with the reproduction of the other measured hysteresis loops and further hysteresis processes obtained by the Preisach simulations. The model implementation at a low level of abstraction shows a very high computational speed and minimal memory allocation, allowing a possible coupling with finite-element analysis (FEA).

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Maciusowicz, Michal, and Grzegorz Psuj. "Use of Time-Frequency Representation of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for Evaluation of Easy Magnetization Axis of Grain-Oriented Steel." Materials 13, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13153390.

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The paper presents a new approach to non-destructive evaluation of easy/hard magnetization axis in grain-oriented SiFe electrical steels based on the Barkhausen phenomenon and its time-frequency (TF) characteristics. Anisotropy in steels is influenced by a number of factors that formulate the global relationship and affect the Barkhausen effect. Due to the observed high variability in the dynamics of magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) over time, obtained for various directions in grain-oriented steel, it becomes justified to conduct MBN signal analyses in the time-frequency domain. This representation allows not only global information from MBN signal over entire period to be expressed, but also detailed relationships between properties in time and in frequency to be observed as well. This creates the opportunity to supplement the information obtained. The main aspect considered in the work is to present a procedure that allows an assessment of the resultant angular characteristics in steel. For this purpose, a sample of a conventional grain-oriented SiFe sheet was used. Measurements were made for several angular settings towards the rolling and transverse directions. A data transformation procedure based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT) as well as quantitative analysis and synthesis of information contained in the TF space was presented. Angular characteristics of selected TF parameters were shown and discussed. In addition, an analysis of the repeatability of information obtained using the proposed procedure under various measurement conditions was carried out. The relationship between the selection of calculation parameters used during transformation and the repeatability of the obtained TF distributions were demonstrated. Then the selection of the final values of the calculation parameters was commented upon. Finally, the conclusions of the work carried out were discussed.

Journal articles on the topic 'Grain-Oriented (GO) and Non-Grain-Oriented (NO) Electrical Steels'

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