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1
Dovi, Koya Ange Pamela. "Whole grain sorghum and whole grain cowpea biscuits as a complementary food for improved child nutrition." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/43320.
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Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) among children remains a huge burden in Africa. Due to poverty, such children rely on the same starchy staples, such as sorghum, consumed in the household, as both their source of energy and protein. However, sorghum has a low protein quality, particularly with respect to the indispensable amino acid lysine and also protein digestibility. Local pulses such as cowpea are important vehicles to address PEM. Biscuits are favoured as means of fortification because they are palatable, nutrient-dense, in ready-to-eat form and have a long shelf-life. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop and evaluate the effect of fortifying whole grain sorghum with whole grain cowpea on the nutritional quality, instrumental, sensory characteristics and consumer evaluation of the biscuits.
Composite biscuits were produced from two types of whole grain sorghums, white tan-plant, non-tannin (WTP) and red non-tannin (RNT) composited with whole grain cowpea at 60:40 ratio. These were compared with commercial economic wheat biscuits.
Sorghum-cowpea biscuits had 50-60% higher protein content than 100% sorghum biscuits but were the same as that of wheat biscuits. The mineral content of sorghum-cowpea biscuits was 27-29% and 37% higher than that of 100% sorghum and wheat biscuits, respectively. The pepsin in-vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of the sorghum-cowpea biscuits was 71-81% higher than that of 100% biscuits due to inclusion of the more digestible cowpea globulin proteins. However, the average pepsin IVPD of the sorghum and sorghum-cowpea biscuits was 211% and 76% lower than that of wheat biscuits, respectively. There was no trypsin inhibitor activity in the sorghum-cowpea biscuits due to the dilution of the trypsin inhibitors in cowpea. The total phenolic content of the sorghum-cowpea biscuits was 30-45% and 70% higher than that of 100% sorghum and wheat biscuits, respectively.
Sorghum-cowpea biscuits were stronger than 100% sorghum biscuits due to water soluble-globulin proteins from cowpea. Correspondence analysis (CA) revealed that 64% of the variation in terms of texture and flavour of the biscuits was due to type of cereal (sorghum or wheat) and 23% was due to the presence of cowpea in biscuits, respectively. Standard wheat biscuits were the most liked. However, using cluster analysis, individual overall liking of consumers varied and four different clusters of consumers with similar liking of the biscuits were identified. Two clusters with substantial percentage of consumers (41%) liked the sorghum-cowpea biscuits. These findings suggest that sorghum-cowpea composite biscuits could well serve as an acceptable high quality protein-rich complementary food to alleviate PEM, and generate income for smallholder farmers in rural areas of Africa where sorghum and cowpea are produced and consumed as staples.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
lk2014
Food Science
MSc
Unrestricted
2
Zaugg, Ned. "Alfalfa Hay Quality and Dairy Nutrition." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200535.
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Alfalfa may be harvested and used as green feed, pellets, haylage, cubes, hays or matured for seed. The value of the product is determined in part by the yield, costs of production, demand and end usage. The high nutrient composition makes this feed a major component of balanced rations. However, its quality is highly variable from production through harvest, storage and feeding.
3
Baurhoo, Neerusha. "Canadian pearl millet: a potential alternative grain to corn in broiler production." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97236.
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Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of partially or totally replacing corn with pearl millet (PM) in broiler diets, alone or in combination with exogenous enzymes, on growth performance, ileal dry matter (DM), CP and amino acid digestibility, and intestinal digesta viscosity, morphological development and microbial populations. In experiment 1, dietary treatments included: a standard corn-soybean meal diet and one in which corn was replaced with 25, 50, 75 or 100% PM. In experiment 2, dietary treatments were: 1) a standard corn-soybean meal diet; 2) a PM-soybean meal diet; 3) diet 1 + exogenous enzymes; and 4) diet 2 + exogenous enzymes. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. PM diets contained less soybean meal because PM grains were richer in CP and amino acids than corn. Total replacement of corn with PM significantly improved (P < 0.05) growth and feed conversion. However, there were no additional benefits due to enzyme supplementation. Feeding broilers PM diets did not have any detrimental effects on digesta viscosity, villus height, villus width and villus surface area of the jejunum. On the contrary, in experiment 2, villi were longer (P < 0.05) in PM-fed birds than those fed corn diets with or without enzymes. Intestinal loads of E. coli were not altered by any of the dietary treatments. But, in experiment 2, both PM diets, with or without enzymes, significantly increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacilli loads. In both studies, DM, CP and amino acids digestibility were similar between corn and PM diets. However, enzyme supplementation to corn or PM diets increased (P < 0.05) DM and CP digestibility. Amino acid digestibility was increased (P < 0.05) only in birds fed the corn diet containing enzymes in comparison with those fed the corn diet without enzymes. In conclusion, total replacement of corn with PM in broiler diets caused significant improvements in growth parameters, and Lactobacilli populations and villus development of the intestines. Additionally, enzyme supplementation to PM diets increased intestinal DM and CP digestibility.Deux études ont été entreprises pour étudier les effets de replacer le maïs par le millet perlé (MP), soit partiellement ou totalement, dans des régimes du poulet de chair, sans ou en combinaison avec des enzymes exogènes sur la croissance, la digestibilité de la matière sèche, protéines brut (CP) et acides aminé dans l'iléon, la viscosité intestinale, et le développement morphologique et les populations bactériennes dans l'intestin. Dans l'expérience 1, les traitements diététiques étaient: un régime standard de maïs-soja, et la même diète dans laquelle le maïs a été remplacé par le MP à 25, 50, 75 ou 100%. Dans l'expérience 2, les traitements diététiques comprenait: 1) un régime de maïs-soja; 2) un régime de MP-soja; 3) le régime 1+enzymes; et 4) le régime 2+enzymes. Tous les régimes avaient la même teneur en azotes et calories. Les régimes de MP contenaient moins de soja parce que les graines de MP étaient plus riches en CP et acides aminés que le maïs. En remplaçant le maïs totalement par le MP a permis d'améliorée (P < 0.05) la croissance et indice de conversion alimentaire. Toutefois, l'utilisation des enzymes n'avait aucun bénéfice. Les régimes de MP n'avaient aucun effet néfaste sur la viscosité intestinale et la longueur, largeur ou superficie du villus dans le jéjunum. Au contraire, dans l'étude 2, les villus étaient plus longs (P < 0.05) chez les poulets consommant les régimes du MP que celles nourrit avec les diètes de maïs contenant des enzymes ou pas. Les concentrations d'E.coli étaient semblables parmi tous les traitements diététiques. Par contre, dans l'expérience 2, les deux régimes de MP, avec ou sans enzymes, ont augmenté (P < 0.05) les concentrations de lactobacilles. Dans les deux études, la digestibilité de la matière sèche, CP et acides aminés étaient semblables entre les régimes de maïs et MP. Cependant, l'ajout des enzymes dans les régimes de maïs et MP avait améliorée (P < 0.05) la digestibilité de la matière sèche et de CP. La digestibilité d'acides aminés été élevée (P < 0.05) seulement entre les oiseaux alimentés des régimes de maïs contenant des enzymes ou pas. En conclusion, un remplacement total du maïs par le MP dans la moulée du poulet de chair a causé une amélioration dans les paramètres de croissance, et les populations de lactobacilles et le développement de villus dans l'intestin. En plus, l'ajout des enzymes dans les régimes de MP a permis d'augmenter la digestibilité intestinale de la matière sèche et de CP.
4
Delgado-Elorduy, Agustin 1965. "Splanchnic and mammary nitrogen metabolism by dairy cows fed differently-processed sorghum and corn grain." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282499.
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Objectives were to determine net uptake or release of α-amino N (AAN), ammonia N (NH₃N) and urea N (UN) across portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, splanchnic (PDV + liver) and mammary tissues of lactating cows fed differently processed sorghum or corn. Cows were fitted with catheters in blood vessels (artery and portal, hepatic and mammary vein), and received in a switchback design TMR containing 40% dry-rolled (DR; 643 g/L or 50 lb/bu) or steam-flaked (SF; 360 g/L or 28 lb/bu) sorghum (Exp. 1), and steam-rolled (SR; 489 g/L or 38 lb/bu) or SF corn (Exp. 2). Neither daily intake of DM and nutrients nor milk yield and efficiency of milk production were altered by feeding processed sorghum or corn. Milk fat yield was lowered (P=.03) by SF vs. DR sorghum; SF vs SR of corn tended to increase (P=.07) concentration but not yield of milk protein. Blood flows in portal (1988 ± 109 L/h) and hepatic vein (2368 ± 215 L/h) were not altered by diets. Steam-flaked vs. DR sorghum tended (P=.18) to increase UN cycling (162 vs. 95 g/d), and reduced (P≤.09) absorption of AAN (223 vs. 269 g/d) and NH3N (257 vs. 318 g/d) by PDV. Flaking vs. rolling of sorghum increased (P≤.07) estimated uptake (83 vs. 67 g/d) and extraction ratio (14.5 vs. 11.1%) of AAN by mammary tissues. Net uptake and release of AAN and NH3N across splanchnic tissues of cows were not altered by corn processing; however, SF vs. SR corn increased (P=.08) UN cycling to PDV by 143% (212 vs. 87 g/d). Steam-flaked vs SR corn increased (P≤.02) estimated uptake (88 vs. 61 g/d) and extraction ratio (14.7 vs. 11.0%) of AAN by mammary tissues. It is concluded that feeding of steam-flaked sorghum or corn compared to dry-rolled sorghum or steam-rolled corn improves N utilization of dairy cows by increasing urea transfer to the gut and uptake of amino acid by the mammary gland.
5
Godfrey, David Daniel. "The impact of Nutrition on the Development, Composition and Breadmaking Quality of Wheat Grain." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503886.
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Ruiz, Raquel Gema. "A study of saponins in legumes of importance to both human and animal nutrition." Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307783.
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Silva, e. Oliveira Jackson. "Effect of sorghum grain processing on the performance and metabolism of lactating dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185713.
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Experiments were conducted to compare the effect of processing grain sorghum either by dry rolling or steam flaking on the performance and metabolism of high producing dairy cow. In an 80 d trial, following a 14 d pretrial for covariance adjustments, 36 Holstein cows divided in 4 groups were fed a total mixed ration (37 forage:63 concentrate) prepared with one of the following four grains: Steam-rolled corn (CORN), dry-rolled sorghum (DRS), steam-flaked sorghum (SFS) and an equal mixture of DRS and SFS (MIX). Grain comprised 42.2% of diet DM. In the last 14 d of the experimental period a digestibility trial was conducted. There was no difference (PS < .05) in milk, FCM or milk fat production across treatments. Because cows on SFS consumed less DM (P < .05) than those on MIX, the gross efficiency of FCM production was higher, (P < .05) for SFS. Other treatments were intermediate for DM intake and FCM efficiency. Milk protein percentage and production were higher (P < .05) for SFS compared to DRS, while lactose and SNF were higher (P < .05) for SFS compared to DRS, while lactose and SNF percentages were the highest (P < .05) for SFS compared to other diets. Apparent digestibility of starch from SFS was the highest (P < .01) and that from DRS was the lowest while apparent digestibility of the fiber components and of CP were lower (P < .05) for SFS compared to DRS. Improvement in FCM efficiency and milk protein production was probably due to increased starch degradability. In a second experiment, the same diets used in the lactation trial were fed to 4 duodenally cannulated cows in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Total tract digestibility of starch was higher (P < .05) for SFS than MIX and DRS diets and tended to be more digested in the rumen than starch from other diets. Cows fed SFS also tended to more efficiently convert dietary CP digested in the rumen to BCP and to have higher BCP flow to the duodenum. Cows on the SFS diet had highest (P < .01) fecal pH, tended to have the lowest amount of fecal protein and the highest apparent digestion of N.
8
Eck, Thomas Peter. "Effect of sorghum grain flake density on site and extent of digestion in feedlot steers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185684.
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Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sorghum grain flake density on site and extent of nutrient digestion in beef steers. Sorghum grain was steam-flaked to densities of .41, .36, .31 and .26 kg/L. Diet digestibility was determined during the growing and finishing periods of a feedlot performance trial with dietary grain levels of 50 and 80%, respectively. Starch digestion was increased from 92 to 98%, and from 98 to 99%, on growing and finishing diets, respectively, in response to decreased flake density. Digestion of dry matter and energy was increased in growing diets but decreased in finishing diets as flake density in the diets decreased. Fiber digestion was not influenced in growing diets but decreased in finishing diets. In an experiment using cannulated steers fed diets with 50% grain, flow of starch at the duodenum was reduced 50% (466 vs 232 g/d) as flake density was decreased from .41 to .26 kg/L. Starch digestion was increased in each segment of the digestive tract with the greatest response occurring in the rumen (83 vs 92%, for .41 and .26 kg/L, respectively). In another experiment using cannulated steers fed 80% grain diets, starch flow from the rumen was also reduced by 50% (694 vs 371 g/d) by decreasing flake density from .41 to .36 kg/I. Starch digestion was improved throughout the digestive tract. Ruminal, intestinal and total tract starch digestion was comparable when grain was flaked to .36 kg/s or less. In conclusion, flaking of sorghum grain over a range of flake densities primarily affected starch digestion. As flake density in the diet decreased, starch digestion increased in all three studies. The largest differences among treatments in ruminal, intestinal and total tract digestion occurred between the .41 and .36 kg/L treatments. Starch digestion was similar when sorghum grain was flaked to .36, .31 or .26 kg/L. Response pattern for protein digestion followed that for starch digestibility. Effect of flake density on digestion of other nutrients was not consistent among the three experiments.
9
Ramesh, Sunita. "Molecular mechanism of zinc uptake and regulation in cereals." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr1724.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 174-204. "This work provides a starting point for understanding the molecular mechanisms of zinc uptake and the regulation of zinc transport in cereals. Zinc efficient cereals would yield more on soild with low zinc and could potentially result in increased zinc content grain."
10
Lamar, Kathryn C. "Effects Of Dietary Potassium Carbonate And Fat Concentration in High Distiller Grain Diets Fed To Dairy Cows." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374228532.
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Olstorpe, Matilda. "Feed grain improvement through biopreservation and bioprocessing : microbial diversity, energy conservation and animal nutrition aspects /." Uppsala : Dept. of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200877.pdf.
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Benoit, Julie E. "Evaluation of Nutritional Risk in Maine's Senior Population with an Emphasis on how Whole Grain Intake Affects Nutritional Status." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/BenoitJE2008.pdf.
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Roberts, Sarah Anne. "Impact of Whole Grain Consumption Compliance on Gluten Sensitivity and Bowel Health." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/600.
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While many health benefits have been associated with increased whole grain consumption, current researchers have not considered if the consumption of whole grains in currently recommended or higher amounts actually leads to health problems, specifically to a correlated increase in gluten sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to determine if diets high in whole grains or those that met the recommended daily intake of whole grains help minimize or increase gluten sensitivity, and when whole grains are consumed as recommended if they cause more harm than good. The theoretical basis for this quantitative, cross sectional design was the precaution adoption process model, allowing for the examination of preventive behaviors as a series of cognitive steps over time. Individuals (N = 5,746) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to 2012 were assessed for daily intake of whole grains before and after the release of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and from 2007 to 2010 for bowel health and sensitivity to whole grains. SAS correlations and regression analysis at p < .05 were analyzed. There was an increase in whole grain intake by 7.4% and in bowel sensitivity with 50% reporting increases in gas, but more data are needed to determine exact amounts that caused these increases in symptoms. Understanding the complete picture, policy makers and others will be more informed about current recommendations and the way that Americans eat, as well as if changes are needed for the future.
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Van, Winkle Tyler W. "An evaluation of distller's grain price relationships and implications of increased ethanol production on grain processing practices in commercial feedlots." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/921.
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May, Matthew Leonard. "The effects of grain processing method, wet and dry distiller’s grains with soluble and roughage level on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing cattle." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/537.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
A series of five trials were conducted to evaluate grain processing, distiller's grains inclusion in finishing diets, interactions between distiller's grains and dry-rolled corn (DRC) or steam-flaked corn (SFC), efficacy of removing roughage in the presence of distiller's grains and the digestibility of distiller's grains in steam-flaked and dry-rolled corn diets. The first trial was designed to determine the optimum flake density of SFC in beef finishing diets. Diets consisted of corn flaked to densities of 360, 411, or 462 g/L. Observed improvements in mill production would support increasing flake density; however numerical decreases in animal performance offset economic benefits of increased productivity. The second trial was conducted to evaluate optimum levels of sorghum wet distiller's grains in finishing diets. Crossbred yearling steers were fed diets containing DRC or SFC and levels of distiller's grains were 0, 10, 20, or 30% of diet dry matter. Distiller's grains can effectively replaced a portion of the corn in finishing diets, but their nutritional value was greater in DRC diets than in SFC diets. In trial 3, crossbred heifers were fed diets containing SFC with 0% DDG and 15% corn silage (CS), 25% DDG and 15% CS, or 25% DDG and 5% CS. In trial 4, crossbreed heifers were fed diets similar containing DRC or SFC with 0% DDG and 15% CS, 25% DDG and 15% CS, or 25% DDG and 5% CS. Results indicate that roughage levels can be reduced in feedlot diets containing DDG with no adverse effects on performance or carcass quality. The fifth trial was a metabolism study conducted to evaluate the digestibility of DDG in beef cattle. Treatments consisted of DRC with 0% DDG, DRC with 25% DDG, SFC with 0% DDG, and SFC with 25% DDG. There were no significant grain processing by distiller's grain interactions observed in main effects. In conclusion optimum flake density was 360 g/L, feeding distiller's grains has a greater value in DRC diets vs. SFC diets, roughage level and type are important in formulating finishing diets, roughage can be reduced when feeding distiller's grains, and ruminal ammonia, and pH are decreased and ruminal lactate is increased when feeding DDG and SFC.
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Santos, Flávio Augusto Portela. "Effect of sorghum grain processing and protein source on performance and nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282101.
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Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing, grain sources, lactational performance and nutrient digestion in dairy cows. In trial 1 (56 d), 40 cows were divided into five groups and fed diets containing 40% grain as dry-rolled sorghum (DRS, 643 g/L), steam-flaked sorghum (SF) processed to result in three different flake densities: SF34 (34 lb/bu or 437 g/L), SF28 (28 lb/bu or 360 g/L), and SF22 (22 lb/bu or 283 g/L); and dry-rolled barley (DRB). Feeding steam-flaked sorghum grain or dry-rolled barley did not increase milk yield and milk protein content and yield. However, due to a lower intake of dry matter, feed efficiency was 10 to 19% higher for flaked sorghum and barley diets compared with DRS. Steam-flaking also decreased milk urea-N and tended to increase milk casein. In trial 2 (58 d), 32 lactating cows were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 39% sorghum grain as dry- rolled sorghum (DRS), or steam-flaked sorghum (SF) processed to result in similar flake densities as trial 1: SF34 (34 lb/bu or 437 g/L; SF28 (28 lb/bu or 360 g/L); and SF22 (22 lb/bu or 283 g/L). When sorghum grain was moderately flaked (SF34 and SF28) milk and 3.5% FCM yields were not increased compared to DRS, however, efficiency of feed utilization again was higher for SF34 and SF28 due to lower intake of dry matter. The very thin flake (SF22) had a negative effect on milk and 3.5% FCM compared with DRS, SF34, and S F2 8. Digestibilities of nutrients were increased by steam-flaking compared with dry-rolling. In trial 3 (58 d) twenty four cows were assigned to three treatments in which diets contained.8% urea (Urea), 6% soybean meal (SBM), or 5% fish meal (FM) as the protein sources. Intake of DM was highest for Urea, intermediate for SBM, and lowest for FM. Higher producing cows (46 Kg/d of milk) responded more positively in milk and FCM yields and feed efficiency to SBM and FM compared with those fed Urea. Cows producing about 35 Kg/d of milk tended to perform better when fed Urea than when fed SBM or FM. Digestibilities of nutrients were not affected greatly by protein source.
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McHenry, Bailey Marie. "Balanced nutrition and crop production practices for the study of grain sorghum nutrient partitioning and closing yield gaps." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32725.
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Master of ScienceAgronomy
Ignacio Ciampitti
P. V. Vara Prasad
Mid-west grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) producers are currently obtaining much lower than attainable yields across varying environments, therefore, closing yield gaps will be important. Yield gaps are the difference between maximum economic attainable yield and current on-farm yields. Maximum economic yield can be achieved through the optimization of utilizing the best genotypes and management practices for the specific site-environment (soil-weather) combination. This research project examines several management factors in order to quantify complex farming interactions for maximizing sorghum yields and studying nutrient partitioning. The factors that were tested include narrow row-spacing (37.5 cm) vs. standard wide row-spacing (76 cm), high (197,600 seeds haˉ¹) and low (98,800 seeds haˉ¹) seeding rates, balanced nutrient management practices including applications of NPKS and micronutrients (Fe and Zn), crop protection with fungicide and insecticide, the use of a plant growth regulator, and the use of precision Ag technology (GreenSeeker for N application). This project was implemented at four sites in Kansas during 2014 (Rossville, Scandia, Ottawa, and Hutchinson) and 2015 (Topeka, Scandia, Ottawa, Ashland Bottoms) growing seasons. Results from both years indicate that irrigation helped to minimize yield variability and boost yield potential across all treatments, though other factors affected the final yield. In 2014, the greatest significant yield difference under irrigation in Rossville, KS (1.32 Mg haˉ¹) was documented between the ‘low-input’ versus the ‘high-input’ treatments. The treatment difference in grain sorghum yields in 2014 was not statistically significant. In 2014, the Ottawa site experienced drought-stress during reproductive stages of plant development, which resulted in low yields and was not influenced by the cropping system approach. In 2015 the treatments were significant, and in Ottawa, narrow row spacing at a lower seeding rate maximized yield for this generally low-yielding environment (<6 Mg haˉ¹) (treatment two at 6.26 vs. treatment ten at 4.89 Mg haˉ¹). Across several sites, including Rossville, Hutchinson, Scandia, Topeka, and Ashland, a similar trend of narrow row spacing promoting greater yields has been documented. Additionally, when water was not limiting sorghum yields (i.e., under irrigation), a balanced nutrient application and optimization of production practices did increase grain sorghum yields (‘high-input’ vs. ‘low-input’; the greatest difference was seen in 2014 in Rossville, 1.2 Mg haˉ¹, and in 2015 in Ashland, 1.98 Mg haˉ¹). In the evaluation of nutrient uptake and partitioning in different plant fractions, there was variability across all site-years which did not always follow the same patterns as the yield, however, the low-input treatment was shown to have significantly lower nutrient uptakes across all the nutrients evaluated (N, P, K, S, Fe, Zn) and across most fractions and sampling times. The objectives of this project were to identify management factors that contributed to high sorghum yields in diverse environments, and to investigate nutrient uptake and partitioning under different environments and crop production practices.
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Alio, Abdoulaye 1953. "Splanchnic nitrogen metabolism by growing beef steers fed sorghum grain flaked at various densities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289222.
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Growing beef steers were used in completely randomized block designs to evaluate effect of processing method, dry-rolled (DR) versus steam-flaked (SF) sorghum, and degree of processing (flaking density) of corn and sorghum grain on nitrogen (N) digestion and post-absorptive N metabolism. In experiments (Exp.) 1 and 2, seven duodenally and ileally cannulated steers were used to investigate N digestibilities. Experimental diets contained 77% grain: Exp. 1, DR or SF sorghum at densities of 437, 360 and 283 g/L (SF34, SF28, SF22); Exp. 2, corn at two flake densities (SF34 and SF22). Nitrogen intakes by steers fed sorghum (142 g/d) and corn (149 g/d) diets were similar among treatments. Steers fed SF compared to DR, increased ruminal (P =.04) DM digestibility. Microbial protein flow to the duodenum averaged 10% greater for SF vs DR. Reducing flaking density of sorghum grain linearly increased (P .05) ruminal DM and tended to increase linearly ruminal feed N (P =.11), total tract DM and N digestibilities and microbial efficiency (P .08). Unexpectedly, flake density did not affect DM or N digestibilities of SF corn diets by steers. In Exp. 3, eight steers implanted with indwelling catheters were used to measure blood flow, net absorption and uptake of ammonia-N, urea-N (UN) and alpha-amino N (AAN) across portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic and total splanchnic tissues. Experimental diets were the same as those in Exp. 1. Six arterial, portal and hepatic blood samples were collected per day at 2 h intervals for each diet and steer. Daily DM and N intakes averaged 7.0 kg and 142 g, respectively. Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum linearly increased net absorption of AAN (P =.04) and UN recycling to the gut (P =.02). Net UN recycling to the gut averaged 38% of N intake across treatments. Steers fed SF compared to DR decreased (P =.03) net splanchnic UN output (33 vs 50 g/d). The improved N retention and lower splanchnic UN output, contingent with greater ruminal microbial protein synthesis and flow to intestines may explain in part the observed higher performance of cattle fed SF compared to DR sorghum. Based on improved total tract N digestibilities and greater net absorption of AAN and UN recycling to the gut, optimum flake density for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).
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Pule-Meulenberg, F., and FD Dakota. "Assessing the symbiotic dependency of grain and tree legumes on N2 fixation for their N nutrition in five agro-ecological zones of Botswana." Symbiosis, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001475.
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Abstract
To assess the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub/tree legumes within five agro-ecological zones of Botswana, fully
expanded leaves of the test species were sampled from about 26 study sites within Ngwaketse, Gaborone, Central, Ghanzi
and Kalahari agro-ecological zones. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in 1)15N values of the grain legumes
[cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde.), and groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea L.)] from the 26 farming areas in both 2005 and 2006. Estimates of %Ndfa of leaves also showed significant
differences between farming areas, with cowpea deriving more than 50% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation. In
terms of distribution, many more symbiotic shrub/tree species were found in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone compared to
the fewer numbers in the drier Kalahari region. Acacias were the more dominant species at all sites. Leaf 1)15N values of
shrub/tree species also varied strongly across Botswana, with 11 out of 18 of these legumes deriving about 50%, or more, of
their N from symbiotic Nz fixation. Acacia caffra, in particular, obtained as much as 93.6% of its N nutrition from
symbiotic fixation in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone. This study has shown that grain legumes sampled from farmer's
fields in Botswana obtained considerable amounts of their N from symbiotic fixation. We have also shown that shrub and
tree legumes probably play an important role in the N economy of the savanna ecosystems in Botswana. However, the
decline in the number of functional Ny-fixing shrub/tree legumes along an aridity gradient suggests that soil moisture is a
major constraint to Nz fixation in the tree legumes of Botswana.
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Pule-Meulenberg, F., and FD Dakora. "Assessing the symbiotic dependency of grain and tree legumes on N2 fixation for their N nutrition in five agro-ecological zones of Botswana." Balaban, 2009. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001670.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
To assess the symbiotic dependency of grain and shrub/tree legumes within five agro-ecological zones of Botswana, fully
expanded leaves of the test species were sampled from about 26 study sites within Ngwaketse, Gaborone, Central, Ghanzi
and Kalahari agro-ecological zones. Isotopic analysis revealed significant differences in 1)15N values of the grain legumes
[cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verde.), and groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea L.)] from the 26 farming areas in both 2005 and 2006. Estimates of %Ndfa of leaves also showed significant
differences between farming areas, with cowpea deriving more than 50% of its N nutrition from symbiotic fixation. In
terms of distribution, many more symbiotic shrub/tree species were found in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone compared to
the fewer numbers in the drier Kalahari region. Acacias were the more dominant species at all sites. Leaf 1)15N values of
shrub/tree species also varied strongly across Botswana, with 11 out of 18 of these legumes deriving about 50%, or more, of
their N from symbiotic Nz fixation. Acacia caffra, in particular, obtained as much as 93.6% of its N nutrition from
symbiotic fixation in the wetter Ngwaketse agro-zone. This study has shown that grain legumes sampled from farmer's
fields in Botswana obtained considerable amounts of their N from symbiotic fixation. We have also shown that shrub and
tree legumes probably play an important role in the N economy of the savanna ecosystems in Botswana. However, the
decline in the number of functional Ny-fixing shrub/tree legumes along an aridity gradient suggests that soil moisture is a
major constraint to Nz fixation in the tree legumes of Botswana.
21
Brassard, Marianne. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24244/24244.pdf.
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Santos, Jose Eduardo Portela 1970. "Effect of grain processing, protein quality and bST on lactation performance and ovarian activity of dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282527.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of grain processing, grain sources, protein sources, and bST treatments on lactation performance, ovarian activity and nutrient digestion in early lactation dairy cows. In experiment 1, forty-eight dairy cows were divided into six groups and fed diets containing 37 to 39% grain as either steam-flaked sorghum (SFS, 360 g/L), steam-flaked corn (SFC, 360 g/L), or steam-rolled corn (SRC, 490 g/L) with one of two protein sources, soybean meal (SBM) or Prolak® for 70 days. Main effects for grain and protein source were not different for DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield or feed efficiency. Although efficiency of feed conversion into FCM did not differ among treatments, cows fed Prolak® required 10% less NEL for every Mcal of NEL converted into body weight or FCM. Milk protein yield was increased by both flaked gain and Prolak®. Feeding flaked grain increased milk production by 1.5 kg/d compared with rolled grain. Increasing the ratio of RDS/RDP to more than 2.4 increased milk yield by 2.7 kg/d (39.0 vs 36.3 kg/d). Plasma NEFA levels did not differ among treatments and grain and protein source had variable effects on PUN. Compared with other grains, SFC increased digestibilities of DM and OM, and flaked grains increased digestibility of starch. Cows fed SFS had the lowest crude protein digestibility, but was highest in NDF. In experiment 2, thirty-two postpartum (5 DIM)Holstein cows were assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design for 90 days. Treatments were: steam-flaked sorghum diet with bST (SFS-B); steam-flaked sorghum diet without bST (SFS-N); steam-rolled corn diet with bST (SRC-B); and steam-rolled corn diet without bST (SRC-N). Cows receiving bST during the first 45 days of treatment had lower DMI and DMI as % of BW. Milk yield was increased by bST 3.1 kg/d and 1.8 kg/d during the 45 d and 90 d periods, respectively, resulting in greater feed efficiency for bST-treated cows. Grain processing did not affect DMI, milk yield and FCM yield. Neither composition nor yields of milk components were influenced by treatments. Compared to the SRC diet, SFS increased plasma glucose 5% and plasma insulin 19%. Grain processing and bST had no effect on either BHBA or hepatic triglycerides. PUN was reduced by bST, but NEFA was increased. Compared with SRC, SFS increased progesterone during the first two postpartum estrous cycles and cows receiving bST had significantly larger CL. Flaked sorghum compared with SRC increased digestibility of DM, OM, and starch, and neither grain affected digestibilities of CP, NDF or ADF. Treatments with bST did not affect any nutrient digestibilities.
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Bonnot, Titouan. "Réponse du grain de blé à la nutrition azotée et soufrée : étude intégrative des mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu au cours du développement du grain par des analyses -omiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22767/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’augmentation des rendements est un enjeu majeur chez les céréales. Dans cet objectif, il est nécessaire de maintenir la qualité du grain de blé, qui est principalement déterminée par sa teneur et sa composition en protéines de réserve. En effet, une forte relation négative existe entre le rendement et la teneur en protéines. Par ailleurs, la qualité du grain est fortement influencée par la disponibilité en azote et en soufre dans le sol. La limitation des apports d’intrants azotés à la culture et la carence en soufre récemment observée dans les sols représentent ainsi des difficultés supplémentaires pour maitriser cette qualité. Une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans le contrôle du développement du grain et la mise en place de ses réserves protéiques en réponse à la nutrition azotée et soufrée est donc primordiale. L’objectif de cette thèse a ainsi été d’apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de ces processus de régulation, aujourd’hui peu connus. Pour cela, les approches -omiques sont apparues comme une stratégie de choix pour identifier les acteurs moléculaires mis en jeu. Le protéome nucléaire a été une cible importante dans les travaux menés. L’étude de ces protéines nucléaires a révélé certains régulateurs transcriptionnels qui pourraient être impliqués dans le contrôle de la mise en place des réserves du grain. Dans une approche combinant des données de protéomique, transcriptomique et métabolomique, une vision intégrative de la réponse du grain à la nutrition azotée et soufrée a été obtenue. L’importance d’un apport de soufre dans le contrôle de la balance azote/soufre du grain, déterminante pour la composition du grain en protéines de réserve, a été clairement vérifiée. Parmi les changements observés au niveau du métabolisme cellulaire, certains des gènes affectés par la modification de cette balance pourraient orchestrer l’ajustement de la composition du grain face à des situations de carences nutritionnelles. Ces nouvelles connaissances devraient permettre de mieux maitriser la qualité du grain de blé dans un contexte d’agriculture durableImproving the yield potential of cereals represents a major challenge. In this context, wheat grain quality has to be maintained. Indeed, grain quality is mainly determined by the content and the composition of storage proteins, but there is a strongly negative correlation between yield and grain protein concentration. In addition, grain quality is strongly influenced by the availability of nitrogen and sulfur in soils. Nowadays, the limitation of nitrogen inputs, and also the sulfur deficiency recently observed in soils represent major difficulties to control the quality. Therefore, understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling grain development and accumulation of storage proteins in response to nitrogen and sulfur supply is a major issue. The objective of this thesis was to create knowledge on the comprehension of these regulatory mechanisms. For this purpose, the best strategy to identify molecular actors involved in these processes consisted of -omics approaches. In our studies, the nuclear proteome was an important target. Among these proteins, we revealed some transcriptional regulators likely to be involved in the control of the accumulation of grain storage compounds. Using an approach combining proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic data, the characterization of the integrative grain response to the nitrogen and sulfur supply was obtained. Besides, our studies clearly confirmed the major influence of sulfur in the control of the nitrogen/sulfur balance that determines the grain storage protein composition. Among the changes observed in the cell metabolism, some genes were disturbed by the modification of this balance. Thus these genes could coordinate the adjustment of grain composition in response to nutritional deficiencies. These new results contribute in facing the challenge of maintaining wheat grain quality with sustainable agriculture
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Mueller, Katherine E. "A Descriptive Study of Alternative Grain Consumption among Individuals with Celiac Disease." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313516646.
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Brassard, Mariane. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté /cMarianne Brassard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18923.
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Zahedi, Morteza. "Physiological aspects of the responses of grain filling to high temperature in wheat." Title page, abstract and contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phz19.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
"June 2001." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-248). The effects of a sustained period of moderately high temperature on physiological and biochemical aspects of grain development were investigated in wheat cultivars grown under controlled environment conditions. The effect of variation in plant nutrition on the responses of cultivars to high temperature was also studied.
27
Lozano-Ascencio, Oscar German 1956. "Post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and starch digestibility by steers fed sorghum grain flaked at different densities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282356.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding dry-rolled (DR) vs steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain and degree of processing (flake density, FD) of corn and sorghum grain on site and extent of starch digestion and post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients in steers fed 77% grain. The design for each trial was a randomized block. Seven steers (400 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulas were used to determine corn and sorghum starch digestibilities (Cr ratio, 3-d collection). Steers fed SF versus DR sorghum increased starch digestibility in the rumen (23%; P < .01), total tract (2.3%; P < .01), and in the small intestine (6%; P < .01, as percentage of starch entering duodenum). Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum grain increased linearly (P < .05) starch digestion (percentage of intake) in the rumen and total tract, and diminished linearly (P < .05) starch digestibilities post-ruminally and in the small intestine. Similar responses in starch digestibilities occurred by lowering FD of SF corn. Percent dietary corn or sorghum starch digestibility in the large intestine was less than 2% of intake. Feeding SF compared to DR sorghum did not alter net absorption and uptake or release of energy-yielding nutrient across SPL tissues. As expected, net absorption of glucose across portal-drained viscera (PDV) was negative (-.60 mol/d). Incrementally decreasing FD of SF sorghum linearly increased net PDV absorption of lactate (P =.04), glucose synthesis by the liver (P =.03), and SPL output of glucose (P < .01) and L-lactate (P =.03). Net propionate PDV absorption (P =.18), hepatic uptake (P =.21), and SPL output (P =.15) tended to be increased with lower FD. Increasing degree of grain processing, by incrementally decreasing FD, linearly increased ruminal and total tract starch digestibilities and net absorption of glucose precursors (propionate and L-lactate), resulting in increased hepatic synthesis and greater output of glucose from the gut and liver to the rest of the body. Based on these changes, the optimum FD for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).
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Sitoe, Manuel Mulhuli. "Improving dryland maize (Zea mays L.) water productivity in the Chokwe District of Mozambique through better nutrient management." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/37296.
Full textAbstract:
The southern region of Mozambique is characterized by arid to semi-arid climatic
conditions with soils of poor fertility and low water retention capacity. The rainfall season
is from September to April. In some areas, the rain season accommodates two production
cycles, which is augmented by extended or unexpected rains in May and June. Maize is the
main crop in this region. The major limiting factors for maize production in the Chókwè
District under rainfed agriculture are rainfall amount and its distribution and soil fertility.
Water productivity in this region is very low. The Challenge Program on Water and Food
(CPWF), for which the slogan was “more crop per drop”, has attempted to identify and
address water productivity constraints throughout the Limpopo River Basin (LRB). This
study considers the water productivity in dryland areas, assuming that yields may not be
only limited by water, but also by soil fertility. The study was aimed at investigating the
improvement of water productivity by correcting nutrient deficiencies and recommending
strategies to mitigate these deficiencies. A field experiment was conducted at Chókwè
Agrarian Research Centre with maize cultivar (cv. Matuba). Matuba was selected because
of its high tolerance to drought. Treatments were based on the most limiting soil nutrients
at the experimental site. Crop parameters measured included total dry matter, fractional
interception of photosynthetically active radiation (FIPAR), leaf area and grain yield. In
addition, the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model was used to simulate potential yields with
no nutrient limitations. Results of this study illustrated that the application of N resulted in
improvements in total dry matter yield, leaf area index (LAI), FIPAR and water use
efficiency (WUE). Application of both N and P improved the grain yield, leaf area duration
(LAD) and WUE. SWB model simulations indicate that in only 1 out of 5 years in Chókwè
District, the simulated yields were not higher compared to actual yields (0.2 - 1 ton ha-1).
In conclusion, grain yield improvements are expected if nutrition is kept at optimum levels.
This implies that in most years dryland yields are in fact nutrient limited and better
nutrition can be used as a strategy to improve water productivity (WP) and grain yieldDissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
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Al-Dehneh, Adnan. "The contribution of recycled urea to the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen of dairy cows fed high grain and forage diets using nitrogen-15-labelled urea." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185802.
Full textAbstract:
Lactating Holstein cows were used to evaluate the contribution of recycled urea nitrogen to bacterial protein exiting the rumen, and appearing in milk and feces during continuous jugular infusion of ¹⁵N-labelled urea in long-term infusion (72 h) and short term infusion (3, 12, 20, and 24 h) studies. Two cows in the first trial, and four cows in the second trial fitted with T-type duodenal cannulae were fed either a high grain or high forage diet. Urea labeled with ¹⁵N was infused continuously into the jugular vein for 72 h in trial 1 and for 3, 12, 20, and 24 h in trial 2. Cr₂O₃ was used as a digestibility marker. In trial 1, duodenal digesta, feces and urine were sampled every 4 h for 5 d (during 72 h of infusion and 48 h thereafter). Milk and blood were sampled every 12 h for 5 d, and total urine was collected for 5 d. In trial 2, duodenal digesta and urine were sampled every 6 h for 3 d. Feces, milk and blood were sampled every 12 h for 3 d, and total urine was collected for 3 d. Percent of total N in digesta and bacteria entering the duodenum which originated from recycled N was greater in cows fed high grain than high forage, 20 vs 10%, P < .23 and 28 vs 15%, P < .18 respectively, for trial 1. In both trials, ¹⁵N enrichment of digesta and bacteria entering the duodenum was higher for high grain from shortly after the beginning until the end of infusion periods of more than 20 h. Enrichment patterns of urine (and blood) were inverse of those in digesta and bacteria, reflecting a greater recycling of urea on the high grain diet. Flow of N from the rumen to the small intestine was higher on high grain than on high forage in both trials, (128 vs 107% of N intake for trial 1, and 123 vs 98% of N intake for trial 2), which was consistent with the larger amount of recycled N on high grain. Urinary excretion of ¹⁵N accounted for about 84% of that excreted in trial 1, and 76% in trial 2; whereas, feces and milk accounted for a total of 16% in trial 1, and 24% in trial 2. Percent of ¹⁵N infused which was retained in the body 2 d after infusion ceased was 23% in tiral 1, and 17% at 72 h in trial 2. It was estimated by the ¹⁵N ratio techniques that 64 to 74% of the total N passing into the duodenum was bacterial N in trial 1. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that about twice as much endogenous N is recycled and incorporated into bacterial N on a high grain than a high forage diet fed to lactating cows. The higher N passage into the duodenum than N intake on a high grain diet might be explained by more N being recycled into the rumen.
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Matoka, Charles Mboya. "Bacterial community responses to soil-injected liquid ammonium nutrition and effect of temperature on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield formation." Göttingen Cuvillier, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987473530/04.
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Matoka, Charles Mboya. "Bacterial community responses to soil-injected liquid ammonium nutrition and effect of temperature on Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield formation /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2008. http://d-nb.info/987473530/04.
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Baon, John Bako. "Role of mycorrhizas in the assessment of phosphorus efficiency in cereals." Title page, contents and summary only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb221.pdf.
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Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
34
Dokora, Adia-En-Michelle. "The effect of grain and soya bean-based diets on chicken production, some egg quality traits, and the potential for allergen carryover to eggs and meat." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2946.
Full textAbstract:
This study determined the effect of maize-, whole wheat-, soya bean-based-diets on the growth performance, egg quality and dressing percentage of chickens, as well as the potential for soy and gluten allergen carryover to eggs and meat from chickens. Twenty 36-week-old Lorham White (LW) hens were divided into two groups and kept in individual cages until they reached 39-weeks of age, with water and feed supplied ad libitum. Ten LW hens were fed a maize/soya bean-based diet (T1) and the other ten birds were fed a maize/soya bean-based diet with a 15 percent whole wheat inclusion (T2) for a period of four weeks, with weekly individual hen weights and group feed consumption figures being recorded. After a two-week diet adaptation period, six eggs per treatment group were collected every second day from the LW hens’ to measure egg quality traits. Every third day, over a 29-day period, six eggs per treatment were collected and analysed for the presence of soy, gluten and gluten-derived peptides using allergen specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits. For the broiler trial, a total of 160 Ross 308 mixed sex day old chicks were used in a completely randomized design. Two dietary treatments were assigned to eight cages (replicate) per treatment, with ten birds per cage. The Ross 308 broiler feeding programme consisted of three phases, starter (day 1 to day 10), grower (day 11 to day 20) and finisher (day 21 to day 28). At the beginning of the trial all chicks were fed T1 which contained a maize/soya bean-based diet for a period of 10 days and then eight cages with 10 birds per cage were randomly selected and fed the T2 diet, which contained a maize/soya bean-based diet with a 15 percent whole wheat inclusion, until they reached 28 days of age. Weekly live weights, feed intake, average daily gain and the average daily feed intake were recorded and calculated. At the end of the grower (day 21) and finisher phase (day 28), one broiler bird was selected per cage to have eight (8) birds per treatment and 16 birds per phase that were slaughtered and breast meat samples were analysed in duplicate for the presence of soy and gluten allergens using ELISA kits. The dressing percentage of hot carcasses was also determined at the end of the finisher phase on eight birds per treatment. For LW hens, live weight (LW) at 39 weeks of age, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and weekly feed intakes (FI) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatments with birds on T2 recording higher gains. As birds age in weeks increased, significant differences (P < 0.05) in live weight values were recorded. Egg quality traits measured (shell weight, yolk weight, albumen weight, albumen height and Haugh units) were significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatments, with eggs from hens receiving T1 recording higher mean values. As hens got older, the colour of egg yolk improved, producing eggs with higher b* (yellowness) values and lower L* (lightness) and a* (redness) mean values. The Haugh unit, significantly improved (P < 0.05) as the hens got older, signifying better quality of eggs. For the broiler birds, growth traits measured indicated that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in live weight (LW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), weekly feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), cumulative feed intake (CFI) and cumulative gain (CG) between treatments. No significant differences (P > 0.05) between dressing percentage of broilers from the two treatments were observed. As birds grew, significant differences (P < 0.05) in LW, FI, AFI, FCR, and CFI, over a four-week period were recorded. Results of the allergen analyses indicated that soy and gluten allergens were not carried over from feed into eggs and meat of chickens fed a maize/soya bean-based diet and a maize/soya bean-based with a 15 percent whole wheat inclusion, respectively. In conclusion, a maize/soya bean-based diet and maize/soya bean-based diet with a 15 percent whole wheat inclusion that contained soy and gluten allergens, are feed sources that promote and stimulate 36-week-old LW hen and Ross 308 chicken growth.
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Khalaf, Eyada. "Phenolic-Linked Antioxidant and Anti-Hyperglycemic Properties of Selected Cereal, Pseudo-Cereal, and Millet Using In Vitro Screening Methods." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29281.
Full textAbstract:
Improving diversity of food systems by targeting whole grain cereals, pseudo-cereals, and millets is essential to enhance nutritional qualities beyond macro and micronutrient balance and to address emerging global food and nutritional security-linked public health challenges. However, human health relevant nutritional parameters of whole grains vary widely among species, genotypes, growing conditions, and further due to different processing methods. Therefore, it is important to screen human health relevant nutritional parameters of these whole grains prior to targeting them for wider public health solutions linked to non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD). Based on this rationale, oats from different processing stages and from different production systems, buckwheat, teff, pearl millet, and different genotypes of sorghum were analyzed for health relevant phenolic bioactive linked antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic properties using in vitro assay models. Overall, high phenolic-linked antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties were observed in whole grain oats, rolled oat, buckwheat, teff, and select sorghum genotypes.
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McDaniel, Michael Reid. "The effects of dosing feedlot cattle with Megasphaera elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 prior to the introduction of a grain-rich diet." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1666.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of [italic]Megasphaera elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 and its potential use in the mitigation of ruminal acidosis. In experiment 1, a metabolism study was conducted to evaluate ruminal parameters, quantify changes in ruminal bacterial populations, and determine in vitro capacity for lactate utilization following intraruminal dosing of a placebo or [italic]M. [italic]elsdenii strain NCIMB 41125 and an abrupt diet change. Angus crossbred steers (n=20; average BW=253 ± 24 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were blocked by BW and assigned randomly to treatments. Treatments consisted of intraruminal dosing with a placebo (100 mL of autoclaved culture), or 10, 100, or 1,000 mL of a live culture containing 1.62×108 CFU/mL of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125. Prior to inoculation, cattle were placed into individual pens in an enclosed facility and allowed free access to alfalfa hay, salt, and water. Feed and water were removed for 24 h prior to administering treatments, after which, cattle were allowed free access to a diet consisting of 34% alfalfa hay and 66% steam-flaked corn-based concentrate. On d 7, cattle were fed an 80% concentrate diet. On d 12, steers were started on the final finishing diet of 94% concentrate. Ruminal pH and concentrations of lactate and VFAs were monitored following introduction of each concentrate diet. Ruminal samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after feeding for quantitative rt-PCR detection of native and introduced strains of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic], as well as total bacterial genomes. Capacity for metabolism of lactic acid was evaluated by inoculating 0.2 mL of strained ruminal fluid into anaerobic culture tubes containing 15 mL of semi-defined lactate medium. Tubes were incubated at 39˚C, and turbidity changes were determined by measuring absorbance at 2 h intervals up to 12 h. Experiment 2 was conducted in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the efficacy of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 for improving feedlot performance. A second objective of the study was to determine if oral dosing of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] has the potential for reducing the number of cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease. Angus steers and heifers (n = 3179; average BW = 356 ± 58.4kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with two treatments. Cattle were assigned to treatment on an every-other-head basis such that every-other-animal was orally drenched with 100 mL of a culture medium containing 1.5×108 cfu/mL [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 at processing. Cattle were blocked by gender and date of arrival. To maximize profitability, cattle were sorted via visual appraisal to identify cattle that were market ready. Cattle were shipped to a commercial abattoir in Lexington, NE for harvest. Data obtained for each pen of cattle included feedlot performance, morbidity, mortality, carcass characteristics, and grid-based program carcass qualifications. In trial 1, compared to the placebo group, cattle administered [italic]Megasphaera[italic] maintained higher ruminal pH 24 h after the carbohydrate challenge (P < 0.05). Ruminal lactate concentrations increased in response to the diet change (P < 0.05), but concentrations were lower for cattle that received [italic]Megasphaera[italic] compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05). Total number of bacterial genomes 24 h after inoculation was unaffected by intraruminal dosing of [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] strain NCIMB 41125 (P > 0.05), but populations of undifferentiated [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] and strain NCIMB 41125 increased by 24 h after inoculation (P < 0.05). Turbidity of cultures inoculated with ruminal fluid increased in response to [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] administration (P < 0.05), suggesting a greater capacity for lactate utilization in inoculated cattle compared to the placebo group. In trial 2, no differences in feed efficiency were observed (P > 0.05). Compared to cattle dosed with [italic]Megasphaera[italic], the control group had more USDA yield grade 2 carcasses (P < 0.05), and cattle dosed with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] had more USDA yield grade 5 carcasses (P < 0.05). [italic]Megasphaera[italic] cattle also tended to have more USDA Prime carcasses (P = 0.14). No effects on incidence of liver abscesses were observed. Dosing cattle with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] prior to introduction of typical concentrate diets may be useful in preventing ruminal lactate accumulation and associated depressions in ruminal pH. Inoculating cattle with [italic]M. elsdenii[italic] is effective in bolstering populations of ruminal lactate utilizers, and may be useful in preventing ruminal lactate accumulation in grain-fed cattle. No effects on reducing episodes of BRD were noted.
37
Depenbusch, Brandon E. "Extrusion processing of feedlot diets." Diss., Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4622.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
James S. Drouillard
A series of studies were conducted to evaluate extrusion processing of finishing diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality attributes of feedlot cattle. Extruded diets were processed in a 24:1 (length/diameter) corotating, fully intermeshing twinscrew extruder (model BCTG-62, Bühler AG CH-9240, Uzwil, Switzerland). In Experiment 1, extrusion processing of corn based diets decreased dry matter intake (DMI) and improved gain efficiency (G:F) by 15% compared to heifers fed steam-flaked corn (SFC) diets. Carcass characteristics were not different between treatments. Steaks from heifers fed SFC diets were juicier and had a less pronounced off-flavor than steaks from heifers fed extruded diets. In Experiment 2, average daily gain (ADG), DMI, G:F, carcass characteristics, and meat quality attributes were not different between heifers fed SFC and extruded processed corn diets. In Experiment 3, we evaluated different degrees of extrusion processing by altering the level of process water added to the extruder. Mechanical energy inputs, die pressure, die temperature, and torque of drive motor decreased as the level of water added to the extruder increased from 4% to 12%. Water addition did not affect DMI or ADG of feedlot heifers. However, live body weight (BW) and G:F decreased as the level of process water increased. Gain efficiency (carcass-adjusted basis) was 3% greater for extruded corn diets processed with 4% water compared with SFC diets and was 6% poorer than SFC diets when processed with 12% water. Apparent total tract digestibility was not different, but IVDMD improved with increasing levels of water. Improvements in G:F when fed extruded feed was variable among the 3 studies. This may be due, in part to severe infestation by European Starlings during Experiment 1. Impact of feed depredation by starlings was therefore evaluated. Starlings consumed 86% of the SFC diet offered to them compared to, none of the extruded corn diets. In addition, starlings preferentially selected for the energy dense portion of the rations (steam-flaked corn). Therefore, it is plausible that a portion of the 15% improvement in G:F observed in Experiment 1 for heifers fed extruded corn diets can be attributed to differences in feed depredation by starlings. Finally, two studies were conducted to evaluate extrusion processing of sorghum-based diets. In the first experiment, DMI was greater and G:F was poorer for heifers fed extruded sorghum diets compared to heifers fed steam-flaked sorghum (SFS) diets. However, carcass characteristics and meat quality attributes were not different. In the second study, particle size of the ground sorghum added to the extruder was evaluated. Processing sorghum to a smaller particle size (581 μm) prior to extrusion processing decreased DMI, improved G:F, and increased apparent total tract digestibility compared with larger particle sizes (1,264 μm). However, heifers fed SFS diets were still more efficient that heifers fed extruded diets made with either particle size of sorghum. Overall, this research suggests that extruding complete diets into homogeneous pellets may improve G:F of cattle fed corn-based diets while reducing feed depredation of starlings. It is also clear from our results that G:F is improved to a greater extent to processing diets under high shear conditions (i.e., high mechanical energy inputs) than when processed under low shear conditions.
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Nalle, Catootjie Lusje. "Nutritional evaluation of grain legumes for poultry : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Poultry Nutrition at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1021.
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The nutritional value of faba beans (Vicia faba), Australian sweet lupins (Lupinus angustifolius), white lupins (Lupinus albus) and peas (Pisum sativum) grown in New Zealand for broilers were evaluated in terms of their nutritional characteristics, protein quality (protein efficiency ratio), apparent metabolisable energy, apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids and the effects on bird performance. The effects of dehulling and extrusion cooking on the nutritive value of legumes were also investigated. The first experiment discussed in Chapter 3 evaluated the effect of cultivars on the nutrient profile and protein quality of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), Australian sweet lupins, peas and soybeans (Glycine max). With the exception of white lupins, cultivars had no effect on the proximate and fibre composition of grain legumes. Starch was the primary carbohydrate component of chickpeas and peas, whilst non-starch polysaccharides were the major carbohydrates in lupins. The legume proteins were deficient in lysine, methionine, cystine and threonine. No differences were found in protein quality between cultivars of the different grain legume species. The lowest weight gain and protein efficiency ratio, in addition to the highest relative pancreatic weight and mortality rate was found in raw soybeans, suggesting that soybeans contained high a concentration of anti-nutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors. Birds fed chickpeas, lupins and peas had a low mortality rate and relative pancreatic weight, confirming that the level of anti-nutrients in these legume seeds was low. The apparent metabolisable energy and apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of faba beans, Australian sweet lupins, white lupins and peas were determined in the second experiment (Chapter 4). Cultivar effect on the apparent metabolisable energy values was observed only for faba beans and white lupins. Faba beans, white lupins and peas had comparable apparent metabolisable energy values, but these values were higher than those of Australian sweet lupins, and lower than that of soybean meal. No cultivar differences were found in the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of grain legumes. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of both lupin species was found to be comparable to that of soybean meal. The effects of feeding diets containing 200 g/kg faba beans, lupins or peas on the performance, digestive tract development and litter quality of broilers were investigated in the third and fourth trials. In the cage trial (Chapter 5), the results showed that the weight gain of birds fed diets containing grain legumes was similar to that of control diet. Feed intake and feed per gain of birds fed diets containing the majority of grain legume cultivars did not differ from those fed the maize-soy diet. Birds fed diets containing faba beans had more dry and friable excreta compared to other treatment diets. The performance of birds fed diets containing 200 g/kg grain legumes during the 35 d grow-out period, in the floor pen trial (Chapter 6), confirmed the results of the cage trial. In this trial, weight gain and feed per gain of birds fed diets without meat meal were superior to those with meat meal. In cage trials, the modification of some segments of digestive tract development was probably due to the dietary NSP. Whilst in floor pen trial, digestive tract development was not influenced by the inclusion of grain legumes. The effect of methodology of determination (direct vs. difference method) on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of wheat, maize, Australian sweet lupins, peas and soybean meal for broilers was evaluated in the fifth study (Chapter 7). The influence of methodology on apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids was found to vary amongst the feed ingredients. In general, the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids of test ingredients determined by the difference method was higher than those determined by the direct method, suggesting that the use of the direct method may underestimate the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of amino acids in low and medium protein ingredients. Data reported in Chapter 8 shows that dehulling increased the apparent metabolisable energy values of faba beans and Australian sweet lupins, but it had no beneficial effect on peas. The increase of apparent metabolisable energy values may be attributed to the decrease in non-starch polysaccharides of these legume seeds after dehulling. The removal of hulls increased the amino acid concentrations, but it had no effect on the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient of most amino acids. These results suggest that dehulling of grain legumes would be nutritionally beneficial and, likely to be economical in view of the improved amino acid concentrations and energy values. The final experiment (Chapter 9) demonstrated that extrusion of peas markedly influenced the content of crude protein, non-starch polysaccharides, starch, and trypsin inhibitors. The soluble non-starch polysaccharides and trypsin inhibitor contents of the majority of extruded pea samples were higher than those of raw peas, but insoluble and total non-starch polysaccharides decreased with extrusion. Extrusion had no effect on the apparent ileal protein digestibility and the apparent metabolisable energy of peas, but it increased ileal starch digestibility.
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Moore, Katie Louise. "High resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis of trace elements in cereal grain and roots." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ab4f4a19-baca-48a7-af54-b9c5d87f3b7a.
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This thesis presents information on the subcellular localisation of two important trace elements, selenium and arsenic, in wheat, rice and rice roots for what is believed to be the first time. The general aim of this work was to illustrate the potential of using physical science techniques to solve biological problems. High resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry was undertaken using the CAMECA NanoSIMS50 with a sensitivity down to ppm concentrations and a lateral resolution of less than 100 nm. Selenium in wheat grain was found to be distributed across both the bran layer and the endosperm region with Se-rich hotspots found in the aleurone cells and a higher intensity of Se in the subaleurone region. Arsenic in rice grain was found in two key regions. In grains with high As and high dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) content, As was predominantly localised to the subaleurone region yet in lower concentration, hydroponically grown As(III)-treated grains the As was only localised to the aleurone layer near the ovular vascular trace (OVT). A combined NanoSIMS and S-XRF experiment revealed As hotspots near the OVT. A combination of high pressure freezing, high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and TEM was used to localise As in the roots of rice plants revealing a contrasting subcellular distribution of As and Si in the roots even though arsenite and silicic acid are transported across the plasma membranes by the same transporters. Fe plaque forms only on the root epidermis and was shown to be a strong sink for As. Colocalisation of S with As in the vacuoles of the endodermis, pericycle and xylem parenchyma supports the notion that As is stored as arsenite-phytochelatin complexes in the roots while Si is localised in the endodermis cell walls and is not strongly affected by the Lsi2 mutation.
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Matoka, Charles Mboya [Verfasser]. "Bacterial community responses to soil-injected liquid ammonium nutrition and effect of temperature on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield formation / by Charles Mboya Matoka." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2008. http://d-nb.info/988772698/34.
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Singbo, Arnaud. "The effect of zinc and soil ph on grain yield and nutrient concentrations in spring wheat cultivated on potted soil." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2845.
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Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Zinc deficiency on various soil types have been reported in arable soils of sub Saharan Africa (SSA) including South Africa. A pot trial was conducted at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Wellington campus to investigate the interaction of different application rates of Zn at various soil pH on the grain yield and quality of spring wheat in a completely randomized factorial design replicated three times. The four soil pH tested were: pHA: 5.1, pHB: 5.6, pHC: 6.1, pHD: 6.6 which correspond to lime application at 0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 t/ha. Five Zn rates (Zn1: 3.5; Zn2: 4.5; Zn3: 5.5 Zn4: 6.5, and Zn5: 7.5 mg /kg soil which correspond to Zn1: 7; Zn2: 9; Zn3: 11; Zn4: 13 and Zn5: 15 kg /ha) were applied at two (planting and flowering) growth stages. Yield and yield component data collected were analyzed using SAS version 9.2 and means were separated by Duncun’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that grain yield and yield components were significantly affected by lime application pHC (6.1): 1t/ha at planting. Zn application at planting had no significant effect on the grain yield and yield components. However, at flowering, the simultaneous increase of Zn along with increase in lime positively affected grain yield and yield components. Plant analysis showed that at both stages (planting and flowering), Zn application, especially at pH 6.6, significantly increased P, K, Ca, Na, Mg Fe, Cu and B concentrations in wheat grain, but the concentrations of N, Mn, Zn and protein remained unaffected. Zn application had no effect on most nutrients due to the presence of lime. While the absence of lime, Zn4: 6.5mg/kg (corresponding to 13kg/ha) significantly increased the nutrients. In addition, Zn3: 5.5mg/kg (corresponding to 11kg/ha) promoted Zn absorption by grain in all treatments.
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Souza, Emerson de Freitas Cordova de [UNESP]. "Adubação nitrogenada e inoculação com rizóbio no feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho consorciado com braquiárias no sistema plantio direto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86360.
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O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma cultura bastante exigente em nitrogênio (N), podendo suprir parte das suas necessidades mediante associação com bactérias do gênero Rhizobium, capazes de fixar simbioticamente o N2 atmosférico. Contudo, vários fatores, especialmente os relacionados à condições do solo, podem limitar o processo de formação de nódulos e fixação biológica. Neste sentido, o cultivo anterior de espécies como as do gênero Brachiaria, em consórcio com o milho, poderia aumentar a eficiência da inoculação no feijoeiro cultivado em sucessão. Assim, o objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada no feijoeiro cultivado no sistema plantio direto, em sucessão ao milho safrinha consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha ou Brachiaria ruziziensis, e se a inoculação das sementes com Rhizobium tropici pode contribuir para o fornecimento de N para o feijoeiro nessas condições. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um em sucessão ao milho consorciado com B. brizantha e outro em sucessão ao milho consorciado com B. ruziziensis, durante dois anos agrícolas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, no município de Botucatu, SP. Em ambos os experimentos, o delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inoculação ou não das sementes com R. tropici (400 g por 100 kg de sementes) e quatro doses de N (0, 35, 70 e 140 kg ha-1), utilizando como fonte o nitrato de amônio. Adubação nitrogenada foi parcelada, metade dois dias após a semeadura e metade no estádio V4-4 (quatro folhas trifoliadas totalmente expandidas). A inoculação das sementes do feijoeiro cv. IAC Alvorada com R. tropici não interferiu na nodulação, nutrição nitrogenada e produtividade do feijoeiro, cultivado...
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a crop that requires high amount of nitrogen (N) and part of its need can be supplied by association with bacteria Rhizobium that is able to fix symbiotically atmospheric N2. However, several factors, especially related to soil conditions, may limit nodulation and N2 fixation. Thus, previous cropping of species such as Brachiaria intercropped with corn could increase the efficiency of inoculation on common bean in succession. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of N fertilization on common bean crop under no-tillage system, in succession to out-of-season corn intercropped with Brachiaria brizantha or Brachiaria ruziziensis, and the contribution of the seeds inoculation with Rhizobium tropici on N supply for common bean. Two experiments were conducted, one sowing the common bean in succession to corn intercropped with B. brizantha and another in succession to corn intercropped with B. ruziziensis, during two crop years. The experiments were conducted under field conditions on a Haplorthox, in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design of both experiments was a randomized block design in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of presence or absence of seeds inoculation with R. tropici (400 g per 100 kg of seeds) and four N rates (0, 35, 70, and 140 kg ha-1), using ammonium nitrate as source. Nitrogen application was split, half two days after sowing and half when plants presented four expanded trifoliolate leaves. Inoculation of common bean seeds with R. tropici cultivated in succession to winter corn intercropped with Brachiaria under no-tillage system did not affect the nodulation, the N nutrition and the grain yield. Common bean nodulation was not affected by N application until 35 kg N ha-1, although higher rates provided decrease in number and dry weight... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Barnard, Philip. "Gustatory and olfactory feeding responces in Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1787.
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Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences. Aquaculture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Chemo-attraction and –stimulation facilitate the initial location (olfactory response) and final consumption (gustatory response) of food in the feeding process of fish. Chemo-attractants or chemo-stimulants is therefore generally included in feeds for especially slow-feeding species to help reduce water fouling and to promote feed efficiency and growth rate through improved feed intake. Considering this, a study was performed to evaluate the attraction and stimulation potential of selected cereals and free amino acids in diets for Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results are presented on the comparative evaluation of five cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat, rye and triticale), raw and cooked forms of maize and concentrations of betaine and selected free amino acids (alanine, arginine, lysine and methionine), as well as their additive effect.
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Tye, Braden M. "Effects of Feeding High-Moisture Corn Grain with Slow-Release Urea in Dairy Diets on Lactational Performance, Energy and Nitrogen Utilization, and Ruminal Fermentation Profiles by Lactating Cows." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4923.
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The objective of this experiment was to determine if nutrient utilization and energy partitioning by lactating dairy cows would differ in response to dietary corn grain (CG) types [steam-flaked corn (SFC) vs. high-moisture corn (HMC)] and to test if the types of CG would interact with slow-release urea (SRU) on lactational performance and energy utilization. Eight multiparous Holstein cows (32 ± 8.2 days-in-milk) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement was used to test 4 dietary treatments: SFC without SRU, SFC with SRU, HMC without SRU, and HMC with SRU. The experimental diets contained 60.5% dry matter (DM) of forages, whereas 12.9% or 14.4% DM of SFC or HMC was added in the diets, respectively. The SRU was supplemented at 0.46% DM, replacing a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal in a 50:50 ratio. Feeding HMC decreased intakes of DM, crude protein, and fiber compared with SFC. Supplementation of SRU did not affect intakes of DM and nutrients, whereas it tended to increase intakes of DM or increased crude protein intake under SFC but no effect under HMC, leading to CG ×SRU interactions on DM and crude protein intakes. Neither type of CG nor SRU supplementation affected milk production except that cows fed HMC-based diets tended to decrease energy-corrected milk yield compared to those fed SFC-based diets. Utilization of HMC in the diet had a tendency to increase dairy efficiency based on milk yield over SFC utilization. Cows fed HMC diets gained more body weight (BW) than those fed SFC diets, whereas supplementing SRU tended to reduce BW gain regardless of type of CG. Cows fed HMC diets shifted more net energy into BW compared with those fed SFC diets, whereas supplementing SRU tended to decrease a portion of net energy partitioned into BW gain under both SFC and HMC diets. Dietary treatments exerted minor impacts on ruminal fermentation profiles. Feeding HMC diets decreased fecal N excretion compared with SFC diets. In addition, supplementing SRU increased fecal N excretion under SFC, but it was decreased by SRU with HMC, leading to an interaction between CG and SRU. These collective results demonstrate that feeding HMC with SRU can be a practical option in high-forage lactation diets to maintain or improve nutrient and energy utilization efficiency and minimize negative environmental impacts.
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Lobo, Thomaz Figueiredo [UNESP]. "Manejo de lodo de esgoto em rotações de culturas no sistema de plantio direto." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99944.
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A disposição final do lodo de esgoto vem se caracterizando como um dos problemas ambientais urbanos mais relevantes da atualidade, e cresce diariamente tanto nos países desenvolvidos quanto naqueles em desenvolvimento, como reflexos da ampliação das redes de coleta e incremento dos níveis de tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar o lodo de esgoto compostado como fornecimento de N em sistema de sucessão de culturas avaliando o desenvolvimento, nutrição, produtividade das culturas trabalhadas e a melhoria da fertilidade do solo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda São Manuel da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, localizada no município de São Manuel/SP. Antecedendo a instalação do experimento, foram cultivados 2 ciclos consecutivos de girassol semeados em dezembro de 2004 e novembro de 2005, respectivamente, com aplicações de lodo de esgoto, sendo cultivado trigo e triticale para avaliar o efeito residual destas duas aplicações em abril de 2006. Os ensaios presentes neste trabalho foram em sistema de sucessão de culturas (aveia, feijão, triticale, girassol e trigo). Em sistema de semeadura direta, sendo somente o primeiro cultivo, aveia em sistema convencional com lodo de esgoto tratado. Os outros ensaios foram com lodo de esgoto compostado. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizado constituído por 6 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T0 – adubação mineral de acordo com o Boletim Técnico 100, mas sem N; T1 – adubação química de acordo com o Boletim Técnico 100 do IAC; T2 – 50% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto e o restante foi proveniente da adubação química; T3 – 100 % do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T4 – 150% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto; T5 – 200% do N proveniente do lodo de esgoto. Utilizou-se o lodo de esgoto da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto...
The final display of sewage sludge has been characterized as one of the most relevant environmental problems in the cities; it daily increases in both developed and developing countries, resulting in larger collection networks and increased treatment levels. The aim of this study was to use compost sewage sludge as N supply for crop rotation system, assessing the development, nutrition and productivity of treated cultures and the improvement of soil fertility. The experiments were carried out in São Manuel Farm, which belongs to the School of Agronomical Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu Campus, and is located in São Manuel Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Before the experiment establishment, 2 consecutive sunflower cycles were sown in December 2004 and November 2005, respectively, including sewage sludge application, and wheat and triticale were cultivated to assess the residual effect of those two applications in April 2006. The assays in the present study were done in crop rotation system (oat, bean, triticale, sunflower and wheat). Direct planting system was used only for the first cultivation; oat was in conventional system with treated sewage sludge. The remaining assays included compost sewage sludge. The adopted experimental design was in randomized blocks constituted of 6 treatments and 5 replicates. Treatments were: T0 – mineral fertilization according to Technical Bulletin 100, but without N; T1 – chemical fertilization according to IAC Technical Bulletin 100; T2 – 50% N from sewage sludge and the remaining N from chemical fertilization; T3 – 100% N from sewage sludge; T4 – 150% N from sewage sludge; T5 – 200% N from sewage sludge. The employed sewage sludge was from the Sewage Treatment Plant in Jundiaí Municipality, São Paulo State. Each plot was 100 m2 with 3m spacing between plots in one same block. Oat culture was assessed from the 60th to the 120th day after... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gilabel, Amanda Prado. "Co-inoculação de rhizobium e azospirillum e adubação nitrogenada na cultura do feijão comum." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152913.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Devido ao alto custo e baixa eficiência de aproveitamento dos fertilizantes nitrogenados pelas plantas, existe grande interesse em estratégias, como a fixação biológica de N2 (FBN), para a redução da aplicação de nitrogênio (N) inorgânico nas culturas. A co-inoculação consiste na combinação de bactérias do gênero Rhizobium (simbióticas) com as do gênero Azospirillum (associativas), aos quais podem produzir efeito sinérgico proporcionando resultados superiores àqueles obtidos quando utilizadas de forma isolada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da co-inoculação com Rhizobium tropici e Azospirillum brasilense, bem como da adubação nitrogenada de semeadura, no crescimento, nodulação, nutrição mineral e produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro comum. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em condições de campo, durante as safras "das águas” e “da seca” do ano agrícola 2016/2017; e um experimento em condições de casa de vegetação durante o período de janeiro a março de 2017, no município de Botucatu-SP. Em todos os experimentos, o delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram estudadas nove formas de inoculação/co-inoculação e aplicação de N em cobertura [1: controle absoluto (sem inoculação e sem N em cobertura); 2: 60 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura em V4; 3: inoculação com R. tropici 2,5 × 106 células semente-1; 4: inoculação com A. brasilense 5,2 × 104 células semente-1; 5: inoculação com A. brasilense 2,5 × 105 células semente-1; 6: inoculação com A. brasilense 5,0 × 105 células semente-1; 7: co-inoculação R. tropici + A. brasilense 5,2 × 104 células semente-1; 8: co-inoculação R. tropici + A. brasilense 2,5 × 105 células semente-1; 9: co-inoculação R. tropici + A. brasilense 5,0 × 105 células semente-1], combinadas com a aplicação ou não de 20 kg ha-1 N na semeadura. Em condições de casa de vegetação, o fornecimento de N, em semeadura ou cobertura, reduziu o número e a matéria seca de nódulos e aumentou o teor e o acúmulo de N na parte aérea do feijoeiro. A aplicação de N na base proporcionou incrementos em termos de matéria seca de parte aérea, comprimento radicular e matéria seca de raízes do feijão comum. A inoculação apenas com A. brasilense, combinada com o fornecimento de N na semeadura incrementou o número de nódulos e, sem N na semeadura, proporcionou maior matéria seca de nódulos e teor de ureídos no feijão “das águas”. As co-inoculações com R. tropici + A. brasilense 2,5 × 105 células semente-1 e R. tropici + A. brasilense 5,2 × 104 células semente-1 combinadas com adição de 20 kg ha-1 de N na semeadura aumentaram a matéria seca de nódulos e teor de ureídos do feijoeiro comum na safra “das águas”. A adição de N na semeadura incrementou os teores foliares de Ca e Mg, área foliar e matéria seca de parte aérea e reduziu o teor de N na parte aérea do feijoeiro. O fornecimento de N em cobertura aumentou o teor foliar de Zn e reduziu o índice relativo de clorofila. A aplicação de N em cobertura, com ou sem a adição do nutriente na base, aumentou o comprimento e a superfície radicular. Apesar da discrepância entre alguns tratamentos, as formas de inoculação/co-inoculação e aplicação de N em cobertura não afetaram significativamente a produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro comum cultivado em sistema de semeadura direta.
Due to the high cost and low use efficiency of nitrogen (N) fertilizers by plants, there is great interest in strategies to reduce N application in crops, such as biological N2 fixation (BNF). Co-inoculation consists in combination of bacteria of the genus Rhizobium (symbiotics) with those of the genus Azospirillum (associatives), which can produce a synergistic effect, providing higher performance of the plants then those obtained using Rhizobium alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of co-inoculation with Rhizobium tropici and Azospirillum brasilense, as well as N fertilization at sowing, in growth, nodulation, mineral nutrition, and grain yield of common bean. Two experiments were conducted under field conditions in “spring” and “summer-fall” growing seasons of the 2016/2017 harvest, and an experiment under greenhouse conditions during the period from January to March of 2017, in Botucatu-SP, Brazil. In all experiments, the design was in randomized blocks, with four replications. Nine forms of inoculation/co-inoculation and topdressing N application were studied [1: absolute control (without inoculation and without topdressing N ) 2: 60 kg ha-1 of topdressing N in V4; 3: inoculation with R. tropici 2.5 × 106 cells seed-1; 4: inoculation with A. brasilense 5.2 × 104 cells seed-1; 5: inoculation with A. brasilense 2.5 × 105 cells seed-1; 6: inoculation with A. brasilense 5.0 × 105 cells seed-1; 7: co-inoculation R. tropici + A. brasilense 5.2 × 104 cells seed-1; 8: co-inoculation R. tropici + A. brasilense 2.5 × 105 cells seed-1; 9: co-inoculation R. tropici + A. brasilense 5.0 × 105 cells seed-1], combined with the application or not of 20 kg ha-1 of N at sowing furrow. Under greenhouse conditions, the N supply at sowing or topdressing reduced the number and dry matter of nodules and increased N concentration and accumulation in the common bean shoot. Nitrogen application at sowing provided increases in shoot dry matter, root length and root dry matter of common bean. The inoculation with A. brasilense alone, combined with the N supply at sowing increased the number of nodules and without N at sowing provided higher dry matter of nodules and ureides content in "spring" growing season. Co-inoculations with R. tropici + A. brasilense 2.5 × 105 cells seed-1 and R. tropici + A. brasilense 5.2 × 104 cells seed-1 combined with the application of 20 kg ha-1 of N at sowing increased dry matter of nodules and ureides content of common bean in "spring" growing season. Addition of N at sowing increased the leaf concentrations of Ca and Mg, leaf area, and shoot dry matter and reduced the N concentration in the common bean shoot. Topdressing N application increased the leaf concentration of Zn and reduced the chlorophyll relative index. Topdressing N application, with or without N application at sowing furrow, increased the root length and surface. In spite of the discrepancy between some treatments, the inoculation/co-inoculation forms and topdressing N application did not affect significantly the grain yield of the common bean cultivated under a no-tillage system.
FAPESP: 2016/07591-2
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Jardini, Debora Curado. "Aspectos morfológicos e estado nutricional em genótipos de girassol cultivados em um latossolo vermelho distrófico típico." Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2014. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/539.
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CAPES
A variabilidade de comportamento entre espécies vegetais, mesmo entre genótipos, geralmente proporciona diferenças na capacidade de absorção de nutrientes. Como a exigência entre cultivares da mesma espécie são distintas é comum observar acúmulo diferenciado de nutrientes, bem como, variações de caracteres fenotípicos, sob as mesmas condições de cultivo para o mesmo ano agrícola. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar aspectos morfológicos, bem como, diagnosticar a concentração e o acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de diferentes genótipos de girassol e sua relação com o rendimento da cultura. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental do IFMT (Campus São Vicente), localizado no município de Santo Antônio do Leverger-MT. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, utilizando-se oito genótipos (M734; HELIO 358; Embrapa 122; HLE 23; MG 341; BRS G37; BRS G41 e V90631), com quatro repetições. Foram aplicados no momento da semeadura 570 kg ha-1 do formulado 4-14-8 e 2 kg ha-1 de boro na forma de borogran. A semeadura foi realizada em dezesseis de março de 2013. A adubação de cobertura foi realizada trinta dias após a emergência das plantas, aplicando-se ureia na proporção de 87 kg ha-1 e 57 kg ha-1 de KCL. Não ocorreu variação entre os aspectos morfológicos e o acúmulo de nutrientes na massa seca das folhas para os oito genótipos avaliados no estádio R3. A concentração foliar de K e Ca foram distintas entre os genótipos de girassol. Os maiores rendimentos de grãos foram obtidos para os genótipos BRS G37, HLE 23, M734 e HELIO 358. Os aspectos morfológicos, a concentração de nutrientes foliares e rendimento de grãos se correlacionaram positivamente.
The variability in the behavior of plant species, even among genotypes generally provides differences in the absorption capacity of nutrients. As demands among cultivars of the same species are distinct is common to observe differential accumulation of nutrients, as well as variations in phenotypic characters under the same growing conditions for the same crop year. This study aimed to evaluate morphological, as well as diagnose concentration and nutrient accumulation in leaves of different sunflower genotypes and its relationship with crop yield. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area IFMT (Campus St. Vincent), located in the municipality of Santo Antônio do Leverger - MT. The experimental design was a randomized block design using eight genotypes (M734; HELIO 358; Embrapa 122; HLE 23; MG 341; BRS G37; BRS G41 and V90631) with four replications. 570 kg ha-1 formulated 4-14-8 and 2 kg ha-1 of boron were applied at planting as borogran. Seeds were sown on March 16, 2013. A fertilization was performed thirty days of plant emergence, applying urea in the proportion of 87 kg ha-1 and 57 kg ha-1 of KCL. There was no variation between the morphology and nutrient accumulation in leaf dry weight for the eight genotypes used in the R3 stage. The leaf concentration of K and Ca were distinct among sunflower genotypes. The highest grain yields were obtained for the BRS G37, HLE 23, M734 and HELIO 358. Morphological aspects, the leaf nutrient content and yield were positively correlated.
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Souza, Emerson de Freitas Cordova de 1983. "Adubação nitrogenada e inoculação com rizóbio no feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho consorciado com braquiárias no sistema plantio direto /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/86360.
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Orientador: Rogério Peres SorattoBanca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes
Banca: Orivaldo Arf
Resumo: O feijão comum (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é uma cultura bastante exigente em nitrogênio (N), podendo suprir parte das suas necessidades mediante associação com bactérias do gênero Rhizobium, capazes de fixar simbioticamente o N2 atmosférico. Contudo, vários fatores, especialmente os relacionados à condições do solo, podem limitar o processo de formação de nódulos e fixação biológica. Neste sentido, o cultivo anterior de espécies como as do gênero Brachiaria, em consórcio com o milho, poderia aumentar a eficiência da inoculação no feijoeiro cultivado em sucessão. Assim, o objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada no feijoeiro cultivado no sistema plantio direto, em sucessão ao milho safrinha consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha ou Brachiaria ruziziensis, e se a inoculação das sementes com Rhizobium tropici pode contribuir para o fornecimento de N para o feijoeiro nessas condições. Para tanto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um em sucessão ao milho consorciado com B. brizantha e outro em sucessão ao milho consorciado com B. ruziziensis, durante dois anos agrícolas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, no município de Botucatu, SP. Em ambos os experimentos, o delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inoculação ou não das sementes com R. tropici (400 g por 100 kg de sementes) e quatro doses de N (0, 35, 70 e 140 kg ha-1), utilizando como fonte o nitrato de amônio. Adubação nitrogenada foi parcelada, metade dois dias após a semeadura e metade no estádio V4-4 (quatro folhas trifoliadas totalmente expandidas). A inoculação das sementes do feijoeiro cv. IAC Alvorada com R. tropici não interferiu na nodulação, nutrição nitrogenada e produtividade do feijoeiro, cultivado... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a crop that requires high amount of nitrogen (N) and part of its need can be supplied by association with bacteria Rhizobium that is able to fix symbiotically atmospheric N2. However, several factors, especially related to soil conditions, may limit nodulation and N2 fixation. Thus, previous cropping of species such as Brachiaria intercropped with corn could increase the efficiency of inoculation on common bean in succession. Therefore, the objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of N fertilization on common bean crop under no-tillage system, in succession to out-of-season corn intercropped with Brachiaria brizantha or Brachiaria ruziziensis, and the contribution of the seeds inoculation with Rhizobium tropici on N supply for common bean. Two experiments were conducted, one sowing the common bean in succession to corn intercropped with B. brizantha and another in succession to corn intercropped with B. ruziziensis, during two crop years. The experiments were conducted under field conditions on a Haplorthox, in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design of both experiments was a randomized block design in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of presence or absence of seeds inoculation with R. tropici (400 g per 100 kg of seeds) and four N rates (0, 35, 70, and 140 kg ha-1), using ammonium nitrate as source. Nitrogen application was split, half two days after sowing and half when plants presented four expanded trifoliolate leaves. Inoculation of common bean seeds with R. tropici cultivated in succession to winter corn intercropped with Brachiaria under no-tillage system did not affect the nodulation, the N nutrition and the grain yield. Common bean nodulation was not affected by N application until 35 kg N ha-1, although higher rates provided decrease in number and dry weight... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Tidåker, Pernilla. "Integrating farming and wastewater management : a system perspective /." Uppsala : Dept. of Biometry and Engineering, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200785.pdf.
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Cuzato, Mancuso Mauricio Antonio [UNESP]. "Aplicação de silício e fungicidas na cultura do café arábica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/142846.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A cultura do café (Coffea arabica L.) gera muitas divisas ao Brasil, país que lidera o ranking dos produtores. Diante da demanda crescente por produtividades cada vez maiores, torna-se de fundamental importância a redução de perdas no campo. Uma das adversidades que comprometem a produtividade do cafeeiro são as doenças e, para que exista redução na incidência dessas, é necessário, entre outras coisas, que as plantas estejam bem nutridas. O silício (Si), elemento considerado benéfico às plantas, pode ser um aliado no manejo integrado de doenças. Além dele, a utilização de fungicidas que apresentem algum efeito fisiológico também pode beneficiar a cultura. Dentro desse enfoque, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação de Si, via solo ou via foliar, associado ou não com os fungicidas a base de triazol, estrobirulina e triazol + estrobirulina, na nutrição mineral, atividade enzimática, incidência de doenças e produtividade de grãos do café arábica. O talhão onde foi instalado o experimento era constituído por plantas de café cv. Catuaí Vermelho, plantadas em maio de 2001, no espaçamento 4,0 × 0,50 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3×4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela forma de aplicação de Si [controle sem aplicação, Si via solo (300 kg ha-1 do produto FertiSilica®, parcelado em duas aplicações de 150 kg ha-1 - 22,4% de Si solúvel) ou Si via foliar (1 L ha-1 do produto Silamol® - 0,8% de Si solúvel)] e tipos de fungicidas [controle sem aplicação, triazol (250 g L-1 de propiconazol), estrobirulina (250 g L-1 de piraclostrobina) ou triazol + estrobirulina (50 g L-1 de epoxiconazol + 133 g L-1 de piraclostrobina)]. Todos os tratamentos foram aplicados nas doses descritas acima e nos meses outubro e dezembro de cada ano agrícola. A aplicação de Si, via solo ou via foliar, incrementou o teor de N na folha do cafeeiro na 3a coleta. Na 3a e 4a coletas os teores foliares de P foram afetados, respectivamente, pela interação formas de aplicação de Si × fungicidas e apenas aplicação de Si. Os teores de Si na 1a, 2a e 5a coletas foram afetados pela interação formas de aplicação de Si × fungicidas. Apesar disso, todos os nutrientes encontravam-se dentro das faixas consideradas adequadas para a cultura do café. De modo geral, a aplicação de Si, tanto via solo como via foliar, associada ou não a algum fungicida, proporcionou as maiores atividades das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Refletindo esses resultados está a menor incidência de ferrugem e de cercosporiose em função, principalmente, da associação da aplicação de Si (via solo ou foliar) com fungicidas. Esses resultados culminaram em aumento de produtividade de grãos nas safras 2014 e 2015, além da produtividade média dos três anos estudados, sobretudo quando se aplicou Si via solo associado principalmente ao triazol. Conclui-se que a associação das formas de Si com os fungicidas estudados é benéfica à cultura do café, devido à maior proteção contra doenças, aumento da atividade enzimática e maior produtividade, especialmente quando se associa aplicação de Si via solo e o fungicida triazol.
Coffee crop (Coffea arabica L.) generates revenues to Brazil, the world’s leading coffee producer. In order to meet the increasing demand for higher yields, it is extremely important to reduce field losses during the cultivation cycle. Diseases are among the adversities that affect coffee yield and, in order to reduce their incidence, it is necessary to grow well-nourished coffee plants. In this perspective, silicon (Si) presents as a beneficial element to plants. Furthermore, the application of fungicides to coffee crop might be beneficial due to physiological effects. This research project aimed to evaluate the influence of Si application to foliage or to soil associated or not with fungicides triazole, strobilurine and triazole + strobilurine on the plants nutrition, enzyme activity, incidence of diseases, and Arabica coffee grain yield. The cultivar planted in the experimental area was ‘Catuai Vermelho’ coffee, cultivated in May 2001, allowing spacing 4.0 × 0.50 m between plants. The study was carried out using randomized blocks with four replications in a 3×4 factorial scheme. Treatments consisted of different Si sources application [control without Si, Si applied to the soil (300 kg ha-1 of FertiSilica®, splitted into two applications of 150 kg ha-1 - 22.4% of soluble Si), or Si applied to the foliage (1 L ha-1 of Silamol® - 0.8% of soluble Si)] and of different fungicides application [(control without fungicide, triazole (250 g L-1 of propiconazole), strobilurine (250 g L-1 of piraclostrobine), or triazole + strobilurine (50 g L-1 de epoxiconazole + 133 g L-1 de piraclostrobine)]. All these treatments were applied in the described doses, and in October and December of each crop season. Both Si application to the soil and to the foliage increased N leaf contents in the 3rd sampling. P leaf contents were affected in the 3rd and 4th sampling by the interaction of Si sources × fungicides and only by Si sources, respectively. Si leaf contents were affected in the 1st, 2nd and 5th sampling by the interaction of Si sources × fungicides. However, all contents of nutrients in the leaves were within the values considered ideal for coffee crop. Overall, both treatments with Si applied to the soil and to the foliage, associated or not to any fungicide, provided higher polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase enzymes activity. The lower incidence of coffee rust and cercospora incidence, mainly observed with Si (to the soil or to the foliage) associated to fungicides, reflected the enzymes activity results. All these results increased yields in 2014 and 2015, besides the 3-year-study mean yield, especially when Si was applied to the soil associated to triazole. It was concluded that both Si sources application associated to fungicides is beneficial to coffee crop as a result of the higher protection against diseases, the higher enzymes activities, and the higher grain yield, especially in the association between Si applied to the soil and triazole.