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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Graft infection

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Academic literature on the topic 'Graft infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Graft infection"

1

Betz, T., D. Neuwerth, M. Steinbauer, C. Uhl, K. Pfister, and I. Töpel. "Biosynthetic vascular graft: a valuable alternative to traditional replacement materials for treatment of prosthetic aortic graft infection?" Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 108, no. 4 (December 6, 2018): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1457496918816908.

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Background and Aims: To report the experience of a tertiary vascular surgery center using Omniflow II® biosynthetic vascular grafts for treatment of prosthetic aortic graft infection. Materials and methods: Retrospective analysis of all patients with prosthetic graft infections who underwent in situ aortic reconstruction using Omniflow II® grafts or other conduits between March 2015 and May 2017. Early and late mortality, perioperative complications, and reinfection rate were analyzed. Results: Sixteen patients (14 males, median age 68.5, range 57–89) with prosthetic aortic graft infection were treated at our center. Eight patients received an Omniflow II® biosynthetic graft, two patients silver-triclosan coated grafts, three patients bovine pericardial tube grafts, and three patients composite bovine pericardial tube grafts with Omniflow II® graft extensions. Perioperative complications occurred in seven patients (43.8%). Early mortality rate was 18.7% (n = 3). In addition, four patients died during follow-up after a median of 11 months (range 0–34 months). We did not observe any reinfections. Bypass grafts were patent in all patients. No major limb amputations were performed during follow-up. Conclusion: Treatment of prosthetic aortic graft infection with Omniflow II® vascular grafts is feasible. Graft material seems to have an excellent resistance to infection and might be a valuable alternative to traditional replacement materials. Especially long-term durability has to be continuously monitored and documented.

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Blank, Jacqueline J., Abby E. Rothstein, Cheong Jun Lee, Michael J. Malinowski, Brian D. Lewis, Timothy J. Ridolfi, and Mary F. Otterson. "Aortic Graft Infection Secondary to Iatrogenic Transcolonic Graft Malposition." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 52, no. 5 (March 19, 2018): 386–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574418764037.

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Aortic graft infections are a rare but devastating complication of aortic revascularization. Often infections occur due to contamination at the time of surgery. Iatrogenic misplacement of the limbs of an aortobifemoral graft is exceedingly rare, and principles of evaluation and treatment are not well defined. We report 2 cases of aortobifemoral bypass graft malposition through the colon. Case Report: Case 1 is a 54-year-old male who underwent aortobifemoral bypass grafting for acute limb ischemia. He had previously undergone a partial sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis. Approximately 6 months after vascular surgery, he presented with an occult graft infection. Preoperative imaging and intraoperative findings were consistent with graft placement through the sigmoid colon. Case 2 is a 60-year-old male who underwent aortobifemoral bypass grafting due to a nonhealing wound after toe amputation. His postoperative course was complicated by pneumonia, bacteremia thought to be secondary to the pneumonia, general malaise, and persistent fevers. Approximately 10 weeks after the vascular surgery, he presented with imaging and intraoperative findings of graft malposition through the cecum. Conclusions: Aortic graft infection is usually caused by surgical contamination and presents as an indolent infection. Case 1 presented as such; Case 2 presented more acutely. Both grafts were iatrogenically misplaced through the colon at the index operation. The patients underwent extra-anatomic bypass and graft explantation and subsequently recovered.

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Gwon, Jun G., Youngjin Han, Yong-Pil Cho, and Tae-Won Kwon. "Obturator bypass using a ringed polytetrafluoroethylene graft for inguinal graft infection." Vascular 28, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538120922112.

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Objective Inguinal vascular graft infections are high-risk events that cannot be controlled medically but require surgical intervention. This study reviewed the long-term clinical outcomes of obturator bypass using a ringed polytetrafluoroethylene graft for inguinal graft infection. Methods A total of eight consecutive patients who underwent obturator bypass using a ringed polytetrafluoroethylene graft for inguinal prosthetic graft infection at a single medical center between January 2006 and October 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The demographics, clinical characteristics, surgical procedure, and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results There was no perioperative death; however, there were three operative complications. On the 1st and 9th postoperative day, two patients underwent hematoma evacuation in the pelvic cavity, and the other patient underwent suture reinforcement for partial dehiscence of the distal anastomosis on the 49th postoperative day. The median length of hospital stay was 14.5 (range, 7–29) days. Only one graft occlusion was observed at postoperative month 40; however, there were no ischemic symptoms. There were no limb amputations and postoperative deaths during the long-term follow-up period. There were no infections of the previous residual and obturator bypass grafts and inguinal infection during the follow-up period of 49 (range, 7–154) months. Conclusion Obturator bypass for inguinal graft infection is feasible and durable with excellent long-term outcomes. However, perioperative bleeding should be taken into consideration.

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Woźniak, Witold, Robert Bajno, Michał Świder, and Piotr Ciostek. "The Usefulness of Biosynthetic Vascular Graft Omniflow II and Autologous Veins for the Treatment of Massive Infection of Dacron Vascular Graft with Enterococcus faecalis HLAR." Polish Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 4 (December 28, 2016): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17331331.1227674.

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Infections of vascular grafts are the most severe complications in vascular surgery. We present the case of a 73-year-old male with infection of a dacron prosthesis with a strain of Enterococcus faecalis. The patient was treated with replacement of a full prosthesis with a combined graft constructed from Biosynthetic Vascular graft Omniflow and autologous veins. This graft is recommended for implantation in patients with a higher risk of infection. Our case is one of the first reported usage of this kind of graft in the aortic region and in a 2 years observation period no recurrence of infection was observed.

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Filaire, Laura, Olaf Mercier, Agathe Seguin-Givelet, Olivier Tiffet, Pierre Emmanuel Falcoz, Pierre Mordant, Pierre-Yves Brichon, et al. "Superior vena cava graft infection in thoracic surgery: a retrospective study of the French EPITHOR database." Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery 34, no. 3 (December 6, 2021): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivab337.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES To report our experience on the management of superior vena cava graft infection. METHODS Between 2001 and 2018, patients with superior vena cava synthetic graft or patch reconstruction after resection of intrathoracic tumours or benign disease were selected retrospectively from the French EPITHOR database and participating thoracic centres. Our study population includes patients with superior vena cava graft infection, defined according to the MAGIC consensus. Superior vena cava synthetic grafts in an empyema or mediastinitis were considered as infected. RESULTS Of 111 eligible patients, superior vena cava graft infection occurred in 12 (11.9%) patients with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft secondary to contiguous contamination. Management consisted of either conservative treatment with chest tube drainage and antibiotics (n = 3) or a surgical graft-sparing strategy (n = 9). Recurrence of infection appears in 6 patients. Graft removal was performed in 2 patients among the 5 reoperated patients. The operative mortality rate was 25%. CONCLUSIONS Superior vena cava graft infection may develop as a surgical site infection secondary to early mediastinitis or empyema. Graft removal is not always mandatory but should be considered in late or recurrent graft infection or in infections caused by aggressive microorganisms (virulent or multidrug resistant bacteria or fungi).

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Genovese, Elizabeth A., Efthymios D. Avgerinos, Donald T. Baril, Michel S. Makaroun, and Rabih A. Chaer. "Bio-absorbable antibiotic impregnated beads for the treatment of prosthetic vascular graft infections." Vascular 24, no. 6 (July 10, 2016): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538116630859.

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Objective There is limited investigation into the use of bio-absorbable antibiotic beads for the treatment of prosthetic vascular graft infections. Our goal was to investigate the rates of infection eradication, graft preservation, and limb salvage in patients who are not candidates for graft explant or extensive reconstruction. Methods A retrospective review of patients implanted with antibiotic impregnated bio-absorbable calcium sulfate beads at a major university center was conducted. Results Six patients with prosthetic graft infections were treated with bio-absorbable antibiotics beads from 2012–2014. Grafts included an aortobifemoral, an aorto-hepatic/superior mesenteric artery, and four extra-anatomic bypasses. Pathogens included Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Half of the patients underwent graft explant with reconstruction and half debridement of the original graft, all with antibiotic bead placement around the graft. Mean follow-up was 7.3 ± 8.3 months; all patients had infection resolution, healed wounds, and 100% graft patency, limb salvage, and survival. Conclusion This report details the successful use of bio-absorbable antibiotic beads for the treatment prosthetic vascular graft infections in patients at high risk for graft explant or major vascular reconstruction. At early follow-up, we demonstrate successful infection suppression, graft preservation, and limb salvage with the use of these beads in a subset of vascular patients.

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Lehalle, B., and P. Olivier. "Graft infection." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 15, no. 6 (June 1998): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1078-5884(98)80120-2.

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Eliza, Russu, Mureşan Adrian Vasile, Cordoş Bogdan Andrei, Cotoi Ovidiu Simion, and Copotoiu Constantin. "Tissue Integration of Synthetic Grafts and the Impact of Soft-Tissue Infection – An Experimental Model." Acta Medica Marisiensis 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amma-2015-0097.

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AbstractObjective: Starting with the ‘Vinyon-N-revolution’ of the 50’s, there has been a constant interest in understanting tissue integration, or the so-called graft healing process, as well as its relationship with infection. In this study we present an experimental animal model designed to assess tissue integration of different graft materials, and their reaction to the presence of infection.Methods: Synthetic grafts (knitted Dacron®, woven Dacron®, silver-impregnated Dacron® and Gore-Tex®) were implanted subfascially in the interscapular region of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into a control group and an infected group, with infection induced using bacterial suspensions of standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli. Implants were retrieved at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively in the control group and at 1, 2 and 3 weeks postoperatively in theinfected group. Retrieved grafts were assessed bacteriologically and morpho-pathologically.Results: All microorganisms produced clinically evident infections, with positive blood cultures in case of E. coli. Staphylococci produced more massive infections on Dacron® grafts, except for the silver-impregnated version, while E. coli produced more significant infections on Gore-Tex® grafts. Morpho-pathologically Dacron® grafts behaved poorly, with ocassional complete structural compromise, and no difference between the conventional and the silver-impregnated type. The Gore-Tex® graft showed a consistent structural resistance throughout the study period.Conclusions: Although the silver-impregnated graft inhibited bacterial growth, it was poorly tolerated by the host tissue. In contrast, Gore-Tex® grafts showed more massive infection, especially with E. coli, but kept their structural integrity surprisingly well.

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Seeger, James M. "Management of Patients with Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection." American Surgeon 66, no. 2 (February 2000): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480006600213.

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Management of patients with infected prosthetic vascular grafts is one of the most difficult challenges faced by the vascular surgeon. Patients often present with nonspecific symptoms, but delay in treatment can lead to life-threatening sepsis and/or hemorrhage. Fortunately, prosthetic vascular graft infection is uncommon, with the incidence varying between 1 and 6 per cent, depending on the location of the graft. Initially, the potentially infected vascular graft should be imaged using either CT or magnetic resonance imaging, with radionuclide studies being reserved for those instances in which imaging studies do not confirm or exclude the diagnosis of infection. Current treatments for prosthetic vascular graft infection include attempted graft preservation, graft removal with in situ graft replacement (using autogenous or new prosthetic grafts), and graft removal with extra-anatomic bypass. Morbidity and mortality associated with treatment, likelihood of long-term limb salvage, and likelihood of persistent or recurrent infection vary among these types of treatment. Therefore, in an individual patient with a prosthetic vascular graft infection, many things must be considered to appropriately determine the treatment most likely to achieve eradication of the infection and long-term limb salvage with the lowest risk. Regardless, with appropriate application of the techniques currently available for treatment of prosthetic vascular graft infection, long-term elimination of infection and limb preservation can be achieved in the great majority of patients with this grave problem.

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Akoh, Jacob A., and Neil Patel. "Infection of Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Grafts." Journal of Vascular Access 11, no. 2 (April 2010): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/112972981001100213.

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Purpose Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts (AVG) are bedeviled by significant infectious complications. This study was to determine the infectious complications of prosthetic AVG and review the relevant literature. Methods All prosthetic AVG inserted between January 2000 to December 2007 were studied. Data on age, sex, date of graft insertion, indication for aVG, site of graft insertion, date of graft related infection, treatment and outcome for graft and patients were analyzed. Results There were 84 AVG inserted into 58 patients. Thigh AVG accounted for 55% of cases whereas upper arm AVG was inserted in 39%. Thirteen (17.3%) AVG were associated with one or more episodes of infection. The infection rate for SynerGraft (50%) was statistically significantly different from that of PTFE (12%) - Yates′ x2=6.164; df=1; p=0.013. The rate of infection was higher for thigh grafts (9/37) compared to other sites (4/34), but the difference was not statistically significant (Yates′ x2=1.123; df=1; p=0.289). Only one death was directly related to AVG infection in this series. Conclusion Infectious complications of AVG require prompt surgical or radiological intervention to save life or access. The need to excise an infected graft completely is sometimes counterbalanced by the compelling need to provide vascular access for hemodialysis in a patient with limited access options.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Graft infection"

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Zdanowski, Zbigniew. "Synthetic vascular graft infection an experimental study with special reference to host mechanisms affecting bacterial graft colonization /." Lund : Dept. of Surgery, Lund University, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39798633.html.

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Usui, Akihiko. "SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF INFECTED THORACIC ANEURYSMS." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/18465.

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Musil, Ian, Vanessa Jensen, Jolyon Schilling, Boyd Ashdown, and Tyler Kent. "Enterobacter cloacae infection of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene femoral-popliteal bypass graft: a case report." BioMed Central, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610188.

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INTRODUCTION:Enterobacter cloacae infections are common among burn victims, immunocompromised patients, and patients with malignancy. Most commonly these infections are manifested as nosocomial urinary tract or pulmonary infections. Nosocomial outbreaks have also been associated with colonization of certain surgical equipment and operative cleaning solutions. Infections of an aortobifemoral prosthesis, an aortic graft, and arteriovenous fistulae are noted in the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first isolated account of an E. cloacae infection of a femoral-popliteal expanded polytetrafluoroethylene bypass graft.CASE PRESENTATION:A 68-year-old Caucasian man presented with fever and rest pain in the right lower extremity five months after the placement of a vascular expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for femoral-popliteal bypass. Computed tomography angiography demonstrated peri-graft fluid that was aspirated percutaneously with image guidance and cultured to reveal E. cloacae. The graft was revised and then removed. The patient completed a six-week course of ceftazidime and is currently without signs of infection. There were no other reports of E. cloacae graft infections in any patients receiving treatment in the same surgical suite within a month of this report.CONCLUSION:Isolated cases of E. cloacae infection of surgical bypass grafts are rare (unique in this setting). Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for device contamination in such cases and should consider testing for possible microbial reservoirs. Graft removal is required due to the formation of biofilm and the recent emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in community acquired infections.

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Swenne, Christine Leo. "Wound Infection Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery : Risk Factors and the Experiences of Patients." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7168.

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Morishima, Manabu. "Sustained release of vancomycin from a new biodegradable glue to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus graft infection." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180460.

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Manabu Morishima, Akira Marui, Shigeki Yanagi, Takamasa Nomura, Naoki Nakajima, Suong-Hyu Hyon, Tadashi Ikeda, and Ryuzo Sakata. Sustained release of vancomycin from a new biodegradable glue to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus graft infection. Interact CardioVasc Thorac Surg (2010) 11(1): 52-55 doi:10.1510/icvts.2010.232447
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(医学)
甲第17856号
医博第3825号
新制||医||1000(附属図書館)
30676
京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻
(主査)教授一山智, 教授伊達洋至, 教授鈴木茂彦
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Makabe, Kenichi. "Mycoplasma ocular infection in subretinal graft transplantation of iPS cells-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/243304.

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Massicotte-Azarniouch, David. "The Risks Associated with Blood Transfusion in Kidney Transplant Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Routinely Collected Data." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40651.

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A blood transfusion may have important immunomodulatory effects and may carry certain risks which could be detrimental to the kidney transplant patient. The aim of this project is to examine the potential risks associated with post-transplant blood transfusions in kidney transplant recipients. We carried out a retrospective cohort study of all adult kidney transplant recipients at The Ottawa Hospital from 2002 to 2018 inclusive. We examined the risks for kidney transplant rejection, graft loss, death, infections and venous thromboembolic events (VTE) associated with the receipt of red blood cell transfusions (RBCTs) administered after kidney transplant. We calculated hazard ratios (HR) using Cox proportional hazards model with RBCT as a cumulative, time-varying exposure. Out of a total study population of 1,258 kidney transplants recipients, 37% received at least one RBCT. The receipt of a RBCT was not significantly associated with the risk for rejection, however it was associated with an increased risk for graft loss, death, infection and VTE. Important biases such as reverse causation and unmeasured confounding may account for some of these findings. That being said, our findings suggest clinicians should be judicious in their use of RBCT in kidney transplant patients.

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Sakaguchi, Hisashi. "Less-invasive and highly effective method for preventing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus graft infection by local sustained release of vancomycin." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135843.

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Owens, Megan M. (Megan Mary) 1976. "Preliminary design of an implantable boisensor for the detection and differentiation of acute rejection, vascular occlusion, and infection in the liver or kidney transplant graft." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/89283.

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Bokums, Kristaps [Verfasser], and Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann. "Irrigation suction drainage and negative pressure wound therapy of lower extremity vascular graft infection in ileofemoral region : clinical and economical aspects / Kristaps Bokums ; Betreuer: Johannes Hoffmann." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1163534188/34.

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Books on the topic "Graft infection"

1

J, Bunt T., ed. Vascular graft infections. Mount Kisco, NY: Futura Pub., 1994.

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Buckels, John Anthony Charles. The pathogenesis of vascular graft sepsis with special reference to bacteraemic infection. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1986.

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Jong-Tieben, Linda M. de. Human papillomavirus infection and skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Leiden: University of Leiden, 1998.

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4

1956-, Calligaro Keith D., and Veith Frank J. 1931-, eds. Management of infected arterial grafts. St. Louis, Mo: Quality Medical Pub., 1994.

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5

S, Moore Wesley, and Gelabert Hugh A, eds. Antibiotic-impregnated vascular grafts. Austin: R.G. Landes, 1992.

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Fialkov, Jeffrey Allan. The effect of infection on the viability and incorporation of membranous bone grafts in the presence and absence of rigid fixation. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Auditor, Colorado Office of State. Colorado HIV and AIDS prevention grant program, Department of Public Health and Environment: Performance audit : July 2013. Denver, Colo: Colorado Office of State Auditor, 2013.

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Office, General Accounting. HIV/AIDS: Use of Ryan White CARE Act and other assistance grant funds : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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1947-, Kurtz Stanford R., Baldwin Michael L, and Sirchia Girolamo, eds. Controversies in transfusion medicine: Immune complications and cytomegalovirus transmission. Arlington, Va: American Association of Blood Banks, 1990.

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Albert, Balows, ed. Application of biotechnology to the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases: [proceedings of an international symposium supported by an educational grant from Marion Laboratories, and held at the Penina Golf Hotel, Portimao, Portugal, 16-19 September 1986]. London: Royal Society of Medicine Services, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Graft infection"

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Rizzo, L., and P. Fiorani. "Aortofemoral Graft Infection." In Vascular Surgery, 293–98. London: Springer London, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3870-9_38.

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Gibbons, Christopher P. "Aortofemoral Graft Infection." In Vascular Surgery, 397–408. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-356-5_39.

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Gibbons, Christopher P. "Aortofemoral Graft Infection." In Vascular Surgery, 323–35. London: Springer London, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-84628-211-x_37.

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Arnon-Sheleg, Elite, and Zohar Keidar. "Vascular Graft Infection." In FDG-PET/CT and PET/MR in Cardiovascular Diseases, 195–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09807-9_15.

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Gibbons, Christopher P. "Aortofemoral Graft Infection." In Vascular Surgery, 455–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65936-7_41.

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Forsyth, James Michael. "Vascular Graft and Endograft Infection." In How to Be a Safe Consultant Vascular Surgeon from Day One, 256–72. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b23010-22.

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Zdanowski, Zbigniew, Else Ribbe, Claes Schalén, and Stig Bengmark. "Microvascular Graft Infection in the Rat." In Pathogenesis of Wound and Biomaterial-Associated Infections, 273–78. London: Springer London, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3454-1_32.

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Romero, Alejandro, Tobias Zander, Jorge Lopera, Sergi Quiroga, and Manuel Maynar. "Radiological Imaging of Vascular Graft Infection." In Diagnostic Imaging of Infections and Inflammatory Diseases, 118–34. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118484388.ch7.

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Civati, G., D. Forti, G. Busnach, B. Brando, M. L. Broggi, E. E. Minetti, G. F. Rondinara, et al. "Hyperimmune Globulin in the Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection: Lack of Efficacy in Kidney Graft Recipients." In Late Graft Loss, 227. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5434-5_49.

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Beathard, Gerald A. "Swollen Arm with Suspected Arteriovenous Graft Infection." In Dialysis Access Cases, 97–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57500-1_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Graft infection"

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Chon, Hazel Ting Wai, Maher Hamish, and Hiba Abdalla. "Stimulant Antibiotic-Impregnated Beads for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infection and Vascular Graft Infection." In PAIRS Annual Meeting. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1729039.

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Broderick, Stephen P., Gráinne Carroll, and Micheal Walsh. "Geometric Enhancements of an Arteriovenous Graft." In ASME 2009 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2009-206863.

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End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is the degeneration of kidney function to remove uremic toxins from the blood. Currently there are over 484,000 sufferers of ESRD in the United States, with this figure predicted to rise to over 800,000 by 2020 [1]. The total cost of care for patients with ESRD was estimated to exceed 1 billion dollars in the United States [2]. A kidney transplant is the ideal solution for ESRD patients; however with the increasing number of ESRD patients the odds of receiving a donor kidney are poor. The alternative is hemodialysis. This process is involves the extraction of blood from the patient to an extracorporal machine. Blood is pumped at a rate of 350 mL/min to ensure effective dialysis. The blood is then returned to the body cleaned. The gold standard for hemodialysis access is the native arteriovenous fistula [3] with the most common type being the Brescia-Cimino fistula at the wrist [4]. In some subgroups the fistula performs poorly. In diabetics and the elderly, specifically over 70s [2] or can’t be constructed because of unsuitable blood vessels [5]. In this case an alternative is the synthetic AV graft. Made of polytetrafluoroethelyne, it has lower patency rates against the fistula [6] [7] mediated by the susceptibility to thrombosis induced by stenosis development and infection [7].The majority of stenosis development is within the venous anastomosis (kanterman1995). The formation of intimal hyperplasia (IH) leading to stenosis formation is caused by smooth cell proliferation and migration as a result of endothelial cells reacting to shear stress receptors. The development of IH has been linked to local hemodynamics and turbulence in the flow, which in turn are heavily influenced by the geometry of the graft.

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Santoni, Brandon G., Wes Womak, Donna L. Wheeler, and Christian M. Puttlitz. "A Mechanical and Computational Investigation on the Effects of Conduit Orientation on the Strength of Massive Bone Allografts." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175333.

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Massive allograft bone is the primary source of bone graft material for use in limb salvage procedures after oncological tumor resection. However, allograft bone has been found to incorporate slowly into host bone resulting in allograft susceptibility to non-union, fracture, infection and fatigue failure. Clinical studies have shown that massive allograft bone has a 50% to 75% success rate at 10 years [1].

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Subbotina, I., M. Von Stumm, M. Bernhardt, E. Cüre, H. Reichenspurner, and B. Reiter. "The Effect of Topical Vancomycin Treatment against Sternal Wound Infection in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery." In 48th Annual Meeting German Society for Thoracic, Cardiac, and Vascular Surgery. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678913.

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Kummerfeldt, Carlos E., John Huggins, Richard Monk, and Charlie Strange. "Legionella Londiniensis And Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 Co-Infection In A Patient With Chronic Graft-Versus Host Disease." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a6118.

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SCHLEGEL, N., J. MOAKE, C. LOIRAT, M. F. HURTAUD, S. LEVY-TOLEDANO, and H. MATHIEU. "CHILDHOOD HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME (HUS) : VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (vWF) AND PLATELET AGGREGATING ACTIVITY (PAA) STUDIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643475.

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It has been suggested that a vWF High Molecular Weight Multi-mers (HMWM) decrease or a PAA were involved in the pathogenesis of HUS. We have studied 8 children (6 girls,_2 boys; 7 months-8_1/2 years old) with HUS : plasma creatinine /μmol/l; mean(range)/=306 (105-524), hemoglobin (g/100ml)-7(6.3-7.8), schistocytes (%)=8(1-18), platelets (x103/mm3)-57(10-115). The vWF was studied quantitatively (antigen ; vWF RAg assay) and qualitatively (multimeric pattern : immunoblotting and autoradiography). PAA studied by incubating the patient's platelet poor plasma (RPR) with washed normal platelets (aggregometer, % light transmission) and confirmed by Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) assay and [14C] Serotonine release study. The PAA was characterized by studying the in vitro effect of several platelet aggregation inhibitors, Immunoglobulins (Igs) and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) on the platelet aggregation.An increase of vWF RAg (%) was observed in 6 cases : mean:330, and possibly related with renal failure. A vWF HMWM decrease was found in 3 patients : 2/3 with associated infection(E.Coli, Pneumococcus), 1/3 with severe hemolysis. Two of these 3 patients had a favourable renal outcome and 1 a severe course (chronic hemodialysis, Arterial Thrombotic MicroAngiopathy at renal histology).An important PAA was evidenced only in 1 patient : post bone-marrow graft HUS during neuroblastoma(NB),arterial hypertension and chronic renal failure. This PAA was Ca++, TXB2 and cAMP dependent; it was moderately inhibited in vitro by Igs and FFP, but persisted after 5 days of Igs infusion (0.3g/Kg/day). Treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole (10mg/Kg/day each) suppressed the patient platelet auto-aggregation although the PAA persisted (follow up:10months). The PAA did not seem to be related with the NB (absence of GD2 ganglioside, specific marker of NB); it could be related with anti platelet antibodies. The coexistence of the two abnormalities could not be demonstrated in our patients.In conclusion, a vWF HMWM decrease was found in 3 out of 8 children patients with HUS. Its presence was not correlated with the severity of the disease. We could demonstrate the presence of PAA during childhood HUS in only 1 post bone-marrow graft case. The PAA characterization is useful for therapeutic decisions and contributes to a better pathogenetic understanding.

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Rubalskii, E., S. Rümke, K. Hermes, S. Rustum, C. Salmoukas, R. Natanov, O. Gryshkov, et al. "Prevention of Aortic Graft Infections Using Therapeutic Bacteriophages." In 51st Annual Meeting of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (DGTHG). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1742850.

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Lee, Eva K., Zhuonan Li, Ling Ling, Ankit Agarwal, Michael Wright, and Alexander Quarshie. "Reducing surgical-site infections for coronary artery bypass graft patients." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibm.2016.7822656.

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Siregar, Yosef Aloys Hamonangan, Marshal, and Dody Prabisma Pohan. "The Difference of Spirometry Result before and after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Procedure." In The 2nd International Conference on Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009862501640166.

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Karkhanis, Teja, Farhan Zafar, Brian Juarez, David Luis-Simon Morales, and Balakrishna Haridas. "Novel Bio-Synthetic Graft for Tracheal Reconstruction in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Tracheal Stenosis: In Vitro Studies of Axial, and Bending Biomechanics." In 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3226.

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Congenital Tracheal Stenosis (CTS) is a rare birth defect requiring surgical interventions when it affects more than 30% of the trachea. Slide tracheoplasty, the current standard of care, is associated with reinterventions including the need for intraluminal stenting leading to increased airway infections. We propose a novel Bio-Synthetic Graft for long segment tracheal reconstructions in CTS patients. Preliminary bench performance testing, using lamb tracheas, shows that the Bio-Synthetic Graft reconstructed tracheas have comparable radial, axial and bending stiffness in hyperextension to healthy tracheas and resist collapse when subjected to bending in flexion. These results suggest that Bio-Synthetic Graft could be a promising alternative to existing solutions for long segment CTS.

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Reports on the topic "Graft infection"

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Wang, Li Fang, Yan Ting Cao, Tegeleqi Bu, Lin Fu, Jun Li Liu, and Jing Zhao. Do We Receive Cytomegalovirus Vaccination Before Solid Organ Transplant: a Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0143.

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Review question / Objective: We compared cytomegalovirus (CMV) vaccination for solid organ transplantation recipients ( SOTs) with placebo treatment, to investigate the efficacy and safety for the prevention of CMV infection in SOTs. Condition being studied: Patients after solid organ transplantation subsequently become immunosuppressed, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common opportunistic pathogen to this population. The prevalence of CMV infection can reach 50% in the general population, and further up to 64-72% in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTs). CMV seropositive donors (CMV D+) puts even more pressure of CMV infection for SOTs. Post-transplant CMV infection can lead to neutropenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, tissue/end-organ invasive CMV disease (gastroenteritis, pneumonia, hepatitis, encephalitis), other infectious diseases, graft dysfunction, and multiple organ failure. CMV can disturb immune cell function, thus is one of the major risk factors that increase mortality within 6 months after transplantation. However, practical, effective method to prevent postoperative CMV infection for SOTs remains unresolved. Vaccination of CMV is only at clinical trials stage. To date, there is a lack of guidelines or consensus for preventing CMV disease for SOTs. Given the increasing clinical trials of CMV vaccination, it is important to clarify the evidence-based benefits and risks of CMV vaccination for SOTs, and to provide the best CMV disease prevention measurements.

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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.

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1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.

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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Phosphorylative Transduction of Developmental and Pathogenicity-Related Cues in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586472.bard.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is among the world's most successful and omnivorous fungal plant pathogens. Included in the more than 400 species of plants reported as hosts to this fungus are canola, alfalfa, soybean, sunflower, dry bean, and potato. The general inability to develop resistant germplasm with these economically important crops to this pathogen has focused attention on the need for a more detailed examination of the pathogenic determinants involved in disease development. This proposal involved experiments that examined the involvement of protein phosphorylation during morphogenesis (hyphal elongation and sclerotia formation) and pathogenesis (oxalic acid). Data obtained from our laboratories during the course of this project substantiates the fact that kinases and phosphatases are involved and important for these processes. A mechanistic understanding of the successful strategy(ies) used by S . sclerotiorum in infecting and proliferating in host plants and this linkage to fungal development will provide targets and/or novel approaches with which to design resistant crop plants including interference with fungal pathogenic development. The original objectives of this grant included: I. Clone the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit gene from S.sclerotiorum and determine its role in fungal pathogenicity, OA production (OA) and/or morphogenesis (sclerotia formation). II. Clone and characterize the catalytic and regulatory subunits of the protein phosphatase PP2A holoenzyme complex and determine their role in fungal pathogenicity and/or morphogenesis as well as linkage with PKA-regulation of OA production and sclerotia formation. III. Clone and characterize the adenylate cyclase-encoding gene from S . sclerotiorum and detennine its relationship to the PKA/PP2A-regulated pathway. IV. Analyze the expression patterns of the above-mentioned genes and their products during pathogenesis and determine their linkage with infection and fungal growth.

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Splitter, Gary, and Menachem Banai. Attenuated Brucella melitensis Rough Rev1 Vaccine. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7585199.bard.

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The original objectives of the proposal were: 1. Compare mutants 444 and 710 to Rev1 (parent strain), and 16M (field strain) in murine and human macrophage lines for phenotypic differences. 2. Determine in vivo virulence and survival of the mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 3. Determine humoral and cell-mediated immune responses induced by mutants 444 and 710 in guinea pigs and mice. 4. Determine in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1. Background: While human and animal brucellosis are rare in the U.S., brucellosis caused by B. melitensis remains relatively constant in Israel. Despite a national campaign to control brucellosis in Israel, the misuse of Rev1 Elberg vaccine strain among pregnant animals has produced abortion storms raising concern of human infection due to vaccine excretion in the milk. Further, some commercial Rev1 vaccine lots can: a) produce persistent infection, b) infect humans, c) be horizontally transmitted, d) cause abortion, and e) induce a persistent anti-O-polysaccharide antibody response confounding the distinction between infected and vaccinated animals. In Israel, vaccination practices have not optimally protected the milk supply from Brucella and Rev 1 vaccine can exacerbate the problem. In addition, cattle vaccinated against B. abortus are not protected against B. melitensis supporting the need for an improved vaccine. A safe vaccine used in adult animals to produce herd resistance to infection and a vaccine that can be distinguished from virulent infection is needed. A rough Rev1 vaccine would be less virulent than the parental smooth strain and permit serologic distinction between vaccinated and infected animals. Advantages of the Rev1 vaccine foundation are: 1) Rev1 vaccination of sheep and goats against B. melintensisis approved; therefore, vaccines derived from the Rev1 foundation may be readily accepted by licensing agencies as well as commercial companies, and 2) considerable data exists on Rev1vaccination and Rev1 proteins. Therefore, a post-genomic vaccine against B. melitensis based on the Rev1 foundation would provide a great advantage. Major conclusions from our work are: 1) We have determined that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in macrophages compared to virulent field strain 16M and mutant 444. 2) We have confirmed that mutant 710 is highly attenuated in guinea pigs and mice. 3) We have determined immune responses induced by mutant 710 in animals. 4) We have determined in vivo protection of mice and guinea pigs provided by mutants 444 and 710 compared to Rev1, and importantly, mutant 710 provides a high level of protection against challenge with virulent B. melitensis 16M. Thus, our data support the goals of the grant and provide the foundation for a future vaccine useful against B. melitensis in Israel. Because of patent considerations, many of our findings with 444 and 710 have not yet been published. Scientific and Agricultural Implications: Our findings support the development of a vaccine against B. melitensis based on the mutant 710. Because strain 710 is a mutant of the Elberg Rev1 vaccine, commercialization is more likely than development of an entirely new, uncharacterized Brucella mutant or strain.

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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.

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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.

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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Molecular characterization and deployment of the high-temperature adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 from wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699860.bard.

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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Virulent races that appeared within the last decade caused drastic cuts in yields. The incorporation of genetic resistance against this pathogen is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, race specific seedling resistance genes provide only a temporary solution because fungal populations rapidly evolve to overcome this type of resistance. In contrast, high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance genes provide a broad spectrum resistance that is partial and more durable. The cloning of the first wheat HTAP stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 (Science 2009, 323:1357), funded by our previous (2007-2010) BARD grant, provided us for the first time with an entry point for understanding the mechanism of broad spectrum resistance. Two paralogous copies of this gene are tightly linked at the Yr36 locus (WKS1 and WKS2). The main objectives of the current study were to characterize the Yr36 (WKS) resistance mechanism and to identify and characterize alternative WKSgenes in wheat and wild relatives. We report here that the protein coded by Yr36, designated WKS1, that has a novel architecture with a functional kinase and a lipid binding START domain, is localized to chloroplast. Our results suggest that the presence of the START domain may affect the kinase activity. We have found that the WKS1 was over-expressed on leaf necrosis in wheat transgenic plants. When the isolated WKS1.1 splice variant transcript was transformed into susceptible wheat it conferred resistance to stripe rust, but the truncated variant WKS1.2 did not confer resistance. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 showed different lipid binding profiling. WKS1.1 enters the chloroplast membrane, while WKS1.2 is only attached outside of the chloroplast membrane. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of the recombinant protein of TmtAPXwas found to be reduced by WKS1.1 protein in vitro. The WKS1.1 mature protein in the chloroplast is able to phosphorylate TmtAPXprotein in vivo. WKS1.1 induced cell death by suppressing APX activity and reducing the ability of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen. The decrease of APX activity reduces the ability of the plant to detoxify the reactive H2O2 and is the possible mechanism underlying the accelerated cell death observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing WKS1.1 and in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural WKS1.1 gene. WKS2 is a nonfunctional paralog of WKS1 in wild emmer wheat, probably due to a retrotransposon insertion close to the alternative splicing site. In some other wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops comosa, there is only one copy of this gene, highly similar to WKS2, which is lucking the retrotransposon insertion. WKS2 gene present in wheat and WKS2-Ae from A. showed a different pattern of alternative splice variants, regardless of the presence of the retrotransposon insertion. Susceptible Bobwhite transformed with WKS2-Ae (without retrotansposon insertion in intron10), which derived from Aegilops comosaconferred resistance to stripe rust in wheat. The expression of WKS2-Ae in transgenic plants is up-regulated by temperature and pathogen infection. Combination of WKS1 and WKS2-Ae shows improved stripe rust resistance in WKS1×WKS2-Ae F1 hybrid plants. The obtained results show that WKS1 protein is accelerating programmed cell death observed in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural or transgenic WKS1 gene. Furthermore, characterization of the epistatic interactions of Yr36 and Yr18 demonstrated that these two genes have additive effects and can therefore be combined to increase partial resistance to this devastating pathogen of wheat. These achievements may have a broad impact on wheat breeding efforts attempting to protect wheat yields against one of the most devastating wheat pathogen.

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Bercovier, Herve, Raul Barletta, and Shlomo Sela. Characterization and Immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis Secreted and Cellular Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573078.bard.

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Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular vaccine against paratuberculosis based on protein antigen(s). A prerequisite to achieve this goal is to analyze and characterize Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Mpt) secreted and cellular proteins eliciting a protective immune response. In the context of this general objective, we proposed to identify, clone, produce, and characterize: the Mpt 85B antigen and other Mpt immunoreactive secreted proteins, the Mpt L7/L12 ribosomal protein and other immunoreactive cellular proteins, Mpt protein determinants involved in invasion of epithelial cells, and Mpt protein antigens specifically expressed in macrophages. Paratuberculosis is still a very serious problem in Israel and in the USA. In the USA, a recent survey evaluated that 21.6% of the dairy herd were infected with Mpt resulting in 200-250 million dollars in annual losses. Very little is known on the virulence factors and on protective antigens of Mpt. At present, the only means of controlling this disease are culling or vaccination. The current vaccines do not allow a clear differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. Our long-term goal is to develop an efficient acellular paratuberculosis vaccine based on Mpt protein antigen(s) compatible with diagnostic tests. To achieve this goal it is necessary to analyze and characterize secreted and cellular proteins candidate for such a vaccine. Representative Mpt libraries (shuttle plasmid and phage) were constructed and used to study Mpt genes and gene products described below and will be made available to other research groups. In addition, two approaches were performed which did not yield the expected results. Mav or Mpt DNA genes that confer upon Msg or E. coli the ability to invade and/or survive within HEp-2 cells were not identified. Likewise, we were unable to characterize the 34-39 kDa induced secreted proteins induced by stress factors due to technical difficulties inherent to the complexity of the media needed to support substantial M. pt growth. We identified, isolated, sequenced five Mpt proteins and expressed four of them as recombinant proteins that allowed the study of their immunological properties in sensitized mice. The AphC protein, found to be up regulated by low iron environment, and the SOD protein are both involved in protecting mycobacteria against damage and killing by reactive oxygen (Sod) and nitrogen (AhpC) intermediates, the main bactericidal mechanisms of phagocytic cells. SOD and L7/L12 ribosomal proteins are structural proteins constitutively expressed. 85B and CFP20 are both secreted proteins. SOD, L7/L12, 85B and CFP20 were shown to induce a Th1 response in immunized mice whereas AphC was shown by others to have a similar activity. These proteins did not interfere with the DTH reaction of naturally infected cows. Cellular immunity provides protection in mycobacterial infections, therefore molecules inducing cellular immunity and preferentially a Th1 pathway will be the best candidate for the development of an acellular vaccine. The proteins characterized in this grant that induce a cell-mediated immunity and seem compatible with diagnostic tests, are good candidates for the construction of a future acellular vaccine.

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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.

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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.

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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).

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