Journal articles: 'Gradualist approach to change'

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Gates, Carolyn L. "Foreign Direct Investment, Institutional Change, and Vietnam´s Gradualist Approach to Reform." Southeast Asian Affairs 1995 1995, no. 1 (March 1995): 382–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/seaa95v.

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Ahluwalia, Montek S. "Economic Reforms in India Since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533002760278721.

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Opinions on the causes of India's growth deceleration vary. World economic growth was slower in the second half of the 1990s, and that would have had some dampening effect, but India's dependence on the world economy is not large enough for this to account for the slowdown. Critics of liberalization have blamed the slowdown on the effect of trade policy reforms on domestic industry. However, the opposite view is that the slowdown is due not to the effects of reforms, but rather to the failure to implement the reforms effectively. This in turn is often attributed to India's gradualist approach to reform, which has meant a frustratingly slow pace of implementation. However, even a gradualist pace should be able to achieve significant policy changes over ten years. This paper examines India's experience with gradualist reforms from this perspective.

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Kantor, Jamison. "Immortality, Romanticism, and the Limit of the Liberal Imagination." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 133, no. 3 (May 2018): 508–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2018.133.3.508.

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At Margaret hatcher's funeral, in 2013, attendees received a program with William Wordsworth's Immortality Ode printed on the back. This was unsurprising. he ode has always been popular with igures who champion liberal capitalist democracy as the most efective form of governance, one that delivers reform through incremental change and pragmatic policies rather than revolutionary idealism. Framed by the current unrest in Western civic life, this essay paints a darker picture of this reigning political order. Considering readings of the ode by John Stuart Mill, Cleanth Brooks, and Lionel Trilling, I suggest that the poem allowed liberal intellectuals to romanticize reformist politics. For these readers, Wordsworth reveals a core of sublime possibility within systems built on routinized order. However, idealizing a gradualist approach to reform allows progress to be pushed into the future indeinitely. Tracing the commitment to practical sublimity may reveal an emergent theory of liberal technocracy, in which citizens are compelled to operate under a vast, incomprehensible array of protocols that never quite deliver meaningful social change.

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Duzinskas, Raimundas, and Arturas Jurgelevicius. "25 Years on the Way to Market Economy: Progress or Regression. The Case of Lithuania." Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 6, no. 4 (2021): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.64.3001.

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After the collapse of central planned economy in Central and Eastern Europe, all affected countries experienced dramatic change towards the market economy. Seemingly, market economy could bring prosperity and plant “american dream” in Central and Eastern Europe. However, the way towards market economy of every country became not that easy as was thought primarily. Different models of transition period did not bring rapid results, however. “Shock Therapy” or gradualist approach was the central pillar of debates of economists and politicians. However, none of them could predict the exact consequences to the development of economies. The official approach to market economy was considered liberalization. The creation of extremely important preconditions for transitions was lacking. The most important market institutes such as social capital, human resources were not created timely which caused long social economic consequences to countries’ development. Lithuanian experience of transforming economy and integration to EU is analyzed in the paper. Lithuanian experience might be applicable to other potential candidate countries. In order to identify the level of development such indicators were selected: competitiveness index, rate of social exclusion and at risk of poverty, GDP growth rate, minimum wage and others.

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Šimić Banović, Ružica, Martina Basarac Sertić, and Valentina Vučković. "The Speed of Large-Scale Transformation of Political and Economic Institutions." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 555–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.18.4.3.

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This article compares the applicability of both the gradual and the shock therapy approach to reform implementation in large-scale change. Using quantitative data, it aims to provide more evidence for the lessons learned from post-socialist transformation. Hence it adds a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the body of literature on great transformations, focusing on their speed and the acceptability of related policy solutions. Despite the predominant inclination towards the gradualist approach to reforms in the initial transition years, economic indicators suggest that the big bang reformers have demonstrated a superior performance over the last (few) decade(s). Still, the approach to (post-)transition processes should be multidimensional and include more than the speed of transformation and key economic indicators. Therefore, a quantitative analysis covers several aspects of socioeconomic change. The analysis of the quality of democracy, market economy, and management performance in post-socialist EU member states indicates that over the last decade the countries that applied the shock therapy approach have performed significantly better in all these areas. This suggests that slow reformers are lagging behind in the development of democratic institutions and a modern market economy, and presumably have insufficient capacities to rapidly catch up with fast reformers. Further research on this topic should tackle the deep roots of socioeconomic development and path-dependent choices (reform speed included), proximity to Western countries, the possible effects of other specific circumstances (such as war), the importance of selected institutions on the performance of post-socialist non-EU member states, and other limitations.

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Hudečková, H., and M. Lošťák. "Preparation and implementation of the Programme SAPARD: Who might be winners and losers." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 12 (March 2, 2012): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5447-agricecon.

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The paper addresses the first experience with the SAPARD Programme in the Czech Republic. Its theoretical background refers to gradualist and shock approaches in coping with social change. These approaches are connected either with theoretical fundaments of neo-classical economic theories (shock approach and methodological individualism; homo-oeconomicus), or classical sociological theories (institutions, norms and rules, social embeddedness, methodological collectivism and Durkheim’s social fact). An empirical section of the paper is based on findings from field work and interviews with the SAPARD shareholders. It shows a sociological analysis of the origin of the SAPARD Plan and compares various measures implemented under the SAPARD Programme to indicate who was the winner (medium-scale businesses and farms understanding the SAPARD as a preparation for EU membership) and loser (and why) in competing for funding related to these measures. Also the issue how the SAPARD projects applicants master their action as for preparing and submitting projects is addressed. The role of social capital in the SAPARD Programme preparation is documented.

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Nai, Peng, Yuqing Luo, and Guang Yang. "The establishment of carbon trading market in People’s Republic of China." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-02-2016-0020.

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Purpose This study aims to propose a set of institutional frameworks, as well as practical polices and steps, with a view to facilitating the establishment of a unified carbon trading market in China. Design/methodology/approach Based on existing empirical studies and reviews of the socioeconomic contexts, this study followed a qualitative approach consisting of secondary data collection and analysis, semi-structured interviews to collect primary data and comparative analysis. Findings The establishment of a national carbon trading market in China is a systemic and complex process which requires coordination among various concerned government agencies and supporting mechanisms. Currently, the development of a unified national carbon market has been impeded by the lack of coordination among local pilot programs, and there is no specific law passed by the People’s Congress or by its Standing Committee to regulate the emerging carbon trading market. It is of vital importance for China, in terms of both practical and strategic aspects, to take a gradualist approach in establishing laws and institutions to guide and support the development of its emerging carbon market. Research limitations/implications This present study forms a part of a regional research project aiming to identify sound policy approaches for the establishment of a carbon trading market in China. Due to scope reasons, it focuses only on policy analysis and recommendations. Originality/value China’s emerging national carbon trading market has attracted much research attention. However, little has been done from the perspectives of legislations and policies.

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Kopsidis, Michael, and Daniel W. Bromley. "Explaining German Economic Modernization: The French Revolution, Prussian Reforms, and the Inevitable Continuity of Change." Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 72, no. 4 (December 2017): 729–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ahsse.2021.11.

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The centuries-long path to German industrialization must be understood as a gradual institutional evolution in response to new circumstances, new opportunities, and new scarcities. Efforts to identify a single deus ex machina—whether Napoleon, Prussian reformers, or some other exogenous driver—do not lead to convincing results. Gradualism offers a plausible account of how a market economy and capitalism took root in German society. Only those German regions that had successfully launched gradual institutional reforms in the eighteenth century were well situated, by the early years of the nineteenth century, to move quickly to an identifiable market economy. Against this background we discuss the role of Prussia and Napoleon in modernizing the institutional framework of the German economy. The Prussian model of agrarian reforms and economic freedom represents a profound event in the history of economic development. A comparable strategic approach was absent in all French-controlled territories before or after 1815. Prussian reformers were the first in history to embrace a multi-sectoral strategy of rural development, enabling them to successfully combine growth with equity.

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Hunt, Gene. "Gradual or pulsed evolution: when should punctuational explanations be preferred?" Paleobiology 34, no. 3 (2008): 360–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07073.1.

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The problem of gradual versus punctuated change within phyletic lineages can be understood in terms of the homogeneity of evolutionary dynamics. Hypotheses of punctuated change imply that the rules governing evolutionary change shift over time such that the normal dynamics of stasis are temporarily suspended, permitting a period of net evolutionary change. Such explanations are members of a larger class of models in which evolutionary dynamics are in some way heterogeneous over time. In this paper, I develop a likelihood-based statistical framework to evaluate the support for this kind of evolutionary model. This approach divides evolutionary sequences into nonoverlapping segments, each of which is fit to a separate evolutionary model. Models with heterogeneous dynamics are generally more complex—they require more parameters to specify—than uniform evolutionary models such as random walks and stasis. The Akaike Information Criterion can be used to judge whether the greater complexity of punctuational models is offset by a sufficient gain in log-likelihood for these models to be preferred.I use this approach to analyze three case studies for which punctuational explanations have been proposed. In the first, a model of punctuated evolution best accounted for changes in pygidial morphology within a lineage of the trilobiteFlexicalymene, but the uniform model of an unbiased random walk remains a plausible alternative. Body size evolution in the radiolarianPseudocubus vemawas neither purely gradual nor completely pulsed. Instead, the best-supported explanation posited a single, pulsed increase, followed later by a shift to an unbiased random walk. Finally, for the much-analyzed claim of “punctuated gradualism“ in the foraminiferaGloborotalia, the best-supported model implied two periods of stasis separated by a period of elevated but not inherently directional evolution. Although the conclusions supported by these analyses generally refined rather than overturned previous views, the present approach differs from those prior in that all competing interpretations were formalized into explicit statistical models, allowing their relative support to be unambiguously compared.

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Kucera, Michal, and Björn A. Malmgren. "Differences between evolution of mean form and evolution of new morphotypes: an example from Late Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera." Paleobiology 24, no. 1 (1998): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300019965.

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Morphological evolution in the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Contusotruncana lineage of planktonic foraminifera was studied at DSDP Sites 525 (South Atlantic) and 384 (North Atlantic). A multivariable approach was used to separate aspects of form controlled by geographical variation (size, spiral roundness of the test, percentage of kummerform specimens) from those due to changes that occurred simultaneously in geographically distant populations of the lineage (shell conicity, number of chambers in the last whorl).A gradual increase in mean shell conicity was observed over the last 3 million years of the Cretaceous. It arose from the combination of a rapid development of highly conical shells after 68.5 Ma and a long-term trend of progressive disappearance of the ancestral morphotype. Therefore, despite the gradual change in “mean form,” the morphological evolution in the Contusotruncana lineage differs from the classical image of phyletic gradualism. The gradual increase in mean shell conicity in the lineage was accompanied by a remarkable decrease in its absolute abundance (shell accumulation rate), suggesting that the changes in shell morphology might not have been neutral with respect to natural selection. Apparently, gradual change in “mean form” of fossil lineages does not require an equally gradual development of morphological novelties. It may be caused by natural selection operating on a constant range of variation in populations living in environments without geographical barriers.

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Brunnermeier, Markus K., Michael Sockin, and Wei Xiong. "China's Gradualistic Economic Approach and Financial Markets." American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171035.

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China's gradualistic approach allowed the government to learn how the economy reacts to small policy changes, and to adjust its reforms before implementing them in full. With fully developed financial markets, however, private actors may front-run future policy changes, making it impossible to implement policies gradually. With financial markets, the government faces a time-inconsistency problem. The government would like to commit to a gradualistic approach, but after it observes the economy's quick reaction, it has no incentive to implement its policies in small steps.

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Skelton, Alan. "Development Sites: a gradualist approach to strategic redefinition." British Journal of Sociology of Education 11, no. 4 (December 1990): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0142569900110402.

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Rightmire, G. Philip. "Stasis in Homo erectus defended." Paleobiology 12, no. 3 (1986): 324–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300013828.

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Wolpoff's (1984) recent discussion of evolutionary rates in Homo erectus deserves careful study. Whether Homo erectus or other hominid species exhibit gradual, continuous change in key characters or whether instead there is evidence for morphological stasis in the fossil record is an important question. By allocating all Homo erectus specimens to three groups of early, intermediate, and later geological age and by comparing group means for 13 measurements, Wolpoff attempts to show that gradualism is the rule for this mid-Pleistocene taxon. This method is straightforward, but it is crucial that the samples be composed in a manner which is biologically reasonable. I argue here that Wolpoff has not done this. While there may be legitimate doubt concerning sorting of the fossils, especially where specimens are incomplete, several of the individuals said to be representative of Homo erectus are simply inappropriate for use in this analysis. Wolpoff insists that he has employed a “conservative” definition of the species, but instead he has measured everything in sight. This approach to the record does influence his results.

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Nguyen, Duc-Tho (Tom), Tran-Phuc Nguyen, and Jeremy D. K. Nguyen. "Vietnam's SCIC: a gradualist approach to sovereign wealth funds." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 17, no. 2 (May 2012): 268–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2012.668065.

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Chanan, A., J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, and D. Sharma. "A gradualist approach to address Australia's urban water challenge." Desalination 249, no. 3 (December 2009): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.012.

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Caivano, José Luis. "A Gradualist Perspective for the Semiotic Approach to Visual Images." Proceedings of the 14th World Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies (IASS/AIS) 8 (2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24308/iass-2019-8-005.

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Hodgson, Max. "A Gradualist Approach to Criminality: Early British Socialists, Utopia and Crime." SHARE: Studies In History, Archaeology, Religion And Conservation 2, no. 1 (December 25, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/share.7.

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Marangos, John. "A Political Economy Approach to the Neoclassical Gradualist Model of Transition." Journal of Economic Surveys 19, no. 2 (April 2005): 263–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00247.x.

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Katz, Barbara G., and Joel Owen. "Choosing between Big-Bang and Gradualist Reforms: An Option Price Approach." Journal of Comparative Economics 28, no. 1 (March 2000): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcec.1999.1628.

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Clavel San Emeterio, Mónica, Rubén Fernández-Ortiz, Jesús Arteaga-Ortiz, and Pablo Dorta-González. "Measuring the gradualist approach to internationalization: Empirical evidence from the wine sector." PLOS ONE 13, no. 5 (May 4, 2018): e0196804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196804.

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Rafferty, Janet. "Gradual or Step-Wise Change: The Development of Sedentary Settlement Patterns in Northeast Mississippi." American Antiquity 59, no. 3 (July 1994): 405–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282455.

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Culture historians working on the Archaic and Woodland periods in eastern North America have adopted an essentialist view of settlement-subsistence relations, while processual archaeologists often have employed concepts emphasizing transformational relations to characterize settlement-pattern change. Selectionist theory uses detailed examination of variability in explaining change. Seven variables measured on a sequence of seriated Archaic and Woodland assemblages from sites in northeast Mississippi show sudden settlement-pattern change at the beginning of the Middle Woodland; this is interpreted as the advent of settled life in the study area. This case contradicts gradualist and essentialist settlement-subsistence scenarios. Such analyses hold promise for identifying the selective pressures at work when settlement patterns change.

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Bell, Graham. "Fluctuating selection: the perpetual renewal of adaptation in variable environments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1537 (January 12, 2010): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0150.

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Darwin insisted that evolutionary change occurs very slowly over long periods of time, and this gradualist view was accepted by his supporters and incorporated into the infinitesimal model of quantitative genetics developed by R. A. Fisher and others. It dominated the first century of evolutionary biology, but has been challenged in more recent years both by field surveys demonstrating strong selection in natural populations and by quantitative trait loci and genomic studies, indicating that adaptation is often attributable to mutations in a few genes. The prevalence of strong selection seems inconsistent, however, with the high heritability often observed in natural populations, and with the claim that the amount of morphological change in contemporary and fossil lineages is independent of elapsed time. I argue that these discrepancies are resolved by realistic accounts of environmental and evolutionary changes. First, the physical and biotic environment varies on all time-scales, leading to an indefinite increase in environmental variance over time. Secondly, the intensity and direction of natural selection are also likely to fluctuate over time, leading to an indefinite increase in phenotypic variance in any given evolving lineage. Finally, detailed long-term studies of selection in natural populations demonstrate that selection often changes in direction. I conclude that the traditional gradualist scheme of weak selection acting on polygenic variation should be supplemented by the view that adaptation is often based on oligogenic variation exposed to commonplace, strong, fluctuating natural selection.

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Heaphy, Liam. "Data ratcheting and data-driven organisational change in transport." Big Data & Society 6, no. 2 (July 2019): 205395171986735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951719867359.

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This article explores the process by which intelligent transport system technologies have further advanced a data-driven culture in public transport and traffic control. Based on 12 interviews with transport engineers and fieldwork visits to three control rooms, it follows the implementation of Real-Time Passenger Information in Dublin and the various technologies on which it is dependent. It uses the concept of ‘data ratcheting’ to describe how a new data-driven rational order supplants a gradualist, conservative ethos, creating technological dependencies that pressure organisations to take control of their own data and curate accessibility to outside organisations. It is argued that the implementation of Real-Time Passenger Information forms part of a changing landscape of urban technologies as cities move from a phase of opening data silos and expanded communication across departments and with citizens towards one in which new streams of digital data are recognised for their value in stabilising novel forms of city administration.

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Goo, Say, and Bryane Michael. "What Does Corporate Governance Regulation in Hong Kong Teach Us About Incremental Legal Change?" Business Law Review 38, Issue 3 (May 1, 2017): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula2017014.

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Why does regulatory change occur much more slowly in some jurisdictions than in others? In this article, we look at the gradualist pace of Hong Kong’s corporate governance-related regulatory reform – particularly with regard to shareholder protection. We extend the concept of ‘legal transactions costs’ to explain such slow change. Costs of learning, experimenting and satisfying various constituencies about the advantages to their own interests of such reform represent some of these legal transactions costs. We describe how such legal transactions costs have worked against the creation of a minority shareholders’ association, the professionalization of board-directorships and the incorporation of soft law provisions in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange’s Listing Rules into hard law. We describe what the end result of such reform might look like – to assess the gap between current and possibly reformed corporate governance.

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Tyushka, Andriy. "Association Through Approximation: Procedural Law and Politics of Legislative and Regulatory Approximation in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement." Baltic Journal of European Studies 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2015-0005.

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AbstractAgainst the context of the evolution of the European Union's association agreements as transformative tools beyond the organizational boundaries, this article seeks to develop an account for understanding legislative and regulatory approximation mechanisms as the essential elements for the exercise of the Union's normative and regulatory impact. It therefore distinguishes between both concepts and provides a legal and political science explorations of what the legislative and regulatory approximations are, and what are their substantial rationale and procedural features in the context of ‘gradualist’ convergence approach enshrined in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement.

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Soliman, A. S. "The Loss of Predictability of Monetary Policy in a Macrodynamic System: Highly Intertwined Absolute and Transient Basins of Attraction." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 08, no. 10 (October 1998): 2061–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127498001716.

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The implications of studying basins of attraction as regards monetary policy in a model describing inflation and unemployment is presented. It is shown that when basin boundaries are highly intertwined this may lead to unpredicability in monetary policy, since we cannot determine the final states of the system. We illustrate how basins of attraction may be used to determine whether successive small reductions in the monetary growth rate (gradualist approach), as opposed to a one time reduction (shock approach), would be more successful in achieving the desired levels of inflation (expected inflation) and unemployment. Furthermore, an example is presented on how the concept of transient basins, could be more relevant in the study of economic systems in the ever-changing environment.

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Pluckhahn, Thomas J., Martin Menz, Shaun E. West, and Neill J. Wallis. "A NEW HISTORY OF COMMUNITY FORMATION AND CHANGE AT KOLOMOKI (9ER1)." American Antiquity 83, no. 2 (January 18, 2018): 320–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2017.62.

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We present a revised chronology for the Kolomoki site (9ER1) in Georgia, occupied primarily during the Middle and Late Woodland periods (ca. 200 BC to AD 1050). The considerable extent of the site has been noted for more than a century but came into sharper focus with the archaeological investigations by Sears (1956) and Pluckhahn (2003). The site includes at least nine mounds, a large central plaza, and a discontinuous habitation area nearly a kilometer in diameter. Previous interpretations assumed gradual and incremental changes in the community plan. We present a greatly revised chronology, based on new investigations in some of the lesser-known portions of the site and a doubling of the number of absolute dates. Bayesian modeling of these and previous dates reveals that, far from the gradualist assumption of previous work, the community at Kolomoki was dynamically transformed several times in its history, reaching its greatest spatial extent and formal complexity in two relatively short-lived phases. In these intervals, the village incorporated permanent residents and visitors into a single community in which daily face-to-face interactions were minimized even as communal identity was celebrated.

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Marangos, John. "Preventive Therapy: The Neoclassical Gradualist Model of Transition from Central Administration to Market Relations." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1604 (January 1, 2002): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2002.119.

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The fundamental basis of the neoclassical gradualist approach to transition in Russia and Eastern Europe was to establish economic, institutional, political, and ideological structures before attempting liberalization. Without this minimum foundation, radical reforms would have inhibited the development of a competitive market capitalist system. This was because "privatization, marketization, and the introduction of competition cannot be contemplated in an economy reduced to barter" (Carrington 1992, 24). Also, implementation of the reform program required minimum standards ofliving; otherwise the social fabric of the whole society would have been at risk. The reform had to foster a social consensus that endorsed a system of secure private property rights (Murrell, 1995, 171) and had to be guided by the principles of voluntariness and free choice (Kornai, 1992b, 17).

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Gu, Edward X. "Elitist democracy and China's democratization: A gradualist approach towards democratic transition by a group of Chinese intellectuals." Democratization 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 84–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510349708403516.

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Pigozzo, Francesco. "Sovereignty and Democracy: Overcoming Supranational Mutual Double-Binds from the Eurozone." Perspectives on Federalism 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pof-2016-0002.

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Abstract EU and EMU are facing a hastened phase of structural rather than episodic crisis, following the progressive shift of the world order from a bipolar toward a multi-polar system. From the sovereign debt trap to migratory pressures and security threats, all European crisis are intimately interdependent and long awaited rather than unexpected, since their origins trace back to a lack of reactivity of the European unification process to the progressive weakening of US hegemony in the world from 1971 onward. In this paper I point out that two double-binds mutually prevent a full (and widespread) understanding of Europe’s situation and avoid for this reason a fully structural approach to the institutional reforming process in the EU: a ‘sovereignty double-bind’ and a ‘democracy double-bind’. An effective roadmap toward political unification should primarily aim at tackling these misrepresentations instead of embracing them in the form of a gradualist approach to legitimacy issues.

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Zharikov, Mikhail. "A Debt Market Model for the BRICS." Economies 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies9010004.

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The author introduces an approach for a consensual economic policy for a group of rapidly developing countries as a response to contemporary global economic challenges. This article reconsiders the problems of international economic integration in the period of deglobalization. The author puts forward the hypothetical model of a debt market of BRICS-bonds. The paper discusses approaches to servicing government debt and budget deficits in the BRICS based on the shared framework of financial and economic institutions. The author formulates the possibilities of a shared economic policy in the BRICS that could help overcome the consequences of the crisis caused by COVID-19. The author proposes a unique budget deficit optimization approach for the BRICS. The article evaluates the options for automatic and state-run budget deficit services and identifies the optimal level of taxation and the average weighted tax rate for the BRICS. The author investigates the potential of the BRICS to use financial resources of the shared debt market based on the gradualist approach for a consensual economic policy.

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VEEBEL, VILJAR, and ANDRA NAMM. "Testing the models of transition in practice: the case-studies of Estonia and Slovenia." Revista de Economia Política 36, no. 2 (June 2016): 389–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572015v36n02a08.

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ABSTRACT The following study is based on the comparison of the actual transition processes in Estonia and Slovenia in 1991-2000 with the aim of testing two conceptual models (shock therapy versus gradualism) of transition theory in practice. This article has two main goals, closely interlinked with each other. The first task is to analyse whether the reform paths undertaken by Estonia and Slovenia followed the theoretical concepts of 'shock therapy' and 'gradualism', the models the states are often symbolising in theoretical debates. The second task is to evaluate the ability of the theoretical models to correctly allocate the classical country examples to the shock therapy and gradualist models. This research study is also interested in what are the advantages and disadvantages of a polarised approach to transition theory models and how these models can be improved.

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Yang, Hao, and Zhiqiang Ma. "Challenges to Overcome and Scaffolding to Build on." International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 9, no. 3 (July 2019): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2019070104.

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While current research on the flipped classroom generally focuses on test results and (or) student/teacher perceptions as a measurement of its pedagogical efficacy, students' adaptation to it and the essential conditions for its application are rarely explored. This exploratory case study aims to rectify this by examining how university students adapted to flipped classrooms implemented in a public university in East China. The findings suggest that while the flipped model is impeded by entrenched polarity between students in terms of their learning dispositions and academic competence, students do develop a prototype of theories of learning, a sense of better self through learning from their peers and an awareness of the importance of intrinsic motivation. A gradualist approach is thus proposed for implementing flipped classrooms, which requires longitudinal studies accordingly to understand its long-term effects on learning behavior hitherto left unexplored.

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Del Savio, Lorenzo. "Anti-Immigration Backlashes as Constraints." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 23, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-019-10058-y.

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AbstractMigration often causes what I refer to in this paper as ‘anti-immigration backlashes’ in receiving countries. Such reactions have substantial costs in terms of the undermining of national solidarity and the diffusion of political distrust. In short, anti-immigration backlashes can threaten the social and political stability of receiving countries. Do such risks constitute a reason against permissive immigration policies which are otherwise desirable? I argue that a positive answer may depend on a skeptical view based on the alleged constraints that certain political facts - especially facts about human nature - pose on political intervention. This view does not stand conceptual and empirical scrutiny in the case of anti-immigration backlashes, where feasibility comes in degree. Yet focusing on the recalcitrance to change of these facts is practically important when devising action plans. This pragmatic core of the skeptical view yields a gradualist and naturalistic way of thinking about constraints in political theorising about migration, and elsewhere.

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GILLION, MARIANNE C. E. "Editorial endeavours: plainchant revision in early modern Italian printed graduals." Plainsong and Medieval Music 29, no. 1 (April 2020): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0961137120000066.

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ABSTRACTThe extensive melodic revision of plainchant in editions of the Graduale Romanum published in Italy from the late sixteenth century onward resulted in musically diverse repertoires that could depart widely from earlier chant traditions. The scale of the changes in these sources, both in type and in number, has obscured certain aspects of their editors’ work: their familiarity with the corpus, their aims and techniques, and their approach to the task. Previous analyses concluded that the editors worked on a chant-by-chant basis, and were either unaware of or ignored any shared melodic relationships between pieces of plainchant. An examination of the revisions to the recurrent melody used by the eight Ostende alleluias in three influential Italian printed graduals – Gardano 1591, Giunta 1596 and Medici 1614/15 – provides a different perspective. Analyses of the reshaped chants reveal that the editors possessed knowledge of the repertoire guiding aims, and favoured revision techniques. The combination of these factors, whether intentionally or not, resulted in the chants’ continued structural connection in the midst of increased melodic diversity. The individuation evident the chants did not necessarily signal the editors’ unfamiliarity with the repertoire, but could have been indicative of their intentional rejection of shared elements. Further, the revisions to the Ostende alleluias reveal that the editorial process could be flexible, with the chants approached both as individual entities and as groups. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the editorial process in early modern Italian printed graduals, and deepen our understanding of this multifaceted repertoire.

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Progovac, Ljiljana. "Sex and Syntax: Subjacency Revisited." Biolinguistics 3, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2009): 305–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.8709.

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Despite the sustained effort of about forty years to analyze Subjacency, to date, there has been no principled account, with the most recent attempts faring not much better than the initial proposals. It is also significant that the seeming arbitrariness of Subjacency has been used to argue that syntax could not have evolved gradually: One does not see why evolution would target a grammar with Subjacency, when its contribution to grammar is not transparent, let alone its contribution to survival. As put in Lightfoot (1991), “Subjacency has many virtues, but … it could not have increased the chances of having fruitful sex”. This article turns the argument around, and proposes that subjecting syntax to a gradualist evolutionary approach can in fact shed light on the existence of Subjacency effects. It thereby offers a reconstruction of how communicative benefits may have been involved in shaping the formal design of language.

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Mocek, Reinhard. "The Program of Proletarian Rassenhygiene." Science in Context 11, no. 3-4 (1998): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700003240.

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The ArgumentIn contrast to “socialist eugenics” as a set of ideas on how to deal with the biological problems of mankind, “proletarian race hygiene” placed its emphasis on the environmental components of human life. This mode of eugenics always assumed a change in living conditions, or social milieu, to be the key to human betterment. Its objective was a gradualist, thoroughgoing improvement of human working and living conditions in order to bring about a life of harmony, solidarity and equality. These ideas can be traced back to phrenomesmerism at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and developed through a stage closely entwined with the Marxist thought of Daniels, Engels, Bebel, etc. (which has scarcely been acknowledged by more modern Marxist literature). This tradition was picked up in the early twentieth century by the Austrian sociologist Goldscheid as well as by the developmental biologist Kammerer. These men extended these ideas and incorporated them into the framework of “proletarian race hygiene,” involving as key concepts what they called “human economy” and “organic technology.”

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Progovac, Ljiljana. "Syntax: Its Evolution and Its Representation in the Brain." Biolinguistics 4, no. 2-3 (September 30, 2010): 234–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.8789.

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Poeppel (2008) observes that there is no clear correspondence between units of analysis in linguistics (especially the abstract and arbitrary-looking principles of syntax) and biological units of neuroscience, concluding that current neurolinguistic research presents a case of cross-sterilization, rather than cross-fertilization. Here the proposal is developed that decomposing syntax into intermediate evolutionary layers, into its evolutionary primitives, not only makes syntax compatible with gradualist accounts, but it also renders it more tangible and less abstract. In this approach, at least some complexities (and oddities) of syntax, such as Subjacency effects and the small clause core, can be seen as side-effects/by-products of evolutionary tinkering. It is conceivable that such evolutionary considerations are a necessary missing ingredient in any attempt to establish links between the postulates of syntax and the units of neuroscience. This article considers concrete linguistic data and suggestions as to where and how to look for neurobiological correlates of syntax.

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Purdy, Jesse E., Arthur Harriman, and Joseph Molitorisz. "Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCV. Possible Relations between Theories of Evolution and Animal Learning." Psychological Reports 73, no. 1 (August 1993): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.211.

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It is proposed that the dominance of continuity learning theory as set against noncontinuity learning theory during the middle third of the 20th century rested importantly on its derivation from Darwin's theory of evolution. The kinship is shown in several ways. First, Thorndike and Hull echoed the principle of natural selection in their belief that behaviors underwent gradual modification because acts that were attended steadily by favorable consequences tended to occur with increasing frequency. Second, they denied both nonphysical explanations of behavior and a priori purposes which might guide that behavior. Third, the laws of learning were said to hold for all organisms. It is argued that the continuity approach may have enjoyed success because it was consistent with the Darwinian world view. Had punctualist, rather than gradualist, explanations of evolution come to the fore in the late 19th century, learning theories might have proceeded quite differently with the dominance of noncontinuity approaches.

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Song, Min Young, and Jai S. Mah. "The Belarusian Model of Economic Transition and Industrialization." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 19, no. 3 (September 8, 2020): 359–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341560.

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Abstract This article discusses the economic development of Belarus, which took the gradualist approach in transition. Rejecting the Washington Consensus—based reform, Belarus experienced a quick recovery during the 1990s and rapid economic growth during the early to mid-2000s. The government took various policy measures to ensure the structure of a centrally planned economy. These measures included price control, emphasis on the large state-owned enterprises, restrictions on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and tariff protection. Facing limits to economic growth since the late 2000s, the government has undertaken liberalization measures including price decontrol, promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises, derestriction of FDI inflows, and trade liberalization. In the meantime, realizing the role of industrialization, it placed an emphasis on development of the manufacturing sector by lowering tariff rates imposed on capital goods. Finally, the article provides policy implications for the other developing and transition economies pursuing economic development in light of the experience of Belarus.

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Trusko, Brett. "Change Your Approach." International Journal of Innovation Science 4, no. 2 (June 2012): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1757-2223.4.2.i.

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Waldron, Jeremy. "John Locke: Social Contract Versus Political Anthropology." Review of Politics 51, no. 1 (1989): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500015837.

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In the Second Treatise, John Locke presents two stories about the development of political society: (1) the dramatic story of the state of nature and social contract; and (2) a more gradualist account of the evolution of political society “by an insensible change” out of the family group. The relation between these two accounts is analyzed in order to deal with familiar objections about the historical truth and internal consistency of contract theory. It is argued that Locke regarded story (2) as the historically accurate one, but that he believed historical events needed moral interpretation. Story (1) represents a moral framework or template to be used as a basis for understanding the implications — for political obligation and political legitimacy — of story (2). Even if the whole course of the evolution of political institutions out of prepolitical society cannot be seen as a single intentional or consensual process, still individual steps in that process can be analyzed and evaluated in contractualist terms. The task of political judgment is to infer the rights and obligations of politics from this representation of political development as an overlapping series of consensual events.

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Žídek, Libor. "Economic Transformation in Slovenia: From a Model Example to the Default Edge." Review of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 159–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2016-0011.

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Abstract The Slovenian economy appeared on the brink of bankruptcy at the end of 2013. The situation was caused by high level of classified debts in state-owned banks. This can be seen as surprising because Slovenia used to be (for a long time) considered as a (textbook) example of the gradualist transformation approach. The goal of this article is first to describe the transformation process in the country and consequently to determine causes of the economic problems that resulted in the 2013 crisis. The article concludes that the economic problems were rooted already in the specific functioning of the centrally planned system in Yugoslavia. These specifics had a direct influence on the transformation process in the country and stood behind the application of gradualism. Among the most telling features of gradualism were slow privatization, cold attitude towards foreign investment and the foremost lasting casual economic environment caused by behaviour of the state-owned banks. My conclusion is that the country’s economic problems can be ascribed to gradualism and that they are a clear example of the path dependence development.

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Caserta, Joan E. "A Change in Approach." Home Healthcare Nurse: The Journal for the Home Care and Hospice Professional 5, no. 3 (May 1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004045-198705000-00001.

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Hartwell, Christopher A., and Mateusz Urban. "Burning the Rechtsstaat: legal institutions and protection of the rule of law." Journal of Institutional Economics 17, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 105–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137420000302.

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AbstractThe economic literature is clear that transparent and impartial rule of law is crucial for successful economic outcomes. However, how does one guarantee rule of law? This paper uses the idea of ‘self-reinforcing’ institutions to show how political institutions may derail rule of law if associated judicial institutions are not self-reinforcing. We illustrate this using the contrasting examples of Estonia and Poland to frame the importance of institutional context in determining both rule of law and the path of legal institutions. Although starting tabula rasa for a legal system is difficult, it worked well for rule of law in Estonia in the post-communist transition. Alternately, Poland pursued a much more gradualist strategy of reform of formal legal institutions; this approach meant that justice institutions, slow to shed their legacy and connection with the past, were relatively weak and susceptible to attack from more powerful (political) ones. We conclude that legal institutions can protect the rule of law but only if they are in line with political institutions, using their self-reinforcing nature as a shield from political whims of the day.

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Graetz, Fiona, and Aaron C. T. Smith. "Managing Organizational Change: A Philosophies of Change Approach." Journal of Change Management 10, no. 2 (June 2010): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697011003795602.

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Hakala, Emma Sofia, and Ilija Batas Bjelic. "Leapfrogging potential for sustainable energy transition in Serbia." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 10, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 381–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-12-2014-0001.

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Purpose This paper aims to look at the dilemma of promoting sustainable energy transition in post-socialist countries while containing social and economic implications, focusing on the case of Serbia. The aim is to analyse Serbian energy status taking into account historical factors, to analyse barriers that are hindering transition and to identify leapfrogging potential for the sustainable energy development of the country. Design/methodology/approach Energy transition and leapfrogging potential have been qualified and quantified by indicators, the own calculations and policy analysis to identify barriers to sustainable energy. Findings The country has vast potential for leapfrogging in energy transition, yet continues the gradualist approach based on several policy barriers to the process. The analysis shows six barriers related to low energy price, high energy intensity, prioritization of energy security, inadequacy of utilization of renewable sources, lack of policy coherence and dependency on external funding. However, these barriers could be overcome with an energy policy emphasizing leapfrogging potential. As is pointed out in the conclusion, this should be based on the difference between EU-28 average indicators, discrepancy between use and availability of renewable energy, potential for regional cooperation in the energy sector and under-used skills and participation. Originality/value The paper discusses energy transition in its historical context, arguing that it has to be considered as comprehensively with societal implications and effects, thus creating useful knowledge for other post-socialist countries in current and future transitions.

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Geddes, Pete, and Val H. Smith. "Moral Approach to Climate Change." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 9 (November 2005): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868628.

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Melnick, Joseph. "Social Change: A Gestalt Approach." Gestalt Review 26, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 118–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/gestaltreview.26.2.0118.

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ABSTRACT This article addresses some of the dilemmas generated by social change initiatives faced by Gestalt practitioners and by anyone involved in such efforts (the word practitioner is being used to include therapist, intervener, coach, and consultant). First, a few assumptions are noted, then the term social change is defined, and next the focus is on psychotherapy, which includes a case study of my experience working in a Veterans Administration Hospital. This is followed by an examination of conflict which, if not the cause of social friction, is often an outcome difficult to address. Finally, a set of process-oriented principles that can help guide social change practitioners are offered.

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de Steiguer, J. E., and William James Burroughs. "Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach." Environmental History 7, no. 1 (January 2002): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3985464.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gradualist approach to change'

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