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Yi-ting, Liu, Xu Xiao-su, Liu Xi-xiang, Zhang Tao, Li Yao, Yao Yi-qing, Wu Liang, and Tong Jin-wu. "A Fast Gradual Fault Detection Method for Underwater Integrated Navigation Systems." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 1 (June 24, 2015): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000430.
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Gradual fault detection is always an important issue in integrated navigation systems, and the gradual fault is the most difficult fault to detect. To detect gradual faults in a timely and precise manner in integrated navigation systems, the statistical concepts of the normalised residual mean and the sum of absolute residuals are introduced according to the characteristics of gradual system failure in this paper. The applicability of the improved residual χ2 detection method is discussed. Then, the gradual fault detection program based on the improved residual χ2 detection method is designed with the criterion of normalised residual mean and the sum of absolute residual. The simulation results and vehicle tests show that: 1) The residual of the failed sub-system can be calculated accurately with the improved residual χ2 detection method, which has strong applicability in gradual fault detection; 2) The gradual fault can be detected in a short time by using the normalised residual mean and the sum of absolute residual.
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Masuda, Junya. "Residual-based tests forcointegration with gradual switching." Applied Economics Letters 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2008): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850701720023.
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Zulpukarova, A. "Stages of Implementing Differentiated Instruction in the English Language Classroom." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/102/74.
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Educators understand that every student has unique gifts and challenges, interests, talents and learning styles. Differentiation and individualization of learning have repeatedly become the subject of research in pedagogy. Differentiated instruction is a practice that helps teachers understand how each child learns best. The article is devoted to the problem of gradual use of differentiated approach in teaching a foreign language. The authors describe the main stages of implementation of differentiated approach. The article also describes the history of this approach. Advantages and disadvantages of using this approach were also presented.
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Arseienko, Anatolii, and Vitalina Butkaliuk. "Reforms under the auspices of the IMF: Beware of Greeks bearing gifts." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, stmm 2019 (2) (June 14, 2019): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2019.02.169.
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The paper studies structure, content and political aspects of the International Monetary Fund’s activities from the perspective of historical and economic sociology. Attention is primarily given to IMF policies implemented in “Third World” countries and “transition” economies after the dismantling of socialism in the USSR and Eastern Europe and collapse of the socialist world system. Drawing upon the relevant literature and social survey findings, the authors argue that radical economic reforms carried out in Ukraine under the aegis of the IMF have proved useless. Furthermore, these reforms have pushed this country to the fringe of peripheral capitalism and turned it into a mere appendage to the “golden billion”. The growth in negative attitudes towards collaboration with the IMF among Ukraine’s citizens indicates a gradual rise of their awareness that there is no prospect of this country’s successful development within the framework of the global neoliberal project.
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Zhang, Wen Chu, Xue Yong Ding, and Yong Chao Xie. "Theory Simulations of Coaxial Bragg Reflectors with Gradual Change Ripples." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1618.
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Based on the coupled mode theory and the FORTRAN software, study are carried out for the frequency response in a coaxial Bragg reflector with gradual change ripples. Results show that the characteristics of frequency response in the positive gradual change or the negative gradual change ripples coaxial Bragg reflector are the agreement, and the bandwidth of the coaxial Bragg reflector with gradual change ripples can be expanded as the gradual angle augmenting when the incident mode is Single-mode and lower frequency; When the incident mode is Coupled-mode and higher frequency, the bandwidth of the operating mode and the spurious mode also all can be expanded as the gradual angle augmenting, but the negative gradual change ripples can get higher frequency than the positive gradual change when the gradual angles are same; and the residual side-lobes of the frequency response also can be effectively suppressed. These characteristics of a gradual change ripples coaxial Bragg reflector are favorable to improvement of the performance as a reflector or a filter in its applications.
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Ai Siti Nurjamilah, Welly Nores Kartadireja, Fikri Hakim, and Iis Aisyah. "UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA PADA KELOMPOK PETERNAK IKAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK DI DESA TAWANGBANTENG KEC. SUKARATU KAB. TASIKMALAYA." J-ABDI: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 8 (January 1, 2022): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/jabdi.v1i8.974.
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Household income is all income or receipts in the form of money or goods from all household members obtained, either in the form of wages/salaries, income from household businesses, other income, and income from gifts from other parties. In other words, household income is remuneration for labor production factors, remuneration for capital, as well as income derived from gifts from other parties. One of the sources of household income is livestock sector income. One way to increase household income is to develop a fish farmer group business using a biofloc system. In the village of Tawangbanteng, Sukaratu District, Tasikmalaya Regency, there is a group of fish farmers who need morel and material assistance, especially during this pandemic. The action taken is to provide knowledge about raising fish with a biofloc system as well as assistance that can provide solutions for farmers, namely the implementation of PbM-KP (Service for the Food Security Society). This service aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of fish farmer groups using the biofloc system. In addition, farmers are also given information about the system of selling or distributing livestock products, especially through online media. The method implemented in this PbM-KP activity is gradual guidance and the provision of material assistance that is considered necessary in developing the mushroom farmer group business.
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Abdel-Gawad, Shaden T., and Jatinder K. Bewtra. "Decay of chlorine in diluted municipal effluents." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-126.
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Laboratory studies were conducted to develop a model for the overall decay of total residual chlorine (TRC) under various conditions in the natural streams. This model assumes that a portion of the initial chlorine concentration is used to satisfy the immediate chlorine demand and the remainder is subject to gradual decay.The important parameters influencing the gradual decay of TRC, after mixing in the rivers, were found to be photolysis, evaporation, free radical oxidation, temperature, and turbulence. The decay rate is catalyzed by ultraviolet light and increases significantly as the ratio of area to volume of the container increases. The average level of turbulence in streams is found to approximately double the decay rate obtained under quiescent conditions. Key words: residual chlorine, natural streams, decay, evaporation, photolysis, turbulence, temperature effect, municipal effluents.
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Liu, Xiu Ying. "Experimental Study on the Law of the Ground Surface Movement on the Old Goaf in Different Mining Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.137.
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The formation process of goaf was dynamically simulated by similar material simulation esperiment. After mining coal was finished and the goaf was basically stable, deformation regularity of surface migrating was studied under gradual loading in different lacation of goaf . The results show: the residual deformation caused by load arranged on both sides of goaf is bigger than that caused by load arranged in the central of goaf. And the maximum values of residual deformation occur on both sides of goaf. The different mining conditions, load location and size will affect the residual deformation. In single mining conditions, a larger load in the both sides of goaf ,the greater the residual deformation.
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Qiu, Defu, Yuhu Cheng, and Xuesong Wang. "Gradual back-projection residual attention network for magnetic resonance image super-resolution." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 208 (September 2021): 106252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106252.
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Hai-Rong, Shi, Yu Zhi, Huang Hong-Bo, Xia Yuan-Fu, and You Xiao-Zeng. "Influence of Residual Phases on the Behaviour of Gradual Spin Transition Complexes." Chinese Physics Letters 18, no. 4 (March 21, 2001): 611–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/18/4/349.
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Druzak, Courtney A. "Apocalypse . . . Eventually: Trans-Corporeality and Slow Horror in M. R. Carey’s The Girl with All the Gifts." Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 304–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-2931.12.18.
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This article examines M. R. Carey’s 2014 zombie apocalypse novel The Girl with All the Gifts through the ecofeminist concept of trans-corporeality as defined by Stacy Alaimo in Bodily Natures. Carey’s heroine Melanie showcases how humans can re-conceptualize their relationship to a more-than-human, or natural, world that is both exterior to the self and always-already a part of the self through fungal agency. Indeed, the novel continuously engages in intimate human-environment interconnections that, in their horrific capacities, are meant to inspire readers to reflect upon their own enmeshment in a larger, material world. The novel’s use of the real fungus Ophiocordyceps as the more-than-human agent that inspires the transformation of humans into zombies provides a vision for how humans can more ethically relate, in posthuman manners, to a more-than-human world. Finally, this article considers the novel as a depiction of slow horror, or a gradual descent into apocalypse.
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Palaniradja, K., N. Alagumurthi, and V. Soundararajan. "Residual Stresses in Case Hardened Materials." Open Materials Science Journal 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2010): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874088x010040300092.
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Fatigue behavior of case hardened parts depend to a great extent on the type of residual stresses developed in the components. Topography and metallurgical effects were the two elements which contribute much to surface integrity. Micro hardness of the gas carburized (EN 33 and EN 36) and Induction hardened (AISI 1040 and AISI 6150) specimens obtained during experiments, showed that there was gradual decrease of hardness from surface to sub-surface. Results also showed that more the hardness and case depth, the more was the residual stress. The optimum results gave the maximum compressive residual stress in both the gas carburizing and Induction hardening process irrespective of the mechanisms involved in the process. The X-ray diffraction test showed that the distribution of residual stress was uniform both on the surface and beneath the surface. The magnitude and distribution of residual stress obtained from the experiment agreed with the FEM results found in literatures.
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Micele, Lorenzo, Mylene Brach, Francis Chalvet, Goffredo de Portu, and Giuseppe Pezzotti. "Residual Stress Assessment in the Al2O3\Mullite Based Laminated System." Key Engineering Materials 333 (March 2007): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.333.243.
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To improve mechanical properties of mullite, a mullite-Al2O3\mullite laminate composite was prepared. Lamination generates residual stresses within the structure, measured by piezospectroscopy. A preliminary and complete piezo-spectroscopic characterization of the Al2O3\mullite system was carried out. A method to determine the concentration of Al2O3 in the composite by Raman spectrum was proposed and used to assess the composition of the laminated structure along the cross section. The experimental results evidenced a gradual change of composition and residual stress state between the two layer.
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Turrill, Jonna, James R. Coleman, Rachel J. Hopman, Joel M. Cooper, and David L. Strayer. "The Residual Costs of Multitasking." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601448.
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Objective: The cognitive workload of three Smartphone Digital Assistants (SDA) was manipulated in an on-off manner while participants drove an instrumented vehicle in order to measure the costs associated with intermittent dual tasking. Background: Previous research has shown costs in productivity when switching between two discrete tasks; however, similar costs have not yet been examined using intermittent, continuous dual tasks. Methods: Participating drivers completed 5 conditions: baseline driving, 3 SDA conditions, and a cognitively demanding math-memory operation span (OSPAN) task, each while responding to Detection Response Task (DRT) stimuli. Within the SDA conditions, on- and off-task DRT performance was compared to baseline driving and to the OSPAN task performance. Results: The on-task periods of the SDA conditions resulted in similar RTs as the OSPAN condition, while the off-task periods did not immediately return to baseline driving performance. Post hoc analyses of the on-off transitions within the SDA conditions revealed a gradual return to baseline driving performance over the course of 18 seconds. Conclusions: The delays in returning to baseline driving performance after completing a secondary task raise concerns about the usage of in-vehicle devices while driving as the effects of the delays last beyond the cessation of the SDA interaction.
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Dhiraj, Vikas Singh, Nandit Jadvani, and Raj Shah. "Effect of Gradual Variation of Metal Composition on Stresses Generated in Weld Interfaces." Journal of Modern Materials 3, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.3.1.4-8.
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Dissimilar metal joints formed by conventional welding creates residual stress at the interface and leads to an earlier failure than expected. The conventional methods are rapidly being replaced by advanced techniques, such as transition layer grading. This kind of transition grading aims to form the welding component akin to functionally graded material. The present paper aims to analyze different stress concentration conditions by varying temperatures, loads, and the number of transition layers. The material in the weld zone varied linearly when the number of layers was increased, which is analogous to functionally graded materials. The finite element model of a dissimilar metal welded pipe was simulated using ANSYS Workbench 14.5. Based on the executed simulations, it was observed that residual stress at the weld interface decreased as the number of layers increased up to a certain critical number of graded layers. Furthermore, negligible effect on stress reduction has been observed beyond this critical number of graded layers.
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Muskett, Judith A. "From Sixpenny Entry to Five Shilling Subscription: Charting Cathedral Outreach and Friends’ Associations in the 1920s and 1930s." Journal of Anglican Studies 10, no. 1 (July 29, 2011): 94–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355311000106.
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AbstractAll Anglican cathedrals in England have formal associations of Friends (like other institutions in the heritage sector). The majority arose in the 1920s/30s, a period that coincided with the gradual development of a focused outreach strategy by cathedrals, and the abandonment of sixpenny entrance fees. By analysing Letters to the Editor and news reports in The Times, this article explores the origins of cathedral Friends’ associations. The sources illustrate the benefits of Friendship for both sides of the dyad: for the cathedrals, primarily the five shilling subscriptions and the creation of an informed supporter base; and for the members, mainly esoteric benefits. It is also demonstrated that, in the north, Friends’ gifts directly replaced cathedral/diocesan resources being deployed for social welfare. A particular value in focusing on the history of the cathedral Friends’ movement is that it highlights the history of the cathedrals themselves in this difficult inter-war period.
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DeParis, SarahWillcox, F. Lawson Grumbine, M. Reza Vagefi, and Robert C. Kersten. "Persistent Upgaze Restriction after Orbital Floor Fracture Repair." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 9, no. 3 (September 2016): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1570076.
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Here we present two cases of marked postoperative upgaze restriction after successful repair of orbital floor fracture and release of inferior rectus entrapment. In both cases, follow-up imaging showed enlargement of the inferior rectus, and gradual resolution of gaze limitation was observed over several months of conservative management. Thus, in patients with postoperative findings suggestive of residual inferior rectus entrapment, follow-up imaging is indicated prior to returning to the operating room. With a markedly swollen inferior rectus muscle but no radiographic evidence of residual muscle entrapment in the fracture, a trial of conservative management may be warranted.
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Larsen, Brian G., Jake B. McLean, Katheryn J. Allyn, Jacob T. Brzostowski, Joseph L. Garbini, and Joan E. Sanders. "How do transtibial residual limbs adjust to intermittent incremental socket volume changes?" Prosthetics and Orthotics International 43, no. 5 (July 24, 2019): 528–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364619864771.
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Background: Strategies to maintain prosthesis users’ daily limb volume are needed. Objectives: Test how intermittent incremental socket volume adjustments affect limb fluid volume and limb-socket distance. Study design: Repeated measures. Methods: People with transtibial limb loss walked on an outdoor trail wearing a motor-driven adjustable socket that they adjusted a small amount, approximately 0.3% socket volume, every 2 min using a mobile phone app. Limb fluid volume and sensed distance between the socket and a target in their elastomeric liner were monitored. A gradual socket enlargement phase was followed by a gradual socket reduction phase. Results: An incremental socket enlargement significantly increased limb fluid volume ( p < 0.001) but not sensed distance ( p = 0.063). An incremental socket reduction significantly decreased both limb fluid volume ( p < 0.001) and sensed distance ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: Participants’ residual limb fluid volume increases during ambulation compensated for incremental socket volume increases. For incremental socket volume decreases, residual limb fluid volume decreases did not compensate and the socket fit became tighter. Clinical relevance Results support the hypothesis that for people without co-morbidities, intermittent incremental socket volume enlargements are an effective accommodation strategy to increase limb fluid volume while maintaining socket fit. Intermittent incremental socket volume reductions decreased limb fluid volume but also made the socket fit tighter.
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Ishikawa, Mami, Toru Nakanishi, Yoshiaki Takamiya, and Jun Namiki. "Delayed Resolution of Residual Hemifacial Spasm after Microvascular Decompression Operations." Neurosurgery 49, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-200110000-00013.
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Abstract OBJECTIVE After microvascular decompression to treat hemifacial spasm (HFS), resolution of the HFS is often gradual. We carefully investigated the course of the gradual resolution of HFS and examined the differences between patients with and without postoperative HFS. METHODS One hundred seventy-five patients with HFS were monitored, for observation of 1) whether postoperative HFS occurred, 2) when it occurred, and 3) when it disappeared after microvascular decompression. For two groups of patients, with (Group I) and without (Group II) postoperative HFS, we investigated age, sex, spasm side, preoperative facial nerve block (botulinum toxin treatment), decompression material, preoperative HFS period, offender (compressing vessel), temporary and permanent postoperative complications, and electromyographic findings. RESULTS In Group I (88 patients), postoperative HFS began within 4 days after surgery, a period that we have termed the silent period of postoperative HFS; the median value for the time to resolution was 28 days. The other 87 patients exhibited no postoperative HFS (Group II). There was a significantly higher incidence of postoperative facial weakness in Group II (Group II, 41.3%; Group I, 25.5%;P = 0.02 by logistic regression analysis). In Group I, there was no statistically significant relationship between the investigated parameters and the silent period or the postoperative HFS period, as determined by Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis, except for the number of preoperative facial nerve blocks. Electromyographic investigation of F waves revealed facial paresis during the silent period in a patient. CONCLUSION Approximately 50% of patients with HFS exhibited residual spasm postoperatively. An immediate postoperative silent period of 4 days without spasm was characteristic. One-quarter, one-half, and 90% of the residual spasm resolved by 1 week, 1 month, and 8 months after surgery, respectively.
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Li, Hong, Yong Zheng, and Li Li. "Influence of Welding Conditions on Residual Stresses of Multi-Pass Tube Sheet Welds." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.349.
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Residual stresses and residual plastic strains of the welded structures are the products of nonlinear behaviors during welding. The residual stresses will cause errors during the assembly of the structure and injure the beauty of appearance of the structure. Based on an elastic-plastic-model, finite element numerical simulation of a representative tube sheet penetration assembly with loop welding line joined by multi-pass welding is carried out and the influence of welding conditions on residual stresses of the tube sheet welds is studied in this paper. Nonlinear three dimensional transient temperature fields and real-time dynamic stresses field are analyzed by FEM. The heat source is modeled as a moving heat flux following a double ellipsoid distribution and the temperature-dependent properties of materials are considered. The method of birth and death of element in finite element analysis is applied to simulate the gradual growth of weld pass metal. It is shown that welding sequence, size of groove welding and weld toes dressing will obviously change the magnitude of the residual stresses of tube sheet welds.
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Enomoto, Y., T. Nishimura, H. Sato, and S. I. Tanaka. "Distribution of Residual Stresses in 1070 Single Phase Aluminium with Grain Size Gradient Formed by RBT Treatment." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.343.
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Control of microstructure in single phase alloys are relatively limited and less way of expedient are available compared to multiphase alloys. Authors have attempted microstructural control of single phase alloy by formation of distribution of plastic strain and residual stresses. In this paper, residual stress distribution of 1070 single phase aluminium with RBT (Rotary Bending and Tensile) loading have been measured by 2D-XRD method. After suitable heat treatment, the alloy show spatial grain size distribution of 30-150μm. Measured stress tensor enabled by 2D-XRD method clealy show distribution of stress components of residual stress tensors and principal stresses. Direction of the principal stresses gradually rotate depending on position from center to radial direction. Even after annealing, the direction of principal axis agree with that of torsion during the RBT treatment. This results show possibility of control of microstructure in single phase material accomplished by introduction of gradual distribution of residual stresses.
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Filippatos, Angelos, and Maik Gude. "Influence of Gradual Damage on the Structural Dynamic Behaviour of Composite Rotors: Experimental Investigations." Materials 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122421.
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Fibre-reinforced composite structures subjected to complex loads exhibit gradual damage behaviour with the degradation of the effective mechanical properties and changes in their structural dynamic behaviour. Damage manifests itself as a spatial increase in inter-fibre failure and delamination growth, resulting in local changes in stiffness. These changes affect not only the residual strength but, more importantly, the structural dynamic behaviour. In the case of composite rotors, this can lead to catastrophic failure if an eigenfrequency coincides with the rotational speed. The description and analysis of the gradual damage behaviour of composite rotors, therefore, provide the fundamentals for a better understanding of unpredicted structural phenomena. The gradual damage behaviour of the example composite rotors and the resulting damage-dependent dynamic behaviour were experimentally investigated under propagating damage caused by a combination of out-of-plane and in-plane loads. A novel observation is the finding that a monotonic increase in damage results in a non-monotonic frequency shift of a significant number of eigenfrequencies.
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Thomas, S. R. Y. W. "Long-term outcome after anterolateral open reduction and Salter osteotomy for late presenting developmental dysplasia of the hip." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 12, no. 4 (August 2018): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.12.180076.
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IntroductionOnly a handful of studies report outcomes after open reduction for developmental hip dislocation beyond skeletal maturity. For successfully reduced hips it is the outcome into late adulthood on which the results of this intervention should be judged. These studies indicate clearly the importance of preservation of the acetabular growth centres during surgery. The acetabulum must also be addressed when insufficient growth remains reliably to remodel residual dysplasia even after stable, concentric reduction.SummaryComparing the longest-term outcome studies for open reduction to less invasive, but mainly historical, techniques of gradual traction reduction it is unsettling to note that the latter protocols are associated with the best results. Whereas open reduction and innominate osteotomy are practised as originally described by Salter, gradual traction reduction has largely been abandoned.ConclusionsThere are probably aspects of the more time-consuming methods of gradual reduction that do not violate the hip joint capsule that expose the femoral head to a lower risk of femoral head osteonecrosis leading to better long-term outcomes.
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Wohlsen, T., S. Stewart, P. Aldridge, J. Bates, B. Gray, and M. Katouli. "The efficiency of ozonated water from a water treatment plant to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts during two seasonal temperatures." Journal of Water and Health 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.039.
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We investigated the efficiency of residual ozone from an advanced water treatment plant with an applied dose of 2.5 mg l−1 to inactivate viable Cryptosporidium oocysts during summer (i.e. 24°C) and winter (i.e. 18.9°C) in Queensland, Australia. Containers for sample collection were inoculated with 1,000 oocysts l−1 and filled with ozonated water. Ozone residual concentrations were measured at 0, 5 and 10 min intervals. Viability was determined by excystation. Non-ozonated water from the plant, trip and laboratory controls were also analysed. The applied ozone dose of 2.5 mg l−1 produced an immediate residual concentration of 1.25 mg 1−1 at 24°C and 1.34 mg 1−1 at 18.9°C in unseeded samples. The initial ozone residual in seeded containers was 1.22±0.03 mg 1−1 at 24°C and 1.37±0.04 mg 1−1 at 18.9°C. There was a gradual increase in inactivation of oocysts, with 49% of oocysts inactivated at 0 min to 92% after 10 min at 24°C and 57% at 0 min to 92.8% at 10 min at 18.9°C.
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Kania, Bogusz, Paulina Indyka, Leszek Tarkowski, and Ewa Beltowska-Lehman. "X-ray diffraction grazing-incidence methods applied for gradient-free residual stress profile measurements in electrodeposited Ni coatings." Journal of Applied Crystallography 48, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576714025722.
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The present work investigates the possibility of bias introduced in grazing-incidence-angle X-ray diffraction techniques applied to residual stress measurements. In these studies, monotextured nanocrystalline nickel coatings obtained by electrodeposition were examined as the model reference samples. Selected Ni coatings exhibited well developed and simple gradient-free residual stress states that were visible using conventional sin2ψ measurements with varying X-ray penetration depths. These results were verified against the stress state picture obtained by two variants of grazing-incidence X-ray methods: multi-reflection (differenthkl) and constant angle of incidence (singlehkl). The outcome of both grazing techniques consistently excluded stress gradients in the samples, which agreed with conventional sin2ψ measurement results. However, only the results of the constant angle of incidence technique agreed with those obtained by the sin2ψ method in terms of calculated residual stress level, suggesting this approach could be applied in further studies of graded material coatings. All analysed coatings yielded uniformly distributed tensile residual stress related to gradual structure development in electrodeposited Ni coatings studied by electron microscopy techniques.
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Liu, Chun Feng, Feng Ye, Yu Zhou, Yu Dong Huang, and Jian Min Zhou. "Thermal Shock Behavior of Nd-Doped α-Sialon Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.130.
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Nd--sialons with the stoichiometric composition of Nd0.333Si10Al¬2ON15 were obtained by hot-press sintering at 1800°C for 1h. The thermal shock behavior of the Nd--sialons was examined by a water-quenching technique. The influence of the thermal shock temperature difference (T) and cycle times on the residual strength was evaluated. Equiaxed -sialon grains formed together with a small amount of intergranular phase M (Nd2Si3-xAl¬xO3+xN4-x) and -sialon phase. The residual strength after a thermal shock tended to decrease gradually with increasing T above 500°C. However, the specimens exhibited an improved residual strength (~94% of the room temperature strength) after a thermal shock of T=1100°C. The residual strength presented a gradual decrease with increasing the thermal shock cycle times at T=1100°C, and was still remained ~55% of the room temperature strength after 11-time cycle. It is contributed to the surface oxidation which may results in the healing of surface cracks and the generation of surface compressive stresses.
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Stanton, Biba, and Anthony S. David. "First-person accounts of delusions." Psychiatric Bulletin 24, no. 9 (September 2000): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.24.9.333.
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Aims and MethodIn order to investigate cognitive aspects of the experience of delusions, including onset and recovery, autobiographical accounts of schizophrenia were reviewed.ResultsThe sample was self-selected and biased towards women and highly-educated patients. The delusions described were usually gradual in onset and often occurred in the context of an odd or fearful mood, which was accompanied by distorted reasoning. Recovery was also gradual with an intermediate stage of reality-testing or fluctuation between belief and disbelief. Many patients retained residual aspects of delusional thinking after recovery. Most attributed their recovery to a combination of medication, psychotherapy, social support and personal coping strategies; some felt that their illness had enhanced their self-awareness or spirituality.Clinical ImplicationsFurther exploration of spontaneous coping strategies in recovery from delusions through personal accounts of illness would be valuable.
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Qin, Shuyi, Dongliang Jiang, Jingxian Zhang, and Jining Qin. "Evaluation of Weak Interface Effect on the Residual Stresses in Layered SiC/TiC Composites by the Finite Element Method and x-ray Diffraction." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 5 (May 2002): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0165.
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A symmetrically layered SiC/TiC ceramic with a gradual structure was designed by the finite element method (FEM). After sintering, proper thermal residual stress was introduced into the ceramic due to the coefficients of thermal expansion mismatch between the different layers. After different SiC + C interlayers were inserted into the layers to weaken the interface, the effect of the composition of the SiC + C interlayers between the layers on the residual stress was evaluated. It was found that the weak SiC + C interlayer had little relaxation effect on the residual stress distribution. These ceramics were then fabricated by aqueous tape casting, stacking, and hot-press sintering. An x-ray stress analyzer was used to test the surface stress conditions of the sintered materials. The tested surface stress of the layered SiC/TiC ceramic without interlayer was very close to the FEM calculation. However, there were differences between the tested and calculated results of the layered SiC/TiC ceramics with interlayers; the reason for this was analyzed.
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Měšťánek, Petr, and Vladislav Laš. "Stress-Controlled Fatigue Testing of E-Glass Epoxy Composite: Monitoring of Micro-Damage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (February 2015): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.143.
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The paper deals with progressive and fatigue damage of long fiber E-glass epoxy composite, its residual stiffness degradation and corresponding transverse matrix crack density induced by load-controlled tension. Constant-amplitude fatigue tests in repeated tension of plain [±60]S; [±30]S; [0]8 and [0/902/±45/90]S samples were performed. Sudden onset of transverse matrix cracking and consequent gradual increase of its density has been observed in off-axis plies. The crack density increases with increasing number of cycles or load. Consequently, residual stiffness of the laminate decreases. It has been concluded that progressive/fatigue damage of the laminate is not a continuous homogenous process but the series of discrete sudden events emerging at ply level.
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Nguyen, P. C., B. Le-Van, and S. D. T. V. Thanh. "Nonlinear Inelastic Analysis of 2D Steel Frames." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 4 (August 16, 2020): 5974–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3600.
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In this study, a new method for nonlinear analysis of 2D steel frames, by improving the conventional plastic hinge method, is presented. The beam-column element is established and formulated in detail using a fiber plastic hinge approach. Residual stresses of I-shape sections are declared at the two ends through fibers. Gradual yielding by residual stresses along the member length due to axial force is accounted for by the tangent elastic modulus concept. The P-δ effect is captured by stability functions, whereas the P-Δ effect is estimated by the geometric stiffness matrix. A nonlinear algorithm is established for solving nonlinear problems. The present study predicts the strength and behavior of 2D steel frames as efficiently and accurately as the plastic zone method did.
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Li, Hao, Mengqi Huang, Lei Zhang, Bo Hu, Yi Liu, and Zhendong Mao. "Gradual Residuals Alignment: A Dual-Stream Framework for GAN Inversion and Image Attribute Editing." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, no. 4 (March 24, 2024): 3064–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i4.28089.
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GAN-based image attribute editing firstly leverages GAN Inversion to project real images into the latent space of GAN and then manipulates corresponding latent codes. Recent inversion methods mainly utilize additional high-bit features to improve image details preservation, as low-bit codes cannot faithfully reconstruct source images, leading to the loss of details. However, during editing, existing works fail to accurately complement the lost details and suffer from poor editability. The main reason is they inject all the lost details indiscriminately at one time, which inherently induces the position and quantity of details to overfit source images, resulting in inconsistent content and artifacts in edited images. This work argues that details should be gradually injected into both the reconstruction and editing process in a multi-stage coarse-to-fine manner for better detail preservation and high editability. Therefore, a novel dual-stream framework is proposed to accurately complement details at each stage. The Reconstruction Stream is employed to embed coarse-to-fine lost details into residual features and then adaptively add them to the GAN generator. In the Editing Stream, residual features are accurately aligned by our Selective Attention mechanism and then injected into the editing process in a multi-stage manner. Extensive experiments have shown the superiority of our framework in both reconstruction accuracy and editing quality compared with existing methods.
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Jin, Xin, Yucheng Hua, and Qiao Tang. "Applying the strength reduction method to study of stability of residual mountains: A particular application." 3C Tecnología_Glosas de innovación aplicadas a la pyme 12, no. 01 (March 31, 2023): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/3ctecno.2023.v12n1e43.33-52.
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Due to huge disaster-caused force, seismic geological disasters primarily induce residual landslide, collapse and debris flow disasters with far higher hazard extent than that of earthquake disasters. Wherefore, this paper, with various vibration slopes caused by the most representative Wenchuan earthquake as research objects, introduces the strength reduction method to the stability study of residual mountains in a certain area, puts forward dynamic stability slope evaluation method based on dynamic and overall strength reduction method to obtain the mountain slope stability situation in the process of gradual instability, searches out the sliding surface of progressive expansion making use of dynamic strength reduction method and calculates dynamic safety index in the process of gradual slope instability pursuant to the calculation advantages of dynamic strength reduction method, so as to realize the analysis and regulation of the whole process of slope instability. The results show that in the stability analysis of a homogeneous slope, the safety index of slope stability calculated by strength reduction method is 6.7%, 8.8% and 10.5% higher than that calculated by finite element limit equilibrium method, Bishop method and Janbu method respectively. In the stability analysis of a multi-layer soil slope, the safety index of slope stability calculated by strength reduction method is 4.8%, 4.3% and 9.4% higher than that calculated by other three algorithms. While in the stability analysis of soft interlining slope, the safety indexes of slope stability calculated by the method proposed in this paper are increased by 26.10%, 29.11% and 26.46% respectively compared with other three algorithms, indicating that the stability of landslide residual mountains calculated by strength reduction method proposed in this paper is the highest.
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Zhang, Xiankun, Yue Sun, Yuan Wang, Zixuan Li, Na Li, and Jing Su. "A novel effective and efficient capsule network via bottleneck residual block and automated gradual pruning." Computers & Electrical Engineering 80 (December 2019): 106481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.106481.
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Kamel, Taous, Ali Limam, and Claire Silvani. "Residual strength of underground structures in service." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53, no. 6 (June 2016): 988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2014-0554.
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Old tunnels suffer from deterioration and it is necessary to assess their residual strength to properly organize their repair and strengthen them. The stress state of underground structures evolves over time, firstly because of the advancement of the working face during construction, then due to gradual changes in soil properties and mechanical properties of materials composing the infrastructures, such as reduction of cohesion, loss of strength and (or) stiffness, etc. These changes are caused by combined actions such as creep and (or) weathering processes as well as the appearance of cracks that induce redistribution of stresses and therefore strains. This study investigates tunnels and galleries of the Paris underground. Macromodeling based on the finite element method allows consideration of different scenarios of tunnel-lining deterioration, specifically at the extrados of the galleries or tunnels. To understand changes in the stress state, and also damage occurrence and associated redistributions (stress and strain), it is necessary to model the delayed deformations. To model the infrastructure behavior, a time-dependency approach has been chosen. This approach can quantify the damage and predict the residual strength of this type of underground structure. An elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model with strain-softening is used to reproduce the appearance of the degraded zones and their behavior. The results obtained with the numerical approach reproduce Paris metro tunnel behavior, corroborate geoendoscopy results, clarify their interpretation, and improve the management of infrastructure repairs.
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Emelyanenko, T. G. "The Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdullahad-Khan in Saint Petersburg (1898)." Islam in the modern world 20, no. 1 (May 9, 2024): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2024-20-1-83-96.
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The article presents documentary materials from the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow) related to the history of the organization of the visit of the Emir of Bukhara Seyid Abdullahad Khan to Saint Petersburg in 1898. They contain unique information about the details of the preparation and conduct of this visit, about the program of the emir’s stay in Petersburg, about the financial costs of receiving the Bukhara delegation as well. Of great interest are the data on the gifts that were presented to the emir and his retinue during the visit, since some of them could be preserved in museum collections. Archival materials also make it possible to compare the organization and, above all, the financing of the 1898 visit with the previous visits of Emir Abdullahad Khan — 1893 and 1896, demonstrating a gradual reduction in the costs of their conduct. This indirectly testified to the strengthening of Russia’s position in Central Asia, which resulted in a weakening of attention to the personal contacts of the rulers, who in the time of Alexander III played a significant role in regulating relations between the Russian Empire and the Emirate of Bukhara.
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Marzouk, H., and S. Mohan. "Strengthening of wide-flange columns under load." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 835–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-094.
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The present work deals with formulation of theoretical and analytical methods leading to the development of column strength curves. The formulations were developed for both elastic and inelastic behaviour. Two types of reinforcement have been developed for strengthening the W-shape columns under load. Since the column strength curves are based in part on the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses, it is extremely important to consider the new pattern of residual stresses due to welding process. Also, the welding sequence will affect the magnitude and distribution of residual stresses. Theoretical formulations leading to a closed-form solution for the prediction of critical load were developed for two types of strengthening using the superposition of original residual, new welding, and initial loading stresses. A nonlinear finite element analysis based on the large deformation theory of stability was used to predict the strengthened column critical load. It takes into consideration the effect of cooling residual stresses and new welding residual stresses. The formulations were incorporated with gradual penetration of yielding, the spreading of inelastic zones along the member length, the presence of residual stresses, and strain hardening of the material. Experiments were carried out to determine the actual capacity of strengthened columns. Seven specimens were tested using two and four strengthening plates. The welding stresses were measured through a series of experiments, and it was found that the parabolic distribution is a very close approximation to the actual new welding stress distribution. Key words: reinforcement of steel columns, welding stresses, welding sequence, strengthening of existing structures, buckling, steel plating, finite element.
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Zhu, Yu, Jufang Chen, and Xiaoping Li. "Numerical Simulation of Thermal Field and Performance Study on H13 Die Steel-Based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing." Metals 13, no. 8 (August 18, 2023): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081484.
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In order to explore the relationship between welding thermal cycles and the thermal field during the repair process of dies, a numerical simulation software (SYSWELD) was employed to construct a thermo-mechanical coupled model. The influence of various inter-layer cooling times was investigated on heat accumulation, residual stress, and deformation of the repaired component. The results showed that the numerical simulation results agreed well with experimental data. The temperature within the cladding layer gradually rose as the number of weld beads increased, leading to a more pronounced accumulation of heat. The residual stress exhibited a double-peak profile, where the deformation of the repaired component was large at both ends but small in the middle. The less heat was accumulated in the cladding layer with a prolonged cooling time. Meanwhile, the residual stress and deformation in the repaired component experienced a gradual decrease in magnitude. The numerical simulation results demonstrated that the microstructure of the repaired component predominantly consisted of martensite and residual austenite at the optimal cooling time (300 s). Furthermore, the microhardness and wear resistance of the cladding zone significantly surpassed those of the substrate. In conclusion, this study suggested the prolonged cooling time mitigated heat accumulation, residual stress, and deformation in repaired components, which provided a new direction for future research on the die steel repairments.
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Šturm, Roman, and Janez Grum. "Influence of Laser Remelting Process on Strain and Residual Stresses in Nodular Iron." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.188.
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The present paper deals with residual stress and strain changes in thin flat specimens of nodular cast iron during laser remelting process. In laser remelting process of a workpiece we have used several laser beam passages across the workpiece surface. The state of internal stress in the workpiece changes because of different ways of guiding the laser beam across the workpiece surface, and consequently strain of the workpiece may occur. In the process of gradual remelting of the specimen surface, i.e. during its heating and cooling, volume changes in the specimen surface layer occur due to thermal and microstructural changes. To find out more about volume changes in the thin surface layer of specimens, the latter were monitored by measuring the strain at the lower side of the specimens during and after the remelting process, and also by residual stress measurement in the thin surface layer. The results obtained confirm that the laser remelting process could be successfully optimised on the basis of knowing the residual stresses and the strain generated during the remelting process.
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Salehizadeh, H., and N. Saka. "The Mechanics of Crack Initiation at Hard Particles in Rolling Line Contacts." Journal of Tribology 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920893.
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The mechanics of crack initiation in rolling contact bearings is investigated by considering the possibility of hard particle debonding from the surrounding softer matrix. The local elastoplastic stress and strain fields around a hard cylindrical particle located at the point of maximum shear stress below the Hertz contact are calculated by the finite element method. The calculations show that if the applied Hertz loading is sufficiently high, the matrix contiguous with the particle deforms plastically. Upon unloading tensile residual stresses will be set up normal to the particle-matrix interface. The particle-matrix interface debonds provided the stored elastic energy in and around the particle is larger than the work of adhesion, and the maximum residual radial stress is greater than the cohesive strength of the particle-matrix interface. The gradual softening of the martensitic matrix around non-metallic inclusions or carbides, which is known to occur after a large number of stress cycles in bearing steels, could result in a residual radial stress greater than the interfacial strength and cause particle-matrix debonding.
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Kaneko, Hiroshi, Hiroshi Kitoh, Akiko Kitamura, Kenta Sawamura, and Tadashi Hattori. "Docking phenomenon and subsequent acetabular development after gradual reduction using overhead traction for developmental dysplasia of the hip over six months of age." Journal of Children's Orthopaedics 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/1863-2548.15.210143.
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Purpose This study aimed to explore the docking of the femoral head into the acetabulum after gradual reduction (GR) using traction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and the impact on subsequent acetabular development. Methods A total of 40 patients with DDH (42 hips) undergoing GR using overhead traction and spica casting were retrospectively reviewed. The presence of inverted labrum and the coronal and axial femoral-acetabular distances (FADs) were compared between MRI immediately and five weeks after spica casting. The change in the acetabular index on anteroposterior pelvic radiographs were compared between hips with inverted labrum (residual group) and with normally-shaped labrum (normalized group) on follow-up MRI. Results The mean age at reduction was 13.1 months (7 to 33) and the mean follow-up duration was 7.7 years (4 to 11). The rate of inverted labrum and the FADs significantly decreased between the MRI scans (all p-values < 0.001), and previous Pavlik harness failure had no negative effect on these decreases. The acetabular indices at the ages of three and five years in the residual group were significantly larger than those in the normalized group (both p-values < 0.001). Residual acetabular dysplasia was seen in 84.2% of the residual group compared with 34.8% of the normalized group (p = 0.002). Conclusion The docking phenomenon can occur during spica casting following GR using traction in children with DDH between the ages of six months and three years. The remaining inverted labrum at the cast removal may negatively affect subsequent acetabular development. Level of evidence III - retrospective comparative study
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Miller, D. P., J. J. Lannutti, and R. D. Noebe. "Fabrication and properties of functionally graded NiAl/Al2O3 composites." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 8 (August 1993): 2004–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2004.
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A modified sedimentation process was used in the production of a functionally gradient material (FGM), NiAl/Al2O3. A simple finite element model was used to guide our design and fabrication efforts by estimating residual stress states as a function of composite structure. This approach could lead to tailored designs that enhance or avoid specific residual stress states. Thermal cycling tests were factored into the model to predict time dependent or steady-state internal temperature and stress profiles. Four-point bend tests were conducted to establish the mechanical load-displacement behavior of a single interlayer FGM at room temperature, 800 and 1000 K. Room temperature bend strength of the FGM was 3–4 times that of the base NiAl. At elevated temperatures, composite fracture occurred in a gradual, noncatastrophic mode involving NiAl retardation of a succession of cracks originating in the alumina face.
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Dankwort, Torben, Julian Strobel, Christoph Chluba, Wenwei Ge, Viola Duppel, Manfred Wuttig, Eckhard Quandt, and Lorenz Kienle. "Martensite adaption through epitaxial nano transition layers in TiNiCu shape memory alloys." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 3 (May 27, 2016): 1009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671600710x.
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Titanium-rich TiNiCu shape memory thin films with ultralow fatigue have been analysed for their structural features by transmission electron microscopy. The stabilization of austenite (B2) and orthorhombic martensite (B19) variants epitaxially connected to Ti2Cu-type precipitates has been observed and found responsible for the supreme mechanical cycling capability of these compounds. Comprehensiveex situandin situcooling/heating experiments have demonstrated the presence of an austenitic nanoscale region in between B19 and Ti2Cu, in which the structure shows a gradual transition from B19 to B2 which is then coupled to the Ti2Cu precipitate. It is proposed that this residual and epitaxial austenite acts as a template for the temperature-induced B2↔B19 phase transition and is also responsible for the high repeatability of the stress-induced transformation. This scenario poses an antithesis to residual martensite found in common high-fatigue shape memory alloys.
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Fisher, Paul R., Jinsheng Huang, and William R. Argo. "(66) Modeling Lime Reaction in Horticultural Substrates." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1072B—1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1072b.
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Limestone is incorporated into horticultural substrates to neutralize substrate acidity, increase pH buffering capacity, and provide calcium and magnesium. Limestones differ in their rate of pH change, equilibrium pH, and proportion of unreacted “residual”? lime. In horticulture, lime reactivity is currently measured empirically in batch tests, whereby limestone is incorporated into a batch of substrate and pH change is measured over time. Our objective was to develop a quantitative model to describe reaction of lime over time. The lime reaction model predicts the substrate-pH based on lime acid neutralizing capacity, lime type (calcitic, dolomitic, or hydrated), lime particle size distribution, application concentration, and the non-limed pH and neutralizing requirement (buffering) of the substrate. Residual lime is calculated as the proportion of lime remaining following gradual neutralization of the substrate acidity (by subtraction of reacted lime from total applied lime).
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Qi, Yun, Wei Wang, Qingjie Qi, Zhangxuan Ning, and Youli Yao. "Distribution of spontaneous combustion three zones and optimization of nitrogen injection location in the goaf of a fully mechanized top coal caving face." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 20, 2021): e0256911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256911.
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In order to effectively prevent and control spontaneous combustion of residual coal in the goaf and reduce the waste of nitrogen caused by setting the position of nitrogen injection, 1303 fully mechanized coal caving faces of the Jinniu Mine are studied. By deploying a bundle tube monitoring system in the inlet air side and return air side of the goaf, changes in gas concentration in the goaf are continuously monitored. In addition, the distribution area for spontaneous combustion three-zone in the goaf is divided into heat dissipation zone, oxidized spontaneous combustion zone, and suffocation zone. Simulations from the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 software provide insight based on the three zones division standard of spontaneous combustion in the goaf. The gradual deepening of the nitrogen injection position into the goaf affects the lower limit of the oxidized spontaneous combustion zone significantly, but the impact on the upper limit of the oxidized spontaneous combustion zone is not obvious and is negligible. With regard to the width of the oxidized spontaneous combustion zone, it initially decreases followed by a gradual increase. Numerical calculations suggest the optimal nitrogen injection position is 40 m from the roof cutting line, with an oxidized spontaneous combustion zone width of 28 m. Based on the simulation analysis results, nitrogen injection controlling measures have been adopted for spontaneous combustion of residual coal in the goaf of the 1303 fully mechanized coal caving faces, and coal self-ignition in the goaf has been successfully extinguished.
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Sysyn, Mykola, Ulf Gerber, Vitalii Kovalchuk, and Olga Nabochenko. "The complex phenomenological model for prediction of inhomogeneous deformations of railway ballast layer after tamping works." Archives of Transport 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.6512.
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The given article considers the method of calculating the track geometry deformation with respect to uneven accumulation of residual deformations along the track. The technique proposes two significant changes in existing approaches to calculating the efficiency of the ballast layer. The transition from the approach of allowable stresses design in the ballast layer to the deformative approach of accumulations of track geometry deformations allows us to draw conclusions regarding the intervals of track tamping and the duration of ballast layer life cycle. The transition from the determinative to probabilistic approaches makes it possible to draw conclusions not only from the average unevenness, but also with regard to all possible facts of unevenness. The method is based on the mechanism of sudden and gradual deformations occurrence, which depends on a number of key factors: dynamic stresses on the ballast, non-uniformity of track elasticity, performance of current maintenance work. Based on the experimental studies results, the dependencies of sudden deformations and the intensity of gradual deformations on the level of stress on the ballast layer were established. The experimental results of the influence of the sub-ballast base elasticity on the intensity of accumulation of residual deformations are shown. On the basis of the developed method, the prediction of track geometry deterioration for a given structure of the track, the rolling stock and the permissible level of geometric deviations for track maintenance is presented.
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Sud, Ajay Deep, Rajiv Kaul, Manish Prasad, Hrishikesh Pande, and Vivek M. Philip. "Gradual distraction for treatment of severe knee flexion contractures using the Ilizarov’s apparatus." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 5, no. 5 (August 26, 2019): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20193837.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Knee flexion contractures result in a significant amount of functional disability due to reduced mobility and limb length discrepancy. Treatment options include non-surgical methods like serial casting, dynamic splinting and traction or surgical methods like osteotomies and soft tissue procedures. External fixation has emerged as a highly successful means of achieving controlled gradual correction of joint contractures with low rates of complications including recurrence. The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome in terms of residual deformity and change in ambulatory status following correction using the Ilizarov’s apparatus.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 12 patients with knee flexion contractures ranging from 20°-70° underwent correction using the Ilizarov’s external fixator (IEF). The use of simple mathematic formulae enabled us to calculate and estimate the rate and duration of distraction. End results were assessed at one year by the residual contracture as: Excellent: 0-5°, Good: 6-15°, Fair: 16-30° and Poor: >30°.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The functional assessment was graded as excellent in 7, good in 4 and fair in 1 out of 12 patients. All patients were independent ambulators and only 1 out of 12 patients required an additional orthosis for maintenance of the correction.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The IEF is a safe and precise modality even for the most complex contractures of the knee. Accurate placement of the hinges along the center of rotation of the knee avoids undue subluxation of the tibia during correction. In order to ensure a low rate of complications, it is imperative to have a detailed pre-operative plan and all principles of fixation should be meticulously adhered to. </p>
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Albuquerque, Daiane C. K., Simone M. Scheffer-Basso, Pedro A. V. Escosteguy, Karen D. Brustolin-Golin, Valdirene Zabot, and Mario Miranda. "Residual effect of pig slurry on common carpet grass pasture." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 6 (June 2017): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n6p374-378.
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ABSTRACT This study investigated the residual effects of pig slurry (PS) applied to common carpet grass pasture (Axonopus affinis) for two years (September 2008-March 2010) on dry matter yield and forage-nitrogen uptake from October 2010-May 2011. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments were 102, 204, 306, 408, and 510 m3 ha-1 pig slurry applied for two years; one mineral nitrogen rate (1,250 kg ha-1 ammonium nitrate) for two years; and no nitrogen fertilization (control). The pasture was cut at intervals of 48, 34, 43 and 69 days, which corresponded to 266, 300, 343, and 412 days after the last fertilizer application, respectively. Dry matter yield increased by 398 kg ha-1 for each 100 m3 of PS applied, the equivalent of 317 and 564 kg ha-1 for each 100 kg ha-1 of inorganic and organic N applied, respectively. The residual effect of PS on dry matter yield and forage-nitrogen uptake ranged from 11-45% and 8-40%, respectively, indicating a gradual release and availability of N in PS, which can help reduce the amounts of nitrogen applied to pasture.
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Zhu, Langjie, Yu Wang, and Jian Mao. "Understanding the effect of aging treatment on the electrical properties of Al-4Cu (wt.%) alloy." Materials Research Express 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac5351.
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Abstract Binary Al–Cu alloy has always been used to illustrate the phenomenon of precipitation hardening. Meanwhile, Al–Cu alloy has good heat resistance and is a potential heat-resistant conductor material, but there is not much research work on its electrical properties. In this work, the residual resistivity variation of Al-4Cu alloy at different aging stages was investigated. At the aging temperature of 160 °C, the residual resistivity of the Al-4Cu alloy decreases with the longer aging time, and it decreases rapidly in the early stage and slowly in the later stage, mainly due to the precipitation of solid solution Cu atoms and the interface electron scattering effect of different precipitates. In the early stage, massive precipitation of Cu atoms from the matrix can effectively reduce the crystal lattice distortion of Al matrix and significantly decrease the residual resistivity. Specifically, the residual resistivity of Al-4Cu alloy that aged at 160 °C for 13 h is 3.353 μΩ·cm, which is only 82.6% of that in the supersaturated solid solution state. In later stage of aging, the main change is the evolution of the precipitated phase, i.e., the gradual disruption of the coherent relationship between the second phase and the Al matrix. And the coherency-strain fields decrease gradually, which is also beneficial in decreasing the residual resistivity. The results show that Al–Cu alloys can also be a potential heat-resistant conductor material for the power transmission industry.
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Sahu, Kaushal Kishor, Sachitanand Singh, and Renu Thakur. "Visumax Femtosecond Laser Impact on Myopic Residual Refractive Error." Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare 8, no. 1 (October 16, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2021.81002.
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Background: Compare the residual refractive power following “small incision lenticule extraction” (SMILE) surgical correction in myopic patients with moderate to severe myopia and myopic astigmatism. Aim: To study the pre op with post op residual refractive status comparison in low to high myopia and myopic astigmatism patients under gone ReLEx SMILE operation. Methods: Prospective comparative analysis with 65 eyes of 33 patients classified into three groups19: mild myopia -1.00 to -3.00 D, moderate myopia -3.25 to -6.00 D, and high myopia -6.25 to -10.00 D, comprising spherical and cylindrical using spherical equivalent (SE). Using the SMILE surgery, each patient were corrected for myopic refractive error. Retinoscope was conducted preoperatively and postoperatively one day and one month following surgery, respectively. Results: Pre op 1 day and 1 month are showing a significant and gradual decrease where low and high myopia are compared, which is statistically significant for both one day (0.007) and one month (0.001) post operatively, but low to moderate (0.282) and moderate to high (0.147) post operatively 1 day and 1 month it is not statistically significant. This indicates that high myopia has greater residual power than low and moderate myopia. Conclusion: This research concludes that residual power increases as myopia increases in severity. As the objective residual power after SMILE surgery is less than +/- 0.50D in approximately 75% - 80% of eyes, SMILE surgery is a suitable alternative for refractive surgery correction with less complications than other refractive surgery techniques.
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Khouja, Farag A. "Towards Understanding of the Plastic Zone Thermal Residual Stresses in Functionally Graded Materials." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58388.
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Abstract: Functionally graded materials (FGM’s) are advanced composites consisting of two or more materials whose composition and structure changes gradually over the volume, leading to gradual change in its property. Typically one component is a ceramic, while the other is metal or metal alloy. In common embodiments, the composition can change gradually from all ceramic on one side to all metal on the other side, the ceramic contributing high resistance to temperature with the metal contributing high ductility. It’s a way to incorporate favorable properties of two materials into different locations of a single structure. In ideal cases the composition changes gradually but for manufacturing reasons, the changes occurs in homogeneous layers. The boundaries between the layers cause thermal residual stresses to arise, especially during material processing and in cases of cyclic loading. These thermal residual stresses are a result of differences in the thermal expansion coefficient of the varying compositions of materials. Thermal residual stresses may lead to cracking and ultimate failure of FGM’s. This study investigates the formation of thermal residual stresses for a Nickel-Alumina Ni-Al₂O₃ FGM. The Ni-Al₂O₃ system is chosen because it is one of the most common systems used in practice. This work explores the formation, impact and minimization of thermal residual stresses for a number of practical conditions that may arise during processing. All relevant properties are calculated using the rule of mixture equations.