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Academic literature on the topic 'Gradual and residual gifts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Gradual and residual gifts"

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Yi-ting, Liu, Xu Xiao-su, Liu Xi-xiang, Zhang Tao, Li Yao, Yao Yi-qing, Wu Liang, and Tong Jin-wu. "A Fast Gradual Fault Detection Method for Underwater Integrated Navigation Systems." Journal of Navigation 69, no. 1 (June 24, 2015): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463315000430.

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Gradual fault detection is always an important issue in integrated navigation systems, and the gradual fault is the most difficult fault to detect. To detect gradual faults in a timely and precise manner in integrated navigation systems, the statistical concepts of the normalised residual mean and the sum of absolute residuals are introduced according to the characteristics of gradual system failure in this paper. The applicability of the improved residual χ2 detection method is discussed. Then, the gradual fault detection program based on the improved residual χ2 detection method is designed with the criterion of normalised residual mean and the sum of absolute residual. The simulation results and vehicle tests show that: 1) The residual of the failed sub-system can be calculated accurately with the improved residual χ2 detection method, which has strong applicability in gradual fault detection; 2) The gradual fault can be detected in a short time by using the normalised residual mean and the sum of absolute residual.
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Masuda, Junya. "Residual-based tests forcointegration with gradual switching." Applied Economics Letters 17, no. 2 (April 28, 2008): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850701720023.

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Zulpukarova, A. "Stages of Implementing Differentiated Instruction in the English Language Classroom." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2024): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/102/74.

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Educators understand that every student has unique gifts and challenges, interests, talents and learning styles. Differentiation and individualization of learning have repeatedly become the subject of research in pedagogy. Differentiated instruction is a practice that helps teachers understand how each child learns best. The article is devoted to the problem of gradual use of differentiated approach in teaching a foreign language. The authors describe the main stages of implementation of differentiated approach. The article also describes the history of this approach. Advantages and disadvantages of using this approach were also presented.
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Arseienko, Anatolii, and Vitalina Butkaliuk. "Reforms under the auspices of the IMF: Beware of Greeks bearing gifts." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, stmm 2019 (2) (June 14, 2019): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2019.02.169.

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The paper studies structure, content and political aspects of the International Monetary Fund’s activities from the perspective of historical and economic sociology. Attention is primarily given to IMF policies implemented in “Third World” countries and “transition” economies after the dismantling of socialism in the USSR and Eastern Europe and collapse of the socialist world system. Drawing upon the relevant literature and social survey findings, the authors argue that radical economic reforms carried out in Ukraine under the aegis of the IMF have proved useless. Furthermore, these reforms have pushed this country to the fringe of peripheral capitalism and turned it into a mere appendage to the “golden billion”. The growth in negative attitudes towards collaboration with the IMF among Ukraine’s citizens indicates a gradual rise of their awareness that there is no prospect of this country’s successful development within the framework of the global neoliberal project.
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Zhang, Wen Chu, Xue Yong Ding, and Yong Chao Xie. "Theory Simulations of Coaxial Bragg Reflectors with Gradual Change Ripples." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1618.

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Based on the coupled mode theory and the FORTRAN software, study are carried out for the frequency response in a coaxial Bragg reflector with gradual change ripples. Results show that the characteristics of frequency response in the positive gradual change or the negative gradual change ripples coaxial Bragg reflector are the agreement, and the bandwidth of the coaxial Bragg reflector with gradual change ripples can be expanded as the gradual angle augmenting when the incident mode is Single-mode and lower frequency; When the incident mode is Coupled-mode and higher frequency, the bandwidth of the operating mode and the spurious mode also all can be expanded as the gradual angle augmenting, but the negative gradual change ripples can get higher frequency than the positive gradual change when the gradual angles are same; and the residual side-lobes of the frequency response also can be effectively suppressed. These characteristics of a gradual change ripples coaxial Bragg reflector are favorable to improvement of the performance as a reflector or a filter in its applications.
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Ai Siti Nurjamilah, Welly Nores Kartadireja, Fikri Hakim, and Iis Aisyah. "UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA MELALUI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA PADA KELOMPOK PETERNAK IKAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM BIOFLOK DI DESA TAWANGBANTENG KEC. SUKARATU KAB. TASIKMALAYA." J-ABDI: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 8 (January 1, 2022): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/jabdi.v1i8.974.

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Household income is all income or receipts in the form of money or goods from all household members obtained, either in the form of wages/salaries, income from household businesses, other income, and income from gifts from other parties. In other words, household income is remuneration for labor production factors, remuneration for capital, as well as income derived from gifts from other parties. One of the sources of household income is livestock sector income. One way to increase household income is to develop a fish farmer group business using a biofloc system. In the village of Tawangbanteng, Sukaratu District, Tasikmalaya Regency, there is a group of fish farmers who need morel and material assistance, especially during this pandemic. The action taken is to provide knowledge about raising fish with a biofloc system as well as assistance that can provide solutions for farmers, namely the implementation of PbM-KP (Service for the Food Security Society). This service aims to increase the knowledge and understanding of fish farmer groups using the biofloc system. In addition, farmers are also given information about the system of selling or distributing livestock products, especially through online media. The method implemented in this PbM-KP activity is gradual guidance and the provision of material assistance that is considered necessary in developing the mushroom farmer group business.
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Abdel-Gawad, Shaden T., and Jatinder K. Bewtra. "Decay of chlorine in diluted municipal effluents." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-126.

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Laboratory studies were conducted to develop a model for the overall decay of total residual chlorine (TRC) under various conditions in the natural streams. This model assumes that a portion of the initial chlorine concentration is used to satisfy the immediate chlorine demand and the remainder is subject to gradual decay.The important parameters influencing the gradual decay of TRC, after mixing in the rivers, were found to be photolysis, evaporation, free radical oxidation, temperature, and turbulence. The decay rate is catalyzed by ultraviolet light and increases significantly as the ratio of area to volume of the container increases. The average level of turbulence in streams is found to approximately double the decay rate obtained under quiescent conditions. Key words: residual chlorine, natural streams, decay, evaporation, photolysis, turbulence, temperature effect, municipal effluents.
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Liu, Xiu Ying. "Experimental Study on the Law of the Ground Surface Movement on the Old Goaf in Different Mining Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 479-481 (February 2012): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.479-481.137.

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The formation process of goaf was dynamically simulated by similar material simulation esperiment. After mining coal was finished and the goaf was basically stable, deformation regularity of surface migrating was studied under gradual loading in different lacation of goaf . The results show: the residual deformation caused by load arranged on both sides of goaf is bigger than that caused by load arranged in the central of goaf. And the maximum values of residual deformation occur on both sides of goaf. The different mining conditions, load location and size will affect the residual deformation. In single mining conditions, a larger load in the both sides of goaf ,the greater the residual deformation.
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Qiu, Defu, Yuhu Cheng, and Xuesong Wang. "Gradual back-projection residual attention network for magnetic resonance image super-resolution." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 208 (September 2021): 106252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106252.

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Hai-Rong, Shi, Yu Zhi, Huang Hong-Bo, Xia Yuan-Fu, and You Xiao-Zeng. "Influence of Residual Phases on the Behaviour of Gradual Spin Transition Complexes." Chinese Physics Letters 18, no. 4 (March 21, 2001): 611–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/18/4/349.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gradual and residual gifts"

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Karimzadeh, Meibodi Golnaz. "La subrogation réelle en droit patrimonial de la famille." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAA006.

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Le droit français connaît deux types de subrogations : la subrogation personnelle et la subrogation réelle. Bien qu’elle ait été l’objet d’importants travaux, la subrogation réelle reste bien moins connue que la subrogation personnelle. Le droit patrimonial de la famille constitue son domaine de prédilection. Elle est en effet prévue par de nombreux textes spéciaux du Code civil dans diverses institutions du droit patrimonial de la famille, et admise par la jurisprudence extensive de la Cour de cassation. Elle n’a cependant pas fait l’objet d’une théorie générale en raison de l'extrême diversité de ses applications ainsi que des limites imposées sous sa conception classique issue du droit romain. Or, la théorie de valeur d’affectation, apparue à la fin du XIXème siècle, a élargi son champ d’application et l’a ainsi libérée du cadre étroit fixé par le Code civil. Cette théorie lui a reconnu une véritable réalité juridique apte à être appréhendée sous un concept uniforme et soumise à un régime juridique cohérent
French law recognizes two types of subrogation : personal subrogation and real subrogation. Although it has been the subject of significant works, the real subrogation remains much less well known than personal subrogation. The patrimonial family law is the main field of the real subrogation. It is, in fact, provided by many special texts of the civil Code in various institutions of patrimonial family law, and accepted by the extensive case law of the Supreme Court. Though it lacks a general theory because of the extreme diversity of its applications as well as the limits imposed by its classical conception resulting from Roman law. However, the theory of value allocation, which appeared at the end of the 19th century, widened its field of application and thus released it from the narrow framework set by the civil Code. This theory recognized the real subrogation as a true legal reality capable of being understood under a uniform concept which is subjected to a coherent legal regime
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Books on the topic "Gradual and residual gifts"

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Ozavci, Ozan. Dangerous Gifts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852964.001.0001.

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From Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Egypt in 1798 to the foreign interventions in the ongoing civil wars in Syria, Yemen, and Libya today, global empires or the so-called Great Powers have long assumed the responsibility of bringing security to the Middle East. The past two centuries have witnessed their numerous military occupations to ‘liberate’, ‘secure’, and ‘educate’ local populations. Consulting fresh primary sources collected from some thirty archives in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, and Western Europe, Dangerous Gifts revisits the late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century origins of these imperial security practices. It questions how it all began. Why did Great Power interventions in the Ottoman Levant tend to result in further turmoil and civil wars? Why has the region been embroiled in a paradox—an ever-increasing demand for security despite the increasing supply—ever since? It embeds this highly pertinent genealogical history into an innovative and captivating narrative around the Eastern Question, freeing the latter from the monopoly of Great Power politics, and also foregrounding the experience and agency of the Levantine actors: the gradual yet still forceful opening up of the latter’s economies to global free trade, the asymmetrical implementation of international law from their perspective, and the secondary importance attached to their threat perceptions in a world where political and economic decisions were ultimately made through the filter of global imperial interests.
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Book chapters on the topic "Gradual and residual gifts"

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Reames, Donald V. "Gradual SEP Events." In Solar Energetic Particles, 97–133. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_5.

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AbstractGradual solar energetic-particle (SEP) events are “big proton events” and are usually much more “gradual” in their decay than in their onset. As their intensities increase, particles streaming away from the shock amplify Alfvén waves that scatter subsequent particles, increasing their acceleration, eventually limiting ion flow at the “streaming limit.” Waves generated by higher-speed protons running ahead can also throttle the flow of lower-energy ions, flattening spectra and altering abundances in the biggest SEP events. Thus, we find that the A/Q-dependence of scattering causes element-abundance patterns varying in space and time, which define source-plasma temperatures T, since the pattern of Q values of the ions depends upon temperature. Differences in T explain much of the variation of element abundances in gradual SEP events. In nearly 70% of gradual events, SEPs are shock-accelerated from ambient coronal plasma of ~0.8–1.6 MK, while 24% of the events involve material with T ≈ 2–4 MK re-accelerated from residual impulsive-suprathermal ions with pre-enhanced abundances. This source-plasma temperature can occasionally vary with solar longitude across the face of a shock. Non-thermal variations in ion abundances in gradual SEP events reaccelerated from the 2–4 MK impulsive source plasma are reduced, relative to those in the original impulsive SEPs, probably because the accelerating shock waves sample a pool of ions from multiple jet sources. Late in gradual events, SEPs become magnetically trapped in a reservoir behind the CME where spectra are uniform in space and decrease adiabatically in time as the magnetic bottle containing them slowly expands. Finally, we find variations of the He/O abundance ratio in the source plasma of different events.
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Reames, Donald V. "Hydrogen Abundances and Shock Waves." In Solar Energetic Particles, 187–219. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66402-2_9.

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AbstractHow well do protons fit into the abundance patterns of the other elements? Protons have Q = 1 and A/Q = 1 at all temperatures of interest. When does their relative abundance fit on the power law in A/Q defined by the elements with A/Q > 2? For small “pure” impulsive events, protons fit well, but for larger CME-associated impulsive events, where shock waves boost the intensities, protons are enhanced a factor of order ten by addition of seed protons from the ambient plasma. During most large gradual SEP events with strong shock waves, protons again fit the power law, but with weaker or quasi-perpendicular shock waves, dominated by residual impulsive seed particle abundances at high Z, again protons are enhanced. Proton enhancements occur when moderately weak shock waves happen to sample a two-component seed population with dominant protons from the ambient coronal plasma and impulsive suprathermal ions at high Z; thus proton-enhanced events are a surprising new signature of shock acceleration in jets. A/Q measures the rigidity dependence of both acceleration and transport but does not help us distinguish the two. Energy-spectral indices and abundances are correlated for most gradual events but not when impulsive ions are present; thus we end with powerful new correlations that probe both acceleration and transport.
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Ralls, Frank M., and Madeleine Grigg-Damberger. "No Easy Way Down." In Sleep Disorders, 173–89. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190671099.003.0008.

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This chapter reviews the evaluation and treatment of a 7-year-old girl with Down syndrome who had difficulty tolerating positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Children with Down syndrome are at high risk for symptomatic residual obstructive sleep apnea after AT. Treating children, especially those with developmental delays, behavior problems, and/or anxiety, with PAP requires patience, flexibility, and ingenuity. PAP therapy can be particularly challenging in children with tactile aversion. Gradual exposure to the mask and machine (operant conditioning) can facilitate habituation. PAP practice sessions should start with an enjoyable calming activity so the child begins to associate PAP with pleasant positive experiences. Maternal education about the indications for, risks or, and benefits of PAP to treat sleep apnea in children was the best predictor of mean hours used per night.
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"predicting the permissible external loading that a diamond-coated cutting tool can withstand without premature de-bonding. 3.1.6. Wear mechanisms. The failure of CVD diamond-coated inserts during machining can be in the form of flaking (interfacial failure) or abrasive wear (gradual cohesive failure) [22]. Ideally, a test of superb adhesion is when the diamond coating fully deteriorates by wear rather than flaking. Flaking will occur primarily due to poor adhesion between the diamond coating and the carbide substrate [6]. Therefore, flaking is clearly undesirable because the benefit of using a diamond coating is lost, except for the chip breaking assistance of faceted diamond crystals at the rake surface [29, 75]. If the adhesion strength of the CVD diamond coating is sufficient to withstand the machining stresses, then the abrasive action between the workpiece material and the diamond coating becomes the primary failure mechanism. Unless the CVD diamond coating is polished, a two-step wear mechanism is ex­ pected to occur. The first step is caused by the initial high surface roughness of the CVD diamond coating in which crack initiation occurs at the surface. The mecha­ nism that describes such behavior was proposed by Gunnars and Alahelisten [56]. They described a three-zone wear model as shown in Fig. 6. In this model, the role of residual stresses becomes significant in controlling crack propagation from the surface to the interface that could lead to interface failure (flaking). As outlined earlier, the high total compressive residual stress present in CVD diamond coatings on carbide inserts was assumed to be biaxial and oriented parallel to the interface. Wear starts to occur at the surface, which, because of geometry, allows stress to relax. A crack is more likely to initiate at protruding grains in zone I and propa­ gate preferentially along the (111) easy cleavage planes of diamond. The geometry at deeper depths, however, prevents the compressive residual stress from relaxing. Therefore, as the crack propagates deeper in the coating, it encounters higher com­ pressive stresses that cause the cracks to redirect their paths deviating from cleavage planes to a direction parallel to the interface in region II. The high compressive stress now causes cracks to propagate fast parallel to the interface resulting in a smooth surface in region III. Due to the smoother surface, fewer asperities will be present and it becomes harder to nucleate cracks." In Adhesion Aspects of Thin Films, Volume 1, 100–139. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11971-20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gradual and residual gifts"

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Ilyas Tchenar, Mohammed, Yunhong Wang, Qingjie Liu, and Mohammed El Amin Larabi. "Gradual Deep Residual Network for Remote Sensing Images Fusion." In 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsip49896.2020.9339380.

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Banerjee, Tathagata, Abhishek Kumar, and Sumedha Moharana. "Thermal and residual strain measurement due to gradual and repetitive thermal loading in rails and rail joints using ESG." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE/ITMC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ice/itmc52061.2021.9570262.

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Struminsky, A., A. Sadovski, and I. Grigorieva. "CME acceleration in impulsive (X6.9 09.08.2011) and gradual (M3.7 07.03.2011) solar flares." In ASTRONOMY AT THE EPOCH OF MULTIMESSENGER STUDIES. Proceedings of the VAK-2021 conference, Aug 23–28, 2021. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51194/vak2021.2022.1.1.132.

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We analyze solar events associated with flares: gradual — M3.7 on March 7, 2011 and impulsive — X6.9 on August 9, 2011.These flares were accompanied by hard X-ray (HXR), microwave (MW) and > 100 MeV gamma radiation, fast coronalmass ejection (CME). Estimates of the magnitude and duration of acceleration for CME were obtained from the conditionof stitching the assumed uniformly accelerated motion and the observed uniform motion. These estimates indicate that theCME should have been accelerated significantly longer than the estimated minimum time, at least more than 30 min. Theobtained mean values and duration of CME acceleration do not contradict CME acceleration in two phases— impulsive andprolong. The largest bursts of HXR and MW radiation were observed both during the CME impulsive acceleration (X6.9flare on August 9, 2011), and after it (M3.7 flare on March 7, 2011). This shows that the acceleration processes of chargedparticles in flares do not depend on the magnitude of the CME acceleration. The average CME velocity deduced from theSOHO/LASCO observations at 20R ⊙ in the high corona 2034 km/s on March 7, 2011 and 1506 km/s on August 9, 2011suggests that a residual decelerating force acting on CME on August 9, 2011 was larger.
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Niki, T., K. Ogawa, T. Shoji, K. Suzuki, and T. Shobu. "Influence of Thermal Cycling on Internal Residual Stresses in a Thermal Barrier Coating with a Cold Sprayed Bond Coating." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p0773.

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Abstract A kinetic metallization technique, which is one of the cold spraying systems, has been studied as a new coating system for metallic bond coats of thermal barrier coatings for components used in hot section of advanced gas turbines. In this study, in-situ residual stresses in atmospheric plasma sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coating with two different bond coat spraying systems, deposited by a low pressure plasma spraying and a cold spraying, were evaluated and compared by thermal cycle tests. From the results of 1st thermal cycle, in the case of the plasma sprayed bond coat, a tensile residual stress was observed at the elevated temperature up to 400°C. Relaxation of the residual stress was started beyond 400°C. On the other hand, the gradual increase of tensile residual stress was observed up to 1000 °C in the case of cold sprayed bond coat. In addition, transition behaviors of residual stress between plasma sprayed and cold sprayed coatings were varied in 3-thermal cycles.
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Mochizuki, Masahito, Masao Toyoda, Takahiro Kubo, and Yasushi Morikage. "Residual Stress Redcution by Using Weld Metal With Property of Low-Temperature Phase Transformation." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2650.

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Residual stress in welded joints by using a new weld metal with the property of low-temperature phase transformation is numerically analyzed. 10 % Nickel and 10 % Chromium are involved in the developed welding material for producing the property of martensitic phase transformation at a low temperature and for generating compressive residual stress. A fillet-welded joint between plate and stiffener is used for the numerical simulation of the thermal elastic-plastic finite-element analysis with coupling phase transformation effect. Moving heat source is considered by using the gradual deposition of the finite-element during welding. Distribution of the computed residual stress mostly agrees with the measuring values by strain gauge. Compressive residual stress distributes in the weld metal for both longitudinal and transverse directions with weld line. The effects of the material of weld metal and welding pass sequence on residual stress are investigated. Residual stresses on the weld toe and root are improved lower by using the low-temperature transformation weld wire than the conventional one, regardless of the sequence of welding deposition. It is found that the weld metal with property of low-temperature phase transformation is effective to reduce residual stress near weld metal.
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Kobrinsky, Mauro J., Erik R. Deutsch, and Stephen D. Senturia. "Influence of Support Compliance and Residual Stress on the Shape of Doubly-Supported Surface-Micromachined Beams." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0238.

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Abstract Doubly-supported surface-micromachined beams are increasingly used to study the mechanical properties of thin films. Residual stresses in the beams cause significant vertical deflections, which affect the performance of these devices. We present here both experimental results for doubly-supported polysilicon surface-micromachined beams, and an elastic model of the devices that takes into account the compliance of the supports and the geometrical non-linear dependence of the vertical deflections on the stress in the beam. An elastic one-dimensional model was used for the beams, and the response of the supports to forces and moments was obtained using Finite Element Method simulations. The model explains a previously observed gradual increase of the maximum vertical deflections of the beams with increasing length at a given constant residual stress, and, in agreement with experimental observations, predicts two stable states for compressively stressed beams: one with the beam bent up, the other down.
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Hosseini, Seyedmehrab, Ehsan Vaghefi, and Elham Mirkoohi. "Fatigue Study of Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Role of Defect Structure and Residual Stress." In ASME 2023 18th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2023-101307.

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Abstract Since the start of the second wave of digital manufacturing, the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM), there have been numerous efforts to explore and establish the linkages between process parameters and the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured metals. Among mechanical properties, fatigue life has received much more attention because of its importance in load-bearing applications. On the other hand, decisive factors like residual stress and defect structure hinder the applicability of AM components from being used in mission-critical load-bearing applications. This paper studies defect structure and residual stress’s impact on fatigue life as a necessary step to understanding the criticality of these factors on fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V components manufactured via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to characterize the residual stress and defect structure of AMed Ti-6Al-4V specimens. Next, the samples underwent fatigue testing to correlate the XCT and XRD data to fatigue life. The residual surface stress showed a substantial effect on fatigue life. An obvious reduction was observed in fatigue life with the increase of residual surface stress in both scan and build directions. Additionally, average residual stress tends to reduce the fatigue life, but with a scattered behavior. Furthermore, a significant relationship between defect size and fatigue performance was observed. Maximum defect size showed a strong linear impact on fatigue life reduction. Also, a gradual decrease of fatigue life with average defect size was realized.
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Charles, Richard, David W. Beardsmore, Huaguo Teng, and Chris T. Watson. "Load History Effects on Crack Driving Force for Cracks in Residual Stress Fields." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61376.

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Fracture mechanics assessments of engineering components and structures containing defects are made by comparing an estimate of the crack driving force KJ with an effective fracture toughness KJc. The assessments must account for the combined effect of primary loads, such as internal pressure in pressurised components, and secondary stresses arising from welding and/or thermal loading. Elastic-plastic finite element analysis, or simplified methods set out in standard assessment procedures, can be used to estimate the crack driving force KJ as a function of the applied primary load on the component. The effective fracture toughness KJc should take account of the material fracture toughness and the crack tip constraint. For the assessment of defects in weld residual stress fields, it is usually assumed that the defect is inserted into the as-welded stress distribution in such a way that traction free crack surfaces are created simultaneously at all positions on the crack faces. However, it may be beneficial to take account of any relaxation in the residual stress field that might arise during proof-testing or in-service cyclic loading, and to consider a more gradual, progressive introduction of the defects. These benefits could, in principle, result in a reduction in the crack driving force. This paper describes work that has been undertaken to provide estimates of the crack driving force KJ for a fully-circumferential defect in a circumferential repair weld in a cylindrical pipe. Calculations have been carried out to establish KJ for a number of cases where different pressure overloads are applied to the uncracked pipe and different methods of crack insertion are applied. Estimates of the margin of safety on fracture toughness and pressure loading were calculated. At the outset, it was assumed that the fracture toughness of relevance for the defects is the material fracture toughness KJc* derived from strain free, high constraint fracture toughness specimens. No allowance was made for constraint effects associated with the finite geometry or initial strains in the pipe. The values of KJ were derived from values of J calculated using the JEDI post-processing code; this allows for initial inelastic strains present in the model prior to the start of the crack insertion process.
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Bardetsky, Alexander, and AiKuo Lee. "Analytical Prediction of Progressive Structural Failure of a Damaged Ship for Rapid Response Damage Assessment." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23466.

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The assessment of the residual strength of a damaged ship is a key element of ABS’ Rapid Response Damage Assessment (RRDA) program. When determining the residual strength, it is important to understand how the initial structural damage can spread in response to sea wave dynamic loads and can lead to a gradual reduction of the ship’s residual strength. This progressive, time-dependent structural failure caused by cracks emanating from the damaged area could eventually lead to total hull girder collapse. This is why it is important to quantify the progressive structural failure over time when assessing the residual strength of the damaged ship. Until now, progressive structural failure analysis has been conducted numerically using the Finite Element (FE) modeling approach. While this approach is accurate, it is extremely time-consuming, which makes it inappropriate for incident response, where time for decision-making is very limited. In order to overcome this limitation, an alternative analytical modeling approach for assessing the progressive structural failure of a damaged ship is proposed. This paper presents a new comprehensive procedure for analytical prediction of crack propagation under sea wave loading using spectral fatigue analysis, beam theory, fracture mechanics and an equivalent stress intensity factor (SIF) range concept. The SIF range obtained analytically is validated by FE modeling of a damaged ship subjected to sea wave dynamic loading. The procedure for analytical prediction of the crack propagation is demonstrated for a typical, modern 170,000 DWT bulk carrier in a full load condition. The results of this research can be used to support informed decision-making when analyzing a vessel’s residual strength for the transit voyage from the accident location to a repair facility.
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Khor, K. A., Y. W. Gu, and Z. L. Dong. "Properties of Plasma Sprayed Functionally Graded YSZ/NiCoCrAlY Composite Coatings." In ITSC 2000, edited by Christopher C. Berndt. ASM International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2000p1241.

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Abstract Plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings often face the problems of spallation and cracking in service owing to their poor bond strength and high residual stresses. Functionally graded thermal barrier coatings with a gradual compositional variation from heat resistant ceramics to fracture resistant metals are proposed to mitigate these problems. In this paper, functionally graded Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) / NiCoCrAlY composite coatings were prepared using pre-alloyed and spheroidized composite powders. The mechanical and thermal properties of graded YSZ/NiCoCrAlY composite coatings, such as elastic modulus, bond strength, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal cycling and oxidation resistance were investigated. Results showed that the bond strength and thermal cycling resistance of FGM coatings were much better than that of the duplex coatings. The coefficient of thermal expansion and elastic modulus changed gradually through the 5-layer functionally graded coating.
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