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Journal articles on the topic 'Graded photonic crystal'

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Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Qi, YongLe, XiaoHong Sun, Shuai Wang, WenYang Li, and ZhongYong Wang. "Design of an Electrically Tunable Micro-Lens Based on Graded Photonic Crystal." Crystals 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2018): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8070303.

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A micro-lens with an adjustable focal length (FL) is designed by using Graded Photonic Crystal (GPC) structures and a Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) material. The GPCs are formed by gradually changing the radius of the polymer rods in the Photonic Crystal (PC) with square lattices of polymer rods in the background of Liquid Crystals (LCs). The electrically tunable focusing characteristics of the micro-lens are investigated by loading a continuous voltage source to change the LC rotation angle. The sensitivity of the focal shift in terms of LCs tilting angle is 0.152 λ(nm/deg). Moreover, the effect of the defects and deviations on the focusing characteristics are also analyzed. This research is crucial for future applications of the proposed device in the integrated photonics and adaptive optics.

2

Hassan, Safaa, Oliver Sale, David Lowell, Noah Hurley, and Yuankun Lin. "Holographic Fabrication and Optical Property of Graded Photonic Super-Crystals with a Rectangular Unit Super-Cell." Photonics 5, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics5040034.

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Recently developed graded photonic super-crystals show an enhanced light absorption and light extraction efficiency if they are integrated with a solar cell and an organic light emitting device, respectively. In this paper, we present the holographic fabrication of a graded photonic super-crystal with a rectangular unit super-cell. The spatial light modulator-based pixel-by-pixel phase engineering of the incident laser beam provides a high resolution phase pattern for interference lithography. This also provides a flexible design for the graded photonic super-crystals with a different ratio of length over the width of the rectangular unit super-cell. The light extraction efficiency is simulated for the organic light emitting device, where the cathode is patterned with the graded photonic super-crystal. The high extraction efficiency is maintained for different exposure thresholds during the interference lithography. The desired polarization effects are observed for certain exposure thresholds. The extraction efficiency reaches as high as 75% in the glass substrate.

3

Sano, Daisuke, and Soshu Kirihara. "Fabrication of Metal Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacing by Using Micro-Stereolithography." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.287.

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We designed micro-scale photonic crystal with or without graded lattice spacing composed of copper to control Terahertz (THz) waves. Designed structures were fabricated by using micro-stereolithography. By proper dewaxing and sintering process, pure copper photonic crystals were obtained. Transmission properties of THz waves propagating through the photonic crystals were measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy. Measured results showed good agreements with the simulated results.

4

Liu, Wei, Hechao Liu, Xiaohong Sun, and Fan Zhang. "The Design of Large Curved Waveguide Based on Sunflower Graded Photonic Crystal." Photonics 10, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070781.

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In this paper, three large curved waveguides based on Sunflower Graded photonic crystal are designed. Numerical simulations of electromagnetic beam bending in Sunflower Graded photonic crystals have shown that homogenization based on the Maxwell–Garnett theory gives very good results for steering the electromagnetic field. In contrast to the progressive bending waveguide structures based on periodic photonic crystal designs reported in the literature, this structure is not only simple in design, but also the optical wave trends in the progressive bending waveguide structures are more smooth. Sunflower structures, due to their high circular symmetry, have a great advantage in making arbitrary curved waveguides. The results have some theoretical implications for the design of optical integrated circuits and the selection of optically thin communication devices. It is also useful for the selection of meta-materials.

5

Rezaei, Behrooz, Ibrahim Halil Giden, Mohammad Sadegh Zakerhamidi, Amid Ranjkesh, and Tae-Hoon Yoon. "Two-Dimensional Hybrid Photonic Crystal With Graded Low-Index Using a Nonuniform Voltage." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 75, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2019-0144.

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AbstractWe proposed a new method for designing graded index lens using liquid crystal infiltration into annular photonic crystals. Applying an external nonuniform voltage in the transverse direction perpendicular to the direction of light propagation yields different orientation of liquid crystal molecules inside the photonic crystal unit cells. As a result, a gradient refractive index was modulated. We numerically investigate focusing properties of the designed graded index structure using plane-wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods. The gradient refractive index profile was adjusted by varying the nonuniform voltage excitations, which consequently altered the focal distance of the graded index structure. A wide tuning range of 1856 nm was achieved for focal distance by the proposed graded index structure. This feature can be implemented for planning a flat lens with tunable focal distance based on electro-optic effect. These achievements may have future applications in some optical devices such as near-field imaging and scanning.

6

Chassagneux, Y., R. Colombelli, W. Maineult, S. Barbieri, S. P. Khanna, E. H. Linfield, and A. G. Davies. "Graded photonic crystal terahertz quantum cascade lasers." Applied Physics Letters 96, no. 3 (January 18, 2010): 031104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3273056.

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7

Chen Sujuan, 陈素娟, 周崇喜 Zhou Chongxi, 邱传凯 Qiu Chuankai, and 罗先刚 Luo Xiangang. "Focusing Lens by Three-Dimensional Graded Photonic Crystal." Acta Optica Sinica 30, no. 8 (2010): 2427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos20103008.2427.

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8

Park, J. H., W. S. Choi, H. Y. Koo, and D. Y. Kim. "Colloidal Photonic Crystal with Graded Refractive-Index Distribution." Advanced Materials 17, no. 7 (April 4, 2005): 879–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400632.

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9

Giden, Ibrahim Halil, Neslihan Eti, Behrooz Rezaei, and Hamza Kurt. "Adaptive Graded Index Photonic Crystal Lens Design via Nematic Liquid Crystals." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 52, no. 10 (October 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2016.2605398.

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10

Rezaei, B., I. H. Giden, and H. Kurt. "Tuning light focusing with liquid crystal infiltrated graded index photonic crystals." Optics Communications 382 (January 2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.07.062.

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11

Bahari, Babak, and Jalil Rashed-Mohassel. "Beam steering with graded index photonic crystal lens and liquid crystal." IET Optoelectronics 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2013.0092.

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12

Kirihara, Soshu, Toshiki Niki, and Masaru Kaneko. "Terahertz Wave Properties of Ceramic Photonic Crystals with Graded Structure Fabricated by Using Micro-Stereolithography." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.299.

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Fabrication and terahertz wave properties of alumina micro photonic crystals with a diamond structure were investigated. The three-dimensional diamond structure was designed on a computer using 3D-CAD software. Acrylic diamond structures with alumina particles dispersion were formed by using micro-stereolithography. Fabricated precursors were dewaxed and sintered in the air. The electromagnetic wave properties were measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. A complete photonic band gap was observed at the frequency range from 0.40 to 0.47 THz, and showed good agreement with the simulation results calculated by the plane wave expansion method. Moreover, a localized mode was obtained by introducing a plane defect between twinned diamond structures. The one-way transmission of the electromagnetic wave was realized by using this twinned photonic crystal with the graded diamond structure. They corresponded to the simulation by the transmission line modeling (TLM) method.

13

Ankita, Shivangi Bissa, Bhuvneshwer Suthar, and Anami Bhargava. "Graded Photonic Crystal as Improved Sensor for Nanobiophotonic Application." Macromolecular Symposia 401, no. 1 (February 2022): 2100319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.202100319.

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14

Liu Wei, 刘薇, 孙晓红 Sun Xiaohong, 王帅 Wang Shuai, and 齐勇乐 Qi Yongle. "Self-focusing lens in Sun-flower graded photonic crystal." Infrared and Laser Engineering 46, no. 11 (2017): 1120002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201746.1120002.

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15

Tan, C., Tapio Niemi, Changsi Peng, and Markus Pessa. "Focusing effect of a graded index photonic crystal lens." Optics Communications 284, no. 12 (June 2011): 3140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2011.02.067.

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16

Liu, Wei, Xiaohong Sun, Minglei Gao, and Shuai Wang. "Luneburg and flat lens based on graded photonic crystal." Optics Communications 364 (April 2016): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.11.058.

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17

Liu, Meiling, Maojin Yun, Feng Xia, Weijin Kong, Wei Lv, and Huiyue Tan. "Superlens realized by the two dimensional graded photonic crystal." Optik 124, no. 20 (October 2013): 4536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.01.037.

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18

Ren, Kun, and Xiaobin Ren. "Controlling light transport by using a graded photonic crystal." Applied Optics 50, no. 15 (May 13, 2011): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.002152.

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19

Cassan, Eric, Khanh Van Do, Jean Dellinger, Xavier Le Roux, Frédérique de Fornel, and Benoit Cluzel. "Polarization beam splitting using a birefringent graded photonic crystal." Optics Letters 38, no. 4 (February 8, 2013): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.000459.

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20

Ankita, Shivangi Bissa, Bhuvneshwer Suthar, and Anami Bhargava. "High pass filter based on one-dimensional graded photonic crystal." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2335, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2335/1/012006.

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Abstract In this study, a graded thickness photonic crystal is studied containing metamaterial and air multilayers. Transmission spectra are calculated using the transfer matrix method. The transmission values of proposed structure increases with frequency and attain values as unity, which can show an application as optical high pass filter. The frequency corresponding to half transmission value i.e. cut-off frequency of proposed optical high pass filter can be tuned with the graded index parameter.

21

Lee, Jungmin, Kyuyoung Bae, Gumin Kang, Minjung Choi, Seunghwa Baek, Do-sik Yoo, Chang-Won Lee, and Kyoungsik Kim. "Graded-lattice AAO photonic crystal heterostructure for high Q refractive index sensing." RSC Advances 5, no. 88 (2015): 71770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15890g.

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We present a low-cost and versatile high Q colorimetric refractive index sensor based on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) graded-lattice photonic crystal heterostructure (PCH) template controlled by voltage pulse and electrolyte temperature.

22

Ankita, Bhuvneshwer Suthar, Shivangi Bissa, and Anami Bhargava. "Study transmission characteristics of graded photonic crystal as low pass filter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2603, no. 1 (October 1, 2023): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2603/1/012046.

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Abstract Here, we investigate propagation characteristics of graded thickness one-dimensional photonic crystal structure made of silicon and air. The optical transmission is obtained by transfer matrix method (TMM) and studied impact of graded index and refractive index variation on the transmission spectra. The optical transmission of suggested structure drops as frequency increases and falls to zero more rapidly as graded index increases. The graded index variable can be used to tune the suggested structure’s cut off frequency, which corresponds to half of the transmission value. So, such device has useful application as tunable optical low-pass filter.

23

Hassan, Safaa, Khadijah Alnasser, David Lowell, and Yuankun Lin. "Effects of Photonic Band Structure and Unit Super-Cell Size in Graded Photonic Super-Crystal on Broadband Light Absorption in Silicon." Photonics 6, no. 2 (May 9, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6020050.

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The newly discovered graded photonic super-crystal (GPSC) with a large size of unit cell can have novel optical properties that have not been explored. The unit super-cell in the GPSC can be designed to be large or small and thus the GPSC can have no photonic band gap or several gaps. The photonic band structures in Si GPSC can help predict the light absorption in Si. Photonic resonance modes help enhance the absorption of light in silicon; however, photonic band gaps decrease the absorption for light with a large incident angle. The Si device patterned in GPSC with a unit super-cell of 6a × 6a (a is a lattice constant in traditional photonic crystal) has a broadband high absorption with strong incident-angular dependence. The device with the unit super-cell of 12a × 12a has relatively low light absorption with weak incident-angle dependence. The Si GPSC with a unit super-cell of 8a × 8a combines both advantages of broadband high absorption and weak dependence of absorption on the incident angle.

24

Liang, Binming, Xiao Huang, and Jihong Zheng. "Super-resolution imaging of negative-refractive graded-index photonic crystal flat lens." Materials Research Express 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 016201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac4731.

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Abstract Photonic crystal (PC) not only breaks through the diffraction limit of traditional lenses but also can realize super-resolution imaging. Improving the resolution is the key task of PC imaging. The main work of this paper is to use a graded-index Photonic crystal (GPC) flat lens to improve the image resolution. An air-hole type two-dimensional (2D) GPC structure based on silicon medium is proposed in this paper. Numerical simulations through RSoft reveal that when the medium in the imaging area is air, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of a single image reaches 0.362 λ . According to the Rayleigh criterion, the images of two point sources 0.57 λ apart can also be distinguished. In the imaging system composed of cedar oil and GPC flat lens, the FWHM value of a single image reaches 0.34 λ . In addition, the images of multiple point sources 0.49 λ apart can still be distinguished.

25

Gharaati, A., and N. Miri. "Comprehensive analysis of two different graded-index photonic-crystal lenses." Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics 18, no. 2 (2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3116/16091833/18/2/109/2017.

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26

Do, Van Khanh, Xavier Le Roux, Charles Caer, Delphine Marris-Morini, Nicolas Izard, Laurent Vivien, and Eric Cassan. "Wavelength Demultiplexer Based on a Two-Dimensional Graded Photonic Crystal." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 23, no. 15 (August 2011): 1094–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2011.2151855.

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27

Li, Yi-Yu, Ming-Yu Li, Pei-Fu Gu, Zhen-Rong Zheng, and Xu Liu. "Graded wavelike two-dimensional photonic crystal made of thin films." Applied Optics 47, no. 13 (November 26, 2007): C70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.47.000c70.

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28

Zhang, Pan, Huiping Tian, Daquan Yang, Qi Liu, Jian Zhou, Lijun Huang, and Yuefeng Ji. "Radius vertical graded nanoscale interlaced-coupled photonic crystal sensors array." Optics Communications 355 (November 2015): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.05.037.

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29

Xu, Chuanwang, Aiyi Qi, Tiancai Wang, Xuyan Zhou, Hongwei Qu, Liang Wang, Juwen Wang, Yufei Wang, and Wanhua Zheng. "Narrow vertical divergence 780 nm lasers with modulated refractive index of photonic crystal structure." Applied Physics Express 15, no. 4 (March 24, 2022): 044002. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/ac5d7a.

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Abstract Narrow vertical divergence lasers for the 780 nm wavelength based on step index photonic crystal (STIN PC) and graded index photonic crystal (GRIN PC) structure are investigated. The effects of GaAsP and InGaAlAs as quantum well materials on device performance are studied. The STIN PC structure realizes a low threshold current of 0.52 A and high output power of 4.75 W at 5 A, while the GRIN PC structure has lower resistance and vertical divergence angle of only 21°. The device performance of GaAsP as a quantum well material is overall better than that of InGaAlAs.

30

Hassan, Safaa, Yan Jiang, Khadijah Alnasser, Noah Hurley, Hualiang Zhang, Usha Philipose, and Yuankun Lin. "Generation of over 1000 Diffraction Spots from 2D Graded Photonic Super-Crystals." Photonics 7, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7020027.

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For the first time, we are able to generate over 1000 diffraction spots from a graded photonic super-crystal with a unit super-cell size of 12a × 12a where a is the lattice constant and hole radii are gradually changed in dual directions. The diffraction pattern from the graded photonic super-crystal reveals unique diffraction properties. The first order diffractions of (±1,0) or (0,±1) disappear. Fractional diffraction orders are observed in the diffraction pattern inside a square with vertices of (1,1), (1,−1), (−1,−1) and (−1,−1). The fractional diffraction can be understood from lattices with a period of a. However, a dual-lattice model is considered in order to explain higher-order diffractions. E-field intensity simulations show a coupling and re-distribution among fractional orders of Bloch waves. There are a total of 12 × 12 spots in E-field intensity in the unit supercell corresponding to 12 × 12 fractional diffraction orders in the diffraction pattern and 12 × 12 fractional orders of momentum in the first Brillouin zone in k-space.

31

Liu, Meiling, Maojin Yun, Feng Xia, Weijin Kong, Yong Wan, Jian Liang, Wei Lv, and Huiyue Tan. "SUPER-RESOLUTION IMAGING OF THE GRADED PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WITH NEGATIVE REFRACTION." Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 25 (2012): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierm12070616.

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32

Cakmak, Atilla Ozgur, Evrim Colak, Humeyra Caglayan, Hamza Kurt, and Ekmel Ozbay. "High efficiency of graded index photonic crystal as an input coupler." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 10 (May 15, 2009): 103708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3130403.

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33

Hung-Ta Chien, Chengkuo Lee, Hua-Kung Chiu, Kuei-Chu Hsu, Chii-Chang Chen, J. A. A. Ho, and Chien Chou. "The Comparison Between the Graded Photonic Crystal Coupler and Various Couplers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 27, no. 14 (July 2009): 2570–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2008.2012271.

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34

Dobbs, Dennis W., Irena Gershkovich, and Brian T. Cunningham. "Fabrication of a graded-wavelength guided-mode resonance filter photonic crystal." Applied Physics Letters 89, no. 12 (September 18, 2006): 123113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2356695.

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35

Xie, Jianlan, Junzhong Wang, Rui Ge, Bei Yan, Exian Liu, Wei Tan, and Jianjun Liu. "Multiband super-resolution imaging of graded-index photonic crystal flat lens." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 20 (April 26, 2018): 205103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aabc4a.

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36

LIU Wei-bo, 刘伟波, and 董丽芳 DONG Li-fang. "Investigation on Novel Graded-index Plasma Photonic Crystal by Spectroscopy Method." Chinese Journal of Luminescence 38, no. 2 (2017): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/fgxb20173802.0232.

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37

Kirihara, Soshu, and Yoshinari Miyamoto. "Selective Transmission of Electromagnetic Wave by Using Diamond Photonic Crystals with Graded Lattice Spacing." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.1139.

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Three-dimensional electromagnetic or photonic crystals with periodic variations of the dielectric constants were fabricated by using a rapid prototyping method called stereolithography. Millimeter-order epoxy lattices with a diamond structure were designed to reflect electromagnetic waves by forming an electromagnetic band gap in GHz range. Titania based ceramic particles were dispersed into the lattice to control the dielectric constant. The diamond lattice structures formed the perfect band gap reflecting electromagnetic waves for all directions. The location of the band gap agreed with the band calculation using the plane wave propagation method. The diamond structures with graded lattice spacing were successfully fabricated as well, resulting in the directional transmission of microwaves. The stretching ratio of the lattice spacing in the crystal structure was changed according to the electromagnetic band calculation. A microwave antenna head composed of the diamond structure with graded lattice spacing was fabricated which achieved the unidirectional transmission.

38

Zohrabi, Ramin, and Abdolrahman Namdar. "Perfect Tunable All-Optical Diode based on Periodic Photonic Crystal Grand Graded Structures." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0080.

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Abstract We have investigated nonlinear properties and optically diode action capability in graded nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystals-made up of graded index and thickness layers using transfer matrix method (TMM). We have considered the efficacy of index and thickness gradient parameters on the nonlinear properties in right to left and left to right optical pumping. It is found that the difference between the up-switch threshold input intensities of the left to right and right to left impinging lights and optical bistability (OBS) threshold can be tunable with thickness gradation parameter and index gradation parameter, respectively. Proposed structure can be useful in designing low threshold and high speed optical diode, switches and rectifiers.

39

Liang, Shengnan, Jianlan Xie, Pinghua Tang, and Jianjun Liu. "Large object distance and super-resolution graded-index photonic crystal flat lens." Optics Express 27, no. 7 (March 19, 2019): 9601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.009601.

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40

Gaufillet, F., and É. Akmansoy. "Design and experimental evidence of a flat graded-index photonic crystal lens." Journal of Applied Physics 114, no. 8 (August 28, 2013): 083105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4817368.

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41

Bahari, B., and M. S. Abrishamian. "Gaussian beam-to-slab waveguide coupler by graded index photonic crystal lens." Journal of Optics 15, no. 12 (October 29, 2013): 125502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/12/125502.

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42

Mathias, Patrick C., Nikhil Ganesh, Wei Zhang, and Brian T. Cunningham. "Graded wavelength one-dimensional photonic crystal reveals spectral characteristics of enhanced fluorescence." Journal of Applied Physics 103, no. 9 (May 2008): 094320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2917184.

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43

Wang, Hung-Wen, I.-Ling Chang, and Lien-Wen Chen. "Beam manipulating by graded photonic crystal slab made of dielectric elastomer actuators." Optics Communications 285, no. 24 (November 2012): 5524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2012.07.132.

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44

Jin, Lei, Qing-Yi Zhu, and Yong-Qi Fu. "Tunability of graded negative index-based photonic crystal lenses for fine focusing." Chinese Physics B 22, no. 9 (September 2013): 094102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/22/9/094102.

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45

Srivastava, Sanjeev K., and S. P. Ojha. "Broadband optical reflector based on Si/SiO2one-dimensional graded photonic crystal structure." Journal of Modern Optics 56, no. 1 (January 10, 2009): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500340802428330.

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46

Ren, Kun, and XiaoBin Ren. "Y-shaped beam splitter by graded structure design in a photonic crystal." Chinese Science Bulletin 57, no. 11 (April 2012): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5007-4.

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47

Kumar, Rajeev, Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava, and S. K. Srivastava. "A Comparative Study of Transmission Mode Tunability in, Linearly Graded and Without Graded, Defect Photonic Crystal Structure." Journal of Nanoengineering and Nanomanufacturing 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnan.2016.1280.

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48

Dash, Shikhar, Varun Mathur, Nilesh Pandey, and Ravindra K. Sinha. "Terahertz Wave Propagation Characteristics in Graded Teflon Based Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fibre." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2426, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2426/1/012021.

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Abstract:

Abstract In the past few years, photonic crystal fibre (PCF) in the Terahertz spectrum is drawing significant attention because of its multifaceted applications in high-speed data communication, spectroscopy, sensing, etc. The proposed PCF structure is based on a Teflon solid core surrounded by porous cladding. Teflon has been used as a background material because of its high flexibility and the possibility of making longer PCFs, which is capable of guiding waves in the THz region. The porous cladding consists of circular air-holes positioned hexagonally whose diameters increase with each subsequent layer keeping the pitch constant thus providing a graded-index profile. The diameters of air holes in each hexagonal layer are 1 mm, 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm respectively, maintaining a constant pitch of 2mm and a perfectly matched layer (PML) thickness of 3mm. We have examined the transmission characteristics of the proposed profile in the frequency range of 0.8 THz to 2.5 THz. The modal solution of the profile is solved using the Finite Element Method based on COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5. Using the graded-index profile, we have obtained a large effective modal area of around 5.6 mm2 at 1 THz and a low confinement loss of 2.25 × 10−4 dB/km at the same frequency. Due to this large effective modal area, we get higher damage threshold and weaker non-linear effects, making it suitable for high power applications.

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Wang, Zhaohong, Chen Guo, and Wei Jiang. "OMNIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTION EXTENSION IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL SUPERCONDUCTING-DIELECTRIC BINARY GRADED PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WITH GRADED GEOMETRIC LAYERS THICKNESSES." Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters 42 (2013): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierl13061602.

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Kamau, Steve, Safaa Hassan, Khadijah Alnasser, Hualiang Zhang, Jingbiao Cui, and Yuankun Lin. "Broadband Absorption in Patterned Metal/Weakly-Absorbing-Spacer/Metal with Graded Photonic Super-Crystal." Photonics 8, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8040114.

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It is challenging to realize the complete broadband absorption of near-infrared in thin optical devices. In this paper, we studied high light absorption in two devices: a stack of Au-pattern/insulator/Au-film and a stack of Au-pattern/weakly-absorbing-material/Au-film where the Au-pattern was structured in graded photonic super-crystal. We observed multiple-band absorption, including one near 1500 nm, in a stack of Au-pattern/spacer/Au-film. The multiple-band absorption is due to the gap surface plasmon polariton when the spacer thickness is less than 30 nm. Broadband absorption appears in the near-infrared when the insulator spacer is replaced by a weakly absorbing material. E-field intensity was simulated and confirmed the formation of gap surface plasmon polaritons and their coupling with Fabry–Pérot resonance.