Journal articles: 'GRADE Approach'

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Kim, Hwiyoung, Jiyun Choi, Chul-Young Jang, Jin Woo Lee, Sungjun Kim, and Seung Hwan Han. "Automatic Grading of Ankle Osteoarthritis Based on Takakura Staging System: A Deep Learning- Based Approach." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 2473011419S0024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011419s00246.

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Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis Introduction/Purpose: The Takakura staging system has been used for the stratification in ankle osteoarthritis(OA). Patient’s OA stage is determined by visual examination on the status of talar and distal tibia in anteroposterior ankle radiograph. Clinical decisions about whether to treat conservatively or to treat with operation such as supra-malleolar osteotomy or arthroplasty may depend on this grading system. However, this is not completely reproducible between examiners and it makes a debating situation about different treatment method to a same ankle radiograph. If highly reproducible measurement method may be suggested this debating may no longer need. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to suggest a deep learning-based algorithm that automatically grades ankle osteoarthritis and to present feasibility of the provided automatic grading system. Methods: 2529 AP both-ankle radiographs were collected and graded for OA by a radiologist and orthopedic surgeon. We converted Takakura staging system into 3 grades(Grade1: stageI, Grade2: II-IIIa, Grade3: IIIb-IV) according to treatment plan. To confine the region of interest(ROI), a rectangle encompassing ankle portion was automatically generated using an object detection model(YOLOv2). The data oversampling was done to overcome small data and class imbalance. Four pre-trained convolutional networks(One Inception-v3 and three ResNet models) were fine-tuned using augmented data. We tried two different ensemble methods: voting ensemble and gradient boosting. Voting ensemble adjusts the decision through selecting majority votes among trained models. Gradient boosting(XGboost model) trains new classification model to focus on the cases that previous model mis- classified. The evaluation of trained models and ensemble model were performed in terms of average classification accuracy. Gradient-class activation map(CAM) method was utilized to present CAM highlighting the location where highly affected the network for the decision. Results: A total of 3836 original ROIs were obtained and as follows: grade 1, 1382; grade 2, 1927; grade 3, 527. The number of oversampled ROIs was 16398 like follows: grade 1, 5528; grade 2, 7708; grade 3, 3162. The performance of each classifier was ranged 71.0% ˜ 77.3% in terms of average classification accuracy. Ensemble methods yielded average classification accuracies of 78.1% and 79.2% for voting ensemble and XGboost, respectively. Conclusion: Deep learning-based algorithm application for automatic grading of ankle osteoarthritis based on Takakura staging system is feasible. This approach is expected to be applied to various staging system for arthritis assessment through radiographs.

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DENKCI AKKAS, Ferdane, and Berna COKER. "The Use of Communicative Approach in 9th Grade EFL Classes." Eurasian Journal of Educational Research 16, no. 65 (September 1, 2016): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2016.65.05.

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Bailey, Leonard C. "Grade-scaling: A simplified approach." Journal of Chemical Education 69, no. 3 (March 1992): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed069p221.

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Wijdicks, Frans-Jasper. "Grade outcomes or studies: how to use grade approach correctly." International Orthopaedics 37, no. 3 (January 12, 2013): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-012-1767-3.

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Savitski, Mikhail M., Michael L. Nielsen, Frank Kjeldsen, and Roman A. Zubarev. "Proteomics-Grade de Novo Sequencing Approach." Journal of Proteome Research 4, no. 6 (December 2005): 2348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr050288x.

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Mao, Zhi, Lihai Zhang, Yaolong Chen, and Peifu Tang. "GRADE outcomes or studies: how to use the GRADE approach correctly?" International Orthopaedics 37, no. 3 (January 11, 2013): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00264-012-1766-4.

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Tostado, Karla V. ChÁVez, David VelÁZquez-Fernandez, MÓNica Chapa, Juan P. Pantoja MillÁN, Mauricio S. Salazar, and Miguel F. Herrera. "Substernal Goiter: Correlation between Grade and Surgical Approach." American Surgeon 84, no. 2 (February 2018): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481808400235.

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Substernal goiter is defined as a thyroid growth beyond the thoracic inlet. Using the cross-section imaging CT system, it can be classified into three grades. The aim of the study was to validate the surgical approach and the occurrence of postoperative complications with substernal goiter extension in our patient population. From a total of 1145 patients who underwent thyroid surgery at our institution in a 15-year period, 60 patients with substernal goiter were included. Clinical features and demographics, degree of extension, surgical details, and complications were analyzed. Mean ± SD age of the patients was 58 ± 14.7 years and 88 per cent were females. According to the cross-section imaging CT system 61.7 per cent were grade I,23.3 per cent grade II, and 15 per cent grade III. Total thyroidectomy was performed in 78.3 per cent of the patients, subtotal thyroidectomy in 18.3 per cent, and lobectomy in 3.3 per cent. The cervical approach was sufficient to perform 96.7 per cent of the thyroidectomies, requiring partial sternotomy in only two patients with grade III substernal goiter. Patients with grade III substernal goiter had a higher risk for postoperative dysphonia (OR = 14.29, IC95% 1.14-178.9, P = 0.03), which occurred in three patients (two transient and one permanent). Transitory hypoparathyroidism was present in 20 patients (33.3%) and did not correlate with goiter extension. Most substernal goiters can be resected through a cervical approach, with relatively low morbidity. Postoperative dysphonia was directly related to the extension of the goiter. Few cases with grade III goiters require a partial sternotomy.

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Murni, Sukma, and Asep Ikin Sugandi. "THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICS REALISTIC EDUCATION APPROACH ON STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICAL CRITICAL THINKING AND RESILIENCY." (JIML) JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE MATHEMATICS LEARNING 1, no. 1 (March 18, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/jiml.v1i1.p41-52.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of mathematics realistic education (RME) approach on students’ mathematical critical thinking and resiliency. This study is an experiment with pre test-post test control group design and involves 62 eleventh grade students, a mathematical critical thinking test, a mathematical resiliency scale, and a perception on RME approach scale. The study found, on mathematical critical thinking ability (MCTA), its N Gain, and mathematical resiliency (MR) students getting treatment with RME approach attained better grades than the grades of students taught by conventional teaching. The first group students attained at medium grade level on MCTA and fairly good grade level on MR, while the second group students obtained at low grade level on MCTA, medium grade level on MR, and they realized difficulties in some items of mathematical critical thinking tasks. The other findings, there was no association between MCTA and MR, and students learned actively, thought critically and creatively, were unafraid to pose their opinion and performed to be self confident during RME approach.

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Barbosa, Guilherme Bicudo, Debora Davalos Albuquerque Maranhao, Vanessa Alvarenga Bezerra, Aley Talans, Eduardo Zlotnik, and Renato Moretti-Marques. "Laparoscopic approach to paravaginal low-grade sarcoma." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 31, no. 9 (July 29, 2021): 1303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2021-002482.

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Vinodh, S., and Suresh Kumar Chintha. "Leanness assessment using multi-grade fuzzy approach." International Journal of Production Research 49, no. 2 (January 15, 2011): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207540903471494.

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Shah, Aatman, and Henry Jung. "Surgical approach to low-grade tectal gliomas." Acta Neurochirurgica 157, no. 8 (June 18, 2015): 1373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-015-2468-7.

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Greenlaw, M. Jean, and Steve Tipps. "A Literature Approach to Middle Grade Math." Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas 71, no. 1 (September 1997): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00098659709599315.

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Sanchez, Guillermo, William Aperador, and Alexander Cerón. "Corrosion grade classification: a machine learning approach." Indian Chemical Engineer 62, no. 3 (October 11, 2019): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2019.1675539.

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Feather, Darrin, Douglas Harrell, Richard Lieberman, and Francis J. Doyle. "Hybrid approach to polymer grade transition control." AIChE Journal 50, no. 10 (2004): 2502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10250.

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Lata, Hemant, and Leena Sharma. "Effect of Constructivist Approach on Academic Achievement of Seventh Grade Learners in Mathematics." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (June 1, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/36.

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Inagawa, Tetsuji, Mitsuo Yamamoto, and Kazuko Kamiya. "Effect of clot removal on cerebral vasospasm." Journal of Neurosurgery 72, no. 2 (February 1990): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1990.72.2.0224.

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✓ The effect of clot removal on cerebral vasospasm was studied in 104 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The series included patients who fulfilled all of the following criteria: operation was performed by Day 3 after the ictus; the patient's preoperative clinical grade was between Grades I and IV; there was no rebleeding; computerized tomography (CT) showed only SAH; and carotid angiograms were performed by Day 2 and repeated between Days 7 and 9. Both the degree of SAH on CT and angiographic vasospasm were graded from 0 to III. The relationship of the SAH grade in the basal frontal interhemispheric fissure (IHF) to the presence of vasospasm at the A2 segments of the anterior cerebral artery and the relationship of the SAH grade in the sylvian stems to the presence of vasospasm at the M1 segments of the middle cerebral artery were analyzed. Correlation of preoperative and postoperative SAH grades with the angiographic vasospasm grades, with the incidence of symptomatic vasospasm, and with the low-density area on CT could be found in the A2 and M1 territories. Decrease of cisternal blood measured by CT after the operation did not relate directly to the reduction of vasospasm. When the SAH was Grade II or III in the basal frontal IHF, the angiographic vasospasm grades at the A2 were significantly lower in patients with surgery via the interhemispheric approach than in those with surgery via the pterional approach. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in two of the eight cases operated on by the interhemispheric approach compared with 11 of the 22 cases approached via the pterional route. In patients with a pterional approach, there was no significant difference in severity of vasospasm in the M1 territory between the side of approach and the opposite side. No consistent relationship could be found between the time interval from SAH to operation and the severity of vasospasm. While clot removal may ameliorate cerebral vasospasm, its effect per se does not seem to be significant.

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Baglione, Stephen L., and Zachary Smith. "Grade inflation: undergraduate students’ perspective." Quality Assurance in Education 30, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 251–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-08-2021-0134.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine whether students perceive grade inflation as a problem. It questions whether differences exist in perceptions based upon gender and grade point average (GPA). Design/methodology/approach Previously validated scales were used to assess perceptions. The sample included 108 full-time traditional-aged undergraduate students from a private university. Findings Students do not believe A grades are given more than deserved; however, they believe some receive higher grades than deserved. Grades are seen as an accurate reflection of achievement. Neither gender nor GPA differences were found on grade inflation perceptions, although women believe faculty give higher grades to receive better student evaluations. Originality/value This paper combines student perceptions about grade inflation and analysis by gender and GPA.

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Zheng, Kuang, Bing Zhao, Xian-Xi Tan, Ze-Qun Li, Ye Xiong, Ming Zhong, and Si-Yan Chen. "Comparison of Aggressive Surgical Treatment and Palliative Treatment in Elderly Patients with Poor-Grade Intracranial Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 28, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5818937.

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Objective. To compare the current treatment approach in elderly patients with poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and identify the independent predictors of the outcome after aggressive surgical treatment. Method. This prospective, multicenter cohort study included 104 poor-grade aneurysmal SAH elderly patients, 60 years or older, treated in our institution from October 2010 to March 2013. Patients were grouped according to three treatment arms. Neurological outcome was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at baseline and at a 12-month follow-up. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using the following factors: sex, age, smoking history, breathing ability, alcohol consumption, cerebral hernia, aneurysm location, aneurysm diameter, WFNS grade, CT Fisher grade, treatment approach, and the timing of the aneurysm surgery. Results. At the 12-month follow-up, patients in the coiling group and clipping group had better prognosis than patients in the palliative treatment group. Univariate analysis confirmed that the treatment approach, WFNS grade, CT Fisher grade, and age are critical factors for neurological outcomes in poor-grade SAH. Multivariate analysis indicated that WFNS grade V, CT Fisher grades 3–5, and palliative treatment were independent predictors of poor prognoses. Conclusion. Aggressive surgical treatment improves the prognoses in poor-grade aneurysm elderly patients with SAH. Elderly Patients of WFNS grade IV and CT Fisher grades 1-2 are more likely to have a better outcome.

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Phu Viet Anh, Duong, and Nguyen Hoai Nam. "TEACHING THE NATURAL-SOCIAL SUBJECT ON INTEGRATIVE STEM APPROACH FOR THE FIRST GRADE STUDENTS." Journal of Science, Educational Science 62, no. 6 (2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2017-0131.

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Suenaga, M., N. Mizunuma, T. Watanabe, K. Hatake, and T. Muto. "Preventive approach of allergic reaction to oxaliplatin." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 13574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.13574.

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13574 Background: Oxaliplatin is a well-known platinum compound as a key agent of FOLFOX regimen, the world standard chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Allergic reaction due to oxaliplatin is a chronic adverse event regarded as almost type I allergy. In our institute, we have also experienced allergic reaction including severe cases and started to apply practical preventive approach to the patients treated with FOLFOX regimens. Methods: Preventive approach was as follows: 40mg of famotidine and 8mg of dexamethasone before oxaliplatin infusion were given to all patients from the initial cycle and 50mg of diphenhydramine after cycle 4. Further intensive anti-allergic procedure was performed for the patients who showed any allergic reactions against initial preventive approach. Increased dose of dexamethasone to 20mg and diphenhydramine were administered before oxaliplatin infusion and oxaliplatin was prolonged from 2 up to 4 hours for patients with grade 1, 2 allergic reactions (CTCAE v3.0). Treatment was discontinued in patients with severe grade 3 adverse events. Results: 139 patients received FOLFOX regimens during 6 months. 15 patients (10.8%) presented with allergic reaction, 11 (73.3%) of those were grade 1, 2 and the other 4 (26.7%) were grade 3. Immediate discontinuation of oxaliplatin infusion and administration of antihistaminic drugs, steroid or rapid infusion were routine proceeding, and almost of the patients entirely recovered within 2 hours. 9 patients were re-exposed to oxaliplatin using the preventive approach and grade1 reaction appeared in 3 patients (33.3%) again. Conclusions: Our initial preventive approach was effective to reduce the incidence of allergy, severe adverse events. And further intensive anti-allergic procedure contributed to re-expose to oxaliplatin. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Lee, Il Hwan, Do Hyun Kim, Jae-Sung Park, Sin-Soo Jeun, Yong-Kil Hong, and Sung Won Kim. "Cerebrospinal fluid leakage repair of various grades developing during endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal surgery." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): e0248229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248229.

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Objectives We describe the strategy used to repair intraoperative leaks of various grades and define factors for preventing postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage (CSF) after surgery via the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA). Study design Retrospective chart review at a tertiary referral center. Methods Patients who underwent surgery via EETA from January 2009 to May 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Intraoperative CSF leakage was graded 0–3 in terms of the dural defect size; various repairs were used depending on the grade. Results A total of 777 patients underwent 869 operations via EETA; 609 (70.1%) experienced no intraoperative CSF leakage (grade 0) but 260 (29.9%) did. Leakage was of grade 1 in 135 cases (15.5%), grade 2 in 83 (9.6%), and grade 3 in 42 (4.8%). In 260 patients with intraoperative CSF leakage, a buttress was wedged into the sellar defect site in 178 cases (68.5%) and a pedicled flap was placed in 105 cases (40.4%). Autologous fat (108 cases, 41.5%) and a synthetic dural substitute (91 cases, 35%) were used to fill the dead space of the sellar resection cavity. Postoperative CSF leakage developed in 21 patients: 6 of grade 1, 7 of grade 2, and 8 of grade 3. Buttress placement significantly decreased postoperative leakage in grade 1 patients (p = 0.041). In patients of perioperative leakage grades 2 and 3, postoperative CSF leakage was significantly reduced only when both fat and a buttress were applied (p = 0.042 and p = 0.043, respectively). Conclusion A buttress prevented postoperative CSF leakage in grade 1 patients; both fat and buttress were required by patients with intraoperative leakage of grades 2 and 3.

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Georgieva, Veselina. "STEM Approach in Teaching Mathematics in Second Grade." Vocational Education 24, no. 2 (April 23, 2022): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/voc22-251stem.

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The report presents a series of STEM exercises realized with the students from the second grades (“A”, “B” and “C”) of the primary school “Alexander Georgiev -Kodzhakafaliyata” – city of Burgas. The tasks include mathematics, engineering, creativity and are performed in the classes for activities of interest within the all-day organization of educational activities, as well as in the classes for activities of interest to a group of children formed under the Ordinance on Inclusive Education. STEM tasks realized with second graders can be divided into: Making models of objects related to a particular plot; Making useful objects for our everyday life. To make the models, the students are divided into teams of two. The task of each team is the same: to make a model. Students take on the role of engineers, who have to design and build a model, working within certain limits. To make it easier for the little “engineers”, they are given an algorithm at the beginning of the class.

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Song, Peng, Jiye Liang, and Yuhua Qian. "A two-grade approach to ranking interval data." Knowledge-Based Systems 27 (March 2012): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2011.10.007.

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Vasko, Francis J., Floyd E. Wolf, and Kenneth L. Stott. "A set covering approach to metallurgical grade assignment." European Journal of Operational Research 38, no. 1 (January 1989): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(89)90465-7.

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Vinodh, S. "Assessment of sustainability using multi-grade fuzzy approach." Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 13, no. 3 (November 13, 2010): 509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10098-010-0333-1.

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Asensio, J. A., P. Petrone, L. Garcí-Núñez, B. Kimbrell, and E. Kuncir. "Multidisciplinary Approach for the Management of Complex Hepatic Injuries AAST-OIS Grades IV—V: A Prospective Study." Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 96, no. 3 (September 2007): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145749690709600306.

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Background: Complex hepatic injuries grades IV—V are highly lethal. The objective of this study is to assess the multidisciplinary approach for their management and to evaluate if survival could be improved with this approach. Study Design: Prospective 54-month study of all patients sustaining hepatic injuries grades IV—V managed operatively at a Level I Trauma Center. Main outcome measure: survival. Statistical analysis: univariate and stepwise logistic regression. Results: Seventy-five patients sustained penetrating (47/63%) and blunt (28/37%) injuries. Seven (9%) patients underwent emergency department thoracotomy with a mortality of 100%. Out of the 75 patients, 52 (69%) sustained grade IV, and 23 (31%) grade V. The estimated blood loss was 3,539±-3,040 ml. The overall survival was 69%, adjusted survival excluding patients requiring emergency department thoracotomy was 76%. Survival stratified to injury grade: grade IV 42/52–81%, grade V 10/23–43%. Mortality grade IV versus V injuries (p <0.002; RR 2.94; 95% CI 1.52–5.70). Risk factors for mortality: packed red blood cells transfused in operating room (p=0.024), estimated blood loss (p<0.001), dysryhthmia (p<0.0001), acidosis (p=0.051), hypothermia (p=0.04). The benefit of angiography and angioembolization indicated: 12% mortality (2/17) among those that received it versus a 36% mortality (21/58) among those that did not (p=0.074; RR 0.32; 95% CI 0.08–1.25). Stepwise logistic regression identified as significant independent predictors of outcome: estimated blood loss (p=0.0017; RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.08–1.41) and number of packed red blood cells transfused in the operating room (p=0.0358; RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.01–1.34). Conclusions: The multidisciplinary approach to the management of these severe grades of injuries appears to improve survival in these highly lethal injuries. A prospective multi-institutional study is needed to validate this approach.

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Resch, Annika, Lars Harbaum, Marion J. Pollheimer, Peter Kornprat, Richard A. Lindtner, and Cord Langner. "Grading lymph node metastasis: a feasible approach for prognostication of patients with stage III colorectal cancer." Journal of Clinical Pathology 68, no. 9 (June 16, 2015): 742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202772.

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This study aimed to assess the clinicopathological significance of tumour differentiation of metastatic lymph node tissue in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage III colorectal cancer. In a cohort of 145 patients, lymph node grades were G1 in 77 (53.1%), G2 in 41 (28.3%) and G3 in 27 (18.6%) cases, respectively. Despite differences in 77 (53.1%) cases, primary tumour and lymph node grade correlated significantly (Somer's D=0.639; p<0.001). Lymph node grade was significantly associated with N classification (p=0.009), tumour size (p=0.024) and lymphovascular invasion (p=0.004). Patients with lymph node grade G1 had better progression-free survival (p=0.031) and cancer-specific survival (p=0.008). Multivariable analysis identified lymph node grade as independent predictor of cancer-specific survival in this cohort. In conclusion, lymph node grade emerged as a promising novel prognostic variable for patients with AJCC/UICC stage III disease. Additional studies are warranted to validate this new finding.

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Witthayaweerasak, Juthamat, Pemika Lertjittham, and Nipat Aui-aree. "Correlation between relative afferent pupillary defect and visual field defects on Humphrey automated perimetry: A cross-sectional clinical trial." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0267469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267469.

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Purpose To evaluate the correlations between relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) magnitude, assessed using the clinical plus scale and neutral density filters, and visual field parameters in patients with unilateral or asymmetrical bilateral optic neuropathy or retinopathy. Methods Fifty-two patients with RAPD, graded by the swinging flashlight test and neutral density filters, were analyzed in this cross-sectional trial. The RAPD clinical plus scale was divided into grade 1+, initial weak constriction; grade 2+, initial stall then dilatation; grade 3+, immediate dilatation; and grade 4+, fixed amaurotic pupil. Patients with positive RAPD underwent a visual field examination with Humphrey automated perimetry that included visual field index (VFI), mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and linear regression were used to analyze the association between RAPD grades and visual field parameters. Results RAPD clinical plus grades were correlated with interocular VFI (r = 0.55, P < 0.001) and MD (r = 0.48, P = 0.004) differences. Average interocular VFI differences were estimated as follows: 16.75 × RAPD plus grade– 7.53. RAPD, graded by neutral density filters, was correlated with VFI (r = 0.59, P < 0.001), MD (r = 0.54, P < 0.001), and PSD (r = 0.34, P = 0.01). Conclusions The RAPD plus scale and neutral density filter grading systems were associated with quantitative visual field defect parameters, with VFI showing the strongest association. RAPD clinical grading could substitute more sophisticated central visual field evaluation methods as a low-cost, low-tech, and widely available approach.

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Abu Abdo, Ahmad M., and S. J. Jung. "Effects of Asphalt Mix Design Properties on Pavement Performance: A Mechanistic Approach." Advances in Civil Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9354058.

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The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hot mix asphalt material properties on the performance of flexible pavements via mechanistic approach. 3D Move Analysis software was utilized to determine rutting and cracking distresses in an asphalt concrete (AC) layer. Fourteen different Superpave mixes were evaluated by utilizing results of the Dynamic Modulus (|E⁎|) Test and the Dynamic Shear Modulus (|G⁎|) Test. Results showed that with the increase of binder content, the tendency of rutting in AC layer increased. However, with the increase of binder content, the cracking of AC layer lessened. Furthermore, when different binder grades were evaluated, results showed that with the increase of the upper binder grade number, rutting decreased, and with the increase of the lower binder grade number, rutting increased. Furthermore, analysis showed that with the increase of the lower binder grade number, higher percent of bottom up cracks would result. As a result of the analysis, binder grade should not be solely considered for cracking in AC layer; binder content and aggregate structure play a big role. Finally, results illustrated that the mechanistic approach is a better tool to determine the performance of asphalt pavement than commonly used methods.

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Winter, Jane N., Randy D. Gascoyne, and Koen Van Besien. "Low-Grade Lymphoma." Hematology 2004, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2004.1.203.

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Abstract Folicular lymphoma (FL), the second most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, shows considerable heterogeneity in its clinical behavior, representative of a biology that appears increasingly complex and diverse. As our knowledge of the molecular basis of FL increases, we strive for an integration between the bench and clinic that yields treatments based on our scientific understanding and biomarkers that allow us to prescribe treatment rationally. In Section I, Dr. Randy Gascoyne describes the histologic, cytogenetic and biologic features of FL that underlie its clinical variability. Key aspects of the pathologic diagnosis of FL that have particular relevance to the clinician are highlighted. A proposed model for follicular lymphomagenesis and diffuse large B cell lymphoma transformation has emerged and continues to evolve as the molecular story unfolds. A biologic basis for clinical outcome in FL also appears to be forthcoming. In Section II, Dr. Jane Winter addresses the complex process of selecting among the many treatment options for patients with FL. Previously a simple matter of deciding between oral or intravenous alkylators, clinicians and patients must now struggle to choose among vastly different approaches ranging from “watch and wait” to stem cell transplantation. The introduction of rituximab and radioimmunoconjugates is changing the treatment paradigm, but the optimal approach to integrating these and other new agents remains to be determined. At every decision point, the best approach is always a clinical trial. In Section III, Dr. Koen Van Besien provides a well-documented update on outcomes associated with autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation for FL. The results of trials of autologous stem cell transplantation in first remission and recent data supporting a role for graft purging are discussed. Based on the premise that a graft-versus-lymphoma effect is operative in FL, reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation is the preferred approach in many cases, and recently reported results are summarized. Criteria for patient selection and the optimal role of transplantation in the overall therapeutic plan for the patient with FL are presented.

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Ho, Connie Suk-Han, Ting-Ting Ng, and Wing-Kin Ng. "A “Radical” Approach to Reading Development in Chinese: The Role of Semantic Radicals and Phonetic Radicals." Journal of Literacy Research 35, no. 3 (September 2003): 849–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15548430jlr3503_3.

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Two studies investigating the significance of radical knowledge in Chinese reading development are reported in this paper. Study 1 examined the semantic radical knowledge of 20 Grade 1, 20 Grade 3, and 20 Grade 5 Chinese children in Hong Kong. It was found that various types of semantic radical knowledge, including the position and semantic category of semantic radicals, correlated significantly with Chinese word reading and sentence comprehension. Study 2 examined phonetic radical knowledge with another three groups of 20 Chinese children in Grades 1, 3, and 5 respectively. It was found that various measures of phonetic radical knowledge, including the function and sound value of phonetic radicals, correlated significantly with Chinese word reading. These studies found that, developmentally, the children started acquiring the knowledge of character structure, position, semantic category, and sound value of radicals from about Grade 1. However, they did not understand that the function of semantic radicals is to provide meaning cues in reading until Grade 3. The authors concluded that the radical is an important orthographic processing unit in reading development in Chinese.

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Kaplan, Umit Emrah, and Erkan Topal. "A New Ore Grade Estimation Using Combine Machine Learning Algorithms." Minerals 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100847.

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Accurate prediction of mineral grades is a fundamental step in mineral exploration and resource estimation, which plays a significant role in the economic evaluation of mining projects. Currently available methods are based either on geometrical approaches or geostatistical techniques that often considers the grade as a regionalised variable. In this paper, we propose a grade estimation technique that combines multilayer feed-forward neural network (NN) and k-nearest neighbour (kNN) models to estimate the grade distribution within a mineral deposit. The models were created by using the available geological information (lithology and alteration) as well as sample locations (easting, northing, and altitude) obtained from the drill hole data. The proposed approach explicitly maintains pattern recognition over the geological features and the chemical composition (mineral grade) of the data. Prior to the estimation of grades, rock types and alterations were predicted at unsampled locations using the kNN algorithm. The presented case study demonstrates that the proposed approach can predict the grades on a test dataset with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.507 and R2=0.528, whereas the traditional model, which only uses the coordinates of sample points as an input, yielded an MAE value of 0.862 and R2=0.112. The proposed approach is promising and could be an alternative way to estimates grades in a similar modelling tasks.

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Cvetkoska, Violeta, and Filip Iliev. "How to Choose Your Next Top Salesperson: Multiple-Criteria Approach." Business Systems Research Journal 8, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsrj-2017-0008.

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AbstractBackground: Choosing the most suitable candidate for the position of salesperson is indeed a complex task for managers because several criteria important for the position should be taken into consideration. Such a choice should be considered as a multiple-criteria problem, which can be solved by using the AHP method. Objectives: The main goal is to investigate which criteria are the most important for the managers in the process of selecting a candidate for the position of salesperson, and on that basis to develop an AHP model for ranking of applicant candidates for this position. Methods/Approach: A questionnaire was created, which was sent to 100 sales managers in companies of different industries in Macedonia, in order to grade the importance of the given criteria. Out of the criteria graded, nine that have the highest average grade of importance comprise one of the levels of the AHP model. Results: An average grade of importance for the criteria for choosing a candidate for the position of salesperson is gained, and an AHP model is developed. Conclusions: The developed AHP model is illustrated through a hypothetical example, and its solution serves as a recommendation for who is the best candidate.

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Muzaffar, Henna, Paulina Karecka, Courtney Hughes, Faisal Kalota, Melani Duffrin, and Kristen Borre. "Evaluation of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) Program in Third Through Fifth Graders in Northern Illinois." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab051_028.

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Abstract Objectives Conducting evaluations of health promotion programs are imperative to determine the program's impact and explore possible improvements in content and delivery. This study's objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of CATCH program, delivered by dietetic interns and Northern Illinois University (NIU) students, to third through fifth graders in Northern Illinois, in increasing their nutrition knowledge and healthy choices behavior. Methods In total, 167 elementary school children in grades third through fifth in Northern Illinois participated in a non-experimental program evaluation study. We delivered six CATCH lessons throughout the academic year to five elementary schools. Lessons were focused on ‘Go, Slow, Whoa’ food categories to help children understand healthier food choices. Validated questionnaires from the CATCH Global Foundation were administered in classrooms and online pre- and post-intervention to assess nutritional knowledge and healthy choices behavior. Results Children in third through fifth grades significantly increased their knowledge about nutrient-dense foods (P < .001 for each grade). Fourth and fifth graders exhibited a significant increase in their ability to make healthier food choices, P = .03 and P = .007 respectively. As grade level increased from third to fifth grade, improvement in nutrition knowledge and adoption of healthy food choices did not increase significantly; third to fourth grade, P = .973 and fourth to fifth grade, P = .637. Conclusions We conclude that children in grades third through fifth who participated in the six lessons of the CATCH program expanded their nutritional knowledge and improved their ability to make healthier choices. This study demonstrates the potential benefits of communiversity collaborations for nutrition education in schools. However, higher grades did not show a greater increase in knowledge or more improvement in making healthy choices than lower grades. Future research should examine the same cohort of children over three years of participation to determine the accumulation of knowledge and behavior improvement. Funding Sources Northwestern Medicine Kishwaukee Health Center in DeKalb, IL and Northern Illinois University provided funds to procure supplies and cover printing cost of evaluation surveys.

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Fortin, Mathieu, François Guillemette, and Steve Bédard. "Predicting volumes by log grades in standing sugar maple and yellow birch trees in southern Quebec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 10 (October 2009): 1928–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-108.

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Modelling volumes by log grades in standing hardwood trees is often hindered by the nature of the response variable. In this paper, we used a two-part conditional model to account for the excess of zero responses for some log grades. Moreover, this approach was used as a framework to compare three different tree classifications in their ability to predict volumes by log grades in standing yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britton) and sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees. A tree grade classification was compared with two preharvest tree classifications based on mortality risk assessment. A cross-validation was also carried out to evaluate the two parts of the model. The results showed that the two-part conditional approach was efficient in this case study. Compared with a general model, the three classifications improved the maximum likelihood. According to the Akaike and Bayesian information criteria, the tree grade classification was the “best” one. All three classifications proved to be better able to distinguish log grade occurrence than log grade volume. Although it implies additional cost, the implementation of the tree grade classification into the preharvest inventories would improve the prediction of volumes by log grades for yellow birch and sugar maple trees.

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Triana, Riyadi*,, Triana Jamilatus, and Puput Nikmaturrohmah. "Profile of Students’ Problem-Solving Skills Viewed from Polya's Four-Steps Approach and Elementary School Students." European Journal of Educational Research 10, no. 4 (October 15, 2021): 1625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.1625.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Problem-solving is considered one of the thinking skills that must be possessed in 21<sup>st</sup>-century education because problem-solving skills are required to solve all problems that arise. The problem-solving stages that can be used are Polya's four steps, namely, understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and looking back. Problem-solving skills are essential for solving word problems. Word problems based on arithmetic operations are divided into three types: one-step, two-step, and multistep. This qualitative research aimed to see problem-solving skills viewed from the type of word questions and elementary school students’ third, fourth, and fifth grades. A purposive sampling technique with 22 third-grade students, 28 fourth-grade students, and 21 fifth-grade students was used. The data were collected using documentation, testing, and interview methods. The findings of the study showed that fourth-grade students’ problem-solving skills are better than those of third-grade students, and the problem-solving skills of fifth-grade students are better than those of fourth-grade students. The percentage of Polya's steps always decreases because not all students master problem-solving. Based on the types of questions, the percentage of the one-step word problem is better than that of the two-step while the percentage of the two-step word problems is higher than that of the multistep.</p>

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Charles Amadu, Casmed, Gordon Foli, Bernard Kissi Abrokwa, and Sylvester Akpah. "GEOSTATISTICAL APPROACH FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SHEAR-HOSTED GOLD DEPOSIT: A CASE STUDY OF THE OBUASI GOLD DEPOSIT, GHANA." MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF GEOSCIENCES 5, no. 2 (November 19, 2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mjg.02.2021.76.84.

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Underground mining at Obuasi in Ghana has been in operation since 1947. This paper uses geostatistical methods to evaluate gold ore blocks to ensure reliable grades for mining large tonnage and low-grade resources. Historically, the principal ores were low tonnage, high grade and relatively homogeneous quartz stockwork with simple geometry and average bulk grades in the range of 20-30 g/t that were evaluated using conventional polygonal methods and mined by semi-mechanized means. Currently, the ore is a shear-hosted mixed quartz vein and disseminated sulphide type deposit of low grade that is mined using highly mechanized means. The need therefore arises for a re-assessment of the estimation procedures to ensure prolonged and more profitable mining. Both diamond drill (DD) core and stope/cross-cut channel samples were taken from Block 1 at the mine for analyses and re-assessment. A wireframe model was used to constrain the three dimensional (3D) block model of the deposit. Ordinary kriging (OK) and multiple indicator kriging (MIK) geostatistical methods were used to estimate gold grades. Grade distribution is positively skewed with high spatial variability and extreme values while background values are established as <0.6 g/t. The Spatial variability is characterized by fitting models on experimental variograms. The MIK approach mitigates the effects of outliers and establish grades that are consistently lower than the OK and the weighted average method that are widely used at the mine. The MIK method, a non-linear, non-parametric method of local grade estimation are applicable to the deposit architecture. Profoundly, the MIK method is a more reliable approach considering the fact that the MCF based on the estimates at the mine are high despite operational deficiencies on the mine. The results from this study demonstrates usefulness of geostatistics to determine the architecture of Au mineralization at the deposit scale.

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Blower, Aileen. "Profile of staff grade psychiatrists." Psychiatric Bulletin 23, no. 1 (January 1999): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.1.24.

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Aims and methodStaff grade psychiatrists working in Scotland were surveyed by postal questionnaire in order to determine their demographic profile, career aspirations and experience of the grade.ResultsA heterogeneous group of doctors was identified, from a variety of professional backgrounds, and with a range of ambitions. Respondents generally held a favourable view of the grade, but expressed concern over perceived lack of opportunities for training, education and career progression. This is despite considerable recent efforts by the College to include non-consultant career grades in its programme for Continuing Professional Development.Clinical implicationsThere remains scope for imaginative development of the grade. In particular, staff grade psychiatrists might benefit from a more individualised approach to, and support for, all areas of their professional development. Such ‘mentoring’ may be especially beneficial for staff grades in Scotland, for whom geographical, as well as professional isolation, can be problematic.

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Conger, Andrew, Fan Zhao, Xiaowen Wang, Amalia Eisenberg, Chester Griffiths, Felice Esposito, Ricardo L. Carrau, Garni Barkhoudarian, and Daniel F. Kelly. "Evolution of the graded repair of CSF leaks and skull base defects in endonasal endoscopic tumor surgery: trends in repair failure and meningitis rates in 509 patients." Journal of Neurosurgery 130, no. 3 (March 2019): 861–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2017.11.jns172141.

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OBJECTIVEThe authors previously described a graded approach to skull base repair following endonasal microscopic or endoscope-assisted tumor surgery. In this paper they review their experience with skull base reconstruction in the endoscopic era.METHODSA retrospective review of a single-institution endonasal endoscopic patient database (April 2010–April 2017) was undertaken. Intraoperative CSF leaks were graded based on size (grade 0 [no leak], 1, 2, or 3), and repair technique was documented across grades. The series was divided into 2 epochs based on implementation of a strict perioperative antibiotic protocol and more liberal use of permanent and/or temporary buttresses; repair failure rates and postoperative meningitis rates were assessed for the 2 epochs and compared.RESULTSIn total, 551 operations were performed in 509 patients for parasellar pathology, including pituitary adenoma (66%), Rathke’s cleft cyst (7%), meningioma (6%), craniopharyngioma (4%), and other (17%). Extended approaches were used in 41% of cases. There were 9 postoperative CSF leaks (1.6%) and 6 cases of meningitis (1.1%). Postoperative leak rates for all 551 operations by grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 were 0%, 1.9%, 3.1%, and 4.8%, respectively. Fat grafts were used in 33%, 84%, 97%, and 100% of grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 leaks, respectively. Pedicled mucosal flaps (78 total) were used in 2.6% of grade 0–2 leaks (combined) and 79.5% of grade 3 leaks (60 nasoseptal and 6 middle turbinate flaps). Nasoseptal flap usage was highest for craniopharyngioma operations (80%) and lowest for pituitary adenoma operations (2%). Two (3%) nasoseptal flaps failed. Contributing factors for the 9 repair failures were BMI ≥ 30 (7/9), lack of buttress (4/9), grade 3 leak (4/9), and postoperative vomiting (4/9). Comparison of the epochs showed that grade 1–3 repair failures decreased from 6/143 (4.1%) to 3/141 (2.1%) and grade 1–3 meningitis rates decreased from 5 (3.5%) to 1 (0.7%) (p = 0.08). Prophylactic lumbar CSF drainage was used in only 4 cases (< 1%), was associated with a higher meningitis rate in grades 1–3 (25% vs 2%), and was discontinued in 2012. Comparison of the 2 epochs showed increase buttress use in the second, with use of a permanent buttress in grade 1 and 3 leaks increasing from 13% to 55% and 32% to 76%, respectively (p < 0.001), and use of autologous septal/keel bone as a permanent buttress in grade 1, 2, and 3 leaks increasing from 15% to 51% (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSA graded approach to skull base repair after endonasal surgery remains valid in the endoscopic era. However, the technique has evolved significantly, with further reduction of postoperative CSF leak rates. These data suggest that buttresses are beneficial for repair of most grade 1 and 2 leaks and all grade 3 leaks. Similarly, pedicled flaps appear advantageous for grade 3 leaks, while CSF diversion may be unnecessary and a risk factor for meningitis. High BMI should prompt an aggressive multilayered repair strategy. Achieving repair failure and meningitis rates lower than 1% is a reasonable goal in endoscopic skull base tumor surgery.

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Maree, Jacobus G., and Jacob M. Molepo. "Achievement in Mathematics in Grades 9 and 11 in Limpopo Province of South Africa: Introduction of a Problem-Based Approach." Psychological Reports 97, no. 3 (December 2005): 732–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.97.3.732-736.

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800 students in Grades 9 and 11 of schools in the Central Region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa completed the Study Orientation Questionnaire in Mathematics. Mean age in Grade 11 was 17.5 yr. ( SD = 1.4) and in Grade 9 15.1 yr. ( SD = 1.2). Intervention was aimed at teachers and students in this group. Teachers in the trained group received training in a problem-based approach to teaching and learning in mathematics and introduced these principles into their classes. Analysis of variance on the differences between post- and pretest scores of the six subscales and the marks in mathematics and English yielded no effects for grade, sex, or grade after 6 mo. Pearson correlations for students in Grade 11 were positive between study orientation and achievement in mathematics. Improving teachers' training and expertise, transforming disadvantaged learning environments, and developing necessary formal and informal mathematical knowledge seem both essential and difficult.

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Atta, Malik Amer, Asif Jamil, Abdul Hafeez, Bushra Salah-Ud-Din, and Sadia Bibi. "STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH FOR BEFITTINGLY TEACHING SCIENCE CONCEPTS AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 4 (July 23, 2021): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9412.

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Purpose of the study: The main purpose of the study is to find out the “use of student-centred approach of teaching science on the performance of students performance at elementary level”. Methodology: Quasi-experimental research was used in this study. Pre-test and post-test were used to collect the data and analyses were done through SPSS. Three classes; grades 6th, 7th, and 8th were chosen as a sample of the study. Main Findings: Findings of the research study revealed that the students belonging to lower grade levels responded more positively to the student-centred methods as compared to the students belonging to higher grade levels. Applications of this study: This study is applicable in the elementary level of education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Policymakers and government officials can take guidance to improve the situations of elementary schools. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study was originated to determine the effectiveness of a Student-centered learning slant, especially for teaching science at the elementary level. It was also attempted to know whether or not the effectiveness of the Student-centered approach alters at different grade levels of students.

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Goyal, Vinay, and Nonica Laisram. "Grading of Adductor Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy – A New Approach." Indian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 26, no. 1 (2015): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/ijopmr-26-1-2.

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Abstract Spastic cerebral palsy is the most common form of cerebral palsy. Spasticity in hip adductor causes discomfort, stiffness and difficulties in performing physical activities such as seating, transfers and walking. Grading of hip adductor spasticity is still a challenge in the field of rehabilitation. A simple method to assess hip adductor spasticity and use it as outcome measures of intervention is needed in general clinical practice. We propose a visual method for grading hip adductor spasticity i.e grade 1= touch at ankle, grade 2 = crossing at ankle and grade 3 = crossing at knee in spastic cerebral palsy children. We followed 60 spastic cerebral palsy children over a period of three months on oral antispastic medication and found it very useful to assess response to drug. Intially hip adductor spasticity of grade 3 was observed in 10 %, grade 2- 8.33%, grade 1- 26.66% and 45% patients had no scissoring. After three months of drug therapy improvement was observed as grade 3 seen in 1 %, grade 2 - 7%, grade 1 - 23.33% and patients with no scissoring rose to 63.3%. These observations show that visual method for hip adductor spasticity is a simple and helpful method for grading response to therapeutic intervention.

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Petrić-Miše, Branka, and Dinka Šundov. "A therapeutic approach to low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma." Libri Oncologici Croatian Journal of Oncology 48, no. 2-3 (December 21, 2020): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20471/lo.2020.48.02-03.18.

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Low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC) has less aggressive behavior and a better clinical outcome than high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). Considering that this malignancy is relatively chemoresistant, surgery is the keystone of treatment, with a strong recommendation for maximal cytoreduction. Women with stage IA-IB disease should undergo observation alone after primary cytoreductive surgery. In contrast, observation, chemotherapy, or endocrine therapy are possible options for those with stage IC-IIA disease. Patients with stage IIB-IV disease receive either chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel for six cycles followed by endocrine therapy, most commonly with aromatase inhibitors, or endocrine therapy alone until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Surgery, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy are also used in patients with recurrent disease. Targeted agents, especially mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, are currently under evaluation in this clinical setting. Additional research on the genomics of LGSOC to better define the activating gene mutations involved in the carcinogenesis is strongly warranted to improve the prognosis with this malignancy.

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Popa, Carmen Alina, Laura Nicoleta Bochiș, and Simona Chiș. "Integrated Teaching Approach of the Curriculum in Readiness Grade." Acta Didactica Napocensia 13, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/adn.13.1.6.

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Hristova, Daniela, Veselina Georgieva, and Tanya Srebreva. "Competence Development Through Integral Interdisciplinary Approach in 1st Grade." Education and Technologies Journal 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 331–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.182.1054.

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Georgieva, Veselina. "STEM APPROACH IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS TO SECOND GRADE STUDENTS." Education and Technologies Journal 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26883/2010.192.1856.

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Everstova, V. N., and V. V. Sidorova. "A REFLEXIVE APPROACH IN TEACHING MATH IN 5TH GRADE." Современные наукоемкие технологии (Modern High Technologies), no. 10 2021 (2021): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/snt.38880.

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Schunemann, H., S. Hill, G. Guyatt, E. A. Akl, and F. Ahmed. "The GRADE approach and Bradford Hill's criteria for causation." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65, no. 5 (October 14, 2010): 392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2010.119933.

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Bautista, Maricris B. "Orton-Gillingham Approach and Grade I Pupils’ Reading Ability." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1254 (November 2019): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1254/1/012016.

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JAYALALITHA, G., and R. UTHAYAKUMAR. "FRACTAL APPROACH TO IDENTIFY THE GRADE OF CERVICAL CANCER." Fractals 19, no. 01 (March 2011): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x11005154.

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This paper presents the method of grading of cervical cancer images according to cell formation in the tissue. The variation of intensity and texture complexity of cancer cell images are calculated by fractal dimension methods. Box Counting Method ( D B) and HarFA Programme software are used to find out the dimension of the cells. Contact model and Epidemic Model are the two different models used here. The contact model shows the contact of the cells and the formation of the cancer in the part of the organ. The Epidemic model shows the growth of cancer. Lacunarity is formed between the cells. If the Lacunarity increases the dimension also increases. On seeing the growth of the cancer cell the pathologist can determine the grade of the cancer which in turn will help him to diagnose the cervical cancer and recommend appropriate treatment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'GRADE Approach'

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