Journal articles on the topic 'Graafian follicle Physiology'
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1
Flint, A. P. F. "Physiology of the Graafian Follicle and Ovulation." Veterinary Journal 167, no. 3 (May 2004): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.09.014.
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Sievert, Lynnette Leidy. "Physiology of the Graafian follicle and ovulation." American Journal of Human Biology 16, no. 2 (2004): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20004.
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Perven, Hosna Ara, Abu Sadat Mohammad Nurunnabi, and Shamim Ara. "Histomorphometric study of the follicles of the ovary in Bangladeshi women." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2013): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14458.
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Background: The accurate assessment of size and number of ovarian follicles are paramount to understanding the physiology of female reproduction. Objective: To observe the variation in size of the Graafian follicle and follicular number with age in Bangladeshi women. Methods: This descriptive type of study was done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January to December 2009, on 140 post mortem human ovaries collected from 70 unclaimed female dead bodies from the morgue of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age-groups including group A (10-13 years), group B (14-45 years) and group C (46-52 years). 10 best prepared histological slides from 14-45 years age group were examined to determine the average size of Graafian follicle and 20 slides from each group were taken to determine the number of follicles. Results: The average diameter of the Graafian follicles of the right is slightly higher than that of the left ovary but not statistically significant (p>0.05). No difference was found in follicular number in between the right and the left ovaries at any age group. However, the difference in number of the follicles of the ovary were statistically significant in between age groups A & C and B & C (p<0.001). Conclusion: The average diameter of Graafian follicle was found greater in the right ovary than the left ovary. However, the number of ovarian follicles was found to decrease in old age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v7i2.14458 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2012, December; 7(2): 89-93
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Eddy, Carlton A. "Hunter, R. H. F., editor. Physiology of the Graafian Follicle and Ovulation." Fertility and Sterility 81, no. 2 (February 2004): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.011.
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Roozendaal, Marjolijn M., Hans JM Swarts, Victor M. Wiegant, and John AM Mattheij. "Effect of restraint stress on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone profile and ovulation in the rat." European Journal of Endocrinology 133, no. 3 (September 1995): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1330347.
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Roozendaal MM, Swarts HJM, Wiegant VM, Mattheij JAM. Effect of restraint stress on the preovulatory luteinizing hormone profile and ovulation in the rat. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:347–53. ISSN 0804–4643 Plasma profiles of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured during restraint stress on the day of pro-oestrus; these profiles were considered in relation to ovulation rate on the next day. Rats bearing a permanent jugular vein cannula were subjected to restraint, which was started 0, 1 or 2 h before the presumed onset of the LH surge and ended just before the beginning of the dark period. Exposure to restraint resulted in a suppression of the secretion of both gonadotrophins on the day of pro-oestrus. Suppression of the LH surge was virtually complete (plasma LH ≤ 0.2 ng/ml) in 15 out of 32 stressed rats, and the ovaries of these rats contained graafian follicles with oocytes in germinal vesicle stage. In these rats, the LH surge did not occur 24 h later. In the remaining 17 rats, restraint resulted in a considerable suppression of the LH surge. Of these rats, five had an ovulation rate of 100% and four ovulated partially. In unruptured follicles of the latter, the oocyte had not resumed meiosis and the follicle wall was not luteinized. In the remaining eight rats with a reduced LH surge, ovulations had not occurred and graafian follicles were unaffected. The results of this study indicate that during pro-oestrus restraint stress suppresses and does not delay the release of preovulatory gonadotrophins. Partial suppression of LH by restraint does not result in induction of meiotic resumption without subsequent ovulation or in luteinized unruptured follicles. JAM Mattheij, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Agricultural University, Haarweg 10, 6709 PJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mattheij, John AM, and Hans JM Swarts. "Induction of luteinized unruptured follicles in the rat after injection of luteinizing hormone early in pro-oestrus." European Journal of Endocrinology 132, no. 1 (January 1995): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1320091.
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Mattheij JAM, Swarts HJM. Induction of luteinized unruptured follicles in the rat after injection of luteinizing hormone early in pro-oestrus. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:91–6. ISSN 0804–4643 The cause of formation of luteinized unruptured follicles (LUF) is unknown. Formation of LUF was studied after injection of a varying small dose of luteinizing hormone (LH) with or without subsequent injection of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH); in addition, the effect of suppression of prolactin on LUF formation was studied. Luteinization without ovulation occurred in virtually all graafian follicles, if 0.5–1.0 μg of LH was injected some hours before the presumed endogenous LH surge (suppressed by Nembutal); with increasing doses of LH progressively increasing numbers of ovulations were observed. If in early pro-oestrus 1 μg of GnRH was given 4 h after 1 μg of LH, formation of LUF was partly prevented; if the interval between LH and GnRH was 8 h or more, the great majority of graafian follicles developed into LUF. If early in pro-oestrus 1 μg of LH was given and 8 h later 0.1 μg of a potent GnRH analogue, about 50% of the follicles became LUF; in similarly treated rats, suppression of prolactin by ergocryptine reduced but did not prevent LUF formation. The data support the idea that deficient LH secretion in the period before ovulation may be involved in the formation of LUF. John AM Mattheij, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Haarweg 10, 6709 PJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Manabe, Noboru, Yuzuru Imai, Akira Myoumoto, Yoshihiro Kimura, Miki Sugimoto, Yoshinori Okamura, Manabu Fukumoto, Kazuhiro Sakamaki, and Hajime Miyamoto. "Apoptosis Occurs in Granulosa Cells but not Cumulus Cells in the Atretic Graafian Follicles in Multiparous Pig Ovaries." Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica 30, no. 1 (1997): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1267/ahc.30.85.
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Loetz, E., and M. Rojas. "112 Follicular dynamics and oestrus response of Alpine goats with oestrus/ovulation synchronized during the early transitional reproductive phase using gonadotrophin given early or late." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab112.
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Oestrus and ovulation synchronization (E/OS) regimens for fixed-timed breeding are useful when consistently eliciting ovulation. Early synchronization in the reproductive season promotes unreliable oestrus behavioural and physiologic response due to insufficient ovarian priming. In ruminants, equine (eCG) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has FSH bioactivity or elicits ovulation, correspondingly. Hence, 120 and 60IU of eCG and hCG, respectively, are included in goat E/OS regimes. This experiment addresses the time when eCG/hCG (CG) is given relative to progestagen (P4) withdrawal and its effect on oestrus and ovulation. Fourteen non-lactating, Alpine breed goats, ranging from 1 to 6 kiddings, averaging±s.d. 3.9±2.0 years of age, and 56.3±5.0kg of bodyweight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of 2.6±0.2, were evaluated early in the transitional reproductive phase (12h daylight:12h darkness). E/OS was accomplished with 12 day of P4 (200 mg) exposure by intravaginal insert. Three treatments were evaluated: Traditional (T; n=4) did not receive CG and served as the control group; early (E; n=5) received CG 24h before P4 removal; and reverse (R; n=5) received PGF2α 24h before P4 withdrawal as well as CG concurrent with P4 withdrawal. Oestrus response to E/OS was evaluated 24h after breeding using epididymectomized bucks. Ovaries were scanned by transrectal ultrasound (Aloka SSD-500V/7.5-MHz linear array probe) for 4 consecutive days starting with the first i.m. injection of 1.0mL of PGF2α or 1.5mL of CG. Images were digitized (MediCapture™) for later morphometry. The absence of effect (P>0.05) from concomitant variables age, BW, BCS, and parity was ascertained using a logistic regression model (JMP/SAS v15; SAS Institute Inc.). Ovulation, defined as the disappearance of the largest (>7mm) preovulatory follicle on a subsequent observation, was 100, 80, and 100%; and the average±s.e. number of ovulations per goat was 2±0.41, 1±0.32, and 1.3±0.49 (P>0.05). Table 1 summarises follicular size documented of 122 observations of ovulatory areas. Graafian follicle location was not different for left or right ovaries (P>0.05). Oestrus behavioural response to each E/OS treatment (T, E, or L) up to 24h after P4 removal was 50, 80, and 80% (P>0.05), respectively. In summary, oestrus response and ovulation were not affected by the variables studied. In this experience the timing of CG was not relevant. Table 1. Mean diameter (±SE; mm) of nonovulatory and preovulatory follicles on left (L) and right (R) ovaries E/OS protocol Non- and preovulatory Nonovulatory Preovulatory L R L R L R Traditional 6.4±0.6 5.5±0.6 4.8±0.4 4.5±0.4 7.7±0.4 8.9±0.3 Early 5.2±0.3 5.5±0.4 4.9±0.2 4.4±0.3 8.4±1.2 8.1±0.2 Reverse 6.6±0.5 5.3±0.6 5.1±0.4 4.4±0.5 8.7±0.3 8.1±0.2 Overall 5.7±0.19 4.7±0.14 8.3±0.14
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Loetz, E., and M. Rojas. "112 Follicular dynamics and oestrus response of Alpine goats with oestrus/ovulation synchronized during the early transitional reproductive phase using gonadotrophin given early or late." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 2 (2021): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv33n2ab112.
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Oestrus and ovulation synchronization (E/OS) regimens for fixed-timed breeding are useful when consistently eliciting ovulation. Early synchronization in the reproductive season promotes unreliable oestrus behavioural and physiologic response due to insufficient ovarian priming. In ruminants, equine (eCG) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) has FSH bioactivity or elicits ovulation, correspondingly. Hence, 120 and 60IU of eCG and hCG, respectively, are included in goat E/OS regimes. This experiment addresses the time when eCG/hCG (CG) is given relative to progestagen (P4) withdrawal and its effect on oestrus and ovulation. Fourteen non-lactating, Alpine breed goats, ranging from 1 to 6 kiddings, averaging±s.d. 3.9±2.0 years of age, and 56.3±5.0kg of bodyweight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) of 2.6±0.2, were evaluated early in the transitional reproductive phase (12h daylight:12h darkness). E/OS was accomplished with 12 day of P4 (200 mg) exposure by intravaginal insert. Three treatments were evaluated: Traditional (T; n=4) did not receive CG and served as the control group; early (E; n=5) received CG 24h before P4 removal; and reverse (R; n=5) received PGF2α 24h before P4 withdrawal as well as CG concurrent with P4 withdrawal. Oestrus response to E/OS was evaluated 24h after breeding using epididymectomized bucks. Ovaries were scanned by transrectal ultrasound (Aloka SSD-500V/7.5-MHz linear array probe) for 4 consecutive days starting with the first i.m. injection of 1.0mL of PGF2α or 1.5mL of CG. Images were digitized (MediCapture™) for later morphometry. The absence of effect (P>0.05) from concomitant variables age, BW, BCS, and parity was ascertained using a logistic regression model (JMP/SAS v15; SAS Institute Inc.). Ovulation, defined as the disappearance of the largest (>7mm) preovulatory follicle on a subsequent observation, was 100, 80, and 100%; and the average±s.e. number of ovulations per goat was 2±0.41, 1±0.32, and 1.3±0.49 (P>0.05). Table 1 summarises follicular size documented of 122 observations of ovulatory areas. Graafian follicle location was not different for left or right ovaries (P>0.05). Oestrus behavioural response to each E/OS treatment (T, E, or L) up to 24h after P4 removal was 50, 80, and 80% (P>0.05), respectively. In summary, oestrus response and ovulation were not affected by the variables studied. In this experience the timing of CG was not relevant. Table 1. Mean diameter (±SE; mm) of nonovulatory and preovulatory follicles on left (L) and right (R) ovaries E/OS protocol Non- and preovulatory Nonovulatory Preovulatory L R L R L R Traditional 6.4±0.6 5.5±0.6 4.8±0.4 4.5±0.4 7.7±0.4 8.9±0.3 Early 5.2±0.3 5.5±0.4 4.9±0.2 4.4±0.3 8.4±1.2 8.1±0.2 Reverse 6.6±0.5 5.3±0.6 5.1±0.4 4.4±0.5 8.7±0.3 8.1±0.2 Overall 5.7±0.19 4.7±0.14 8.3±0.14
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Fernandez-Pardal, J., M. F. Gimeno, and A. L. Gimeno. "The efflux from and the metabolism of 3H-norepinephrine in sow graafian follicles. Variable involvement of some prostaglandins during two different stages of the sex cycle." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine 19, no. 1 (July 1985): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0262-1746(85)90156-8.
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Ali, MY, M. Ershaduzzaman, R. Khatun, US Alam, S. Akter, RR Roy, MA Habib, S. Munira, JM Esha, and NR Sarker. "Ovarian physiology of repeat breeder cows at Bathan area of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research, November 6, 2021, 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v27i1.55173.
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The experiment was implemented at farmer’s house and Bathan areas of Shahjadpur Upazila in Sirajganj and Bera Upazila under Pabna districts of Bangladesh. The aim of the study was to know the incidence of repeat breeding (RB), physiology of different follicles and deformity of ovary and uterus in Holstein Frisian (HF) cows. Forty (40) RB HF cows (>50% HF Genetic) were selected on the basis of age and parity. Pyometra, endo-metra, cervicitis, Salpingitis and tumor like growth etc. in uterine wall were observed. Luteal and follicular cyst was also identified. Number of growing follicle appeared ultrasonically, size of Graafian follicle, breed, cow’s body size, and inheritance level and parity, nutritional factors and days calving to first service were recorded properly. All collected data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS soft-ware program using completely randomized design (CRD). Results revealed that, significantly (P<0.05) highest Body Condition Score (BCS) was 3.47±0.05 observed in the cows of group-D whose age were more than 8 years of old compared to others group (table 1). In-case of average daily milk yield and remained dry condition differences were highly significant (P<0.001). Maximum milk yield (20.41±0.82 l/day) was observed in group-C compared to others group but minimum dry condition remaining period was observed in group-A than others. Days of heat showed number of AI service were non-significant (P>0.05) in the whole experiment (table-1). The percentage of infection (Pyometra, Endometra) in the uterine wall differed non-significantly (P>0.05) among all the groups and minimum occurrence were observed in group-A (figure 1). Highest percent of cyst observed in the right ovary than left of the cows of group-D compared to others group but the differences were non-significant (P>0.05).Comparatively higher percentage (58.82±12.30) of follicles observed in left ovary of group-D than right ovary of others group (table 3). Non-significantly (P>0.05) the highest average number (2.40±0.44) of follicles was observed in left ovary of the group-C than the cows of others group. Though the follicle size in the end of luteal phase differed non-significantly (P>0.05) but comparatively larger (14.90±1.54mm) follicle in diameter were observed in group-C, than the follicles of others groups. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 27 (1&2), 2020: P. 95-104
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Fakih, C., Y. Mourad, G. Raad, W. Akil, R. Sfarjlani, J. Chedid, J. Daou, et al. "P-691 Assessment of ovarian vascularity by three-dimensional vaginal power Doppler on day seven of menstrual cycle to predict the number of eggs collected in antagonist cycle." Human Reproduction 37, Supplement_1 (June 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deac107.640.
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Abstract Study question Could ovarian vascularity indices on day 2 and 7 of stimulation, measured by 3-dimensional (3D) vaginal power Doppler, predict after controlled ovarian stimulation? Summary answer Ovarian vascularity index (VI) on day 7 may be an indicator of poor (<three mature eggs collected) ovarian responses to gonadotropins. What is known already Poor and/or hyper ovarian responses to gonadotropins may be related to cycle cancellation during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). In this context, gonadotropin dose is often individualized using patient features that predict ovarian response (such as age, antral follicular count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)). In parallel, ovarian vascularity color doppler is a valuable evaluation method to predict the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and the growth/maturity of Graafian follicles. The aim of the present study is to estimate the utility of 3-dimensional vaginal power Doppler and ovarian vascular flow indices in the prediction of the number of mature occytes collected after COS. Study design, size, duration A prospective study was conducted on 296 couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle at Al Hadi Laboratory and Medical center, Beirut, Lebanon. It was performed between January 2020 and dec 2021. Couples were categorized into poor responders group (3 or less metaphase II (MII) eggs collected) (36.1%), high responders group (16 or more MII eggs collected) group ( 6.7%), and normal responders group (more than 3 and less than 16 MII eggs collected) (57,2%). Participants/materials, setting, methods On the second and seventh day of the menstrual cycle, ovarian volume and vascularity parameters (vascularity index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularity flow index (VFI)) were measured using the 3D power Doppler and the Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis. On day 2 , the antral follicle count was evaluated and a blood sample for AMH testing was collected. Women included in the study have undergone COS using GnRH antagonist protocol. Main results and the role of chance Mean age was 35,88+/- 6 year , day2 VI and day2 VFI correlates with the number of egg collected (p = 0.014 and 0.045 respectively). 9 parameters were used to predict poor and high ovarian responses (Age, AMH, AFC, day2 VI, day2 FI , day2 VFI , day7 VI, day7 FI and day7 VFI) in a Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve model . Ovarian day7 FI significantly predicted poor ovarian response to gonadotropins (p = 0.038) with an area under the curve of 0.679. AFC predicted also poor ovarian response to gonadotropins (p = 0.006) . In parallel, AFC significantly predicted high ovarian response to gonadotropins (p = 0.002) and AUC (0.778) while all other 3D doppler parameters couldn’t predict high responders. Limitations, reasons for caution It will be necessary to perform a prospective analysis on a broad sample size to validate these findings. In addition, it will be interesting to assess the impact of ovarian vascularity on pregnancy outcomes. Wider implications of the findings Assessing ovarian vascularity during ovarian stimulation can help reduce the rate of cycle cancellation. In addition, more studies are welcomed in the field to unravel the mechanisms behind altered ovarian vascularity and to test the possibility of restoring normal ovarian physiology. Trial registration number Not Applicable
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Fakih, C., G. Raad, R. Azaki, R. Yazbeck, R. Zahwe, M. Bazzi, I. Fakih, et al. "P–688 Assessment of ovarian vascularity by three-dimensional vaginal power Doppler on day two of menstrual cycle to predict the number of mature eggs collected." Human Reproduction 36, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab130.687.
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Abstract Study question Could ovarian vascularity indices, measured by 3-dimensional (3D) vaginal power Doppler, predict the number of mature oocytes collected after controlled ovarian stimulation? Summary answer Ovarian vascularity index (VI) may be an indicator of poor (<three mature eggs collected) and high (>ten mature eggs collected) ovarian responses to gonadotropins. What is known already Poor and/or hyper ovarian responses to gonadotropins may be related to cycle cancellation during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). In this context, gonadotropin dose is often individualized using patient features that predict ovarian response (such as age, antral follicular count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)). In parallel, ovarian vascularity color doppler is a valuable evaluation method to predict the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and the growth/maturity of Graafian follicles. The aim of the present study is to estimate the utility of 3-dimensional vaginal power Doppler and ovarian vascular flow indices in the prediction of the number of mature occytes collected after COS. Study design, size, duration A prospective study was conducted on 200 couples undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle at Al Hadi Laboratory and Medical center, Beirut, Lebanon. It was performed between January 2020 and July 2020. Couples were categorized into poor responders group (3 or less metaphase II (MII) eggs collected) (n = 43), high responders group (10 or more MII eggs collected) group (n = 66), and normal responders group (more than 3 and less than 10 MII eggs collected) (n = 66). Participants/materials, setting, methods On the second day of the menstrual cycle, ovarian volume and vascularity parameters (vascularity index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularity flow index (VFI)) were measured using the 3D power Doppler and the Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis. On the same day, the antral follicle count was evaluated and a blood sample for AMH testing was collected. Women included in the study have undergone COS using GnRH antagonist protocol. Main results and the role of chance Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve model was used to predict the number of mature eggs collected. 7 parameters were used to predict poor and high ovarian responses (Age, AMH, AFC, ovarian volume, VI, FI and VFI). Ovarian VI significantly predicted poor ovarian response to gonadotropins (p = 0.033 and area under the curve (AUC)=0.668). Subsequently, the cut off value was 0.0025 with 84% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity. In parallel, ovarian VI significantly predicted high ovarian response to gonadotropins (p = 0.036 and AUC (0.778)) with a cut off value 0.0375 and with 77.8% sensitivity and 78.3% specificity. Furthermore, VFI significantly predicted high ovarian response to gonadotropins (p = 0.045; AUC=0.677). Limitations, reasons for caution It will be necessary to perform a prospective analysis on a broad sample size to validate these findings. In addition, it will be interesting to assess the impact of ovarian vascularity on pregnancy outcomes. Wider implications of the findings: Assessing ovarian vascularity prior to ovarian stimulation can help reduce the rate of cycle cancellation. In addition, more studies are welcomed in the field to unravel the mechanisms behind altered ovarian vascularity and to test the possibility of restoring normal ovarian physiology. Trial registration number Not applicable
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Plitas, George, Monica Morrow, and Brandon R. Bruns. "Approach to the Patient with a Breast Mass." DeckerMed Medicine, June 5, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/im.1092.
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A breast mass is the most common presenting symptom among patients in a breast clinic. The presence of a breast mass can cause a great deal of anxiety in women, as well as their physicians. The differential diagnosis of a palpable breast abnormality is broad, although the majority of breast masses are benign. The responsibility of the physician who is evaluating a breast mass is to exclude the presence of malignancy. Once cancer is ruled out, the physician should then attempt to provide an accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and reassurance to the patient. This chapter discusses the assessment of normal breast physiology, identification of a breast mass, evaluation of the various classifications of breast mass (e.g., dominant mass with clinically benign features and dominant mass with suspicious features), differential diagnosis and management of common benign breast masses (e.g., cysts, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumors, hamartomas, fat necrosis), and the risk of breast cancer associated with benign breast lesions. The chapter also discusses the diagnosis and management of a breast mass in male patients. Tables outline breast lesions that may present as a palpable abnormality, factors used for the assessment of breast cancer risk, physical characteristics of benign and malignant breast masses, the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration, and benign breast lesions by category. Figures illustrate diagnostic procedures, the anatomy of the human breast, visual inspection of the breasts, physical examination of the breasts, breast palpation technique, the evaluation and management of a new breast mass, and the identification of cysts. This review contains 10 figures, 14 tables, and 64 references. Keywords: breast mass, lobuloalveolar development, subareolar nodularity, parenchyma (glandular elements), stromal tissue, ovarian graafian follicles
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Plitas, George, Monica Morrow, and Brandon R. Bruns. "Approach to the Patient with a Breast Mass." DeckerMed Family Medicine, June 5, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/fm.1092.
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A breast mass is the most common presenting symptom among patients in a breast clinic. The presence of a breast mass can cause a great deal of anxiety in women, as well as their physicians. The differential diagnosis of a palpable breast abnormality is broad, although the majority of breast masses are benign. The responsibility of the physician who is evaluating a breast mass is to exclude the presence of malignancy. Once cancer is ruled out, the physician should then attempt to provide an accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and reassurance to the patient. This chapter discusses the assessment of normal breast physiology, identification of a breast mass, evaluation of the various classifications of breast mass (e.g., dominant mass with clinically benign features and dominant mass with suspicious features), differential diagnosis and management of common benign breast masses (e.g., cysts, fibroadenomas, phyllodes tumors, hamartomas, fat necrosis), and the risk of breast cancer associated with benign breast lesions. The chapter also discusses the diagnosis and management of a breast mass in male patients. Tables outline breast lesions that may present as a palpable abnormality, factors used for the assessment of breast cancer risk, physical characteristics of benign and malignant breast masses, the accuracy of fine-needle aspiration, and benign breast lesions by category. Figures illustrate diagnostic procedures, the anatomy of the human breast, visual inspection of the breasts, physical examination of the breasts, breast palpation technique, the evaluation and management of a new breast mass, and the identification of cysts. This review contains 10 figures, 14 tables, and 64 references. Keywords: breast mass, lobuloalveolar development, subareolar nodularity, parenchyma (glandular elements), stromal tissue, ovarian graafian follicles
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Sharma, Anju, Arigesavan Kaninathan, Sumedha Dahal, Susmita Kumari, Bibha Choudhary, and Sathees C. Raghavan. "Exposure to endosulfan can cause long term effects on general biology, including the reproductive system of mice." Frontiers in Genetics 13 (November 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1047746.
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Increased infertility in humans is attributed to the increased use of environmental chemicals in the last several decades. Various studies have identified pesticides as one of the causes of reproductive toxicity. In a previous study, infertility was observed in male mice due to testicular atrophy and decreased sperm count when a sublethal dose of endosulfan (3 mg/kg) with a serum concentration of 23 μg/L was used. However, the serum concentration of endosulfan was much higher (up to 500 μg/L) in people living in endosulfan-exposed areas compared to the one used in the investigation. To mimic the situation in an experimental setup, mice were exposed to 5 mg/kg body weight of endosulfan, and reproductive toxicity and long-term impact on the general biology of animals were examined. HPLC analysis revealed a serum concentration of ∼50 μg/L of endosulfan after 24 h endosulfan exposure affected the normal physiology of mice. Histopathological studies suggest a persistent, severe effect on reproductive organs where vacuole degeneration of basal germinal epithelial cells and degradation of the interstitial matrix were observed in testes. Ovaries showed a reduction in the number of mature Graafian follicles. At the same time, mild vacuolation in liver hepatocytes and changes in the architecture of the lungs were observed. Endosulfan exposure induced DNA damage and mutations in germ cells at the molecular level. Interestingly, even after 8 months of endosulfan exposure, we observed increased DNA breaks in reproductive tissues. An increased DNA Ligase III expression was also observed, consistent with reported elevated levels of MMEJ-mediated repair. Further, we observed the generation of tumors in a few of the treated mice with time. Thus, the study not only explores the changes in the general biology of the mice upon exposure to endosulfan but also describes the molecular mechanism of its long-term effects.