Academic literature on the topic 'GPS; Continental lithosphere'
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Journal articles on the topic "GPS; Continental lithosphere"
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Hyndman, Roy D., Paul Flück, Stephane Mazzotti, Trevor J. Lewis, John Ristau, and Lucinda Leonard. "Current tectonics of the northern Canadian Cordillera." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-023.
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The northern Canadian Cordillera is remarkably tectonically and seismically active, extending from a terrane collision zone on the continental margin to an active fold and thrust belt at the eastern mountain front. The source and distribution of the deformation are constrained by (i) precision global positioning system (GPS) measurements; (ii) the seismicity distribution, mechanisms, and rates; (iii) the thermal regime; (iv) estimates of lithosphere thickness and strength; and (v) topography and gravity. The ongoing oblique collision of the Yakutat block in the northeast corner of the Gulf of Alaska has produced large deformation and uplift in the adjacent Saint Elias and Chugach mountains and appears to be responsible for the current deformation 800 km to the northeast. Northern Cordillera GPS velocities are ∼5 mm/year northeast relative to the North American Craton. Deformation rates across the eastern mountain front from earthquake statistics are similar, i.e., ∼4 mm/year of thrust shortening across the Mackenzie Mountains and right-lateral strike-slip in the Richardson Mountains. This large-scale motion is explained by a quasi-rigid displacement of the upper crust over a lower crust detachment. The detachment zone is a consequence of the high temperature of the northern Cordillera lithosphere and a weak eastern Cordillera deformation front. Regional Moho temperatures of 800950 °C are indicated by very high heat flow and other indicators of deep temperature and by the thin lithosphere effective thickness (Te). The northern Cordillera model may have application in other areas, such as the earlier thrusting in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains driven by terrane collision along the Pacific margin.
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Nokleberg, Warren J., David W. Scholl, Thomas K. Bundtzen, and David B. Stone. "Effects of Cenozoic subduction along the outboard margin of the Northern Cordillera: Derived from e-book on the Northern Cordillera (Alaska and Western Canada) and adjacent marine areas." Geosphere 16, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02045.1.
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Abstract This article describes the regional effects of Cenozoic subduction along the outboard margin of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska, USA, and Western Canada), and thereby acquaints the reader with several chapters of the e-book Dynamic Geology of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska, Western Canada, and Adjacent Marine Areas). This article and the e-book are written for earth-science students and teachers. The level of writing for the article and the source e-book is that of popular science magazines, and readers are encouraged to share this article with students and laypersons. The main thrust of the article is to present and describe a suite of ten regional topographic, bathymetric, and geologic maps, and two figures portraying deep-crustal sections that illustrate the regional effects of Cenozoic subduction along the outboard margin of the North American Cordillera. The regional maps and cross sections are described in a way that a teacher might describe a map to students. Cenozoic subduction along the margin of the Northern Cordillera resulted in the formation of the following: (1) underthrusting of terranes and oceanic lithosphere beneath Southern Alaska; (2) landscapes, including narrow continental shelves along Southern and Southeastern Alaska and Western Canada (the Canadian Cordillera) and continental-margin mountain ranges, including the Alaska Peninsula, Chugach Range, Saint Elias Mountains, and Cascade Mountains; (3) sedimentary basins; (4) an array of active continental strike-slip and thrust faults (inboard of subduction zones); (5) earthquake belts related to subduction of terranes and oceanic plates; (6) active volcanoes, including continental-margin arcs (the Aleutian, Wrangell, and Cascade Arcs) linked to subduction zones, and interior volcanic belts related to strike-slip faulting or to hot spots; (7) lode and placer mineral deposits related to continental margin arcs or subduction of oceanic ridges; (8) hot springs related to continental-margin arcs; (9) plate movements as recorded from GPS measurements; and (10) underthrusting of terranes and oceanic lithosphere beneath the Northern Cordillera.
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Lei, Ming, Jian-Lin Chen, Ji-Feng Xu, Yun-Chuan Zeng, and Qiu-Wei Xiong. "Late Cretaceous magmatism in the NW Lhasa Terrane, southern Tibet: Implications for crustal thickening and initial surface uplift." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 1-2 (May 2, 2019): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b31915.1.
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Abstract Crustal thickening and uplift of southern Tibet have been widely associated with India-Asia continental collision during the Cenozoic. However, recent studies indicated that the crust of the northwestern (NW) Lhasa Terrane was thickened during the late Mesozoic. Here we report geochronological and geochemical data for the Gaerqiong diorite porphyries (GPs) and Xiongma plutons (XPs) in the NW Lhasa terrane, southern Tibet. Zircon U-Pb dating suggests that these intrusive rocks were generated at ca. 85 and ca. 88 Ma, respectively. The GPs are characterized by high MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, and they have adakitic affinities. These geochemical features, combined with their depleted εNd(t) (+1.7 to +2.0), 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.705103–0.705259), and zircon εHf(t) (+5.2 to +10.2) isotopic compositions, indicate that the GPs were produced by partial melting of the delaminated juvenile continental crust. In contrast, the XPs are composed of host granites and mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). The MMEs have low SiO2 and high MgO contents, and low εHf(t) (–14.0 to –5.8) values, indicating that their parental magmas were derived from an enriched mantle. The host granites have high SiO2 and low MgO contents, and variable εNd(t) (–7.4 to –6.3) and zircon εHf(t) (–11 to –4.1) values. These observations, combined with the presence of MMEs in the Xiongma granites, suggest that the host granites were the result of mixing of crust- and mantle-derived magmas. Detailed study of these two plutons, combined with the previous researches, suggests that Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma) magmatism in the NW Lhasa Terrane occurred in a post-collisional extensional setting related to delamination of the regionally thickened lithosphere after collision of the Lhasa-Qiangtang Terranes. We propose that the crust of the NW Lhasa Terrane reached a maximum thickness (average of >50 km) before the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma). This crustal thickening was caused by underplating of mafic magmas during slab roll-back and break-off of the southward-subducting Bangong-Nujiang oceanic lithosphere and subsequent tectonic thrusting during Qiangtang-Lhasa Terrane collision, respectively. Given that crustal thickening generally results in elevated terrain, the regional uplift (driven by isostasy due to crustal thickening) probably commenced before the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma).
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Dehler, S. A., and C. E. Keen. "Effects of rifting and subsidence on thermal evolution of sediments in Canada's east coast basins." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1782–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-158.
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Regional maps of lithospheric deformation and thermal history have been derived for the eastern continental margin of Canada. Subsidence associated with the rifting and cooling stages of rifted margin formation was calculated from gridded maps of sediment thickness and bathymetry along the Labrador, Grand Banks, and Nova Scotian margins. A two-layer lithospheric extension model was used to compute the deformation and thermal evolution of each region. Deformation results show that the crust and lower lithosphere have generally stretched by different amounts, and that either crustal or subcrustal lithospheric stretching dominates beneath the various basins. Thermal modelling results for the older Nova Scotian and Grand Banks margins show a strong correlation between thermal gradient, crustal stretching, and sediment thickness, and the predicted thermal gradient pattern for the younger Labrador margin correlates extremely well with predicted stretching of the still-cooling subcrustal lithosphere. Predictions of sediment maturity (vitrinite reflectance) of basin deposits were obtained from the derived time – temperature histories. Model results have been constrained with observations from individual boreholes and extrapolated away from these well-constrained areas into regions beyond the frontiers of present exploration. Results are presented as maps showing depths to present-day peak thermal maturity zones and the ages at which earliest post-rift sediments reached peak maturity levels. This reconnaissance approach has led to predictions of thermal maturity zones suitable for oil or gas generation in western Orphan Basin and beneath the continental slopes.
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Kreemer, Corné, Geoffrey Blewitt, and Paul M. Davis. "Geodetic evidence for a buoyant mantle plume beneath the Eifel volcanic area, NW Europe." Geophysical Journal International 222, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 1316–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa227.
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SUMMARY The volcanism of the Eifel volcanic field (EVF), in west-central Germany, is often considered an example of hotspot volcanism given its geochemical signature and the putative mantle plume imaged underneath. EVF's setting in a stable continental area provides a rare natural laboratory to image surface deformation and test the hypothesis of there being a thermally buoyant plume. Here we use Global Positioning System (GPS) data to robustly image vertical land motion (VLM) and horizontal strain rates over most of intraplate Europe. We find a spatially coherent positive VLM anomaly over an area much larger than the EVF and with a maximum uplift of ∼1 mm yr−1 at the EVF (when corrected for glacial isostatic adjustment). This rate is considerably higher than averaged over the Late-Quaternary. Over the same area that uplifts, we find significant horizontal extension surrounded by a radial pattern of shortening, a superposition that strongly suggests a common dynamic cause. Besides the Eifel, no other area in NW Europe shows significant positive VLM coupled with extensional strain rates, except for the much broader region of glacial isostatic adjustment. We refer to this 3-D deformation anomaly as the Eifel Anomaly. We also find an extensional strain rate anomaly near the Massif Central volcanic field surrounded by radial shortening, but we do not detect a significant positive VLM signal there. The fact that the Eifel Anomaly is located above the Eifel plume suggests that the plume causes the anomaly. Indeed, we show that buoyancy forces induced by the plume at the bottom of the lithosphere can explain this remarkable surface deformation. Plume-induced deformation can also explain the relatively high rate of regional seismicity, particularly along the Lower Rhine Embayment.
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Parphenuk, O. "Postcollisional evolution features of the intracontinental structures formed by overthrusting." Georesursy 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2018.4.377-385.
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The investigation of intracontinental collision structures is conducted based on the complex model of the thermal and mechanical evolution of overthrusting process for the rheologically layered lithosphere, which includes brittle upper crust, the lower crust and lithospheric upper mantle with different effective viscosity values. Finite element models with Lagrangian approach were used for the problem simulation. It was shown that thermal evolution of continental orogens essentially results from the geometry and topography due to thrusting and postcollision stage. This work concentrates on the thermal parameters influence on the evolution of collision zones aimed to the study of possibility of granite melt formation. Calculations for mean continental initial temperature distribution lead to the conclusion of possibility of granite melt formation for the case of “wet” granite solidus. The horizon of temperatures higher than “wet” granite solidus appears at the level of 30-40 km, moving upward to the depth 15-20 km at postcollision stage. The early postcollision evolution shows some heat flow increase due to the thickening of the upper crust with maximum heat generation rate. Further history leads to the stable heat flow values because additional loading redistribution resulting from the denudation of surface uplift and corresponding sedimentation is small due to the local erosion in our model. It was shown that surface heat losses after the termination of horizontal shortening depend to a greater extent on radiogenic heat generation rather than thermal conductivity value in the upper crust.
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Friederich, W., A. Brüstle, L. Küperkoch, T. Meier, S. Lamara, and Egelados Working Group. "Focal mechanisms in the southern Aegean from temporary seismic networks – implications for the regional stress field and ongoing deformation processes." Solid Earth 5, no. 1 (May 9, 2014): 275–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-5-275-2014.
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Abstract. The lateral variation of the stress field in the southern Aegean plate and the subducting Hellenic slab is determined from recordings of seismicity obtained with the CYCNET and EGELADOS networks in the years from 2002 to 2007. First motions from 7000 well-located microearthquakes were analysed to produce 540 well-constrained focal mechanisms. They were complemented by another 140 derived by waveform matching of records from larger events. Most of these earthquakes fall into 16 distinct spatial clusters distributed over the southern Aegean region. For each cluster, a stress inversion could be carried out yielding consistent estimates of the stress field and its spatial variation. At crustal levels, the stress field is generally dominated by a steeply dipping compressional principal stress direction except in places where coupling of the subducting slab and overlying plate come into play. Tensional principal stresses are generally subhorizontal. Just behind the forearc, the crust is under arc-parallel tension whereas in the volcanic areas around Kos, Columbo and Astypalea tensional and intermediate stresses are nearly degenerate. Further west and north, in the Santorini–Amorgos graben and in the area of the islands of Mykonos, Andros and Tinos, tensional stresses are significant and point around the NW–SE direction. Very similar stress fields are observed in western Turkey with the tensional axis rotated to NNE–SSW. Intermediate-depth earthquakes below 100 km in the Nisyros region indicate that the Hellenic slab experiences slab-parallel tension at these depths. The direction of tension is close to east–west and thus deviates from the local NW-oriented slab dip presumably owing to the segmentation of the slab. Beneath the Cretan sea, at shallower levels, the slab is under NW–SE compression. Tensional principal stresses in the crust exhibit very good alignment with extensional strain rate principal axes derived from GPS velocities except in volcanic areas, where both appear to be unrelated, and in the forearc where compressional principal stresses are very well aligned with compressional principal strain rates. This finding indicates that, except for volcanic areas, microseismic activity in the southern Aegean is not controlled by small-scale local stresses but rather reflects the regional stress field. The lateral and depth variations of the stress field reflect the various agents that influence tectonics in the Aegean: subduction of the Hellenic slab, incipient collision with continental African lithosphere, roll back of the slab in the southeast, segmentation of the slab, arc volcanism and extension of the Aegean crust.
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Khomich, V. G., and N. G. Boriskina. "ORE, OIL-AND-GAS REGIONS OF THE SOUTH OKHOTSK SEA PROVINCE AND DEEP GEODYNAMICS." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 39, no. 6 (2020): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2020-39-6-3-24.
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In the South Okhotsk Sea province – on the islands of Sakhalin, Kunashir, Iturup, Urup and surrounding sea areas – many occurrences of rare, noble metal and other mineralizations as well as of oil-and-gas fields, gas hydrate accumulations, and isolated areas of active emission of water-hydrocarbon gases are known. Occurrences and deposits of solid, liquid and gaseous mineral resources are controlled by hidden deep fault transform zones: Nosappu (Tuscarora), Iturup, and Urup. These long-lived extended (more than 1000 km) zones are distinguished at the N-W Pacific megaplate margin near the S-E flank of the Kuril-Kamchatka trogue. Using the seismotomographic methods we have established their extension to the west from the seismic focal zone in the oceanic slab that subducted into the transition zone of the mantle. In the areas of strike-slip extension the faults accounted for the active formation of the drainage channels for the penetration of the sea water in the lithosphere with the following serpentinization of its ultramafites, and for decompressional generation of ascending mantle-derived abiogenic fluid flows. The latter penetrated from the underslab asthenosphere in the oversubduction mantle wedge and beneath the lithospheric mantle, where they accounted for the development of the processes of metasomatism. The subsequent migration of flows initiated the creation of primary magma reservoirs in the lower parts of the continental lithosphere, and intermediate and peripheral chambers in the Earth’s crust. The injection of melts from the chambers in the consolidated Earth's crust led to the formation of abyssal, hypabyssal intrusive massifs, arch-dome uplifts and magmatogenic-ore (ore-magmatic) systems predominantly among the rocks of the pre-Pliocene basement. The concentration of oil and gas accumulations mainly from the mantle-derived abiogenic hydrocarbons containing mercury, gold, rhenium, and PGE in the Cenozoic sedimentary basins amidst the reservoirs under the impermeable beds also resulted from deep under- and overslab fluid flows.
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Akhmetov, A. Zh, and I. Yu Smolin. "NUMERICAL MODELING OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE YAKUTSK-VILYUI LARGE IGNEOUS PROVINCE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF GEOTECTONIC PROCESSES IN THE SIBERIAN CRATON." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Matematika i mekhanika, no. 69 (2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988621/69/5.
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Stress and strain distributions in the Yakutsk-Vilyui large igneous province (LIP) are numerically simulated under geotectonic extension. A two-dimensional model of the geological structure of a part of the Yakutsk-Vilyui LIP is developed using the geophysical data from the profile “Craton-1980”. However, these geophysical data can only be a source of the geometrical model and elastic properties of Earth’s layers. To describe non-elastic strains during the geological process, the Drucker-Prager-Nikolaevsky model of plasticity is adopted. For elastoplastic analysis of the geotectonic process, the “Jelly Sandwich” shear strength model for the continental lithosphere is used, which is based on the variation of the strength properties with depth. Zones of shear stress concentration and plastic strain localization are observed as a result of the extension in the Lindenskaya basin and Khapchagaiskaya reclamation complying with oil and gas deposit locations in the Yakutia region. Stress components have non-linear distributions determined by the dependence of strength properties on the depth and structural inhomogeneity of continental lithosphere. The pressure distribution obtained in the simulation can partially complement the geological information employed when analyzing the possibility of phase transitions in the rocks in different locations of the studied region.
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Han, Dong Yin. "The Mechanism of the Earth's Epidermis Warming Caused by Exploitation of Fossil Fuels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 460–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.460.
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The techniques are referred to as analyzing the relationship between the events of the lithosphere getting thermal and the changes of weakened release energies of strong earthquakes that might be related with the ones of increased exploitation quantities of the global three-large fossil fuels of coal,oil and gas ,and the relationship between the events of earth crust expansion getting thermal with the accumulated increasing of the land crust expansion thickness from calculation and the accumulated increasing of fossil fuels being exploited,et al. The three mechanism-modes of earth's epidermis warming over the past 100 years since 1890 from earth interior changes with relation to fossil fuels being exploited were suggested that the weakened release energies of global strong earthquakes caused by the increasing of earth thermal stress energies and overall warming of lithosphere, the “weightlessness” and expansion and getting thermal of continental crust,the increasing of earth currents and heat quantities generated by added origid geological and tectonic activities in mining areas and earth's surface getting thermal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "GPS; Continental lithosphere"
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Bourne, Stephen James. "Distributed deformation of the South Island of New Zealand." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360205.
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Vergnolle, Mathilde. "Rhéologie et déformation de la lithosphère continentale : apports de mesures GPS en Asie et de modèles numériques." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653541.
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Ce travail s intéresse à la cinématique et à la dynamique des déformations continentales Nous présentons le champ de vitesse 1994-2002 mesuré par GPS dans la région Mongolie-Baïkal (située au nord de l Asie) par rapport à l Eurasie Il montre que 15% de la convergence IN/EU est accommodé au nord du Tien Shan par du raccourcissement N-S et du cisaillement dextre dans l Altaï et par du déplacement vers l E-SE (3-6 mm/an) en Mongolie centrale et orientale Nos résultats suggèrent que le mouvement vers l est pourrait être contrôlé par d autres processus que la convergence IN/EU seule A partir des grands séismes de Mongolie au 20ème siècle et de l inversion des vitesses obtenues nous modélisons la déformation postsismique (relaxation viscoélastique actuelle <2 mm/an) et estimons la rhéologie de la lithosphère sous la Mongolie (manteau supérieur et croûte inférieure peu visqueux) Par une étude de redistribution des contraintes à la suite de séismes nous montrons le possible transfert de contrainte entre failles continentales séparées de centaines de kilomètres et sur des dizaines d années Enfin à partir de modèles dynamiques de la déformation en Asie validés par les données GPS en Chine Mongolie et Sibérie nous estimons la rhéologie moyenne de la lithosphère et quantifions les mécanismes de la déformation Nous montrons que bien que la collision IN/EU soit la contribution majeure à la déformation les forces de volume et la dynamique des zones de subduction sont d une importance équivalente dans les zones septentrionales et orientales de l Asie D après nos résultats l accommodation de la déformation actuelle se ferait essentiellement de manière continue mais ceci reste à confirmer.
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Flerit, Frédéric Jean-Philippe. "La mécanique de l'extrusion et de l'extension continentale en Anatolie-Egée : comment la mécanique de la fracturation, basée sur des observations tectoniques et géodésiques (GPS), réconcilie la déformation continentale avec la tectonique des plaques." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GLOB0010.
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Nous utilisons les observations tectoniques et géodésiques (GPS) pour modéliser la déformation actuelle et l'évolution mécanique de l'Anatolie-Egée. Dans notre approche, la déformation de la lithosphère est localisée sur les failles connues, traitées comme des dislocations dans un milieu élastique. Nous montrons que deux processus tectoniques se superposent à l'échelle lithosphérique : l'extension associée à la subduction hellénique et l'extrusion de l'Anatolie associée à la propagation de la Faille Nord Anatolienne (NAF). Depuis que la NAF a pénétré en Egée, ces processus interagissent mécaniquement. Nous montrons qu'une vaste zone d'endommagement se développe en avant de la NAF pendant que la lithosphère relaxe des déformations élastiques long terme. La NAF est ainsi devenue une faille transformante sur 3/4 de sa longueur. Le comportement élastique simple de la lithosphère continentale explique l'équilibre mécanique entre la rotation rigide de l'Anatolie et la déformation de l'EgéeTectonic and geodetic observations (GPS) allow us to model the present-day deformation of the Anatolia-Aegean region and its mechanical evolution. In our approach, the deformation of the lithosphere is localised on known faults, treated as dislocations in elastic half-space. We show that two tectonic processes are superposed at the lithospheric scale : The extension associated with the Hellenic subduction and the extrusion of Anatolia associated with the propagation of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF). Since the NAF entered the Aegean, the two processes interact mechanically. We show that a large process zone forms at the front of the NAF, as the lithosphere relaxes long-term elastic strains. As a result the NAF has become a transform fault for 3/4 of its length. The simple elastic behaviour of the continental lithosphere explains the mechanical balance between the rigid rotation of Anatolia and the deformation of the Aegean
Book chapters on the topic "GPS; Continental lithosphere"
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Huismans, Ritske S., and Christopher Beaumont. "Effect of Lithospheric Stratification on Extensional Styles and Rift Basin Geometry." In Petroleum Systems of Divergent Continental Margin Basins: 25th Annual, 12–55. SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC PALEONTOLOGISTS AND MINERALOGISTS, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5724/gcs.05.25.0012.
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