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El-Naggar, Sabry Ali, Karim Samy El-Said, Mona Elwan, Maysa Mobasher, Fotouh Mansour, Mohamed Elbakry, and Doaa Ibrahim Kabil. "Toxicity of bean cooking media containing EDTA in mice." Toxicology and Industrial Health 36, no. 6 (June 2020): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233719893178.
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The possible renal and hepatic toxicities of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in bean cooking media were studied using 100 male albino mice. Two sublethal doses of EDTA were used to explore their toxic effects; 20 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, which corresponded to 1/100th and 1/10th of LD50, respectively. Accordingly, the toxicity study was performed using 50 mice, divided into five groups ( n = 10/group) as follows: group 1 (Gp1) served as a negative control and was orally administered normal saline; group 2 (Gp2) was administered the bean cooking medium; group 3 (Gp3) was administered EDTA (200 mg/kg); group 4 (Gp4) was administered bean cooking medium containing 20 mg/kg of EDTA; and group 5 (Gp5) was administered bean cooking medium containing 200 mg/kg of EDTA. The results showed no significant changes in liver and kidney functions in Gp2 while Gp3, Gp4, and Gp5 exhibited significant increases in adverse liver and kidney function markers. Hematocrit values were significantly decreased in Gp3 and Gp5, while the total white blood cells counts were significantly decreased in Gp3 and significantly increased in Gp5. The number of platelets was decreased in Gp3, Gp4, and Gp5. The blood levels of sodium (Na+), iron (Fe2+), and calcium (Ca2+) were decreased in Gp3, Gp4, and Gp5 due to the chelating effects of EDTA. The hepatic and renal architectures were disorganized in Gp3, Gp4, and Gp5 with some hemorrhagic manifestations in livers and kidneys of mice. These results demonstrate that EDTA in bean cooking is harmful in mice under the conditions of this study, and the potentially harmful effects in humans supports restricting its use.
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Dell'Osbel, Rafaela Santi, Cleber Cremonese, and Maria Luisa de Oliveira Gregoletto. "GANHO DE PESO GESTACIONAL E FATORES ASSOCIADOS EM GESTANTES E RECÉM-NASCIDOS." Revista Contexto & Saúde 19, no. 37 (December 17, 2019): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21527/2176-7114.2019.37.20-29.
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Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo medir o ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) e identificar os fatores associados em gestantes e recém-nascidos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico observacional transversal, em uma coorte, constituído por gestantes e recém-nascidos usuários da Atenção Básica de Caxias do Sul/RS. Os dados foram coletados em três momentos distintos, sendo no primeiro e terceiro trimestre gestacional e no primeiro mês após o nascimento do bebê. Resultados: A amostra constituiu-se de 47 gestantes e recém-nascidos, destas 28,3% apresentaram GPG insuficiente, 34,8% GPG adequado e 37% GPG excessivo. As gestantes com escolaridade até 10 anos de estudo apresentaram maior prevalência de GPG insuficiente (48,0%), já as que dispunham de 11 anos ou mais de estudo apresentaram maior prevalência de GPG adequado (52,4%) (p=0,024). Ainda, observa-se associação significativa com comprimento ao nascer (p-valor 0,035) e com a alimentação na primeira semana de vida (p-valor 0,037). Conclusões: Conclui-se que as gestantes apresentam elevada prevalência de GPG excessivo. Ainda, identificou-se associação significativa entre o GPG insuficiente com a baixa escolaridade e ao menor comprimento ao nascer. Houve associação entre o GPG excessivo e elevada prevalência para AME na primeira semana de vida. Desta forma, percebe-se a necessidade de estratégias para adequar e orientar o GPG, assim como instruir hábitos de vida saudáveis e reforçar a necessidade do cuidado pré-natal para a saúde da gestante e do recém-nascido.
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Ouzon-Shubeita, Hala, Meghan Baker, Myong-Chul Koag, and Seongmin Lee. "Structural basis for the bypass of the major oxaliplatin–DNA adducts by human DNA polymerase η." Biochemical Journal 476, no. 4 (February 28, 2019): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180848.
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Abstract Oxaliplatin, together with cisplatin, is among the most important drugs used in cancer chemotherapy. Oxaliplatin, which contains a bulky diaminocyclohexane (DACH) moiety, kills cancer cells mainly by producing (DACH)Pt–GpG intrastrand cross-links that impede transcription. The Pt–GpG tolerance by translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerases contributes to the resistance of tumors to platinum-based chemotherapy. In particular, human DNA polymerase η (Polη) readily bypasses Pt–GpG adducts. While many structural studies have addressed how TLS polymerases interact with cisplatin–DNA adducts, a structure of DNA polymerase in complex with oxaliplatin–DNA adducts has not been reported, limiting our understanding of bypass of the bulky (DACH)Pt–GpG lesion by TLS polymerases. Herein, we report the first structure of DNA polymerase bound to oxaliplatinated DNA. We determined a crystal structure of Polη incorporating dCTP opposite the 3′G of the (DACH)Pt–GpG, which provides insights into accurate, efficient bypass of the oxaliplatin–GpG adducts by TLS polymerases. In the catalytic site of Polη, the 3′G of the (DACH)Pt–GpG formed three Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds with incoming dCTP and the primer terminus 3′-OH was optimally positioned for nucleotidyl transfer. To accommodate the bulky (DACH)Pt–GpG lesion, the Val59–Trp64 loop in the finger domain of Polη shifted from the positions observed in the corresponding Polη–cisplatin–GpG and undamaged structures, suggesting that the flexibility of the Val59–Trp64 loop allows the enzyme's bypass of the (DACH)Pt–GpG adducts. Overall, the Polη–oxaliplatin–GpG structure provides a structural basis for TLS-mediated bypass of the major oxaliplatin–DNA adducts and insights into resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy in humans.
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Pham, Xuan, Laura Fitzpatrick, and Richard Wagner. "The US gender pay gap: the way forward." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 9/10 (September 10, 2018): 907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine why the gender pay gap (GPG) – with its significant social costs generated through disadvantaging half of the population – persists in the USA despite decades-long efforts toward eradication. Design/methodology/approach A social provisioning approach, rooted in heterodox economics, is used to examine institutions that create and maintain the US GPG. The GPG is not a natural phenomenon, and, thus, must be examined within a specific social and historical context. Findings The analysis finds that the institutions of capitalism and patriarchy have created and perpetuated the GPG; however, mainstream economic theory does not consider these institutions and goes as far as explaining away the problem. Current US policies are formulated from this mainstream economic perspective, and, thus, are inherently flawed. The authors propose a reorientation toward a social provisioning theoretical perspective to analyze the GPG, which provides a more meaningful and practical foundation for policy formulation. Originality/value This paper provides a comprehensive examination of effective and ineffective theories and policies for addressing the GPG. Additionally, the authors provide concrete policy recommendations to eradicate the GPG.
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Gigante, Débora Souza, Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye, Elisa Maria De Aquino Lacerda, Cláudia Saunders, Patrícia Carvalho Padilha, and Maria Beatriz Trindade de Castro. "Association between Prenatal Care and Gestational Weight Gain: Cross-Sectional Study in a Low-Income Area of Rio de Janeiro." DEMETRA: Alimentação, Nutrição & Saúde 16 (July 28, 2021): e58362. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2021.58362.
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Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre a adequação da assistência pré-natal e o ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) em puérperas brasileiras de baixa renda. Métodos: Estudo transversal no município de Mesquita-RJ, incluindo 281 mulheres no pós-parto imediato. O GPG foi classificado como adequado, insuficiente e excessivo de acordo com as recomendações do Institute of Medicine (IOM). O número de consultas do pré-natal foi categorizado (1: nenhuma consulta; 2: 1-3 consultas; 3: 4-6 consultas; 4: 7 ou mais consultas) e o início do pré-natal, segundo as semanas gestacionais (SG), foi utilizado como variável contínua. A assistência pré-natal (AP) avaliou as duas dimensões agrupadas do Índice de Kotelchuck: adequado (adequado + mais adequado) ou inadequado (intermediário e inadequado). Modelos de regressão logística multinomial foram utilizados para estimar as associações entre assistência pré-natal inadequada e GPG. Resultados: AP foi iniciada em média com 12,6 (± 6,9) SG; 8,2% das mulheres (n = 23) fizeram ≤ 4 consultas de pré-natal e 38,4% (n = 108) foram classificadas com AP inadequada. Em média, o GPG foi de 12,9 kg (± 6,2) e 36,5%, 31,0% e 32,5% das mulheres apresentaram GPG adequado, insuficiente e excessivo, respectivamente. Após o ajuste, a inadequação da AP (OR = 2,01; IC 95% = 1,03-3,90) foi associada a uma maior probabilidade de GPG abaixo das recomendações do IOM. Conclusão: Observou-se uma associação significativa entre a inadequação da assistência pré-natal e o GPG insuficiente, o que reforça a relevância da adequada AP para monitorar o adequado GPG e intervir precocemente na gestação.
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Kopiński, Dominik, and Andrzej Polus. "Nędza koncepcji globalnych dóbr publicznych." Politeja 16, no. 3(60) (March 1, 2020): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.16.2019.60.18.
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The Poverty of the Concept of Global Public Goods
The concept of global public goods (GPG) reflects an attempt to replicate a microeconomic theory of public goods to the domain of international relations (IR). According to economic definition of public goods, which have two properties – non-rivalry and non-exclusivity, pure GPG can be consumed universally and simultaneously by (ideally) all global citizens; at the same time, no society can be excluded from its consumption. Classic examples of GPG include earth atmosphere, knowledge or financial stability. Notwithstanding the fact that pure public goods are incredibly rare, the very definition of GPG is highly problematic. This article is intended as an intervention in a critical debate about the true meaning of the GPGs. Its authors argue that to date the academic community has failed to agree on an intersubjective understanding of GPG. They also claim that the current functioning of the concept in the discourse within IR is “poor”, i.e. it is insufficiently rigorous, blurred and methodologically inconsistent. On the flip side, the way GPG has found its way to IR reflects some of the main problems that the field has been recently immersed in.
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Andrews, T. S., C. E. Jones, and R. D. B. Whalley. "Factors affecting the germination of Giant Parramatta grass." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 4 (1997): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96078.
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Summary. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, light and leaf extract solutions on the germination of Giant Parramatta grass [GPG, Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br. var. major (Buse) Baaijens] collected from a population on the North Coast of New South Wales. In the first experiment, seeds were subjected to one of a range of temperature combinations immediately after collection and again after 8 and 27 weeks. Germination was restricted to a narrow range of alternating temperatures with a peak at 35°C day/15°C night when seeds were tested immediately after collection. More seeds germinated when the samples had been stored, although germination remained depressed at constant temperatures. These data indicate that freshly collected GPG seeds are subject to primary dormancy and that few would germinate in the field immediately after seed fall. In a second experiment, seeds were buried beneath leaf litter in a pasture immediately after collection. After 7 months, the seeds were exhumed and subjected to either constant (20°C) or alternating (35/15°C) temperatures in either full light, reduced red:far-red (R : FR) light or dark treatments. Over 95% of GPG seeds germinated when subjected to alternating temperatures, regardless of light treatment. At constant temperatures, 97% of seeds germinated under full light, 59% at reduced R : FR light and <1% in dark treatments. A germination response to alternating temperatures and/or light treatments has been reported in pasture weeds and may be an adaptation to detecting gaps in the pasture canopy. Consequently, the germination of GPG in a pasture may be manipulated to some extent by altering the amount of pasture cover using grazing management, mowing and fertiliser applications. In experiment 3, leaves from a range of coastal grasses were mixed with water and the solutions were used to germinate GPG seeds. Solutions extracted from setaria (Setaria sphacelata) leaves completely inhibited GPG germination while 27% of GPG seeds germinated when imbibed with kikuyu leaf extract solution. Solution extracted from carpet grass (Axonopus affinis) leaves had the least effect on GPG germination. In experiment 4, the effects of solutions that had been leached from the leaves of either setaria or carpet grass on seed germination, and root and shoot lengths of GPG seedlings were compared. Germination was less inhibited by leachate solutions compared with the extract solutions used in experiment 3. Seedlings in setaria leachates had significantly shorter roots and shoots than both those germinated in carpet grass leachates and control seedlings. This may explain, at least in part, why carpet-grass-based pastures are readily infested with GPG while setaria-based pastures are relatively resistant to infestation. The potential for allelopathic interactions between GPG and setaria to be fully utilised to reduce the abundance of GPG in coastal New South Wales pastures is discussed.
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Wadanoli, Michael, Dianne Sako, Gray Shaw, Robert Schaub, Qin Wang, Boris Tchernychev, Jin Xu, Thomas Porter, and Qinheng Huang. "The von Willebrand factor antagonist (GPG-290) prevents coronary thrombosis without prolongation of bleeding time." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 98, no. 08 (2007): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th06-10-0582.
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SummaryThe interaction between von Willebrand factor (VWF) and platelet glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) is a critical step that allows platelet adhesion, activation and subsequent thrombus formation to the injured vessel wall under high-shear conditions. In this study, we sought to investigate 1) whether GPG-290, a recombinant human GPIbα chimeric protein, would prevent thrombosis in a canine model of coronary thrombosis by blocking VWFGPIbα interaction; and 2) whether desmopressin (DDAVP), a VWF release stimulant, could reduce the prolonged bleeding time caused by a 10x efficacious dose of GPG-290. The antithrombotic efficacy of GPG-290 was evaluated by the in-vivo ability to prevent cyclic flow reductions (CFRs) and ex-vivo inhibition of platelet adhesion/aggregation reflected by prolongation of Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA-100®) collagen /ADP closure time. The anti-hemostatic effect was assessed by template bleeding time. GPG-290 at doses of 25, 50 and 100 μg/kg abolished CFRs in 67%,100% and 100% of the treated dogs without bleeding time prolongation, respectively; GPG-290 dose-dependently prolonged the ex-vivo collagen/ADP-closure time, while it had no effects on plasma VWF antigen level (VWF:Ag) and VWF-collagen binding activity (VWF:CB); the prolonged template bleeding time caused by 500 μg/kg of GPG-290 was prevented by intravenous infusion of DDAVP (0.3 μg/kg). In conclusion, GPG-290 appears to be an effective agent for treating arterial thrombosis without bleeding time prolongation.
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Jejcic, Alenka, Robert Daniels, Laura Goobar-Larsson, Daniel N. Hebert, and Anders Vahlne. "Small Molecule Targets Env for Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation and Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Propagation." Journal of Virology 83, no. 19 (July 29, 2009): 10075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01700-08.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is dependent on its envelope glycoprotein (Env) to bind, fuse, and subsequently infect a cell. We show here that treatment of HIV-1-infected cells with glycyl-prolyl-glycine amide (GPG-NH2), dramatically reduced the infectivity of the released viral particles by decreasing their Env incorporation. The mechanism of GPG-NH2 was uncovered by examining Env expression and maturation in treated cells. GPG-NH2 treatment was found to affect Env by significantly decreasing its steady-state levels, its processing into gp120/gp41, and its mass by inducing glycan removal in a manner dependent on its native signal sequence and the proteasome. Therefore, GPG-NH2 negatively impacts Env maturation, facilitating its targeting for endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation, where Env is deglycosylated en route to its degradation. These findings illustrate that nontoxic drugs such as GPG-NH2, which can selectively target glycoproteins to existing cellular degradation pathways, may be useful for pathogen therapy.
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Jeong, Moon-Ki, Hyun-Seok Kim, Seong Eui Lee, and Hee Chul Lee. "Preparation of GZO/Pt/GZO Multi-Layered Transparent Electrodes and Their Application to Touch Sensor Devices." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11161.
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We have proposed, prepared, and characterized Pt-inserted Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) transparent electrodes of GZO/Pt/GZO (GPG) multilayers on glass and flexible plastic substrates. Pt-inserted GZO electrodes showed remarkably decreased resistivity, even though the thickness of the Pt layer was only a few nm. However, the optical transmittance of the GPG electrodes was degraded with increasing thickness of the Pt layer. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of GZO film and GPG multilayered transparent electrodes on glass substrates were largely affected by post-annealing conditions such as the ambient and temperature. Post-annealing in a N2 ambient was the most effective treatment for achieving high optical transmittance and low electrical resistivity of the GZO films and GPG structure. Good optical transmittance of 78% and electrical resistivity of 3.5×10−3 Ω·cm of the GZO electrode were obtained for the 4-nm-thick Pt insertion layer and post-annealing at 400 °C. In addition, touch sensor devices were fabricated by using GPG structures and flexible plastic substrates. The touch sensor devices exhibited a capacitance ratio of 1.4 between the two states before and after fingertip touching.
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Sugawara-Narutaki, Ayae, Sawako Yasunaga, Yusuke Sugioka, Duc H. T. Le, Issei Kitamura, Jin Nakamura, and Chikara Ohtsuki. "Rheology of Dispersions of High-Aspect-Ratio Nanofibers Assembled from Elastin-Like Double-Hydrophobic Polypeptides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 6262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246262.
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Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are promising candidates for fabricating tissue-engineering scaffolds that mimic the extracellular environment of elastic tissues. We have developed a “double-hydrophobic” block ELP, GPG, inspired by non-uniform distribution of two different hydrophobic domains in natural elastin. GPG has a block sequence of (VGGVG)5-(VPGXG)25-(VGGVG)5 that self-assembles to form nanofibers in water. Functional derivatives of GPG with appended amino acid motifs can also form nanofibers, a display of the block sequence’s robust self-assembling properties. However, how the block length affects fiber formation has never been clarified. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a novel ELP, GPPG, in which the central sequence (VPGVG)25 is repeated twice by a short linker sequence. The self-assembly behavior and the resultant nanostructures of GPG and GPPG were when compared through circular dichroism spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic rheology measurements revealed that the nanofiber dispersions of both GPG and GPPG at an extremely low concentration (0.034 wt%) exhibited solid-like behavior with storage modulus G′ > loss modulus G” over wide range of angular frequencies, which was most probably due to the high aspect ratio of the nanofibers that leads to the flocculation of nanofibers in the dispersion.
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Rebelo, Fernanda, Maria Beatriz T. Castro, Carmem L. Dutra, Michael M. Schlussel, and Gilberto Kac. "Fatores associados à retenção de peso pós-parto em uma coorte de mulheres, 2005-2007." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 10, no. 2 (June 2010): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292010000200009.
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OBJETIVO: investigar fatores associados à retenção de peso pós-parto. MÉTODOS: estudo de coorte com 104 gestantes recrutadas em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro, da 8ª a 13ª semana de gestação e acompanhadas até aproximadamente 55 dias pós-parto. As variáveis incluíram informações sócio-demográficas, econômicas, bioquímicas, antropométricas e reprodutivas. A retenção de peso pós-parto (diferença entre o peso pós-parto e o peso pré-gestacional) foi utilizada como variável dependente. RESULTADOS: a média de peso retido foi 3,2 kg ± 3,7 kg. As mulheres com ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) excessivo retiveram 5,0 kg ± 3,9 em comparação a 3,6 kg ± 3,0 em mulheres com GPG adequado e 1,4 kg ± 3,1 para as com GPG insuficiente. O GPG e o Índice de Massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional mantiveram associação significativa com a retenção de peso no modelo final. Observou-se que a cada quilo de peso ganho na gestação, quase 50% ficaram retidos no pós-parto (β = 0,494; p<0,001) e a cada 1,0 kg/m² a menos no IMC pré-gestacional correspondeu a uma retenção de aproximadamente 150g (β = -0,149;p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: o GPG está positivamente e o IMC pré-gestacional inversamente associado à retenção de peso pós-parto. Orientações nutricionais sobre o controle do ganho ponderal podem ajudar a minimizar a incidência de obesidade entre mulheres no pós-parto.
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Mears, PT, DW Hennessy, DW Williamson, and DJ McLennan. "Growth and forage intake of Hereford steers fed giant Parramatta grass hay (Sporobolus indicus) and the effects of dietary nitrogen supplements." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960001.
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Giant Parramatta grass (GPG) (Sporobolus indicus var. Major), a serious weed of pastures of subtropical Australia, is poorly grazed by cattle leading to reports of low production on badly infested pastures. To provide information for cattle producers we recorded feed intake and liveweight change of steers in a 56-day study, and nitrogen (N) excretion over 5 days when GPG was fed as hay. Data were compared with those for GPG hay supplemented with urea (7 g urea/kg hay), or with urea and cottonseed meal (CSM; 750 g/steer.day), and with those for steers fed a native pasture (NP) hay, which included a legume (Aeschynornene falcata). Each steer was also fed daily a mixed mineral supplement of 35 g sprinkled on the hay. Urea increased (P<0.01) daily GPG hay intake from 4.2 to 5.0 kg/steer, but there was no significant increase in intake (4.5kg/steer) when CMS was included. Steers on NP hay had a mean daily intake of 5.1 kg/steer which was similar to that of steers offered GPG hay + urea. Urea increased daily liveweight gain from 323 to 555 g/steer (P<0.05); the addition of CSM further increased (P<0.05) the gain to 676 g/steer. Steers on NP hay had a mean daily liveweight gain of 480 g/steer. The gain for steers offered CSM with GPG hay + urea was higher than that predicted by GrazFeed (1993) for a low digestible, low NP hay, supplemented with urea and CSM. Improved production of steers through using nitrogen supplements, may provide an opportunity for cattle to use this weed as a hay or silage in pastures as part of a program to control weed ingress in subtropical pastures.
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Rastad, Abdolhadi. "Effects of antibiotic replacement with garlic powder and probiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, oxidative enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens." Acta Scientiarum. Animal Sciences 42 (June 8, 2020): e48734. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v42i1.48734.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of probiotic and garlic powder instead of antibiotic on performance, carcass characteristics, oxidative enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A total of 200 one-day-old male broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design. The experimental groups were including control group (without any additives) or CG, antibiotic group or AG, garlic powder group or GG, probiotic group or PG and garlic powder plus probiotic group or GPG. The broilers were weighted at the end of days 10, 24 and 42 to evaluate the body performance. At the end of experiment, four broilers randomly selected from each replicate to blood sampling and carcass traits measurement (2 chickens for each one). The use of GG significantly decreased feed intake than AG (p < 0.05) which approved in GPG when probiotic added to GG (p < 0.05). All groups, exception GG showed less feed intake than CG between days 0 to 42 of experiment (p < 0.05). GPG shows significant differences than CG between days 21 to 42 and 0 to 42 and also than GG between days 0 to 42. The use of GG and GPG significantly increased liver enzyme activities (p < 0.05). AG, PG and GPG showed a higher height and width villi than CG. So simultaneous use of probiotic and garlic powder can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics to normal performance and liver function
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Costa, Joana, Nuno Empadinhas, and Milton S. da Costa. "Glucosylglycerate Biosynthesis in the Deepest Lineage of the Bacteria: Characterization of the Thermophilic Proteins GpgS and GpgP from Persephonella marina." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 5 (December 22, 2006): 1648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00841-06.
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ABSTRACT The pathway for the synthesis of glucosylglycerate (GG) in the thermophilic bacterium Persephonella marina is proposed based on the activities of recombinant glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (GPG) synthase (GpgS) and glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (GpgP). The sequences of gpgS and gpgP from the cold-adapted bacterium Methanococcoides burtonii were used to identify the homologues in the genome of P. marina, which were separately cloned and overexpressed as His-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli. The recombinant GpgS protein of P. marina, unlike the homologue from M. burtonii, which was specific for GDP-glucose, catalyzed the synthesis of GPG from UDP-glucose, GDP-glucose, ADP-glucose, and TDP-glucose (in order of decreasing efficiency) and from d-3-phosphoglycerate, with maximal activity at 90°C. The recombinant GpgP protein, like the M. burtonii homologue, dephosphorylated GPG and mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (MPG) to GG and mannosylglycerate, respectively, yet at high temperatures the hydrolysis of GPG was more efficient than that of MPG. Gel filtration indicates that GpgS is a dimeric protein, while GpgP is monomeric. This is the first characterization of genes and enzymes for the synthesis of GG in a thermophile.
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Costa, Joana, Nuno Empadinhas, Luís Gonçalves, Pedro Lamosa, Helena Santos, and Milton S. da Costa. "Characterization of the Biosynthetic Pathway of Glucosylglycerate in the Archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii." Journal of Bacteriology 188, no. 3 (February 1, 2006): 1022–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.188.3.1022-1030.2006.
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ABSTRACT The pathway for the synthesis of the organic solute glucosylglycerate (GG) is proposed based on the activities of the recombinant glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (GpgS) and glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase (GpgP) from Methanococcoides burtonii. A mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase gene homologue (mpgP) was found in the genome of M. burtonii (http://www.jgi.doe.gov ), but an mpgS gene coding for mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate synthase (MpgS) was absent. The gene upstream of the mpgP homologue encoded a putative glucosyltransferase that was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant product had GpgS activity, catalyzing the synthesis of glucosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (GPG) from GDP-glucose and d-3-phosphoglycerate, with a high substrate specificity. The recombinant MpgP protein dephosphorylated GPG to GG and was also able to dephosphorylate mannosyl-3-phosphoglycerate (MPG) but no other substrate tested. Similar flexibilities in substrate specificity were confirmed in vitro for the MpgPs from Thermus thermophilus, Pyrococcus horikoshii, and “Dehalococcoides ethenogenes.” GpgS had maximal activity at 50°C. The maximal activity of GpgP was at 50°C with GPG as the substrate and at 60°C with MPG. Despite the similarity of the sugar donors GDP-glucose and GDP-mannose, the enzymes for the synthesis of GPG or MPG share no amino acid sequence identity, save for short motifs. However, the hydrolysis of GPG and MPG is carried out by phosphatases encoded by homologous genes and capable of using both substrates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the elucidation of a biosynthetic pathway for glucosylglycerate.
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Forte, Cristina Carra, Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi, Marcelo Zubaran Goldani, and Vera Lúcia Bosa. "Relação entre a retenção de peso nos primeiros três meses pós-parto com ganho de peso e ingestão alimentar durante a gestação." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 15, no. 3 (September 2015): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-38292015000300003.
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Objetivos:estudar a retenção de peso em mulheres nos primeiros três meses pós-parto e sua correlação com ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) e consumo alimentar.Métodos:estudo de coorte com 61 mulheres. Aplicou-se: Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e questionário referente à amamentação e dados antropométricos. Realizaram-se avaliações entre 24 e 48 horas pós-parto, 7, 15, 30 e 90 dias. A retenção de peso deu-se pela subtração entre peso aos três meses pós-parto e peso pré-gestacional. Os testes estatísticos usados foram: correlações de Pearson e Spearman, teste t de Student, de comparação múltipla com ajuste de Bonferroni e regressão linear.Resultados:a média de idade foi 28±7,0 anos, com medianas: de consumo alimentar diário na gestação de 3.670,3 kcal, GPG de 12,0 kg e retenção de peso nos primeiros três meses de 3,2 Kg. Observou-se associação significativa entre retenção de peso nos primeiros três meses pós-parto e o GPG (p<0,001) e a paridade (p<0,05). Para cada quilo ganho durante a gestação 0,8 kg foi retido nos primeiros três meses.Conclusões:a retenção de peso três meses pós-parto mostrou-se maior quanto maior o GPG durante a gestação e a paridade.
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Vreysen, Marc J. B., and A. M. V. Van Der Vloedt. "Caractérisation morphologique de l'armature génitale des hybrides mâles et femelles issus de croisements entre Glossina palpalis palpalis et Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera : Glossinidae)." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 52, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9694.
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Les sous-espèces Glossina palpalis palpalis (Gpp) provenant du Nigeria et G. p. gambiensis (Gpg) provenant du Burkina Faso pouvaient être différenciées par des caractères morpho- logiques, en se basant, pour les mâles, sur la largeur des dila- tations terminales des forcipules inférieurs. Des valeurs inter- médiaires ont été mesurées chez les hybrides mâles, mais la dimension moyenne de la tête des paramères était déterminée, significativement, par la descendance maternelle. Ainsi, la largeur moyenne de la tête des forcipules inférieurs des hybrides mâles issus du croisement Gpg x Gpp était plus grande, d’une manière significative, que celle des hybrides issus du croisement inverse. Les caractères morphologiques des forcipules inférieurs des hybrides mâles montraient des différences nettes en fonction du croisement. Les plaques dorsales de l’armature génitale des femelles Gpg étaient plus longues mais moins larges, de manière significative, que celles des femelles Gpp. Les deux sous-espèces pouvaient être séparées avec un chevauchement minimal (7 p. 100) en reportant la longueur des plaques dorsales sur l’axe des abscisses et la largeur sur celui des ordonnées. Les plaques dorsales de l’armature génitale des hybrides femelles Gpp x Gpg étaient significativement plus longues et plus larges que celles des hybrides du croisement inverse.
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Human, M.Sc, Prof Dr Soeranto, S. Loekito, M. Trilaksono, and A. Syaifudin. "Pemuliaan Mutasi Tanaman Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Menggunakan Iradiasi Gamma untuk Perbaikan Varietas Nanas Smooth Cayenne." Jurnal Ilmiah Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jair.2016.12.1.3197.
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Pemuliaan Mutasi Tanaman Nanas (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Menggunakan Iradiasi Gamma untuk Perbaikan Varietas Smooth Cayenne. Pada saat ini, jenis nanas yang paling banyak dibudidayakan dalam berbagai perdagangan dunia adalah jenis Smooth Cayenne. Banyak klon yang berasal dari kultivar ini seperti GP1, GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5, dan F180 ditanam oleh GGP baik untuk buahsegar dan olahan. GGPC mulai melakukan usaha perbaikan varietas nanas sejak tahun 1986, yaitu dengan tujuan meningkatkan kualitas dan produksi yang tinggi. Pemuliaan mutasi nanas dimulai pada tahun 2006, yaitu melalui kerjasama dengan Pusat Aplikasi Isotop dan Radiasi (PAIR), Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN). Sejumlah 10 mahkota (crown) nanas berasal dari GP2, GP3 (A10) dan klon F180 diiradiasi sinar gamma bersumber Cobalt-60 terpasang pada iradiator gamma chamber 4000A dengan dosis 200 dan 300 Gy. Crown yang telah diradiasi kemudian ditanam di lahan percobaan dengan mengikuti budidaya standar komersial di PT. GGPC. Secara umum hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedua dosis iradiasi (200 dan 300 Gy) pada fenotipe tanaman. Namun, keragaman fenotipe yang sangat tinggi dijumpai pada klon turunan tanaman vegetatif (V1). Beberapa variasi tanaman yang muncul tercatat sebagai berikut: 47% tanaman normal, 15% Rosset, 11% berduri, 5% crown bercabang, 4% tanaman memiliki banyak daun dan 18% buah berbentuk abnormal. Variasi mutan yang signifikan juga diamati pada klon-lon turunan tanaman V2 dan beberapa mutan tampak lebih stabil pada generasi V3. Program pemuliaan nanas ini akan terus dilanjutkan untuk evaluasi yang berkaitan dengan perbaikan produktivitas, kualitas, dan ketahanan terhadap hama dan penyakit tertentu.
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Höglund, Stefan, Jin Su, Sara Sandin Reneby, Ákos Végvári, Stellan Hjertén, Ida-Maria Sintorn, Hillary Foster, Yi-Pyng Wu, Ingela Nyström, and Anders Vahlne. "Tripeptide Interference with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Morphogenesis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 11 (November 2002): 3597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.11.3597-3605.2002.
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ABSTRACT Capsid assembly during virus replication is a potential target for antiviral therapy. The Gag polyprotein is the main structural component of retroviral particles, and in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), it contains the sequences for the matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid, and several small polypeptides. Here, we report that at a concentration of 100 μM, 7 of 83 tripeptide amides from the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 suppressed HIV-1 replication (>80%). The three most potent tripeptides, glycyl-prolyl-glycine-amide (GPG-NH2), alanyl-leucyl-glycine-amide (ALG-NH2), and arginyl-glutaminyl-glycine-amide (RQG-NH2), were found to interact with p24. With electron microscopy, disarranged core structures of HIV-1 progeny were extensively observed when the cells were treated with GPG-NH2 and ALG-NH2. Furthermore, nodular structures of approximately the same size as the broad end of HIV-1 conical capsids were observed at the plasma membranes of treated cells only, possibly indicating an arrest of the budding process. Corresponding tripeptides with nonamidated carboxyl termini were not biologically active and did not interact with p24.
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Jeong, Moon Ki, and Hee Chul Lee. "A Study on the Optical and Electrical Properties of GZO/Pt/GZO Multilayered Transparent Electrodes for Photonic Applications." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.78.
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We have proposed, prepared, and characterized Pt-inserted Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) transparent electrodes of GZO/Pt/GZO (GPG) multilayers on glass substrates. The GZO and Pt films were in-situ deposited by RF and DC sputtering without breaking vacuum, respectively. The grain structure and deposition rate of the GZO films grown on the Pt insertion layer were different from those of the GZO films sputtered on glass substrates. Pt-inserted GZO electrodes showed remarkably decreased resistivity although the thickness of the Pt layer was as thin as 9 nm. However, the optical transmittance of the GPG electrodes was severely degraded with an increasing thickness of the Pt layer. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of GPG multilayered transparent electrodes were affected by post-annealing conditions such as environment and temperature. That may be associated with an increase in crystallinity and inter-diffusion between Pt and GZO films.
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Najeeb, Muhammad Imran, Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan, Ain Umaira Md Shah, Siti Madiha Muhammad Amir, Syafiqah Nur Azrie Safri, Mohammad Jawaid, and Mohamad Rabaie Shari. "Low-Velocity Impact Analysis of Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) Hybrid Composites." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183194.
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The low-velocity impact behaviour of pineapple leaf fiber, PALF reinforce epoxy composite (P), PALF hybrid (GPG), and four-layer woven glass fiber (GGGG) composite was investigated. As for post-impact analysis, the damage evaluation was assessed through photographic images and X-ray computed tomography, using CT scan techniques. The key findings from this study are that a positive hybrid effect of PALF as a reinforcement was seen where the GPG shows the delayed time taken for damage initiation and propagation through the whole sample compared to GGGG. This clearly shows that the addition of fibers does have comparable composite properties with a fully synthetic composite. Through the visual inspection captured by photographic image, the presence of woven fiber glass mat in GPG presents a different damage mode compared to P. Moreover, CT scan results show extended internal damage at the cross-section of all impacted composite.
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Metіn Pancarci, Şükrü, Necdet Cankat Lehіmcіoğlu, Umut Çağin Ari, Örsan Güngör, and Özay Akbulut. "Efficacy of hCG and GnRH with Respect to Follicular Size and Presence of the Corpus Luteum in Cosynch Protocol Integrated with Norgestomet in Lactating Cows." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bvip-2013-0011.
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AbstractEfficacies of hCG and GnRH with respect to follicular diameter in Cosynch protocol were investigated. Lactating cows (n=119) received injections of GnRH and PGF2 7 d apart. Norgestomet ear implant was inserted at GnRH administration and removed prior to PGF2 injections. Presence of the corpus luteum (CL) at GnRH and PGF2 injections, and diameter of preovulatory follicle [small (SPF) <8 mm or large (LPF) ≥8 mm] at PGF2 were determined with transrectal ultrasonography (USG). The animals were randomly treated with GnRH (0.01 mg; GPG, n=62) or hCG (1,500 IU; GPH, n=57) at timed artificial insemination (TAI) 56 h after injection of PGF2α. Pregnancies were diagnosed with USG 32-35 d after TAI. Pregnancies per TAI (P/TAI) were significantly (P<0.05) lower in GPH cows (28.1%; 16/57) compared to those in GPG animals (46.8%; 29/62). P/TAI with respect to follicular size did not differ between GPG and GPH cows, although P/TAI was numerically higher in LPF (30.0%; 15/50) than in SPF (14.3%; 1/7) in GPH cows. P/TAI in cows without CL at PGF2 was 2.5 (1.0-6.7) times higher (P<0.01) in GPG (20.0%; 3/15) compared to GPH (10.5%; 2/19). In conclusion, use of hCG in milieu of the second GnRH in Cosynch+progesterone insert protocol did not have any advantage in lactating cows.
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Andersson, Elin, Peter Horal, Alenka Jejcic, Stefan Höglund, Jan Balzarini, Anders Vahlne, and Bo Svennerholm. "Glycine-Amide Is an Active Metabolite of the Antiretroviral Tripeptide Glycyl-Prolyl-Glycine-Amide." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 1 (January 2005): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.1.40-44.2005.
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ABSTRACT The chemically modified tripeptide glycyl-prolyl-glycine-amide (GPG-NH2) inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) in vitro, probably by interfering with capsid formation. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the metabolites glycyl-proline (GP-OH), glycine (G-OH), prolyl-glycine-amide (PG-NH2), proline (P-OH), and glycine-amide (G-NH2) from proteolytic cleavage may inhibit the replication of HIV-1 in vitro. PG-NH2 has previously been shown to have a modest effect on HIV-1 replication. In the present study we show that G-NH2 exhibits a pronounced inhibitory effect on HIV-1. This effect was not due to a decrease in cell proliferation or viability and could not be shown for herpes simplex virus type 1. The G-NH2 concentration that inhibited virus replication by 50% (IC50) was equimolar to that of GPG-NH2 and ranged from 3 to 41 μM. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the effect of G-NH2 on HIV-1 morphology was equivalent to that of GPG-NH2 and showed disarranged capsid structures, indicating interference with capsid formation. Serial passage of HIV-infected cells with G-NH2 for more than 20 subcultivations did not decrease the susceptibility to the compound. The results from this study suggest that GPG-NH2 might act as a prodrug and that G-NH2 is an active antiretroviral metabolite.
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Hubatsch, Ina, Lucia Lazorova, Anders Vahlne, and Per Artursson. "Orally Active Antiviral Tripeptide Glycyl-Prolyl-Glycinamide Is Activated by CD26 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV) before Transport across the Intestinal Epithelium." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 3 (March 2005): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.3.1087-1092.2005.
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ABSTRACT The tripeptide amide glycyl-prolyl-glycinamide (GPG-amide) is a new antiretroviral drug candidate, but its absorption mechanism is unknown. In this investigation, the transport and metabolism of GPG-amide were studied in a model of the human intestinal epithelium, Caco-2 cell monolayers. The results show that when the tripeptide amide came into contact with the apical enterocyte membrane, it was degraded by CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV) to glycylproline and the antiretrovirally active metabolite glycinamide. Glycinamide retained antiretroviral activity in vitro after transport through the Caco-2 cell monolayers. The transport of glycinamide across Caco-2 cell monolayers occurred via passive diffusion with an apparent permeability coefficient of about 2 × 10−6 cm s−1, which suggests that it is absorbed by the oral route in sufficient amounts to be considered for oral administration. In conclusion, the tripeptide GPG-amide acts as a prodrug that is activated by CD26 to release the orally active antiretroviral compound glycinamide.
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Mun, Yeung-Chul, Jae Hoon Lee, Byoung Kook Kim, Seonyang Park, Sung-Soo Yoon, Soo-Mee Bang, Hyung Nam Moon, et al. "Final Report of “Korean Multicenter AML-2000 Trial”: Intention to Treat Analysis Based on Cytogenetics Risk." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 2975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.2975.2975.
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Abstract Cytogenetics is still being considered the most powerful single prognostic factor, which is useful to determine the types of post-remission therapy in AML, though various molecular markers are available for predicting the prognosis of AML patients. Most phase III studies have failed to demonstrate a clear advantage of allografting over chemotherapy in terms of overall survival because of significant risk of transplant-related mortality. Optimal post-remission therapies in terms of frequencies (number of treatment) or intensities are not decided yet. In this study, since 2000, we investigated that outcomes of post-remission therapies(high-dose cytarabine (HDAC) vs autologous stem cell transplantation (AutoSCT) vs allogeneic stem cell transplantation from sibling or unrelated donors (AlloSCT)) based on cytogenetic risk (GPG, Good prognosis group; IPG, Intermediate prognosis group; PPG, Poor prognosis group by MRC definition) on the AML patients who achieved complete remission after induction chemotherapy. The aims of this prospective intention to treat analysis was to compare the CR, recovery kinetics, DFS and OS in the different prognostic groups. Three plus seven (idarubicin 12mg/m2, D1–D3; cytarabine 100mg/m2, D1–D7) were given to de novo AML, secondary AML and therapy-related AML. Then, HDAC or AutoSCT was given after intermediate dose (8gm/m2) of cytarabine to the patients with GPG. Three times of post-remission therapy including HDAC, or AutoSCT followed by two times of post-remission therapy were given to IPG or PPG. If HLA-identical sibling was available, then AlloSCT underwent after 1st post-remission therapy. Since January, 2000, 506 patients(18 centers) were enrolled up to December, 2007. Among them, 92.3% was de novo AML, and GPG, IPG and PPG were, 23.1%, 62.1% and 14.8% respectively. Over all complete remission rate after 1st induction was 79.0% and CR rate in GPG, IPG, PPG were 92.0%, 81.0% and 43.9% respectively(P<0.001) in 476 patients who were eligible to this study. In Good Prognosis Group (GPG), survivals were not different between different treatment groups (5 year LFS: HDAC 34.2%, AutoSCT 63.5%, AlloSCT 54.8%, p=0.270; 5 year OS: HDAC 54.5%, AutoSCT 62.5%, AlloSCT 53.3%, p=0.676). However, beneficial effect of AlloSCT in post-remission therapy therapy was observed by multivariate analysis in terms of LFS compared to HDAC (HR of relapse for HDAC 3.198 compared to AlloSCT, p=0.045). Outcomes of HDAC group were inferior in GPG in terms of OS and LFS compared to other studies. This results may be due to low cumulative dose of Ara C, because patients of HDAC group in GPG treated just 1 cycle of IDAC before HDAC therapy. In addition, in our cohort, majority (80%) of GPG have t(8;21), which are known as having inferior survival results, compared to inv(16) group. In Intermediate Prognosis Group (IPG), survivals were not different among different types of treatment (5 year LFS: HDAC 31.1%, AutoSCT 42.4%, AlloSCT 55.0%, p=0.131; 5 year OS: HDAC 39.2%, AutoSCT 42.5%, AlloSCT 46.5%, p=0.491). AlloSCT group showed a trend of being superior to other therapeutic modalities in terms of LFS (p=0.07). AutoSCT group showed a trend of being superior to other therapeutic modalities in OS by multivariate analysis (HR of death for AutoSCT 0.539 compared to AlloSCT, p=0.085). In Poor Prognosis Group (PPG), though data showed slightly beneficial effect of AlloSCT in AML therapy, however, there were no significant statistical differences on OS/LFS in 3 types of consolidation therapy modalities (4 year LFS: HDAC 48.3%, AutoSCT 0%, AlloSCT 39.1%, p=0.379; 4 year OS: HDAC 21.4%, AutoSCT 33.3%, AlloSCT 56.1%, p=0.638). Based on this trial, Allo- or Auto-SCT over HDAC may have beneficial effects in some subgroup with high risk and young age, among the patients with good and intermediate cytogenetic risk. In GPG, “sufficient cumulative dose” of Ara C seems to be necessary to have a good outcome. However, GPG seems to be heterogenous group in terms of biology having poor prognosis when one has additional CG abnormalities on top of t(8;21) or inv(16), which ones need to investigate further. While finding more effective anti-AML molecules/monoclonal Ab’s are necessary, good therapeutic rationales in terms of choosing AlloSCT vs AutoSCT vs HDAC should be established. Same time, identifying for better cellular and molecular prognostic factors over cytogenetics are still relevant for designing “effective therapies, but minimal toxicities”.
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Castagnetti, Carolina, Luisa Rosti, and Marina Töpfer. "Overeducation and the gender pay gap in Italy." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 710–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-12-2016-0235.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to highlight the pivotal role of overeducation in explaining the unexplained part of the gender pay gap (GPG), i.e. the component usually attributed to gender discrimination in the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a large Italian data set (ISFOL PLUS 2005–2014) to estimate the GPG among properly educated and overeducated workers. The model simultaneously accounts for both participation bias and endogeneity bias by applying an extension of the Heckman’s two-stage procedure. Findings Estimates show that the GPG is significantly higher among overeducated than among properly educated workers because women’s unobservable characteristics driving female employment into overeducation also drag down female wages more than men’s unobservable characteristics drag down male wages. Correcting for the participation and overeducation decisions, the unexplained portion of the GPG disappears among overeducated workers, while it remains significant among properly educated individuals. Originality/value The authors draw the conclusion that overeducation is, first, a first-best matching for individuals (both men and women) compensating with more education for their lower productive characteristics. Second, it may be a signaling device for women spending their useless-for-the-job diploma to inform employers on their valuable though unobservable productive characteristics and fight gender wage discrimination. The results favor education as a tool of counteracting gender discrimination. Hence, as females are less overeducated than males despite their larger representation in higher education, there should not be concern that expanding higher education will disadvantage females.
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Swillo, Robert, Gwen Morgan, Courtney Leik, Jonathan Brooks, Gray Shaw, Robert Schaub, David Crandall, George Vlasuk, and James Hennan. "Pharmacologic inhibition of platelet vWF-GPIbα interaction prevents coronary artery thrombosis." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 95, no. 03 (2006): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th05-09-0640.
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SummaryUnder high shear arterial blood flow von Willebrand Factor (vWF) binds the platelet receptor glycoprotein (GP) Ibα, leading to platelet adhesion, activation and thrombosis. Blockade of vWF-GPIbα interactions by GPG-290 was investigated in a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis alone and in combination with clopidogrel. GPG-290 (100 µg/kg, n=6; 500 µg/kg, n=6) prolonged time to thrombotic occlusion (TTO) to 105±34 and 156±23 (p<0.05) min, respectively compared to the saline treated control group (32±6min, n=6). Patency of the injured vessel was sustained in 1/6 (100µg/kg) and 3/6 vessels (500 µg/kg) 4 hours after injury, in contrast to 0/6 in the control group. There was an increase in bleeding after the 500 µg/kg dose, but only at the 1 hr time point. Clopidogrel was studied in two dosing regimens representing either a clinical pretreatment regimen (PTR) of 4.3 mg/kg on day –2 followed by 1.1 mg/kg daily for2 days prior to the procedure or pre-procedural loading dose regimen (LDR) of 4.3 mg/kg 3 hr pre-procedure. The PTR and LDR clopidogrel treatments prolonged TTO to 98.2±30.0 min and 136.1±39.5 min (p<0.05), and sustained patency in 1/6 and 4/8 vessels, respectively. However, template bleeding time in the LDR clopidogrel group was sustained higher than the control group. The combination of PTR clopidogrel and GPG-290 (100 µg/kg) prolonged TTO equivalent to LDR clopidogrel alone (141.4±35.1 min) and sustained patency in 3/7 dogs, without increased bleeding while LDR clopidogrel combined with 100 µg/kg GPG-290 prevented occlusion in 5/8 dogs and further prolonged TTO (173.5±32.6 min) but was associated with increased bleeding compared to control. GPG-290 is an antithrombotic agent that may be combined with lower doses of clopidogrel to yield similar antithrombotic efficacy as higher loading doses.
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Oke, Emmanuel Olusola, Oladayo Adeyi, Abiola John Adeyi, and Kayode Feyisetan Adekunle. "Modelling of Grewia mollis Stem Bark Gum Extraction Yield Using Neuro-Fuzzy Technique." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 34 (January 2018): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.34.70.
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In this paper, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used to model and predict Grewia Polysaccharide Gum (GPG) extraction yield from Grewia mollis (GM) powder/water system. The data for modelling the process behaviour consisted of four inputs (process temperature, GM powder/water ratio, process time and pH) and GPG yield as the output. The gbell Membership Function (MF) was used for the fuzzification of input variables and hybrid algorithm was chosen for the learning method of input–output data of the process. Simulation study was conducted on the developed ANFIS architecture at different MFs and epoch numbers to establish minimum error and maximum correlation coefficient (R) of the model. From the results obtained, ANFIS can be used as a reliable tool for modelling and prediction of GPG powder/water extraction process behaviour. The R between the experimental and predicted values was found to be high (> 0.96) and the mean percentage error was less than 2%, showing the great efficiency and reliability of the developed model.
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Sharma, Hemlata. "Gender Pay Gap in India: A Sectoral and Regional Analysis." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.2.1438.
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This paper attempts to measure Gender Pay Gap (GPG) in India using NSSO data for the year 2011-12. Our results show that Gender Pay Gap in India is higher in rural sector as compared to urban sector. In both rural and urban sector agriculture and private households with employed persons account for highest Gender Pay Gap. Our results also show that GPG is higher among illiterates and below matric literate employees. However, state level analysis of Gender Pay Gap shows that economically developed states have lower Gender Pay Gap and the poorer states have higher Gender Pay Gap in India.
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Jørgensen, Kåre-L. "Development and implementation of a common strategy for operating companies and OSROs." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 2694–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2694.
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ABSTRACT In times where oil companies are looking for potentials for cutting their costs, oil spill response organizations become subject to budgets restrictions. Norwegian Clean Seas Association For Operating Companies, NOFO, and her members, have developed and approved a common strategy for the next 5 years. The strategy implements the Good Practice Guidance (GPG) made by IOGP/IPIECA post Macondo JIP working groups. The strategy was implemented through a process, breaking the main areas into action items, involving the entire NOFO OSRO into this work. By doing so, NOFO has succeeded in leading on in identifying activities, when to do what and the costs related to activities. As such, severe budget restraints have not been hitting the organization. The process and involvement of this OSRO does have many elements easily applicable to other OSROs. This presentation will describe how the strategy was made, the process from overall goals to aims and objectives to implementation and follow-up by the companies and NOFO, whereby the GPG have been put into effect. Promoting the common strategy, including the GPG from IOGP/IPIECA has proven a valuable part of the industry and OSRO outreach and communication.
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Mun, Yeung-Chul, S. M. Lee, S. M. Bang, S. H. Park, E. K. Cho, J. H. Lee, D. Y. Jo, et al. "Interim Anaiysis of Intention To Treat Analysis, “Multicenter AML-2000 Trial” Based on Cytogenetics Risk Factors." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4618.4618.
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Abstract The result of cytogenetics is one of the most important prognostic factors on the prognosis of AML. HDAC, auto PBPCT and allogeneic BMT after 1 or 2 times of post remission therapy based on 4 prognostic groups(APL: Acute promyelocytic leukemia, GPG: Good prognosis group, IPG: Intermediate prognosis group, PPG: Poor prognosis group by MRC definition) were underwent based on cytogenetics data. We studied CR, relapse, toxic death, DFS and OS. Inclusion criteria were age<65, PS<3 with reasonable organ functions in de novo AML, secondary AML and RAEB-T. The aims of this prospective intention to treat analysis was to compare the CR, recovery kinetics, DFS and OS by giving different therapies of intensity in the different prognostic groups based on cytogentics data. Three plus seven(Idarubicin 12mg/m2(D1–D3), Ara-C 100mg/m2(D1–D7)) were given to de novo AML, secondary AML and RAEB-T. Intermediate dose(8gm/m2) of Ara-C was given followed by HDAC or auto PBPCT to the patients with GPG(t(8:21) & inv(16)). Three times of post remission therapy including HDAC, or auto PBPCT were given to the patients with IPG or PPG(−5, −7, del 5q, complex). If HLA-identical sibling was available, then allo BMT was underwent after 1st post-remission therapy. In cases of APL, three times of post-remission therapy with idarubicin alone were given. ATRA was given to APL group during remission induction therapy and after post-remission maintenance period for 2 years. Up to Mar., 2005, 422 patients(18 centers) were enrolled. Median follow-up was 48months. Among them, 92.3% was de novo AML, and APL, GPG, IPG and PPG were 10.0%, 21.6%, 51.4%, and 14.7% respectively. Overall CR after 1st induction(3+7) were 69.9%(APL: 87.2%, GPG: 84.7%, IPG: 63.8%, PPG: 55.66%, P<0.01). Relapse rate was 12.8%(APL), 40.5%(GPG), 40.5%(IPG) and 45.6%(PPG) respectively(P<0.01). Toxicities profiles including mucositis, hepatic, cardiac and bleeding episodes were similar on 3 different therapy modalities(HDAC, auto PBPCT and allo BMT). In conclusions, this trial seems to be tolerable in terms of toxicities after induction and during post remission therapies. Among GPG, there were no significant statistical differences on OS and LFS in all the therapy modalities(ie, HDAC, Auto, Allo). In IPG, auto arm had a tendency of superior OS and LFS comparing to HDA & allo arm. In PPG, there was significant surperior LFS in allo arm. There were no statistical differences on OS in all the therapy modalities in PPG. This intention to treattrial, which had started in Jan, 2000, has been going on until now. Through this risk based trial using cytogenetics, we might be able to find optimal post-remission therapies for different risk groups with less toxicities.
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Andrews, TS. "Dispersal of seeds of giant Sporobolus spp. after ingestion by grazing cattle." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 3 (1995): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950353.
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Samples of fresh cattle faeces were taken from 2 grazing paddocks on the North Coast of New South Wales. One paddock was heavily infested with giant Parramatta grass (GPG, Sporobolus indicus var. major) and the other paddock had a medium-light infestation. Fifty-two and 14 viable GPG seeds/kg were recovered from the dung samples collected in May from these paddocks, respectively. Seeds of GPG and giant rat's tail grass (GRTG, S. pyramidalis) were fed to caged Friesian heifers in 2 experiments, and the time taken for all of the seeds to be excreted was measured: 4 days in experiment 1 and 7 days in experiment 2. Consequently, a 7-day withholding period is suggested for cattle grazing pastures infested with giant sporobolus. The number of viable seeds excreted was estimated as a proportion of seeds fed to each heifer using average viability of seeds recovered, concentration of viable seeds collected daily, and daily manure weights. Based on this, the number of seeds ingested by gazing stock was estimated to be 8300 and 2200 seeds/head.day for the paddocks with heavy and medium-light infestation, respectively. Manure collected 2 and 3 days after feeding had the highest concentrations of viable seeds. This manure was placed outdoors in styrofoam boxes and left for 7 months. No GPG seedlings or plants were present in the manure after this time, and further subsampling of the manure indicated that no viable seeds remained. Processes that disperse fresh manure, such as heavy rain or the hosing down of transport vehicles, may allow successful germination and emergence of giant sporobolus seeds. However, where dung pats are left intact for some months, establishment of giant sporobolus plants is unlikely. Adhesion to machinery and the hair of stock are likely to be more important causes of dispersal of giant sporobolus than ingestion by stock.
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Spada, G. P., A. Carcuro, F. P. Colonna, A. Garbesi, and G. Gottarelli. "Lyomesophases formed by the dinucleoside phosphate d(GpG)." Liquid Crystals 3, no. 5 (May 1988): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678298808086409.
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Tang, Bing, Miqiu Kong, Qi Yang, Yajiang Huang, and Guangxian Li. "Toward simultaneous toughening and reinforcing of trifunctional epoxies by low loading flexible reactive triblock copolymers." RSC Advances 8, no. 31 (2018): 17380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra01017j.
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Steinke, Nicola, Richard J. Gillams, Luis Carlos Pardo, Christian D. Lorenz, and Sylvia E. McLain. "Atomic scale insights into urea–peptide interactions in solution." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 5 (2016): 3862–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp06646h.
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Investigations on the β-turn forming peptide, GPG, suggest that urea denatures proteins by replacing water molecules and subsequently weakening the peptide bonds as a possible mechanism of protein denaturation by urea.
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Kaisarly, Dalia, D. Meierhofer, M. El Gezawi, P. Rösch, and K. H. Kunzelmann. "Effects of flowable liners on the shrinkage vectors of bulk-fill composites." Clinical Oral Investigations 25, no. 8 (January 27, 2021): 4927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03801-2.
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Abstract Objectives This investigation evaluated the effect of flowable liners beneath a composite restoration applied via different methods on the pattern of shrinkage vectors. Methods Forty molars were divided into five groups (n = 8), and cylindrical cavities were prepared and bonded with a self-etch adhesive (AdheSe). Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill (TBF) was used as the filling material in all cavities. The flowable liners Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill (TEF) and SDR were used to line the cavity floor. In gp1-TBF, the flowable composite was not used. TEF was applied in a thin layer in gp2-fl/TEF + TBF and gp3-fl/TEF + TBFincremental. Two flowable composites with a layer thickness of 2 mm were compared in gp4-fl/TEF + TBF and gp5-fl/SDR + TBF. TEF and SDR were mixed with radiolucent glass beads, while air bubbles inherently present in TBF served as markers. Each material application was scanned twice by micro-computed tomography before and after light curing. Scans were subjected to image segmentation for calculation of the shrinkage vectors. Results The absence of a flowable liner resulted in the greatest shrinkage vectors. A thin flowable liner (gp2-fl/TEF + TBFbulk) resulted in larger overall shrinkage vectors for the whole restoration than a thick flowable liner (gp4-fl/TEF + TBF). A thin flowable liner and incremental application (gp3-fl/TEF + TBFincremental) yielded the smallest shrinkage vectors. SDR yielded slightly smaller shrinkage vectors for the whole restoration than that observed in gp4-fl/TEF + TBF. Conclusions Thick flowable liner layers had a more pronounced stress-relieving effect than thin layers regardless of the flowable liner type. Clinical relevance It is recommended to apply a flowable liner (thin or thick) beneath bulk-fill composites, preferably incrementally.
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Zhang, Jianqiang, Peter J. Timoney, N. James MacLachlan, William H. McCollum, and Udeni B. R. Balasuriya. "Persistent Equine Arteritis Virus Infection in HeLa Cells." Journal of Virology 82, no. 17 (June 25, 2008): 8456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01249-08.
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ABSTRACT The horse-adapted virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) established persistent infection in high-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-H cells; passages 170 to 221) but not in low-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-L cells; passages 95 to 115) or in several other cell lines that were evaluated. However, virus recovered from the 80th passage of the persistently infected HeLa-H cells (HeLa-H-EAVP80) readily established persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. Comparative sequence analysis of the entire genomes of the VB and HeLa-H-EAVP80 viruses identified 16 amino acid substitutions, including 4 in the replicase (nsp1, nsp2, nsp7, and nsp9) and 12 in the structural proteins (E, GP2, GP3, GP4, and GP5). Reverse genetic studies clearly showed that substitutions in the structural proteins but not the replicase were responsible for the establishment of persistent infection in HeLa-L cells by the HeLa-H-EAVP80 virus. It was further demonstrated that recombinant viruses with substitutions in the minor structural proteins E and GP2 or GP3 and GP4 were unable to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells but that recombinant viruses with combined substitutions in the E (Ser53→Cys and Val55→Ala), GP2 (Leu15→Ser, Trp31→Arg, Val87→Leu, and Ala112→Thr), GP3 (Ser115→Gly and Leu135→Pro), and GP4 (Tyr4→His and Ile109→Phe) proteins or with a single point mutation in the GP5 protein (Pro98→Leu) were able to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. In summary, an in vitro model of EAV persistence in cell culture was established for the first time. This system can provide a valuable model for studying virus-host cell interactions, especially virus-receptor interactions.
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Liu, Hong-Ke, Hana Kostrhunova, Abraha Habtemariam, Yaqiong Kong, Robert J. Deeth, Viktor Brabec, and Peter J. Sadler. "“Head-to-head” double-hamburger-like structure of di-ruthenated d(GpG) adducts of mono-functional Ru–arene anticancer complexes." Dalton Transactions 45, no. 46 (2016): 18676–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6dt03356c.
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Unusual “head-to-head” structure of a diruthenated d(GpG) adduct involving direct binding of two chelated Ru arene units to N7 of G together with additional hydrophobic arene–guanine and arene–arene interactions.
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Srinivasan, Thangavelu, Kubendiran Kumaran, Rajendran Selvakumar, Devadasan Velmurugan, and Dorairaj Sudarsanam. "Exploring GpG bases next to anticodon in tRNA subsets." Bioinformation 9, no. 9 (May 25, 2013): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630009466.
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Khatti, Naser, and Massoud Dousti. "A Low Phase Noise LC Quadrature VCO Using Impulse Shaping Based on Gaussian Pulse Generator." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 26, no. 04 (December 6, 2016): 1750067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126617500670.
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This paper presents a new tail current-shaping technique to improve the phase noise of an LC quadrature VCO (LC-QVCO) based on Gaussian pulse generator (GPG). The GPG makes a narrow pulse from oscillator sinusoidal output and injects it back to gates of tail transistors to reduce the root-mean-square (RMS) value of impulse sensitivity function (ISF) and to improve phase noise. It will be shown that by utilizing a GPG, total phase noise improvement will be as high as 6[Formula: see text]dB. The proposed circuit was designed and simulated by ADS simulator using 0.18[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m TSMC RF CMOS design kit. The phase noise's at 3[Formula: see text]MHz frequency offset and carrier frequencies of 2.43[Formula: see text]GHz and 2.6[Formula: see text]GHz are –141[Formula: see text]dBc/Hz and –135[Formula: see text]dBc/Hz, respectively, while the total power consumption is 14[Formula: see text]mW under 1.8[Formula: see text]V supply voltage. Tuning range is from 2.43[Formula: see text]GHz to 2.6[Formula: see text]GHz. The figure of merit (FOM) values for the proposed LC-QVCO at 3[Formula: see text]MHz frequency offset are –187.6[Formula: see text]dBc/Hz and –182.3[Formula: see text]dBc/Hz for 2.43[Formula: see text]GHz and 2.6[Formula: see text]GHz carrier frequencies, respectively.
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Chico, V., A. Martinez-Lopez, M. Ortega-Villaizan, A. Falco, L. Perez, J. M. Coll, and A. Estepa. "Pepscan Mapping of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Glycoprotein G Major Lineal Determinants Implicated in Triggering Host Cell Antiviral Responses Mediated by Type I Interferon." Journal of Virology 84, no. 14 (May 12, 2010): 7140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00023-10.
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ABSTRACT Surface glycoproteins of enveloped virus are potent elicitors of type I interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses in a way that may be independent of the well-studied genome-mediated route. However, the viral glycoprotein determinants responsible for initiating the IFN response remain unidentified. In this study, we have used a collection of 60 synthetic 20-mer overlapping peptides (pepscan) spanning the full length of glycoprotein G (gpG) of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) to investigate what regions of this protein are implicated in triggering the type I IFN-associated immune responses. Briefly, two regions with ability to increase severalfold the basal expression level of the IFN-stimulated mx gene and to restrict the spread of virus among responder cells were mapped to amino acid residues 280 to 310 and 340 to 370 of the gpG protein of VHSV. In addition, the results obtained suggest that an interaction between VHSV gpG and integrins might trigger the host IFN-mediated antiviral response after VHSV infection. Since it is known that type I IFN plays an important role in determining/modulating the protective-antigen-specific immune responses, the identification of viral glycoprotein determinants directly implicated in the type I IFN induction might be of special interest for designing new adjuvants and/or more-efficient and cost-effective viral vaccines as well as for improving our knowledge on how to stimulate the innate immune system.
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Apaza Valencia, John, Miryam Roxana Guerra Miranda, and Judith Aparicio Taype. "Percentiles de la ganancia de peso gestacional de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal pregestacional y peso al nacer en el Hospital Honorio Delgado de Arequipa." Revista Peruana de Ginecología y Obstetricia 63, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31403/rpgo.v63i2002.
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Objetivo. Determinar los percentiles de ganancia de peso gestacional (GPG) de acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) pregestacional y peso del recién nacido (RN), en el Hospital Honorio Delgado de Arequipa. Diseño. Estudio observacional descriptivo. Institución. Hospital III Honorio Delgado de Arequipa, Perú. Participantes. Gestantes de 37 a 41 semanas de gestación, que acudieron al hospital para la atención de parto con adecuado bienestar materno-perinatal. Metodología. Selección por aleatorización sistemática de 1007 gestantes con una edad gestacional de 37 a 41 semanas, de julio de 2015 a junio del 2016. Principales medidas de resultados. Media y percentiles de la GPG total, trimestral, mensual y semanal. Resultados. Las 1007 gestantes tuvieron una edad materna promedio de 26,7 años, IMC pregestacional 25,7 y peso del recién nacido promedio 3 456 g. Según el peso al nacer de 2 780 a 3820 g, los percentiles 25 y 75 de la GPG total fue 8,1 a 13,3 kg y 9,0 a 13,9 kg para un IMC pregestacional de peso bajo y normal, respectivamente, y los percentiles 25 y 50 fueron 7,3 a 10,0 y 4,5 a 8 kg para las gestantes con sobrepeso y obesidad, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los percentiles 25 y 75 de la ganancia de peso gestacional total fueron adecuados para un índice de masa corporal pregestacional peso bajo y normal, así como los percentiles 25 y 50 para un índice de masa corporal pregestacional sobrepeso y obesidad.
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Go, Yun Young, Jianqiang Zhang, Peter J. Timoney, R. Frank Cook, David W. Horohov, and Udeni B. R. Balasuriya. "Complex Interactions between the Major and Minor Envelope Proteins of Equine Arteritis Virus Determine Its Tropism for Equine CD3+ T Lymphocytes and CD14+ Monocytes." Journal of Virology 84, no. 10 (March 10, 2010): 4898–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02743-09.
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ABSTRACT Extensive cell culture passage of the virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) to produce the modified live virus (MLV) vaccine strain has altered its tropism for equine CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes. The VB strain primarily infects CD14+ monocytes and a small subpopulation of CD3+ T lymphocytes (predominantly CD4+ T lymphocytes), as determined by dual-color flow cytometry. In contrast, the MLV vaccine strain has a significantly reduced ability to infect CD14+ monocytes and has lost its capability to infect CD3+ T lymphocytes. Using a panel of five recombinant chimeric viruses, we demonstrated that interactions among the GP2, GP3, GP4, GP5, and M envelope proteins play a major role in determining the CD14+ monocyte tropism while the tropism for CD3+ T lymphocytes is determined by the GP2, GP4, GP5, and M envelope proteins but not the GP3 protein. The data clearly suggest that there are intricate interactions among these envelope proteins that affect the binding of EAV to different cell receptors on CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes. This study shows, for the first time, that CD3+ T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of equine viral arteritis when horses are infected with the virulent strains of EAV.
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Ageev, E. V., A. V. Shcherbakov, YU G. Alekhin, and S. A. Grаshcow. "INCREASING OF THE INFORMATIVEVALUE OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE DIAGNOSTICS BY MEANS OF TECHNICAL ENDOSCOPY." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-1-18-26.
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Car engine is the most complex and important unit of a car. A lot of technical, economic and environmental automobile performance depend on it. Therefore, the development of advanced methods for diagnosing the technical state of engine mechanisms and systems is of great practical importance. The most part and labor intensity of the total number of malfunctions accounts for the cylinder-piston group (GPG). The purpose of this work was to increase the informative value of the process of diagnosing the engines of VAZ front-wheel drive vehicles by using technical endoscopy. To obtain information about the level of technical condition, it is not advisable to disassemble a unit or assembly in a good operation condition, since, first, it is associated with considerable labor costs, and second, and what is important, each disassembly and change of the mutual position of the used parts leads to the reduction of the residual life by 30 - 40%. Using a technical endoscope to obtain information about the technical state of the GPG provides unique opportunities for visual diagnostics. Due to the use of a technical endoscope, it became for the first time possible to proceed while diagnosing internal combustion engine GPG to the evaluation of design parameters of the technical state, such as: the state of the hone net, grooves, scoring, scratches, which could only be performed before by automobile disassembly. In general, technical endoscopy increases the informative value of the process of cylinder-piston group diagnosing. The use of a technical endoscope reveals unique possibilities for an operative assessment of the technical condition of the object being diagnosed in order to shorten the time of detection and subsequent elimination of malfunctions.
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Petrescu, A. M. R., R. Abad-Viñas, G. Janssens-Maenhout, V. N. B. Blujdea, and G. Grassi. "Global estimates of carbon stock changes in living forest biomass: EDGARv4.3 – time series from 1990 to 2010." Biogeosciences 9, no. 8 (August 30, 2012): 3437–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-3437-2012.
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Abstract. While the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) focuses on global estimates for the full set of anthropogenic activities, the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector might be the most diverse and most challenging to cover consistently for all countries of the world. Parties to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to provide periodic estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, following the latest approved methodological guidance by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The current study aims to consistently estimate the carbon (C) stock changes from living forest biomass for all countries of the world, in order to complete the LULUCF sector in EDGAR. In order to derive comparable estimates for developing and developed countries, it is crucial to use a single methodology with global applicability. Data for developing countries are generally poor, such that only the Tier 1 methods from either the IPCC Good Practice Guide for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (GPG-LULUCF) 2003 or the IPCC 2006 Guidelines can be applied to these countries. For this purpose, we applied the IPCC Tier 1 method at global level following both IPCC GPG-LULUCF 2003 and IPCC 2006, using spatially coarse activity data (i.e. area, obtained combining two different global forest maps: the Global Land Cover map and the eco-zones subdivision of the Global Ecological Zone (GEZ) map) in combination with the IPCC default C stocks and C stock change factors. Results for the C stock changes were calculated separately for gains, harvest, fires (Global Fire Emissions Database version 3, GFEDv.3) and net deforestation for the years 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010. At the global level, results obtained with the two sets of IPCC guidance differed by about 40 %, due to different assumptions and default factors. The IPCC Tier 1 method unavoidably introduced high uncertainties due to the "globalization" of parameters. When the results using IPCC 2006 for Annex I Parties are compared to other international datasets such as (UNFCCC, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)) or scientific publications, a significant overestimation of the sink emerges. For developing countries, we conclude that C stock change in forest remaining forest can hardly be estimated with the Tier 1 method especially for calculating the C losses, mainly because wood removal data are not separately available on harvesting or deforestation. Overall, confronting the IPCC GPG-LULUCF 2003 and IPCC 2006 methodologies, we conclude that IPCC 2006 suits best the needs of EDGAR and provide a consistent global picture of C stock changes from living forest biomass independent of country estimates.
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Bortoleto, Marco Antonio Coelho, Elizabeth Paoliello, Eliana de Toledo, and Eliana Ayoub. "Ginástica geral – ginástica para todos." Conexões 10 (December 6, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/conex.v10i0.8637657.
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Durante mais de duas décadas a Faculdade de Educação Física da UNICAMP, principalmente por meio da atuação do Grupo de Pesquisa em Ginástica (GPG), tem promovido o debate acadêmico-científico sobre a Ginástica Geral (GG), prática que desde 2007 é denominada pela Federação Internacional de Ginástica (FIG) Ginástica Para Todos (GPT).
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Da Costa, Carla P., and Helmut Sigel. "Acid−Base and Metal Ion Binding Properties of Guanylyl(3‘→5‘)guanosine (GpG-) and 2‘-Deoxyguanylyl(3‘→5‘)-2‘-deoxyguanosine [d(GpG)-] in Aqueous Solution§." Inorganic Chemistry 42, no. 11 (June 2003): 3475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic020672l.
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Wieringa, Roeland, Antoine A. F. de Vries, Jannes van der Meulen, Gert-Jan Godeke, Jos J. M. Onderwater, Hans van Tol, Henk K. Koerten, A. Mieke Mommaas, Eric J. Snijder, and Peter J. M. Rottier. "Structural Protein Requirements in Equine Arteritis Virus Assembly." Journal of Virology 78, no. 23 (December 1, 2004): 13019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.23.13019-13027.2004.
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ABSTRACT Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Arteriviridae of the order Nidovirales. EAV particles contain seven structural proteins: the nucleocapsid protein N, the unglycosylated envelope proteins M and E, and the N-glycosylated membrane proteins GP2b (previously named GS), GP3, GP4, and GP5 (previously named GL). Proteins N, M, and GP5 are major virion components, E occurs in virus particles in intermediate amounts, and GP4, GP3, and GP2b are minor structural proteins. The M and GP5 proteins occur in virus particles as disulfide-linked heterodimers while the GP4, GP3, and GP2b proteins are incorporated into virions as a heterotrimeric complex. Here, we studied the effect on virus assembly of inactivating the structural protein genes one by one in the context of a (full-length) EAV cDNA clone. It appeared that the three major structural proteins are essential for particle formation, while the other four virion proteins are dispensable. When one of the GP2b, GP3, or GP4 proteins was missing, the incorporation of the remaining two minor envelope glycoproteins was completely blocked while that of the E protein was greatly reduced. The absence of E entirely prevented the incorporation of the GP2b, GP3, and GP4 proteins into viral particles. EAV particles lacking GP2b, GP3, GP4, and E did not markedly differ from wild-type virions in buoyant density, major structural protein composition, electron microscopic appearance, and genomic RNA content. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the EAV particle in which the GP2b/GP3/GP4 heterotrimers are positioned, in association with a defined number of E molecules, above the vertices of the putatively icosahedral nucleocapsid.
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Brill, Alexander, Tobias Fuchs, Janie Yang, Maria Köllnberger, Anil K. Chauhan, Steffen Massberg, and Denisa D. Wagner. "VWF-Mediated Platelet Adhesion is Required for Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Flow Restriction Model." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.473.473.
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Abstract Abstract 473 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its life-threatening complication, pulmonary embolism, are wide-spread in the Western world. Disturbance of blood flow without substantial endothelial denudation is a leading pathogenic factor for non-cancer related DVT. Von Willebrand Factor (VWF), a large multimeric protein, facilitates hemostasis via two separate pathways by stabilizing coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII) and by recruiting platelets to injured vessel wall or thrombi through the interaction with GPIb-alpha. Whereas the role of FVIII in DVT has been suggested by clinical studies (Koster T et al., Lancet, 345(8943):152-5,1995), whether VWF-platelet interaction is implicated in venous thrombosis remains unclear. We utilized murine models of partial and complete flow restriction in the inferior vena cava (IVC) in mice to mimic clinical conditions in which thrombus develops in deep veins. In 8-10 week old C57BL/6 male mice anesthetized by isoflurane-oxygen mixture, IVC and two side branches were ligated by a polypropylene suture immediately below the renal veins to obtain complete blood stasis. For partial flow restriction (stenosis), IVC ligation was performed over a 30G needle and then the needle was removed. Mice were euthanized after 48 h and thrombi from the IVC were taken for analysis. Results were evaluated using the chi-square test. The VWF-/- mice were completely protected from thrombosis in the stenosis model: none of the 14 VWF-/- mice developed a thrombus compared to 6/6 wild-type (WT) mice (p<0.001). In the stasis model, a similar albeit less pronounced phenotype was observed (33% of VWF-/- mice with thrombus, n=9, versus 82% in WT mice, n=11; p<0.03). Stenosis-induced thrombi in WT mice contained abundant amounts of VWF, as was shown by immunostaining. To delineate the involvement of VWF-platelet interactions, we infused WT mice with GPG-290, a recombinant GPIb-alpha N-terminal domain conjugated with human IgG1 Fc fragment. This compound has been shown to inhibit VWF-GPIb-alpha interaction (Hennan JK et al., Thromb Haemost, 95(3):469-75, 2006), but does not interfere with FVIII binding and turnover. Infusion of GPG-290 markedly reduced thrombus development in the stenosis model (3/9 GPG-290-treated WT mice developed DVT versus 9/9 vehicle-treated control mice; p=0.003). Notably, in the absence of blood flow (stasis model), GPG-290 was less effective (83% thrombosis development in vehicle-treated WT, n=6, versus 55.6% thrombosis in GPG-290-treated WT group, n=9; p=0.26). We next addressed the events preceding thrombus formation in the DVT stenosis model using intravital microscopy on living mice. We observed accumulation of fluorescently labeled platelets and leukocytes in the IVC in the area below the suture 6 h after stenosis induction. The amount of both adhering platelets and leukocytes was substantially reduced in VWF-/- mice compared to WT (approx. 20-fold, p<0.005 and 11-fold, p<0.001, respectively). In conclusion, VWF mediates platelet and leukocyte recruitment to the vessel wall. This initiates thrombus development in the absence of major endothelial injury. Interference with the VWF-GPIb-alpha axis may be a potential target for prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.