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Journal articles on the topic 'Governmental economic regulation'
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MAO, WENFENG, and SHUJUAN ZHANG. "IMPACTS OF THE ECONOMIC TRANSITION ON ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION IN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 05, no. 02 (June 2003): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333203001280.
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Economic transition has significant implications for environmental regulation; however, the linkages between them have received little attention in the research literature or in governmental studies until very recently. The paper examines the impacts of economic transition on environmental regulation in China. It first reviews the normative and structural features of China's economic transition. It then analyzes their broad impacts on environmental regulation in China in terms of environmental regulatory instruments losing effectiveness, intervention by local governments, trans-boundary environmental problems, conflict of interests for environmental regulators, massive resistance from the regulated, and some positive impacts. It finally draws prospects for environmental regulation in China in the context of further economic transition. The paper argues that the economic transition in China has produced mixed impacts on its environmental regulation, and that the future prospects for environmental regulation under further economic transition are also mixed.
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Chistyakova, Galina, Anastasia Rolgayzer, Evgeniya Bondareva, and Inessa Schlee. "International Practice of Environmental Challenges Regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910502024.
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Modern society needs to establish a balance between social and economic development and environment conservation. This target can be met through the integrated use of legislative, economic and administrative measures developed and implemented by various international, national and regional organizations. Environmental management can achieve the maximum efficiency only through the joint use of three environmental policy instruments: direct regulating, market-based instruments, and voluntary programs. Direct regulating is inherently directive in terms of establishing emission standards / discharge limits, industry product and process specifications, and transparency reporting requirements. The implementation of market-based instruments depends on the day-to-day use of private sector financial calculations. Economic methods include price-based instruments and property-based instruments. Voluntary programs, actively encouraged by governments, offer intangible rewards such as public recognition. The vast legislative framework and activities of governmental and public organizations encourage mining and processing enterprises to strictly conform to environmental rules and regulations. While multiple market-based instruments of environmental management and voluntary programs provides businesses with greater autonomy in choosing ways, means and terms of restructuring their environmental policies to meet pressing environmental challenges.
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Mokhov, A. "Governmental regulation and self-regulation of economic activity from the position of system theory." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 6 (June 2019): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013207690005258-5.
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Mayer, Frederick, and Gary Gereffi. "Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance." Business and Politics 12, no. 3 (October 2010): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1325.
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Corporate codes of conduct, product certifications, process standards, and other voluntary, non-governmental forms of private governance have proliferated in the last two decades. These innovations are a response to social pressures unleashed by globalization and the inadequacy of governmental institutions for addressing its social and environmental impacts. Private governance has had some notable successes, but there are clear limits to what it alone can be expected to accomplish. We hypothesize that the effectiveness of private governance depends on four main factors: 1) the structure of the particular global value chain in which production takes place; 2) the extent to which demand for a firm's products relies on its brand identity; 3) the possibilities for collective action by consumers, workers, or other activists to exert pressure on producers; and 4) the extent to which commercial interests of lead firms align with social and environmental concerns. Taken together, these hypotheses suggest that private governance will flourish in only a limited set of circumstances. With the trend towards consolidation of production in the largest developing countries, however, we also see a strengthening of some forms of public governance. Private governance will not disappear, but it will be linked to emerging forms of multi-stakeholder institutions.
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Roberts, Diane H. "CHANGING LEGITIMACY NARRATIVES ABOUT PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND INDEPENDENCE IN THE 1930'S JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTANCY." Accounting Historians Journal 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.37.2.95.
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The 1930s in the U.S. were marked by an economic crisis, governmental regulatory response, and a significant audit failure. This paper examines the profession's struggle for legitimacy during these times through its choice of narratives regarding professional ethics and independence as revealed in the national professional organization's monthly, the Journal of Accountancy. Initially “ethics is a state-of-mind” or narrative of character was used but transitioned to a more objectively determinable narrative of technique as the decade progressed. To counter governmental regulation, the profession attempted to shift the independence discourse away from regulation of accountants to regulation of client companies.
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Chernyak, Oleksandr, and Yevgen Chernyak. "MODERN CHALLENGES IN GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF LABOUR FORCE MIGRATION IN UKRAINE." Ekonomika 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2012.0.905.
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The work includes an analysis of the main modern challenges in the sphere of the labour force migration in Ukraine. The development of governmental regulations of labour force migration will give Ukraine a chance to improve the quality of workforce coming from abroad and to avoid the quitting of scientists by making them able to be employed in Ukraine. Also, changes in migration policy will help to decrease the unemployment rate in the country. The influence of labor force migration on the country’s economic development is also measured. The necessity of changes in governmental regulation of labor force migration in Ukraine is described in the paper. The government should make several steps to stimulate the usage of local labor force instead of cheap and unqualified foreigners by national enterprises. The first step is to provide the “quality rate” of a foreigner to be employed. The second step is the governmental support of enterprises that will act according to the mentioned rules and carefully regard the professionalism of employees. Such enterprises should receive subsidies.
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Blakely, Megan Rae. "Pattern Recognition: Governmental Regulation of Tartan and Commodification of Culture." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 4 (November 2015): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000284.
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Abstract:It is notoriously difficult to design and attach suitable legal rights to intangible cultural heritage (ICH), due to its nature as an evolving, living heritage. This article investigates the effects of government intervention relating to Scottish tartan in order to trace the relationship between formal proprietary rights, commodification, and cultural branding. The article proceeds in three steps: from (1) the historical context of the Jacobite rebellion and the subsequent Victorian assignment of the tartan to clans; to (2) the formation and function of the subsequent self-regulating community tartan registers; and (3) the 2009 governmental intervention with the establishment of a governmental tartan register, subsuming the community groups’ role in self-regulating tartan. While past ICH protection efforts have focused primarily on developing countries, the example of tartan raises wider concerns about the social and economic impact of the subtle erosion or, conversely, the ossification of living heritages. Finally, some alternatives are considered within the IP regime, such as sui generis protection, while highlighting the challenges of reconciling the domestic regulation of diverse ICH.
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Lutter, Chessa K. "The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: lessons learned and implications for the regulation of marketing of foods and beverages to children." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 10 (October 4, 2012): 1879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004235.
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AbstractObjectiveTo identify lessons learned from 30 years of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) and identify lessons learned for the regulation of marketing foods and beverages to children.DesignHistorical analysis of 30 years of implementing the Code.SettingLatin America and the Caribbean.SubjectsNone.ResultsLegislation to restrict marketing of breast-milk substitutes is necessary but not sufficient; equally important are the promulgation of implementing regulations, effective enforcement and public monitoring of compliance. A system of funding for regular monitoring of compliance with legislation should be explicitly developed and funded from the beginning. Economic sanctions, while important, are likely to be less effective than reports that affect a company's public image negatively. Non-governmental organizations play a critical role in leveraging public opinion and galvanizing consumer pressure to ensure that governments adopt regulations and companies adhere to them. Continual clinical, epidemiological and policy research showing the link between marketing and health outcomes and between policy and better health is essential.ConclusionsImplementation of the Code has not come easily as it places the interests of underfinanced national governments and international and non-governmental organizations promoting breast-feeding against those of multinational corporations that make hundreds of millions of dollars annually marketing infant formulas. Efforts to protect, promote and support breast-feeding have been successful with indicators of breast-feeding practices increasing globally. The lessons learned can inform current efforts to regulate the marketing of foods and beverages to children.
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SOKUR, Stanislav. "TRANSFORMATION OF LOBBYING INSTRUMENTS FOR ECONOMIC STAKEHOLDERS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.05.078.
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The article examines current developments of lobbying institutionalization on the state level in European countries from 2014 to 2021, in particular, the definitions of lobbying and lobbyists, their goals, the availability of lobbying registers and the available ways for lobbying by economic stakeholders. Recent legislation on lobbying of Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania and the United Kingdom is analyzed. The dynamics of the adoption of laws on lobbying in European countries in recent years is demonstrated, given the specifics of the legal regimes of these countries. The article also shows examples of lobbying by economic stakeholders and lobbyists' reporting in accordance with the current legislation of the countries concerned. It has been proven that today the field of lobbying is on the rise, since in the last seven years eight countries in Europe have adopted laws regulating lobbying. Thus, the total growth of countries adopted lobbying regulation by European OECD member-states for the period of last 7 years constituted 67% of overall lobbying regulation by OECD member-states for the previous 75 years. These impressive numbers are expected to increase in the coming years, and it is very important that such lobbying rules to be adopted in accordance with international standards for lobbying regulation. The article also shows practical cases of lobbying and demonstrates that the range of lobbying targets in the modern world is incredibly wide. International organizations such as the United Nations, the Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, etc. influences transparently policy-making in European countries. Regulation of lobbying legislation allows to influence decision-making to both non-governmental organizations and representatives of the private sector. Thus, there is an articulation and aggregation of interests in societies, which improves the quality of decisions made by public authorities.
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Talukdar, Ruchira. "Sparking a debate on coal: Case study on the Indian Government’s crackdown on Greenpeace." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10i1.5602.
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Non-governmental organisations working on rights based issues in India have recently been in the firing line of the government. The controversial Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), originally instituted during national emergency in 1976, has been further amended in recent times to arbitrarily restrict groups speaking out against human rights abuses and environmental problems in a rapidly industrialising economy. Yet again raising the spectre of the ‘foreign hand’, governments have proceeded to cancel the licences and freeze the foreign funds of NGOs. Using the case study of the crackdown on Greenpeace on account of its advocacy against coal development, this paper discusses the main instruments, tactics and arguments engaged in stifling the capability of NGOs to protest rights violations across the landscape. It analyses Greenpeace’s fight-back and the broader civil society response to the government’s crackdown on dissent. In labelling civil society groups as anti-national in an era of neoliberal economic growth, the government’s corporate bias stands fully exposed. In standing thus exposed through its crackdown on dissent, the government’s crackdown contributed to the sparking of two much needed debates in Indian society: about who benefits and who misses out from India’s economic growth, and about the social and environmental costs of coal.
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Chen, Hong Tao, Wei Han, and Mao Lin An. "Regional Fiscal Competition and Corporate Environmental Information Disclosure: Provincial-Level Evidence From China." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291983991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919839919.
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The race to the bottom theory of environmental regulation mainly refers to state or local governments competing to lower their environmental regulation standards in pursuit of their own interests. Since the reform of the Chinese tax distribution system in 1994, local governments have encouraged economic competition through various industrial subsidies and tax preferences. Moreover, in China’s political system, which promotes fiscal decentralization and economic competition, competition has provided local governments with the opportunity to race to the bottom by secretly reducing the environmental regulations of enterprises to obtain financial returns and promote capital. Using the race to the bottom theory of environmental regulation, this article identifies the land revenue data and environmental information disclosure (EID) quality data of listed companies in China from 2012 to 2014 and uses the hierarchical linear model to study the direct and indirect effects of local governments’ financial competition on the EID of listed companies in their jurisdictions. It was found that (a) Regional financial competition does not directly influence the quality of an enterprise’s EID but has a significant negative regulatory effect. (b) The higher the degree of regional competition, the more obvious the negative regulatory effect. (c) The financial competitiveness of tropical and subtropical regions in China is higher than that of other regions, and the EID quality of enterprises in these regions is lower. (d) Governmental financial competition in tropical and subtropical regions regulates the quality of EID of listed companies in their jurisdictions through indirect effects on enterprises with different ownership and profitability; However, with the exception of tropical and subtropical regions, this phenomenon is not significant in other provinces.
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Choi, Jong-Won. "Policy-Making Process in Korea: The Enactment Process of the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 4 (December 31, 1989): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps04004.
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Three dominant perspectives on the origin of regulation (the public mterest model, the capture model, and the politics model) and four models of governmental decision-making (the rational actor model, the organizational process model, the governmental politics model, and the garbage can model) are utilized in order to investigate the enactment process. This article argues that the failure to enact monpoly regulation and fair trade legislation during the 1960's and 1970's can be attributed mainly to the faithful implementation of economic development plans by the Park regime and to the public endorsement of those plans. The enactment of the MRFTA in 1980, however, is ascribed less to a problem-solving kind of activity within the Korean government and more to a temporal simultaneity of the political needs of the new milltary leadership and a few reform-minded career bureaucrats within the EPB.
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Arsyad, Arsyad. "IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 33 TAHUN 1998 TENTANG MODAL PENYERTAAN PADA KOPERASI WANITA “SETIA BHAKTI WANITA” SURABAYA." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 10, no. 3 (February 6, 2017): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2006.v10.i3.2198.
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The title of this study is the Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 Year 1998 About Capital and Also Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya, with the problem formula, what will be Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya and Factor of whether/what pushing and pursuing Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya.As for target expected from this research, is to description and analysis carefully about Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya and identify the factor of whether/what pushing and pursuing "Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya.The following Usefulness, practically result of this research can give the practical reference to maker and policy executor in formulating and implementation of an policy which is with vision of economic democracy and theoretically this research can give the contribution theoretically for new theory development is which is possible found in researching into of a kind, and also in order to new theory. While for researcher of result of this research is expected can be useful in enriching knowledge and researcher knowledge at one blow can apply it in the world of reality.While its conclusion is its execution is Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation " Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya walk not yet as according to expectation as formulated.Factor-Factor pushing Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya is factor that is resource factor, factor of disposition and structure factor bureaucracy, while pursuing is communications factor.
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Arsyad, Arsyad. "IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 33 TAHUN 1998 TENTANG MODAL PENYERTAAN PADA KOPERASI WANITA “SETIA BHAKTI WANITA” SURABAYA." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 10, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 349–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2006.v10.i3.407.
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The title of this study is the Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 Year 1998 About Capital and Also Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya, with the problem formula, what will be Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya and Factor of whether/what pushing and pursuing Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya. As for target expected from this research, is to description and analysis carefully about Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya and identify the factor of whether/what pushing and pursuing "Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya. The following Usefulness, practically result of this research can give the practical reference to maker and policy executor in formulating and implementation of an policy which is with vision of economic democracy and theoretically this research can give the contribution theoretically for new theory development is which is possible found in researching into of a kind, and also in order to new theory. While for researcher of result of this research is expected can be useful in enriching knowledge and researcher knowledge at one blow can apply it in the world of reality.While its conclusion is its execution is Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation " Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya walk not yet as according to expectation as formulated. Factor-Factor pushing Governmental Regulation Implementation of Number 33 year 1998 About Capital And Also At Woman Co-Operation "Devoted of Bhakti Woman" Surabaya is factor that is resource factor, factor of disposition and structure factor bureaucracy, while pursuing is communications factor.
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Shchetinina, L. V., S. H. Rudakova, N. S. Danylevych, and T. O. Bidna. "The Governmental Regulation of Remuneration: World Experience, Comparisons, Opportunities for Implementation." Business Inform 1, no. 528 (2022): 224–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-1-224-230.
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The purpose of writing the article is to analyze the nature of the transformation of governmental regulation of wages both in the world and in Ukraine in epidemiological conditions. In the vast majority of countries, there is currently a profound transformation of governmental regulation of remuneration at the macro level. The Ukrainian labor market is also gradually adapting to changes, innovations and modern socioeconomic realities. For example, the Law of Ukraine «On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Aimed at Providing Additional Social and Economic Guarantees in Connection with the Spread of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)» was adopted as a kind of reaction of the State to the need for changes in the field of remuneration. To compare the results of the State’s policy in the field of remuneration, as well as the relationship between social partners in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the average monthly wage in 2019-2021 can be used. It should be noted that not always the growth of average monthly wages indicates the economic growth of the country. The main indicator of the country’s economic development is gross domestic product (GDP). The coronavirus pandemic, quite naturally, had a negative impact on the economies of countries – in most countries there is a decrease in GDP. Ensuring growth of wages in these conditions is an indicator of strong social policy and/or social and labor relations in the field of labor remuneration. By means of social policy in the country, the State regulates the minimum wage. Most countries have increased the minimum wage to stabilize labor incomes during the pandemic. The main instrument of the State’s influence on wages in Ireland, Germany, Norway, Finland and the United States during this period is the provision of temporary subsidies for wages, which are introduced to save jobs and support the income of employees. Also, the experience of governmental regulation of wages in developed countries during the pandemic includes payment of subsidies to employers, tax crediting, and reduction of the tax rate. At the same time, the implementing of foreign practices in the field of remuneration requires taking into account Ukrainian realities.
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Fedorova, I. Yu. "Social Order as a Financial and Economical Instrument for Regulating Employment and Labour Migration in the Russian Federation." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 11, no. 5 (January 31, 2022): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2021-11-5-129-134.
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The improvement of the financial and economic mechanism and instruments for implementing state projects and programs is one of the most pressing issues for the Russian Federation in the regulation of economic processes. In this area, the most important thing for the state is the issue of providing citizens equally with socially significant services in demand and creating opportunities for broad access to the market of competitive services for all interested state and non-governmental organisations of various organisational and legal forms, and the possibility of creating new jobs as well. The state solving these problems is consistently developing and adopting legislative acts that regulate the process of practical implementation at all levels of government’s hierarchy, creating an opportunity for an independent regional and municipal policy in the field of employment, orderly attraction and regulation of migration processes. The article discusses new, most relevant approaches and considers the mechanism and tools, which make it possible to solve the tasks set by the authorities until 2024. The conclusions the author has drawn reflect the possibility of achieving concrete results, considering the tasks to be solved in the area of implementing the social order, regulating the employment of the population and labour migration at the regional and municipal levels.
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Beshtoyev, M. I. "ON THE PURPOSE OF THE STATE ECONOMIC SUPPORT TO THE STRATEGIC ORGANIZATIONS." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4 (October 25, 2014): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2013-4-42-49.
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Efficiency of governmental regulation and state support provided to the strategic organizations are directly dependent upon an unprejudiced determination of which interests are protected by the state in the sphere of such organizations’ activities. The existing legislative and regulatory framework lacks clear definition of such purpose, while measures undertaken by the state are largely aimed at the strategic organizations bankruptcy prevention, yet there is a possibility of applying other, more efficient in view of the budgetary expenses minimization, methods for the strategic businesses preservation.The issue of an objectively determined purpose of the strategic organizations regulation and state support is reviewed and the definition of the said purpose is offered.
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Rungsrisawat, Somdech. "BUSINESS DIGITALIZATION AS A FACTOR OF GOVERNANCE MODERNIZATION." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 1(8) (February 1, 2018): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.1(8).2018.40-47.
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The study takes a new paradigm of state business regulation, based on the synchronization of interests of business, state and society, on the defining the principles of Government participation in the global economic processes. As a tool for business consolidation, improving the efficiency of state regulation, the formation of e-government was considered. The paper characterizes the e-government as a new form of state regulation of economy. The factors of effective e-government implementation strategy were analyzed. The experience of digitalization of governmental functions of modern states, the rates of asynchrony of development of electronic government in the world, relating with the economic efficiency of modern states, were considered.
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Semenov, V. "Venezuela in New Century: Results and Prospects." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2014): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-5-73-82.
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Article contains analysis of the results of Venezuela’s social and economic development from 1999 to 2013. The periodization of governmental economic policy is offered. The conclusion is about gradual withdrawal of the market principles in economic regulation, and, then, radicalization of government policy for the purpose of "socialism of the XXIth century” creation. The changes connected with coming to power of the new president are analyzed. The assessment of possibility of stabilization of economic and socio-political situation in the country is given.
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Ponomarenko, O. O., I. F. Lisna, and O. S. Lesnaya. "Assessing the Impact of Anti-Inflationary Instruments on Price Stability." Business Inform 1, no. 528 (2022): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-1-323-330.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of theoretical-methodological and scientific-applied aspects of the formation of anti-inflationary policy as a component of economic stabilization in the current conditions of economic development. The results of the study show that the category of «anti-inflationary policy» most often appears in the context of the following categories: inflation, politics, governmental regulation, macroeconomic stability and macroeconomic policy. As a result of the decomposition of scientific and methodological approaches to the definition of anti-inflationary policy as an economic category, anti-inflationary policy is considered as a form of macroeconomic policy functionally aimed at regulating inflationary processes. Since achieving economic growth has economic stability at its foundation, anti-inflationary policies should be seen as an integral element of sustainable progress towards transformation, i.e. anti-inflationary policy is a stabilization measure at the macroeconomic level. A retrospective analysis of instruments for achieving price stability shows that the most common and efficient instrument for regulating the exchange rate are currency interventions. Regarding the regulation of consumer prices, it is possible to note the systematic use of currency exchange rate support instruments, a balanced change in prices for tariffs and services which is regulated by the administration
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Dvořáková, Daniela, and Michal Petrůj. "Lobbying in the European union – regulation and public sector economics perspective." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 2 (2013): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361020327.
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Lobbying has become an inseparable companion of the decision-making process and firms but also other social actors (non-governmental organizations, individuals, private and civil sector) are forced to reflect this fact, if they want to promote their interests effectively and if they want to avoid regulation that would harm their interests. The paper analyses the regulation of lobbying in European institutions and focuses on two major institutions which are under pressure of the lobbyists, the European Commission and the European Parliament. The paper discusses and presents the both ways of regulation which occur in the European institutions- the concept of self-regulation and the binding Code of Conduct under the Rules of Procedure in the European Parliament.The paper contains also possible economic consequences of lobbying based on the Public Sector Economics perspective and the methodology of the principal-agent relationship.
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Ingber, Rebecca, Neha Jain, and Rahim Moloo. "An Introduction: International Law as Instrument." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 113 (2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amp.2019.131.
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Discussions of international law often focus on questions of constraint and prohibition. This year's Annual Meeting considered the role of international law as an instrument. Actors on the international stage use a variety of tools to address their concerns, from climate change to economic development; from humanitarian crises to cross-border disputes; from commercial regulation to global trade. Governments and international organizations employ diplomacy and coercion, corporations use negotiation and persuasion, and non-governmental organizations engage in fact-finding and advocacy. And all of these actors affect and are affected by international law and use the international legal system to effectuate change and solve problems.
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Han, Dong. "The Market Value of Who We Are: The Flow of Personal Data and Its Regulation in China." Media and Communication 5, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v5i2.890.
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This article focuses on market-driven collection of personal data and its regulation in China. It argues that there is a growing demand for personal data from China’s advertising, marketing, and credit reporting businesses. Meanwhile, the rapid development of the Internet, notably social media and e-commerce, has generated very large pools of personal data on digital platforms. These two factors contribute to the fast growth of both legitimate and illegitimate collection and exploitation of personal information. Chinese laws and regulations lag behind the market and are not ready to regulate personal data as a key economic resource. They scatter in a wide array of economic and social sectors and lack a coherent structure and effective enforcement mechanism. Unspecified overarching rationale, ambivalent market regulation, inadequate enforcement, as well as safety risks of governmental databases are problems that hinder the protection of personal data in China. The role and implications of the new Internet Security Law, entering into force in June 2017, remain to be seen.
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Trencevski, Y. V., and O. G. Karpovich. "SELF-REGULATION AS ONE OF THE KEY STRATEGIC ELEMENTS IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM IN CRISIS." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 3 (August 4, 2016): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2016-3-70-77.
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The aim of the study was to determine the role of self-regulation as one of the key strategic elements in the reconstruction of the financial system in crisis. Approaches – including analysis of the causes and consequences of the global financial crisis in 2008, the monographic literature on the subject identified challenges and their solutions for implementation of self-Regulation of the financial sector (results of research). Social value – the current situation of the crisis of investor confidence in the financial sector requires substantial organizational restructuring. The confidence of investors in adjustable and adequate operation of the financial sector is key for ensuring long-term economic recovery in conditions of the ongoing financial crisis. Practical application of the results is justified practical necessity of establishing responsibility for regulating and minimizing systemic risk of financial firms, the establishment of the state strategy of generating and maintaining an effective method of state regulation and control, defining key goals of economic policy, and have oversight and control over the development of the system of self-regulation (compliance programs) promoted by the sector. The originality lies in the fact that in the scientific revolution introduced the theoretical conclusions, the modern practice of self-regulation of the financial services sector with strong governmental control.
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Golovnya, Оlena, and Iryna Kinash. "Features of construction of the model socially oriented national economy." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 7(26) (2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/7(26)/6.
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The background of the development of the model of economic development of Ukraine in the context of social orientation has been analyzed taking into account the interdependent influence of the mechanism of market relations and economic policy of the state. It is researched that the economic mechanism of socially oriented market economy contains organizational structure of production (vertical and horizontal), specific forms of functioning of economic system (state and non-state regulation of the market), as well as a specific institutional base (including its legislative component). The constituents of the economic system are entities formed by large economic entities (eg financial corporations). The authors argue that the economic mechanism of a socially oriented national economy is a complex structure and system of interconnections and includes: a) a system of balanced markets; b) public sector of economy; c) large economic structures that fulfill the regulatory role of the state for the economy as a whole and at the same time increase the market sensitivity to medium and long-term programs of its development; d) public sector administrative and production subsystem; e) system of operative state regulation of economy; e) a budget-balancing system with a powerful core; g) regulatory framework governing mid-market processes. The study states that Ukraine, in rather difficult conditions, produces the parameters of its own national model of socio-economic development for the long term. The country has not yet formulated or implemented an effective model of economic development that would fully reflect its national characteristics and interests and become a macroeconomic basis for effective state regulation It is determined that in the conditions of construction of a new model of the national economy the role of non-governmental and charitable organizations is increasing. The role of non-governmental organizations, which represent one of the most optimal legal forms to assist citizens in solving their common problems, upholding common interests, is a compulsory attribute of the model of socially oriented national economy.
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Abrahamson, David. "The Visible Hand: Money, Markets, and Media Evolution." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75, no. 1 (March 1998): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909807500104.
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While the precise future evolution of the Internet remains uncertain, the historical development of other media, e.g., magazines in the twentieth century and broadcasting since World War II, may offer useful parallels. It is argued that significant analogous developments in the Internet's future are likely to include pervasive commercialization, niche-building and fractionation, less governmental regulation and oversight, and considerable economic concentration.
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LOMAKINA, Iryna. "Corporate social responsibility rules as a tool of self-regulation in agriculture." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 12/1 (December 28, 2019): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.12(1).8.
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Introduction. The issues of the formation and development of corporate social responsibility in agriculture is undeniably relevant for a large agrarian country of Ukraine o in view of the European integration processes. The rules of corporate social responsibility, on the basis of which the codes of ethics of the company are worked out, are the tools for of self-regulation of the economic entity, since the economic entities engaged in agriculture are interested in their working out and implementation. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to define the rules of corporate social responsibility as a tool for self-regulation in agriculture. Results. The features of agriculture should be taken into account in the development of corporate social responsibility rules, in particular its environmental component (focus on sustainable rural development). The article studies the provisions of international treaties, international governmental and non-governmental organizations acts, EU legislation on CSR in agriculture. It is pointed out that the set of the requirements in understanding the CSR rules is common to both agriculture and industry though the content is different. The provisions of the Single Integrated Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development in 2015-2020 should be voluntarily enshrined in the CSR rules for agricultural enterprises. The article defines the features of the rules of corporate social responsibility as an instrument of self-regulation of agriculture. Under this concept, the system of voluntarily accepted commitments by rural businesses in terms of providing economic and social needs of both workers and other members of society on the basis of the concept of sustainable development of rural territories is understood. Conclusion. It is concluded that the content of the rules includes issues: environmental protection, social insurance and provision, educational and cultural development, dialogue with state authorities, antimonopoly and anticorruption complicity, corporate citizenship, development of territories.
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Esbenshade, Jill, and Elizabeta Shifrin. "The Leased Among Us: Precarious Work, Local Regulation, and the Taxi Industry." Labor Studies Journal 44, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160449x18768047.
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Through a case study of the taxi industry in San Diego, where 89 percent of drivers leased their vehicles as independent contractors (IC), we show how local regulation has enforced precarity. We find that the interaction of policies from various local governmental agencies has actually required lease drivers to operate as ICs and has simultaneously undermined the very control and economic independence that is fundamental to the IC designation. While the literature on precarious employment and IC misclassification tends to emphasize the role of macroeconomic structures, employer action, and federal government policy, this article highlights the role of local regulatory agencies.
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Khomenko, Inna, Iryna Gorobinska, and Ihor Shargorodskyi. "TAX LOAD OF BUSINESS ENTITIES AS AN OBJECT OF GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION." Scientific bulletin of Polissia, no. 1(22) (2021): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2021-1(22)-102-113.
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The article is devoted to the study of the tax burden in Ukraine. The article reveals the importance of the tax burden indicator and assesses its impact on the activities of economic entities, opportunities for growth of production and investment potential, as well as on the development of the economy as a whole. The influence of the level of tax burden on the indicators of macro-and microeconomic development is estimated. The role of tax revenues in the formation of state budget resources is determined. The levels of tax burden are characterized, the share of basic taxes in budget revenues is analyzed. The dynamics and structure of tax payments in the revenues of the Consolidated Budget of Ukraine are estimated. The analysis of the tax system was carried out in the following direction: assessment of the level of tax burden and its impact on the dynamics of business activity, production development, investment attractiveness. The study examined and analyzed the level of integrity of tax payments, identifiedreasons for income concealment and the high level of the shadow economy, assessed the level of tax debt, examined the causes of inconsistencies between the state and taxpayers, analyzed the legal framework for taxation and identified problems and shortcomings must be eliminated. Based on the study, the existing problems and the main directions of improving the taxation system in Ukraine were identified. The article analyzes the main factors that affect the efficiency of the tax system. The main advantagesof reducing the tax burden on business entities are given, the expected results from increasing the incentive orientation of the tax system are determined. Measures to rationalize the taxation system are proposed. The main tasks of the next stage of tax reform in Ukraine have been developed.
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Luong, Thi Cam Tu, Ann Jorissen, and Ine Paeleman. "Performance Measurement for Sustainability: Does Firm Ownership Matter." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 16, 2019): 4436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164436.
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Based on contingency and agency insights, this study examines the influence of ownership characteristics on performance measurement systems (PMSs) and outcome-based compensation systems driven by differences in organizational goals and objectives between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non-state-owned enterprises (non-SOEs) in Vietnam. The influence of ownership characteristics on the design of PMSs received little attention from researchers so far. Moreover, the few studies that are available so far only examined the relationship between firm ownership characteristics and the presence and use of economic performance indicators and economic outcome-based compensation in firms. In this study, the scope of PMSs is broader, and sustainability indicators focusing on community programs, ethical behavior, and government regulation are included in addition to economic based indicators. Analyzing survey data with the use of partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM), we find that the higher the share of the government in an organization’s capital is, the significantly more governmental duty indicators and significantly fewer ethical indicators and economic indicators are included in the PMS and outcome-based compensation systems. The inclusion of community indicators is not associated with firm ownership characteristics. Meanwhile, non-SOEs include significantly more economic value indicators, but no societal measures, like ethical, community-oriented, and governmental duty indicators.
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Han, Dong. "Paid Posting in Chinese Cyberspace: Commodification and Regulation." Television & New Media 19, no. 2 (April 12, 2017): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527476417701994.
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This research examines paid online posting and its regulation in China. Profit-driven manipulation of online conversations, including paid posting and the so-called “dark public relations,” is a widespread problem on the Chinese Internet. Governmental regulation on paid posting, however, is ambiguous and inadequate. This research proposes a new approach to conceptualize paid posting. It argues that paid posting is a controversial form of content production that emerges in relation to market-oriented exploitation of the media as well as commodification of communicative labor in digital settings. On this basis, this research analyzes the law’s role in the installation of market relations in digital media. It argues that the ambiguous regulation of paid posting is part of a long-term problem that resulted from media policies that prioritize economic growth and political control over disruptive impacts of the market.
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Bubenko, P. T., and O. P. Bubenko. "The Innovative Component of Reforming the Housing and Communal Services Enterprises." Business Inform 1, no. 528 (2022): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-1-267-273.
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The article states that the systemic modernization and innovative development of enterprises in the field of housing and communal services is an integral part of the reform of the entire socioeconomic complex of the country, which has an extensive structure of the constituent elements, and in the reform process are involved mainly technical, technological, organizational and economic factors of influence. The conceptual apparatus of modernization processes and further innovative development is improved, in particular, the definition of the concept of «systemic modernization», which allows to include in its composition the structure, processes and the very conditions of qualitative transformations of housing and communal services enterprises. The scientific components of the systemic idea of housing and communal services as an object of reform, which has an economic and spatial organization, is characterized by a stable market of consumers, the closed production cycle and close ties with the territorial infrastructure, which, in turn, creates prerequisites for the formation of an integrated mechanism for the cluster interaction of sub-sectors of housing and communal services in the model of the national innovation system. It is proved that the monopoly form of production, which is inherent in most enterprises in the housing and communal services sector, is a phenomenon with significant contradictions that are formed in society, in the market and in the innovation sphere. These contradictions can be resolved only in two ways – by the governmental regulation of the activities of a natural monopoly or by the development of market relations and competition. Therefore, the system of the governmental regulation of natural monopolies requires significant improvement. The renewal of theoretical views does not dispose real monopolies. And as long as they really exist, the task of governmental regulation of the natural monopoly remains relevant, and also extremely difficult. It consists in stimulating enterprises to produce a larger volume of products with lower costs, while refusing (full or partial) from establishing monopoly prices and monopoly status. On the other hand, the State supports the trends in the development of a competitive environment. Thus, it is concluded that governmental regulation, on the one hand, and the introduction of competitive conditions for the management of housing and communal services enterprises on the other hand, are an urgent requirement of time, and this should take place in various forms and on the basis of a systemic scientific analysis of socioeconomic factors of the usefulness of services for the population.
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Xu, Lang, Chuanxu Wang, Zhuang Miao, and Jihong Chen. "Governmental subsidy policies and supply chain decisions with carbon emission limit and consumer’s environmental awareness." RAIRO - Operations Research 53, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 1675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2018094.
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The carbon emission reduction has become an inevitable trend. Under the low-carbon environment, the government has been acting as an important role in the operation and management of supply chain. This paper considers four different governmental subsidy strategies, which includes none of members is subsidized (NS Scenario), only retailer is subsidized (RS Scenario), only manufacturer is subsidized (MS Scenario) and both members are subsidized (SS Scenario). A Stackelberg game model, which incorporates both governmental regulation and consumer’s awareness of carbon emission, is developed to present the pricing and emission reduction behaviors for the supply chain members as well as the subsidy policies of government under different governmental subsidy strategies, and analyze the impact of relevant coefficients on the decisions and supply chain profits. It can be concluded that subsidizing to both members is more profitable for supply chain members and government in terms of environment protection and economic development. The results provide some managerial insights for the decision-makers and policy-makers to implement sustainability initiatives.
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Нуреев, Роберт, and Robert Nureev. "THEORETICAL ISSUES OF GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION IN THE CONDITIONS OF MARKET ECONOMY." Russian Journal of Management 7, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5d0a4295ad9953.40330041.
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Solving the problem of transition to a sustainable pace of economic development while improving the quality of life of Russian citizens and the degree of their responsibility for the results of their activities require attention to the forms and methods of state regulation that can ensure the implementation of the paradigm of socialization of the economy. This implies the need for qualitative changes in all sectors of Russian society, which, in turn, is possible only in the case of correlation of economic and social aspects of the reforms, coordination of structural policy objectives with long-term goals of human development, the transformation of the social sphere, in which public goods are created, providing universal conditions of human life
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Maidment, Richard. "Law and Economic Policy in the United States: The judicial response to governmental regulation of the economy∗∗." Journal of Legal History 7, no. 2 (September 1986): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440368608530865.
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Kantarbayeva, SH M. "State regulation of economic relations between Kazakhstan and China on the agrofood market." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 3 (October 4, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-3-71-77.
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A comprehensive economic pragmatism as the main goal of the new economic policy course of Kazakhstan that is based on the principles of profitability, return on investment and competitiveness, also includes aspects of the need to create a new industry along with the development of traditional basic industries, to increase their export potential, where Chinese investment plays a significant role. An institutional reform includes the abolition of sectoral programs with integration of certain sectoral programs into governmental programs, as well as in strategic plans of state bodies. Consequently, it is necessary to create an industrial-sectoral and administrative symbiosis for the effective development of the industry and assessment of its prospects, taking into account the protection and promotion of national economic interests within the framework of international cooperation. The evaluation of state management in the agrarian, sphere within the framework of the development of Kazakh-Chinese cooperation, based on the study of the PRC's approaches in the formation of special economic zones and domestic practice of improving the economy of agrarian sector under the conditions of the “third modernization” and “fourth industrial revolution”, will lead to an expansion of exports of agricultural products, transit potential of Kazakhstan, infrastructural development and optimization of industry administration. In addition, taking into account the strategic importance of the country's transport potential, it will allow developing adjacent economy sectors.
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Prykhodko, O. V. "Definitions and forms of interaction of legal entities in the aspect of constitutional economics." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 65 (October 25, 2021): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.65.13.
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The article investigates the problem of interaction of subjects of economic relations in the aspect of constitutional economics, which is relevant for both legal science and practice.It is noted that in scientific doctrine there are different interpretations of the term interaction. Various scientists emphasize the specificities of an interaction as a certain process andprovide their own definitions of interaction. Given that the subject of this study is constitutional economics, the author’s definition is proposed.It is important to highlight, that if an economic relationshipinvolves a group of subjects endowed with state functions, on the one hand,and private entities, on the other,then their interaction is designed to satisfy both public and private interests. The participants are in a horizontal relationship with each other, not in a relationship of power and subordination. The interaction of governmental and non-governmental actors is aimed at achieving a clearly defined goal, including the establishment or change of legal regulation of certain economic relations, achieving certain economic results, implementing economic reforms, solving socio-economic problems, etc.
Taking the Ukrainian legal reality into consideration, it is proposed to analyse some forms of interaction within the domestic economy, which are actively used in our country. Thus, it is noted that a common form of interaction between government and business is the creation of advisory bodies and working groups, which include both representatives of public authorities, civil society and business.It is noted that lobbying is a common form of public-private cooperation in the world, but there is no legislation on lobbying in Ukraine, and bills registered in parliament are characterised by significant shortcomings.One of the most successful models of interaction between government and business is public-private partnership, which helps to achieve synergies and implement large-scale projects in various sectors of the economy, including social, from road construction to space exploration.The social responsibility of entrepreneurs is also mentioned as a form of constructive interaction between government and business.
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Bogachov, S. V., M. R. Pinskaya, and Yu A. Steshenko. "Foreign Experience in Tax Regulation of Sports Development." Management Science 11, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2404-022x-2021-11-1-68-81.
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The subject of the study is the indirect financing of sports development abroad through tax incentives. This paper aims to analyze and summarize foreign experience of tax approaches to the sports development and to substantiate the possibility of its application in the Russian Federation. The following methods were used: content analysis of scientific papers and the legal framework related; comparing the different sports funding models and the tax instruments used in the analyzed countries to promote sports; logical synthesis to gain insights and form recommendations. Sports currently play an important role in addressing both social and economic challenges, which reinforces governmental regulation. The financing models for sports development applications abroad are examined. Models have been found to differ by the use of direct and indirect methods of sports financing methods, including tax incentives. The experience of tax incentives application for sports promotion in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belarus has been analyzed, similarities and differences of the ways goals are achieved have been identified. Possibilities for applying foreign experience in tax incentives for the sports development in the Russian Federation have been identified. Conclusions have been made on the need to further analysis of foreign experience in order to improve methods of indirect financing of sports development. The economic rationale for the proposed tax regulation in sports development should be ensured to prove feasibility thereof.
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Ryzhova, Kateryna, and Olga Mytrofanova. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT." Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, no. 6(25) (2019): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2019/6(25)/14.
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The necessity of a fundamentally new approach to the formation of a water management system and state regulation of water use has been proved in order to achieve sustainable water use parameters in the agricultural sector of the economy. The principles of integrated water management in irrigated agriculture are defined. It is shown that the formation of the model of integrated management in the water management and reclamation complex requires the introduction of organizational and economic innovations, changes in the institutional environment, transformations in the organizational structure of agricultural enterprises and public authorities. The essence of transformations of the irrigated agriculture management system is disclosed, which involves the transfer of irrigation systems management from state structures to non-governmental organizations. In this case, the transfer of powers and responsibilities from state structures to non-governmental organizations can be carried out with the transition stage of joint management, which is the most rational in the current conditions. Found that the formation of effective management system is impossible without institutionalization of a wide spectrum of forms of partnership relations between different objects of functioning. It is shown that the reforming of irrigation systems management should be carried out on the basis of decentralization with the transfer of water management and water operations to water, this will ensure that water resources and irrigation system infrastructure are managed effectively at the lowest level. The basic directions of improvement of the economic mechanism of development of reclamation are offered.
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Gusyakov, Vyacheslav Yu. "Constitutional and legal foundations of the public organization of business activity within the oil sector of the energy-producing industry." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 9 (2021): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520016734-8.
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The article deals with constitutional and legal foundations of the public organization of business activity within the oil sector of the energy-producing industry in the Russian Federation. It is on the one hand connected with the basic constitutional principles of the common economic area in the Russian Federation such as the admission of varying legal standing in relation to proprietorial right to natural resources, the obligatory normative separation of the jurisdiction between different governmental agencies, and on the other hand the mandatory legal regulation of the public organization of business activity, particularly within the oil sector. Due to this, attention is paid to the necessity of consistency regarding the legal regulation of accounting, currency transactions, tax system, sustainability issues and other most important legal bodies of business activity regulation.
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Zhu, Guang, Hu Liu, and Mining Feng. "An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Approach for Assessing Privacy Protection in mHealth Systems." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10 (October 8, 2018): 2196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102196.
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With the rapid deployment of mobile technologies and their applications in the healthcare domain, privacy concerns have emerged as one of the most critical issues. Traditional technical and organizational approaches used to address privacy issues ignore economic factors, which are increasingly important in the investment strategy of those responsible for ensuring privacy protection. Taking the mHealth system as the context, this article builds an evolutionary game to model three types of entities (including system providers, hospitals and governments) under the conditions of incomplete information and bounded rationality. Given that the various participating entities are often unable to accurately estimate their own profits or costs, we propose a quantified approach to analyzing the optimal strategy of privacy investment and regulation. Numerical examples are provided for illustration and simulation purpose. Based upon these examples, several countermeasures and suggestions for privacy protection are proposed. Our analytical results show that governmental regulation and auditing has a significant impact on the strategic choice of the other two entities involved. In addition, the strategic choices of system providers and hospitals are not only correlated with profits and investment costs, but they are also significantly affected by free riding. If the profit growth coefficients increase to a critical level, mHealth system providers and hospitals will invest in privacy protection even without the imposition of regulations. However, the critical level is dependent on the values of the parameters (variables) in each case of investment and profits.
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Li, Fuhui. "The Internationalization Of Higher Education In China: The Role Of Government." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v12i1.9566.
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In the process of internationalizing higher education, national governments play their role differently, and the relationship between Chinese institutions and the government is significantly different from that experienced by Western institutions. A critical distinction is that Chinese institutions are both academic entities and government institutions that implement government policies and goals. In relation to the internationalization of higher education, the Chinese government has shown a strong supporting attitude and has four main roles: national strategy designer and program planner, major funding provider, executive director, and regulator and supervisor. The internationalization of Chinese higher education has always been strategically designed and programmed by the government; consequently institutions formulate their own strategies and plans within the framework of the national ones. Though fundamental reforms are being implemented continuously, the Chinese government is still the major provider of funding for internationalization, just as it is for the whole public education sector. The Chinese government also acts like the executive director of a corporation in managing the internationalization of higher education. Government regulation and supervision are deeply embedded in the daily operation of Chinese institutions owing to political anxieties and economic considerations. The government’s four roles could be seen as inevitable and shared widely by many national governments, yet they are essential for characterizing the way the Chinese government plays its roles. This paper presents a theoretical exploration of governmental roles in internationalizing higher education, a topic that has attracted too little attention and requires further systematic analysis by educational researchers.
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Halyna Kaplenko, Maksym Zhytar, Halyna Kaplenko, Maksym Zhytar. "FORMATION OF THE MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF THE MARKET OF CONSUMER GOODS OF UKRAINE IN THE CONDITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 05, no. 03 (June 17, 2021): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd05032021021.
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The globalization of economic processes significantly affects the main trajectory of Ukraine's economy, in particular, determines the current characteristics of the national market of consumer goods. Increasing interdependence of national economies, increasing economic turbulence, increasing the role of informatization and digitalization lead to the emergence of new, previously unknown phenomena in the economic sphere, which initiate the transformation of the architecture of the consumer goods market. The current state of functioning of the consumer goods market is under the influence of inflation and is characterized by imbalance as a result of imperfections of market mechanisms and the lack of a comprehensive state policy on its development. In recent years, key levers of real influence on consumer goods market indicators have been lost, attention to the settlement of systemic development problems has weakened, which has led to deepening structural deformations, significant shadowing of the market, reduced quality and safety of goods. Theoretical studies of the need and essence of regulation make it possible to form a system of regulation of the consumer goods market. In practice, such a system accumulates three basic blocks: formation, implementation and adjustment. They are interconnected and are aimed at achieving certain criteria for regulating the consumer goods market and achieving its development goals. Changes in the socio-economic environment, the need to accelerate the decentralization of management, strengthening the regulatory functions of market mechanisms and public regulation necessitate the development of new strategic measures to regulate the consumer market in globalization, which will ensure balanced, sustainable and safe development and expansion. a full-fledged socially oriented market environment, satisfying the population's demand for consumer goods at affordable prices and a guaranteed level of quality and safety of goods. To solve such problems, we have proposed strategic directions and organizational and economic mechanisms for their implementation. The mechanism for ensuring the implementation of strategic objectives includes: improving institutional support; identification of sources of funding for regulatory measures; formation of information support system; organization of scientific support; increasing the level of staffing in the field of consumer goods market regulation; ensuring interaction and organization of cooperation with public and non-governmental structures. Key words: mechanism, state regulation, consumer market, functions, methods.
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Viscusi, W. Kip. "Product and Occupational Liability." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.3.71.
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Increased liability for risks posed by jobs and products has transformed the cost structure of job and product markets. Liability costs used to be an incidental expense; now they are a factor of substantial economic consequence. The costs associated with a more active economic role of liability are not necessarily undesirable. However, examination of the economic objectives of the liability system will indicate that the current structure is not ideal. Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of the emerging role of liability is that it has been contemporaneous with an expansion in governmental risk regulation. The subsequent sections explore the performance of product and occupational liability with respect to the objectives of efficient deterrence and insurance, in the context of seeking an optimal mix between legal and regulatory institutions.
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Korkea-aho, Emilia. "Sunday Dinners and Hot Baths in a ‘Wild Wild North’? The Nordic Discussions on Lobbying Regulation and Implications for the EU Transparency Agenda." European Public Law 27, Issue 2 (July 1, 2021): 355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2021016.
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The Nordic countries are known as frontrunners of transparency, and the European Union’s transparency regime owes many of its ideals, if not the reality, to Northern influences. Nonetheless, although perceived as a transparency-enhancing measure, none of the Nordic countries has adopted lobbying regulation. Assessing the Nordic parliamentary and governmental debates from the 1980s onwards, this article offers an analysis of a complex relationship between legislative transparency and lobbying regulation in the five countries. The Nordic countries have different ideas of whose transparency lobbying regulation is meant to increase. In Sweden, Denmark and Norway, lobbying regulation is seen as a policy measure to enhance transparency about lawmakers’ activities, while the Icelandic and Finnish debates consider lobbying regulation as a way to increase information about the role lobbyists play in law-making. Although all the Nordic countries exhibit varying degrees of an elitist small country mentality where lobbying regulation would interfere with ‘informal governance’ by way of Sunday dinners and hot baths, the difference in transparency emphases is crucial. It helps to understand the divergent Nordic policy paths and to contextualize both EU and Member State discussions on lobbying regulations and transparency. EU Courts, Right to trial within a reasonable time, Excessive duration of court proceedings, Effective remedies, Damages liability of the EU, Economic harm, Non-material harm, Conditions for liability, Requirements for establishing harm and causation, Significance for EU damages liability law
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Tripathi, Rajeshwar. "Concept of Global Administrative Law." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 67, no. 4 (December 2011): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492841106700405.
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Globalisation, which has integrated the whole world into a unit by a vast range of regulatory regime, has led to the emergence of a global state through international institutions. These institutions regulate the social, economic and political life of states. Therefore it has led to the emergence of the concept of Global Governance. This concept of Global Governance has led to development of the concept of Global Administrative Law (GAL). This GAL concept is based on the idea of understanding global governance as administration, which can be organised and shaped by principles of an administrative law character. In this way GAL is related to trans-governmental regulation and administration designed to address the consequences of globalised interdependence in such fields as security, trade conditions on development and financial assistance, banking and financial regulations, Intellectual Property Rights, Labour standards and cross-border movements of populations, including refugees. Isolated national regulations cannot govern these different areas and administrative measures and therefore various transnational systems of regulation or regulatory co-operation have been established through international treaties and organisations. To implement these regulations, transnational administrative bodies—including international organisations and informal groups of officials that perform administrative functions, are established. However these institutions are not directly subject to control by national governments or domestic legal systems or, in the case of treaty-based regimes, the states party to the treaty. However their regulatory decisions may be implemented directly against private parties by the global regime or more commonly through implementing measures at the national level. This situation has led to the question of accountability, fairness and transparency and due process in the functioning of these bodies. GAL is developed in response to this question, which attempts to extend the application of domestic administrative law to intergovernmental regulatory decisions that affect a nation.
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Abashidze, Aslan Kh, Alexander M. Solntsev, Siavash Mirzaee, and Mahdi Davarzani. "International legal, technical and financial challenges for implementing the concept of space traffic management." RUDN Journal of Law 25, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 700–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2021-25-2-700-713.
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Focuses on the concept of Space Traffic Management (STM), the matter which has been of high interest for many space actors in the last three decades. With the emergence of the NewSpace era, and flourishment of commercial and economic incentives for space activities, this topic has gained the attention of many space actors in the preceding decades, thus turning into a separate agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. However, establishing and implementing such regulations is a challenging task, especially for new space actors. This article aims to assess the existing challenges of STM and provide solutions to overcome them. Firstly, this article provides the necessity of establishing such a regulation: it is evaluated and discussed while describing the requirements for achieving this goal. Secondly, the paper studies definitions provided by governmental and non-governmental entities regarding this concept and the measures taken towards its realising. Finally, the research discusses the challenges that space actors face regarding implementing this concept, both legal and practical. In conclusion, the authors highlight the importance of promoting endeavours and coordination among all current and potential space actors with due considerations for their relevancy.
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Berentsen, P. B. M., and G. W. J. Giesen. "Economic and environmental consequences of different governmental policies to reduce N losses on dairy farms." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 42, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v42i1.609.
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Dairy farming contributes substantially to Dutch environmental problems. In this paper the central issue is to quantify the consequences of four government environmental policies on labour income and losses of nitrogen on dairy farms situated on sandy soil. Two policies impose a legal regulation and two impose a financial incentive to farmers. A linear programming model is used to model some typical dairy farms. The most important decision variables affecting nitrogen use and nitrogen losses are: the animal density on the farm, the feed ratio of the cows and young stock, the method and length of storing manure, the method of applying manure to the land, whether the land is used for grassland or fodder crops and the level of nitrogen application on grassland. The results show net farm income decreases (excluding levies paid) on the intensive farm up to Dfl 13 910 (17%). N losses on this farm decrease up to 283 kg/ha (54%). Finally, it appears from the results that it is much more expensive to reduce ammonia emission than to reduce the same amount of other N losses (leaching and run-off).
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Kravchuk, A. "Seafood Industry in Norway’s Economic System." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-78-86.
Full textAbstract:
Received 24.07.2020. Over the half of a century, the oil and gas industry remained a key sector of Norway’s economy, which had been receiving the highest governmental support. However, the situation has changed dramatically, since Oslo decided to reduce the volume of government investments in the petroleum industry, redirecting them to the assets of “green” companies. That decision initiated modernization of Norway’s seafood industry, which starts occupying a more prominent place in the country’s economy. In this paper, the author intends to study the current state of the Norwegian seafood industry and prospects for its development. Seafood makes up the country’s third export commodity by the value, sales volume of which increases annually. The government seeks to ensure further development of the industry avoiding the growth of negative environmental impacts. In order to achieve this goal Norway established a rigid system of state regulation, in both fishing and aquaculture, which bases on the principles of the ecosystem approach. Moreover, Oslo initiated several programs to find new technological solutions for seafood production. In fishing sector, it was decided to replace the old coastal vessels with high-tech ocean-going ones that ensure residue-free processing of extracted biological resources. Norway also started a new technological trend in the world aquaculture – construction of offshore fish farms – that will increase production volumes while reducing environmental risks related to the traditional net-pen aquaculture. The overall purpose of the Norwegian government is to increase profitability of its seafood industry, so in the future it could compensate for the shortfall in income of its oil and gas industry. Apart from that, particular attention in this paper paid to considering the Norwegian approach to fisheries regulation in maritime areas around Svalbard, where national interests of the parties to the Treaty of Paris collide. The author also analyses the role of a competition and cooperation in further development of Norway’s seafood industry.
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Beilharz, Hans-Jörg, and Hans Gersbach. "VOTING ONESELF INTO A CRISIS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 20, no. 4 (January 8, 2016): 954–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100514000704.
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We suggest that voters' lack of recognition of complex economic links may give rise to economic policies that eventually lead to a crisis. We consider a two-sector economy in which a majoritarian political process determines governmental regulation in one sector: a minimum nominal wage. If voters recognize general equilibrium feedbacks, workers favoring market-clearing wages will form a majority across sectors. If voters take into account only direct effects in the regulated sector, not only workers that enjoy minimum wages but also workers in the other sector are willing to vote for wage rises in each period. The reason is that they expect higher real wages for themselves, too. The political process leads to constantly rising unemployment and tax rates. The resulting crisis may trigger new insights into economic relationships on the part of the voters and may reverse bad times.