Academic literature on the topic 'Governmental economic regulation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Governmental economic regulation"
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MAO, WENFENG, and SHUJUAN ZHANG. "IMPACTS OF THE ECONOMIC TRANSITION ON ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION IN CHINA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 05, no. 02 (June 2003): 183–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333203001280.
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Economic transition has significant implications for environmental regulation; however, the linkages between them have received little attention in the research literature or in governmental studies until very recently. The paper examines the impacts of economic transition on environmental regulation in China. It first reviews the normative and structural features of China's economic transition. It then analyzes their broad impacts on environmental regulation in China in terms of environmental regulatory instruments losing effectiveness, intervention by local governments, trans-boundary environmental problems, conflict of interests for environmental regulators, massive resistance from the regulated, and some positive impacts. It finally draws prospects for environmental regulation in China in the context of further economic transition. The paper argues that the economic transition in China has produced mixed impacts on its environmental regulation, and that the future prospects for environmental regulation under further economic transition are also mixed.
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Chistyakova, Galina, Anastasia Rolgayzer, Evgeniya Bondareva, and Inessa Schlee. "International Practice of Environmental Challenges Regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910502024.
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Modern society needs to establish a balance between social and economic development and environment conservation. This target can be met through the integrated use of legislative, economic and administrative measures developed and implemented by various international, national and regional organizations. Environmental management can achieve the maximum efficiency only through the joint use of three environmental policy instruments: direct regulating, market-based instruments, and voluntary programs. Direct regulating is inherently directive in terms of establishing emission standards / discharge limits, industry product and process specifications, and transparency reporting requirements. The implementation of market-based instruments depends on the day-to-day use of private sector financial calculations. Economic methods include price-based instruments and property-based instruments. Voluntary programs, actively encouraged by governments, offer intangible rewards such as public recognition. The vast legislative framework and activities of governmental and public organizations encourage mining and processing enterprises to strictly conform to environmental rules and regulations. While multiple market-based instruments of environmental management and voluntary programs provides businesses with greater autonomy in choosing ways, means and terms of restructuring their environmental policies to meet pressing environmental challenges.
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Mokhov, A. "Governmental regulation and self-regulation of economic activity from the position of system theory." Gosudarstvo i pravo, no. 6 (June 2019): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013207690005258-5.
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Mayer, Frederick, and Gary Gereffi. "Regulation and Economic Globalization: Prospects and Limits of Private Governance." Business and Politics 12, no. 3 (October 2010): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1325.
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Corporate codes of conduct, product certifications, process standards, and other voluntary, non-governmental forms of private governance have proliferated in the last two decades. These innovations are a response to social pressures unleashed by globalization and the inadequacy of governmental institutions for addressing its social and environmental impacts. Private governance has had some notable successes, but there are clear limits to what it alone can be expected to accomplish. We hypothesize that the effectiveness of private governance depends on four main factors: 1) the structure of the particular global value chain in which production takes place; 2) the extent to which demand for a firm's products relies on its brand identity; 3) the possibilities for collective action by consumers, workers, or other activists to exert pressure on producers; and 4) the extent to which commercial interests of lead firms align with social and environmental concerns. Taken together, these hypotheses suggest that private governance will flourish in only a limited set of circumstances. With the trend towards consolidation of production in the largest developing countries, however, we also see a strengthening of some forms of public governance. Private governance will not disappear, but it will be linked to emerging forms of multi-stakeholder institutions.
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Roberts, Diane H. "CHANGING LEGITIMACY NARRATIVES ABOUT PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND INDEPENDENCE IN THE 1930'S JOURNAL OF ACCOUNTANCY." Accounting Historians Journal 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.37.2.95.
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The 1930s in the U.S. were marked by an economic crisis, governmental regulatory response, and a significant audit failure. This paper examines the profession's struggle for legitimacy during these times through its choice of narratives regarding professional ethics and independence as revealed in the national professional organization's monthly, the Journal of Accountancy. Initially “ethics is a state-of-mind” or narrative of character was used but transitioned to a more objectively determinable narrative of technique as the decade progressed. To counter governmental regulation, the profession attempted to shift the independence discourse away from regulation of accountants to regulation of client companies.
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Chernyak, Oleksandr, and Yevgen Chernyak. "MODERN CHALLENGES IN GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF LABOUR FORCE MIGRATION IN UKRAINE." Ekonomika 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ekon.2012.0.905.
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The work includes an analysis of the main modern challenges in the sphere of the labour force migration in Ukraine. The development of governmental regulations of labour force migration will give Ukraine a chance to improve the quality of workforce coming from abroad and to avoid the quitting of scientists by making them able to be employed in Ukraine. Also, changes in migration policy will help to decrease the unemployment rate in the country. The influence of labor force migration on the country’s economic development is also measured. The necessity of changes in governmental regulation of labor force migration in Ukraine is described in the paper. The government should make several steps to stimulate the usage of local labor force instead of cheap and unqualified foreigners by national enterprises. The first step is to provide the “quality rate” of a foreigner to be employed. The second step is the governmental support of enterprises that will act according to the mentioned rules and carefully regard the professionalism of employees. Such enterprises should receive subsidies.
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Blakely, Megan Rae. "Pattern Recognition: Governmental Regulation of Tartan and Commodification of Culture." International Journal of Cultural Property 22, no. 4 (November 2015): 487–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739115000284.
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Abstract:It is notoriously difficult to design and attach suitable legal rights to intangible cultural heritage (ICH), due to its nature as an evolving, living heritage. This article investigates the effects of government intervention relating to Scottish tartan in order to trace the relationship between formal proprietary rights, commodification, and cultural branding. The article proceeds in three steps: from (1) the historical context of the Jacobite rebellion and the subsequent Victorian assignment of the tartan to clans; to (2) the formation and function of the subsequent self-regulating community tartan registers; and (3) the 2009 governmental intervention with the establishment of a governmental tartan register, subsuming the community groups’ role in self-regulating tartan. While past ICH protection efforts have focused primarily on developing countries, the example of tartan raises wider concerns about the social and economic impact of the subtle erosion or, conversely, the ossification of living heritages. Finally, some alternatives are considered within the IP regime, such as sui generis protection, while highlighting the challenges of reconciling the domestic regulation of diverse ICH.
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Lutter, Chessa K. "The International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: lessons learned and implications for the regulation of marketing of foods and beverages to children." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 10 (October 4, 2012): 1879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012004235.
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AbstractObjectiveTo identify lessons learned from 30 years of implementing the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) and identify lessons learned for the regulation of marketing foods and beverages to children.DesignHistorical analysis of 30 years of implementing the Code.SettingLatin America and the Caribbean.SubjectsNone.ResultsLegislation to restrict marketing of breast-milk substitutes is necessary but not sufficient; equally important are the promulgation of implementing regulations, effective enforcement and public monitoring of compliance. A system of funding for regular monitoring of compliance with legislation should be explicitly developed and funded from the beginning. Economic sanctions, while important, are likely to be less effective than reports that affect a company's public image negatively. Non-governmental organizations play a critical role in leveraging public opinion and galvanizing consumer pressure to ensure that governments adopt regulations and companies adhere to them. Continual clinical, epidemiological and policy research showing the link between marketing and health outcomes and between policy and better health is essential.ConclusionsImplementation of the Code has not come easily as it places the interests of underfinanced national governments and international and non-governmental organizations promoting breast-feeding against those of multinational corporations that make hundreds of millions of dollars annually marketing infant formulas. Efforts to protect, promote and support breast-feeding have been successful with indicators of breast-feeding practices increasing globally. The lessons learned can inform current efforts to regulate the marketing of foods and beverages to children.
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SOKUR, Stanislav. "TRANSFORMATION OF LOBBYING INSTRUMENTS FOR ECONOMIC STAKEHOLDERS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.05.078.
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The article examines current developments of lobbying institutionalization on the state level in European countries from 2014 to 2021, in particular, the definitions of lobbying and lobbyists, their goals, the availability of lobbying registers and the available ways for lobbying by economic stakeholders. Recent legislation on lobbying of Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania and the United Kingdom is analyzed. The dynamics of the adoption of laws on lobbying in European countries in recent years is demonstrated, given the specifics of the legal regimes of these countries. The article also shows examples of lobbying by economic stakeholders and lobbyists' reporting in accordance with the current legislation of the countries concerned. It has been proven that today the field of lobbying is on the rise, since in the last seven years eight countries in Europe have adopted laws regulating lobbying. Thus, the total growth of countries adopted lobbying regulation by European OECD member-states for the period of last 7 years constituted 67% of overall lobbying regulation by OECD member-states for the previous 75 years. These impressive numbers are expected to increase in the coming years, and it is very important that such lobbying rules to be adopted in accordance with international standards for lobbying regulation. The article also shows practical cases of lobbying and demonstrates that the range of lobbying targets in the modern world is incredibly wide. International organizations such as the United Nations, the Red Cross, Doctors Without Borders, etc. influences transparently policy-making in European countries. Regulation of lobbying legislation allows to influence decision-making to both non-governmental organizations and representatives of the private sector. Thus, there is an articulation and aggregation of interests in societies, which improves the quality of decisions made by public authorities.
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Talukdar, Ruchira. "Sparking a debate on coal: Case study on the Indian Government’s crackdown on Greenpeace." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 10, no. 1 (March 29, 2018): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v10i1.5602.
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Non-governmental organisations working on rights based issues in India have recently been in the firing line of the government. The controversial Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), originally instituted during national emergency in 1976, has been further amended in recent times to arbitrarily restrict groups speaking out against human rights abuses and environmental problems in a rapidly industrialising economy. Yet again raising the spectre of the ‘foreign hand’, governments have proceeded to cancel the licences and freeze the foreign funds of NGOs. Using the case study of the crackdown on Greenpeace on account of its advocacy against coal development, this paper discusses the main instruments, tactics and arguments engaged in stifling the capability of NGOs to protest rights violations across the landscape. It analyses Greenpeace’s fight-back and the broader civil society response to the government’s crackdown on dissent. In labelling civil society groups as anti-national in an era of neoliberal economic growth, the government’s corporate bias stands fully exposed. In standing thus exposed through its crackdown on dissent, the government’s crackdown contributed to the sparking of two much needed debates in Indian society: about who benefits and who misses out from India’s economic growth, and about the social and environmental costs of coal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Governmental economic regulation"
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Lane, Patrick William Stephen. "The regulation of local governments under adverse selection : towards a general economic theory of local government." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315877.
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Посохов, Игорь Михайлович. "Государственное регулирование цен на продукцию социального значения." Thesis, Харьковский национальный университет им. В. Н. Каразина, 2009. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/30670.
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Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата экономических наук по специальности 08.00.03 – экономика и управление национальным хозяйством – Харьковский национальный университет имени В. Н. Каразина, Харьков, 2009.
В диссертации автором обоснованы теоретические, методические и практические вопросы совершенствования управления ценообразованием как направление развития социально-экономической стратегии формирования в Украине новой модели экономического развития. Разработки автора основаны на собственном исследовании государственного регулирования цен на социально значимую продукцию и анализе работы системы органов ценообразования. Исследуются сущность, цели, особенности и механизмы государственного регулирования цен. Теоретически обоснована необходимость влияния государства на ценовую политику на современном этапе развития экономики, теоретически направления и предложены научно-методические подходы к совершенствованию государственной ценовой политики. Получили дальнейшее развитие научно-теоретическое обоснование государственного регулирования цен на современном этапе развития Украины, классификация целей и методов государственного регулирования цен, исследование эффективности государственного регулирования цен на рынке социально значимых продовольственных товаров на примере рынка хлеба и подсолнечного масла, перспективы развития системы ценообразования в условиях вступления Украины в ВТО. В процессе исследования выполнена классификация целей и методов государственного регулирования цен. Классификация методов государственного регулирования цен, в соответствии принципам управления по дополнительному набору признаков, отражает использование методов государственного регулирования цен в Украине. Выделены характерные особенности государственного регулирования цен, современной социальной политики и предложены направления их оптимизации. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию социально значимого перечня товаров и услуг, согласно которому осуществляется регулирование цен в Украине. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию нормативной базы в области ценообразования, рекомендации по совершенствованию работы Государственной инспекции по контролю за ценами и системы ценообразования, предложены составляющие механизма управления тендерными закупками, как косвенного механизма государственного регулирования цен на социально значимые товары.The Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of economic sciences on a speciality 08.00.13 - Economics and Governance of a National Economy, Kharkiv National Karazina University, Kharkiv, 2009. The goal of this dissertation is to research the theoretical, methodical and practical questions of improvement of pricing management as development concept of "social and economic strategy of formation of the new economic development model in Ukraine". The dissertation offers recommendations on improvement of normative base in the field of pricing, recommendations on improvement of work of governmental price management inspection and the pricing system. Also the mechanism of tender purchases management, as the indirect mechanism of governmental price regulation for socially significant production is offered.
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Посохов, Ігор Михайлович. "Державне регулювання цін на продукцію соціального значення." Thesis, Харківський національний університет ім. В. Н. Каразіна, 2009. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/27923.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.03 - економіка та управління національним господарством. Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна, Харків, 2009.
У дисертації досліджуються теоретичні, методичні та практичні питання вдосконалення управління ціноутворенням як напрямок розвитку "Соціально-економічної стратегії формування в Україні нової моделі економічного розвитку". Пропонуються рекомендації з вдосконалення нормативної бази в області ціноутворення, рекомендації з вдосконалення роботи Державної інспекції контролю за цінами і системи ціноутворення, запропонований механізм управління тендерними закупівлями, як непрямий механізм державного регулювання цін на соціально значущі товари. Обґрунтовано існуючі джерела фінансування сучасної системи державного регулювання цін і запропоновані нові. Розроблено науково-методичні рекомендації подальшого розвитку системи ціноутворення та вдосконалення моніторингу цін Державної інспекції з контролю за цінами. Пропонується поширити моніторинг цін на приватних підприємців, в зв'язку з тим, що вони займають значну частину ринку соціально значущої продукції.The Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of economic sciences on a speciality 08.00.13 - Economics and Governance of a National Economy, Kharkiv National Karazina University, Kharkiv, 2009. The goal of this dissertation is to research the theoretical, methodical and practical questions of improvement of pricing management as development concept of "social and economic strategy of formation of the new economic development model in Ukraine". The dissertation offers recommendations on improvement of normative base in the field of pricing, recommendations on improvement of work of governmental price management inspection and the pricing system. Also the mechanism of tender purchases management, as the indirect mechanism of governmental price regulation for socially significant production is offered.
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Andersen, Martin. "Consequences of Government Provision and Regulation of Health Insurance." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10534.
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The first two chapters of this dissertation concern the effect of public catastrophic insurance programs. In the first chapter, I show how these programs, which only protect against large health shocks, induce advantageous selection in private insurance. I use data on older Americans with Medicare insurance from the Health and Retirement Study to test if individuals with supplemental private health insurance are systematically lower-risk in states with public catastrophic insurance programs. I find that these programs decrease the average health risk for the privately insured by $700 and that a one standard deviation increase in an individual’s health risk decreases her probability of having private insurance by 4 percentage points. In the second chapter, I show that these programs reduce the incentive to invest in risk-reducing activities. I find large decreases in self-protection after a program is introduced and that individuals for whom the program is less generous are more likely to engage in self-protection. These effects are stronger for women than for men and apply to a variety of investments in health, including decisions about smoking, obesity, and cancer screening. The third chapter considers a different form of government intervention in insurance markets. In this chapter, I study laws mandating that employer-sponsored health insurance provide coverage for mental illness. I show that industries for which mental health coverage became more generous had larger increases in the average mental distress of their insured workforce. Part of the increase in generosity was due to regulations mandating coverage of mental health benefits. I then show that these regulations affected the behavior of individuals in the labor market—individuals who value more generous mental health benefits and switch jobs work longer hours after these regulations take effect, but individuals who do not value mental health benefits decrease their labor supply. These results are consistent with firms cutting back on their demand for labor due to the cost of the mandate, which leads to lower wages and a decrease in labor supply by individuals who do not value mental health benefits, but an increase in labor supply by individuals who do value mental
health benefits highly.
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Limardi, Michela <1981>. "Trade policy, government and non-State regulation of international labor and environmental standards." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4205/.
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Perez-Orselli, Emilia. "Does the Internet Affect the Relationship Between Government Regulations and New Firm Entry Rates? Evidence from a Cross-Country Study." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/239.
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While the introduction of the Internet in the past 20 years has revolutionized the way people manage established firms, little is known about the effects of the Internet on the rate of new firm entry. Since government regulations have been identified to be one of the primary determinants of firm entry rates, this paper uses recent World Bank data on Internet usage to examine whether the Internet has had any effect on the relationship between government regulations and firm entry rates across 78 countries. The primary results show that Internet usage does not appear to have a significant effect on this relationship, but the results from a robustness check between high and low income countries suggest that in high-income countries, the Internet actually increases the burden of one of the main regulations; the cost to register a business.
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Uctug, Cagan. "Regulation Theory And Economic Crises: The Cases Of Greece And Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615177/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the economic crises of recent years through the lens of the Regulation Theory. It focuses on the Greek Crisis of 2009 and the Turkish Financial Crises of 2000 and 2001. Furthermore it also analyzes the crisis in the United States to give a better grounding for the current crises. The thesis tries to answer the questions of whether or not Regulation Theory proves to be a sufficient tool for analyzing these crises and whether or not these fit the definition of crisis that the Regulation Theory puts forward. It is argued that Regulation Theory explains to a great extent both the causes and the structure of the crises.
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Li, Tao. "Ownership, privatization and banking regulation : four essays in the economics of transition and development /." Full text available, 2003. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/litao.pdf.
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Forlines, Grayson L. "ESSAYS ON THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND POLICY IN HEALTH CARE MARKETS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/35.
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Understanding how health care markets function is important not only because competition has a direct influence on the price and utilization of health care services, but also because the proper functioning, or lack thereof, of health care markets has a very real impact on patients who depend on health care markets and providers for their personal well-being. In this dissertation, I examine the role of government policies and regulation in health care markets, with a focus on the response of health care providers. In Chapter 1, I analyze the impact of Medicare payment rules on hospital ownership of physician practices. Since the mid-2000’s, there has been a rapid increase in hospital ownership of physician practices, however, there is little empirical research which addresses the causes of this recent wave of integration. Medicare’s “provider-based” billing policy allows hospital-owned physician practices to charge higher reimbursement rates for services provided compared to a freestanding, independent physician practice, without altering how or where services are provided. This “site-based” differential creates a premium for physicians to integrate with hospitals, and the size of this differential varies with the types of health care services provided. I find that Medicare payment rules have contributed to hospital ownership of physician practices and that the response varies across physician specialties. A 10 percent increase in the relative reimbursement rate paid to integrated physicians leads to a 1.9 percentage point increase in the probability of hospital ownership for Medical Care specialties, including cardiology, neurology, and dermatology, which explains about one-third of observed integration of these specialties from 2005 through 2015. Magnitudes for Surgical Care specialties are similar, but more sensitive across specifications. There is no significant response for Primary Care physicians. In combination with other empirical literature which finds that integration between physicians and hospitals typically results in higher prices with no impact on costs or quality of care, I cautiously interpret this responsiveness as evidence that Medicare’s provider-based billing policy overcompensates integrated physician practices and leads to an inefficiently high level of vertical integration between physician and hospitals.
In Chapter 2, I analyze the effect of anti-fraud enforcement activity on Medicaid spending, with a particular focus on the False Claims Act. The False Claims Act (FCA) is a federal statute which protects the government from making undeserved payments to contractors and suppliers. Individual states have chosen to enact their own versions of the federal FCA, and these statutes have increasingly been used to target health care fraud. FCA statutes commonly include substantial monetary penalties such as “per-violation” monetary fines and tripled damages, as well as a “whistleblower” provision which allows private plaintiffs to initiate a lawsuit and collect a portion of recoveries as a reward. Using variation in statelevel FCA legislation, I find state FCAs reduce Medicaid prescription drug spending by 21 percent, while other spending categories - which are less lucrative for FCA lawsuits - are unresponsive. Within the prescription drug category, drugs prone to off-label use show larger declines in response to the whistleblower laws, consistent with FCA lawsuits being used to prosecute pharmaceutical manufacturers for off-label marketing and promotion. Spending and prescription volume for drugs prone to off-label use fall by up to 14 percent. This effect could be driven by pharmaceutical manufacturers’ changes in physician detailing for drugs prone to off-label use and/or physicians’ changes in prescribing behavior.
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Filipovic, Miroslava. "Governments, banks and global capital : the emergence of the global capital market and the politics of its regulation." Thesis, City University London, 1994. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8379/.
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This thesis analyses the global capital market, as one of the most dynamic aspects of the world economy. Once the dollars have begun to circulate outside the US, the expansion of transnational banking could not be curtailed. In addition to Eurocurrencies, other external financial markets were created, providing a global structure for the whole range of instruments to be traded. Economic and political changes in the late 1970s and in the beginning of the 1980s contributed to a shift in financial logic of both intermediaries and investors: from credit markets, they have increasingly turned to securities. Computer banking networks spanned the globe and provided almost an instantaneousa ccesst o every corner of the world of finance. So, in the mid-1980s, a truly global capital market came into being. Global financial structure sent critical signals on several occasions, regarding its over-all stability and soundness. Regulation of such global structure has attracted immense attention world-wide, as cross-border capital flows epitomize basic dilemmae about the concept of market economy: to what extent efficiency-gains justify loose market regulation, or, to put it the other way, to what degree the regulation could be tightened (i. e. market stability over-emphasized) to avoid hampering efficiency. These questions have indeed become political choices, provoking hot debates on both the national and the international level. The International Relations' approach to the global environment has proved to be a necessary enlargement of classical economic analysis today. In this particular case, the Issue-Based paradigm and regime theory were the most appropriate analytical frameworks to be applied. The hyper-issue of an orderly market economy v. a socialist command economy links the issues like international control, capital rules, liberalization and market integrity. A wider policy-system for global capital flows has emerged, featuring many and diverse actors. Although priorities vary to a great extent, it can be concluded that the multi-centric structure emphasizes the values of efficiency and freedom, while the intergovernmental world still highlights the maintenance of order and stability. Although regime theory has provided a valuable framework for this analysis, it still fails to reflect changing reality of modern financial structures. Instead of concentrating exclusively on governmental actors and the intergovernmental world, regime theory should also be applied on processes which are going on in the other, multicentric world. For the time being, an intergovernmental regime for global capital market is beyond the reach. Contrary to that, a transnational, nongovernmental regime for capital flows has begun to emerge.
Books on the topic "Governmental economic regulation"
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Chŏngbu kyuje ŭi kujo wa nolli: The structure and logic of the governmental regulation. Kyŏnggi-do P'aju-si: Han'guk Haksul Chŏngbo (Chu), 2012.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Government Information and Regulation. Improving statistics on economic activity: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Information and Regulation of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, May 15, 1991. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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Ireland. Dept. of the Taoiseach. Government statement on economic regulation. [Dublin]: Dept. of the Taoiseach, 2009.
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Forum, International Transport, and OECD iLibrary, eds. Better economic regulation: The role of the regulator. Paris: OECD, 2011.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Federal regulation, 2011: Hearings before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, first session. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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Wilkinson, Bryce. Constraining government regulation. Wellington, N.Z: New Zealand Business Roundtable, 2001.
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J, Flynn John, First Harry 1945-, and Schwartz Louis B, eds. Free enterprise and economic organization: Government regulation. 6th ed. Mineola, N.Y: Foundation Press, 1985.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management. Examining federal rulemaking challenges and areas of improvement within the existing regulatory process: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Regulatory Affairs and Federal Management of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourteenth Congress, first session, March 19, 2015. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2015.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia. Pirates of the 21st century: The curse of the black market : hearing before the Oversight of Government Management, the Federal Workforce, and the District of Columbia Subcommittee of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, second session, April 20, 2004. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.
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Taverne, Bernard. Petroleum, industry, and governments: An introduction to petroleum regulation, economics, and government policies. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Governmental economic regulation"
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Goff, Brian. "Government Regulation and Economics." In Regulation and Macroeconomic Performance, 1–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1343-4_1.
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Gordon, Richard L. "Introduction: Governments and the Marketplace in Economic Analysis." In Regulation and Economic Analysis, 1–7. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2620-9_1.
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Petrochilos, George A. "The Government Sector and Public Regulation." In Managerial Economics, 391–437. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-10771-8_14.
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Gordon, Richard L. "Transaction Costs, Property Rights, and the Limits of Government." In Regulation and Economic Analysis, 61–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2620-9_6.
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Samuels, Warren J. "Regulation and Valuation." In Essays on the Economic Role of Government, 272–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12377-3_13.
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Platonova, Daria, and Dmitry Semyonov. "Russia: The Institutional Landscape of Russian Higher Education." In Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education, 337–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52980-6_13.
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AbstractIn this chapter we explore the higher education institutional landscape taking the case of the largest post-Soviet higher education system: Russia. In the Post-Soviet period, Russian higher education has tremendously expanded. The dramatic growth of the number of students and institutions has been facilitated by the introduction of tuition fees in public and a new private sector. The shifts in social and economic demand for professional fields affected the disciplinary and organisational structure of higher educational institutions.The external forces (economic, political, social conditions) and higher education policy have been changing during the last decades. In the first part of the transitional period, the state provided limited regulation of the higher education system. In the 2000s, it has returned to its role of the main agent of change of the higher education system design. The diversity of institutional types that evolved in Russian higher education illustrate the consequences of massification and marketisation, such as new “broad access” segments and institutional programme drift. Also, the governmental role in shaping institutional diversity can be seen through attempts to increase vertical diversity (excellence initiatives), on the one hand, and to restrain it by closing down bottom-tier institutions, on the other.
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Koczetkow, Błażej, and Andrzej Klimczuk. "The Context of Public Policy on the Sharing Economy." In The Sharing Economy in Europe, 41–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86897-0_3.
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AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to analyse approaches to the sharing economy from the perspective of public policy science. In the first part of the text, attention is paid to perceiving the development of the emerging sharing economy not only as phenomenon with positive economic effects but also as a set of public problems (e.g., on the labour market and for existing economic structures) that require intervention at the level of national governments as well as at international level. Subsequent sections identify possible actions for regulating the development of the sharing economy. The role of soft law, stakeholders’ networks, self-regulation and standardisation are discussed in the chapter. The summary includes potential directions for further research.
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Ferguson, Paul R., Glenys J. Ferguson, and R. Rothschild. "Competition Policy Government Regulation of Competitive Behaviour." In Business Economics, 268–86. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22696-2_14.
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Ninomiya, Mari, and Makiko Omura. "Government Regulations and Microbreweries in Japan." In Economic Perspectives on Craft Beer, 425–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58235-1_16.
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Hahn, Robert W. "Economic Prescriptions for Environmental Problems: Not Exactly What the Doctor Ordered." In The Political Economy of Government Regulation, 131–89. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0871-3_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Governmental economic regulation"
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Shopina, Iryna, Maryna Kobets, and Serhii Tarasov. "Non-Governmental Control in the Sphere of National Security of Ukraine." In International Conference on Business, Accounting, Management, Banking, Economic Security and Legal Regulation Research (BAMBEL 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210826.034.
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Zhao, Qian. "Self-organization in planned Danwei and Dayuan: A case study of the transitional Houzaimen neighborhood of Nanjing in urban China." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6010.
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In the network of global economy, urban places as the spatial effect of globalization that results from the negotiation between international capitals and local powers play an important role in globalization discourse. The transformation of urban form also responses to the entrepreneurial turn in the municipal governance that affects city planning in particular. The role of municipal governments due to global economic competitions shifts from a passive regulation operator to an active agent to increase attractiveness for local investments and fiscal incomes. Danwei as ‘the space of the socialist work unit’ and its residential compound Dayuan referring ‘a large courtyard’ in Chinese term have shaped the urban landscape and everyday life since Maoist China. The unitary urban space that emerged under a command economy favoring the governmental intervention has varied over time. Many Dayuan neighborhoods have diminished in urban renewal movements. As the study object, Houzaimen neighborhood of Nanjing has the well-reserved Dayuan fabric built before 1990. Most researches emphasize the top-down planning process that results in social and physical space while this article underlines self-organized community. By methods of site surveys and space syntax for site analysis, the identifiable pattern of self-organization including the social buildup and the subculture of residents, residential ownerships and the allocation of commercial activities compared to public institutions and facilities on site reveals the place-shaping mechanism.
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Gershenson, J. K., B. D. Solomon, D. R. Shonnard, D. W. Watkins, and J. W. Sutherland. "Production Decision Making in the Face of Uncertainty About Air Toxics Regulation and Global Climate Change Policy." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ts-23414.
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Abstract There is an urgent need to better understand and quantify firm-level decisions made in response to environmental policy. It is to be expected that in the face of new/stricter regulations (e.g., tightened regulations relating to airborne particulate emissions) that the desired intent of the regulation will be achieved (e.g., reduced large-plant emissions in the U.S.). However, the secondary environmental and economic impacts of these policies/regulations are poorly understood. These secondary effects, those beyond the primary environmental effects intended by the policy and what is normally addressed in regulatory impact analyses, are caused by companies’ decisions to pass problems down their supply chain or overseas. As problems are passed down the supply chain, the resources available to address them diminish and the more unrestrained the regulatory restrictions become. A governmental policy decision therefore has a range of potential industrial responses. Each of these responses in turn has their own environmental and economic consequences. Consequently, the ultimate effect of a regulatory policy may be very different from the original intent of the policy. The EPA would certainly not want to establish a new regulation that actually worsens the global environment. A prominent example of a secondary environmental effect caused by a firm-level reaction to environmental regulation is methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE was introduced as an automobile fuel additive to help solve urban air quality problems (CO and O3) only to discover that it adversely affects groundwater quality due to its mobility, odor, and persistence. Although this outcome was caused not only by the firm-level decision, it stands out as an example of why a better understanding of the secondary effects of environmental regulations is critically needed in order to protect the environment and to eliminate costly remediation measures. This paper is intended as a framework for future research that combines the elements of supply chain decision making, industrial ecology, and environmental policymaking to shed light on the effect of supply chain decisions on the impact of environmental regulation. The overall goal of our research is to develop a comprehensive framework to account for the interrelationships between competing policy pressures and to apply it to an important industrial sector, chemical manufacturing. This effort seeks to establish a procedure for characterizing the linkage between environmental regulations and their ultimate environmental and economic impacts. The effort will consider the probabilistic nature of industry decisions as well as a wide range of industry responses. With a linkage established that maps regulatory changes to their primary and secondary environmental effects, policy decisions may be made that achieve true environmental improvement. This paper is intended to be a starting point for conversations on how to proceed with this framework. We suggest and describe two major steps with two concomitant objectives. 1) Develop a complete framework for major decisions that industrial facilities can make in response to global climate change policies. The framework will take the form of a set of taxonomies. There will be one taxonomy for each link in the chain between the various policy options and the multitude of potential secondary impacts. This regulation-reaction-impact chain may include intermediate links such as firm size/type and incentives and disincentives. While this typology of responses may appear to be elementary, it can be much more complex given the often competing considerations of cost, profits, and regulatory compliance facing U.S. industry. 2) Identify the relationships among the before-mentioned taxonomies. These relationships will form the web that describes the regulation-reaction-impact process. We recognize that this web of taxonomies may well depend upon the specific industrial sector being considered.
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FREIMANIS, Kristaps, and Maija ŠENFELDE. "METHODOLOGY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF REGULATION COSTS IN THE BANKING MARKET." In International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.600.
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Purpose – In the field of the economics’ regulation researchers so far have built the conceptual framework showing how the deadweight loss of market failures decrease and costs of the government intervention increase with the increased level of the government intervention. In order to quantify relationships between the level of intervention, intervention costs and the deadweight loss with econometric models it is important to understand how to quantify the regulation costs as a part of intervention costs. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to find the appropriate methodology for the quantification of the regulation costs in the banking market. Research methodology – literature review (regarding theories), mathematical methods for quantification and econometric methods for validation purposes. Findings – research shows that in the assessment of regulation costs three main stakeholders should be included – microprudential regulator, macroprudential regulator and financial regulation’s policy maker. Research presents their cost assessment methodology. Its validation shows that in general methodology works as expected, i.e., higher government intervention levels lead to higher regulation costs, however this general rule has exceptions, which in authors’ view indicates that other factors have an impact on the cost levels. Research limitations – research shows how to assess the costs of main stakeholders based on the publicly available information. More precise view could be obtained if in the cooperation with authorities more details on certain cost items are received. Practical implications – research results will be used to assess all government intervention costs (other positions include compliance costs and other indirect costs) and finalize the quantification of the framework. Quantified framework could be used for more precise policy making regarding the regulation of the banking market. Originality/Value – research shows how to quantify the regulation costs of the banking market as currently there are only conceptual ideas.
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Blok, Kornelis, and Wim C. Turkenburg. "Past and Future of Industrial Cogeneration in The Netherlands." In ASME 1992 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/92-gt-352.
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Gas turbine based combined heat and power generation (cogeneration) has developed strongly in the Netherlands in the past twenty years and has the potential to do so also in the future. In this paper the effect of government incentives, both in the past and in the future, is explored. In the years 1968 through 1988 1200 MW of industrial cogeneration capacity was installed, based primarily on gas turbines technology. This brought total cogeneration capacity to 1800 MW. The amount of electricity generated by private companies tripled in the period 1968 through 1988. In 1988 industrial power generation supplied 37 MJe, which is equal to nearly 15% of the total amount of electricity consumed in the Netherlands. In the period up to 1978 there was hardly any governmental policy directed towards stimulation of industrial cogeneration. From 1978 onwards a number of stimulating measures have been brought into operation. From an analysis of implementation and effects of government incentives we conclude that the investment grants provided by the government had a considerable effect on the profitability of cogeneration investments. To a lesser extent this was also valid for relatively cheap standby power contracts that were provided by the utilities. However, stimulation of cogeneration only occurred as far as it concerned electricity production for owner consumption. The production of electricity which had to be sold to the utility grid has never been profitable enough from the industrial viewpoint, notwithstanding the provided incentives, like improved buy-back tariffs. The future potential of industrial cogeneration has been calculated using a computer model in which a simulation and economic optimization is carried out individually for each of the 300 largest industrial plants in the Netherlands. Using this computer model it can be calculated that in principle the cogeneration capacity in the Netherlands can still be doubled. The cogeneration capacity that can be expected to be realized without any government incentive is estimated to be less than 400 MW. The application of investment grants up to 40% can at best double this figure. Carbon taxes of up to $150 per tonne C are somewhat more effective. In order to realize a large part of the ultimate potential stronger policy measures are necessary, which could be regulation which forbids the use of large-scale steam raising in conventional boilers. Without the application of such physical regulation not much may be expected of private industrial investments in cogeneration. However, utility initiatives presented recently hold the promise of realizing a large part of the potential of industrial cogeneration in the Netherlands.
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Shmatko, Alexey D., and Ilya V. Korshunov. "Theoretical aspects of mutual cooperation between business and government." In Problems of transformation and regulation of regional socio- economic systems. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-8088-1635-0-2021-49-159-168.
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The topic of the article is reflected in partnerships between business and government, which are undoubtedly important, but today they have a low level of institutional development and are only in the process of looking for promising cooperation. The same level has the legal basis that enshrines the key principles of partnership, but to a greater extent it is represented by programs for the development of various types of business. This research question involves considering the mechanisms, channels and main ways that business representatives are guided when faced with an understanding of the need to interact with government officials, as well as when the government needs partnership with members of the business sphere. Partnership relations, at a theoretical level, within the framework of programs and by-laws has a fairly high level, but the research issue involves consideration of real interaction practices that prevail in our reality.
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Taşar, M. Okan. "The Public Policy in Agricultural Product Markets and Effectiveness of Regulations." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02009.
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Parallel to the developments in the global economy, perhaps the most problematic market structure within the liberalization process in the transition economies and in the Turkish economy is highlighted as agricultural product markets. The effects of agricultural product prices on other macroeconomic indicators and the fundamental economic problems such as inflation, income distribution, poverty and unemployment constitute a fundamental dynamic. At this point, public policies and regulations of market processes need to be analyzed in terms of the effects they will cause.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of interventions and regulations on agricultural products markets on market economy and macroeconomic indicators. However, it will be possible to establish the most appropriate agricultural policies possible for the macroeconomic performance of the Turkish economy. In the first section; the impacts and consequences of regulations will be determined by establishing the relationship between agricultural product markets and government interventions. The second part is to analyze these effects and results with the help of data and indicators belonging to the Turkish economy and to analyze the different effects caused by the applied agricultural regulations. The last part is; the discussion of rational agricultural intervention policies and regulations with the least possible negative impact.
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Kuzmin, Oleh, and Myroslava Bublyk. "Economic evaluation and government regulation of technogenic (Man-Made) damage in the national economy." In 2016 XIth International Scientific and Technical Conference “Computer Sciences and Information Technologies (CSIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stc-csit.2016.7589863.
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Kovaleva, Natalia, Ekaterina Filippova, Mariya Raznoglyadova, and Tatiana Rudchenko. "Problems of Using Information Technologies in Governmental Regulation." In International Conference on Economics, Management and Technologies 2020 (ICEMT 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200509.096.
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Koldushko, Anna. "DIGITALIZATION OF THE STATE CIVIL SERVICE: REGULATORY AND LEGAL ASPECT." In MODERN CITY: POWER, GOVERNMENT, ECONOMY. Digital Transformation State and Municipal Administration. Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/65.049-66/2021.06.
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The article is devoted to the actual topic-the implementation of digital economy approaches in the sphere of the state civil service of the Russian Federation. The main problems of the regulatory legal regulation of the digitalization of the civil service, the ways of their improvement are considered. The author believes that the most promising way to achieve this goal is the definition and normative consolidation of the model of "digital competencies" of a civil servant, as well as the detailed elaboration of this model in the official regulations.
Reports on the topic "Governmental economic regulation"
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Carpenter II, Dick M. The Birthright of Economic Liberty. Edited by Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Puerto Rico Institute for Economic Liberty, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/13582001.
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Economic liberty—the right to earn an honest living—is one of the most important rights of free people. Over time, this right has been restricted by unnecessary laws and regulations. Legislators should govern from a presumption of liberty. Applied practically, this means legislators should presume individuals have the right to practice their chosen occupations free from government regulation unless and until systematic evidence shows this right must be curtailed to protect the public.
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Colomb, Claire, and Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals: Platform-based property rentals in European cities: the policy debates. Property Research Trust, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.
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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.
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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Jigjidsuren, Altantuya, and Bayar Oyun. Supporting the Regulation of Medicines in Mongolia: Experiences, Lessons Learned, and Future Directions. Asian Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220181-2.
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This paper describes the pharmaceutical sector in Mongolia and its reforms, including the results achieved, the challenges that remain, lessons learned, and future directions for ADB support. Before the 1990s, Mongolia’s pharmaceutical sector was fully owned and strictly regulated by the state. In the early 1990s, the Government of Mongolia started initial socioeconomic reforms as part of a transition to a market economy. This led to the full privatization and liberalization of the pharmaceutical sector, which created challenges that needed further reforms. The government requested ADB to support these reforms.
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Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby, and Jacob Tompkins. Learning Journey on Water Security: UK Water Offer. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.026.
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The overarching goals for the UK in relation to global water security are to; tackle and reverse growing water insecurity and its consequences caused by depletion and degradation of natural water sources; and address poor water management and increasing demand. To do this, the UK has a well-developed water ‘offer’ that together can help reach the goal of global water security. This note details some of that water offer: UK water leadership: The UK developed the concept of modern sanitation and water supply, with an early example being the Victorian Bazalgette London sewer; Ownership and regulation: The UK has four models of ownership: government department in Northern Ireland, GoCo in Scotland, Mutual in Wales, and private companies in England. But the common thread is strong and clear, regulation to deliver the right outcomes for society; Competition and markets: The UK set up the world’s first water retail markets for business customers, delivering savings and environmental benefits. Similar market mechanisms are being developed for sewage sludge, which will help drive circular economy solutions; Innovation: The UK has a huge number of water tech start-ups and most water companies have labs and pilot schemes to support these fledgling companies. At the same time, the English regulator, Ofwat, has established a huge innovation fund, which along with the Scottish Hydro Nation initiative has made the UK the best place in the world for water innovation and tech.
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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.
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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.
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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Avis, William. Responsible E-Waste Value Chains in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.015.
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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste value chains. The report should be read I conjunction with an earlier report on e-waste management. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. When e-waste is collected and treated formally, it normally includes the following steps: Collection, Sorting and disassembly, Size reduction, Separation. The following five pillars of a sustainable e-waste management system have been identified: • Business and finance • Policy and regulation • Technology and skills • Monitoring and control • Marketing and awareness As such, to support the development of a responsible e-waste value chain, the following elements must be addressed. • Understanding how e-waste is currently managed • There is no one-size-fits all solution to building a robust e-waste management system based on extended producer responsibility. • An e-waste system built without a participatory approach is likely to be hampered by a series of issues. • An overarching policy is necessary • The choices made for the sector should be founded on two crucial elements – data from on the ground, and inputs from stakeholders. • Enforcement is incumbent on the government mandate The push towards a circular economy has provided stakeholders across the value chain with an impetus to initiate systemic improvements and invest in infrastructure and awareness raising.
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Lazonick, William, and Matt Hopkins. Why the CHIPS Are Down: Stock Buybacks and Subsidies in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp165.
Full textAbstract:
The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is promoting the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) for America Act, introduced in Congress in June 2020. An SIA press release describes the bill as “bipartisan legislation that would invest tens of billions of dollars in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and research initiatives over the next 5-10 years to strengthen and sustain American leadership in chip technology, which is essential to our country’s economy and national security.” On June 8, 2021, the Senate approved $52 billion for the CHIPS for America Act, dedicated to supporting the U.S. semiconductor industry over the next decade. As of this writing, the Act awaits approval in the House of Representatives. This paper highlights a curious paradox: Most of the SIA corporate members now lobbying for the CHIPS for America Act have squandered past support that the U.S. semiconductor industry has received from the U.S. government for decades by using their corporate cash to do buybacks to boost their own companies’ stock prices. Among the SIA corporate signatories of the letter to President Biden, the five largest stock repurchasers—Intel, IBM, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom—did a combined $249 billion in buybacks over the decade 2011-2020, equal to 71 percent of their profits and almost five times the subsidies over the next decade for which the SIA is lobbying. In addition, among the members of the Semiconductors in America Coalition (SIAC), formed specifically in May 2021 to lobby Congress for the passage of the CHIPS for America Act, are Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. These firms spent a combined $633 billion on buybacks during 2011-2020. That is about 12 times the government subsidies provided under the CHIPS for America Act to support semiconductor fabrication in the United States in the upcoming decade. If the Congress wants to achieve the legislation’s stated purpose of promoting major new investments in semiconductors, it needs to deal with this paradox. It could, for example, require the SIA and SIAC to extract pledges from its member corporations that they will cease doing stock buybacks as open-market repurchases over the next ten years. Such regulation could be a first step in rescinding Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18, which has since 1982 been a major cause of extreme income inequality and loss of global industrial competitiveness in the United States.
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Avis, William. Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities of E-waste Management in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.016.
Full textAbstract:
Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices and consumer appetite for better products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste management in Africa. This report provides an overview of constitutes e-waste, the environmental and health impacts of e-waste, of the barriers to effective e-waste management, the opportunities associated with effective e-waste management and of the limited literature available that estimate future volumes of e-waste. Africa generated a total of 2.9 million Mt of e-waste, or 2.5 kg per capita, the lowest regional rate in the world. Africa’s e-waste is the product of Local and imported Sources of Used Electronic and Electrical Equipment (UEEE). Challenges in e-waste management in Africa are exacerbated by a lack of awareness, environmental legislation and limited financial resources. Proper disposal of e-waste requires training and investment in recycling and management technology as improper processing can have severe environmental and health effects. In Africa, thirteen countries have been identified as having a national e-waste legislation/policy.. The main barriers to effective e-waste management include: Insufficient legislative frameworks and government agencies’ lack of capacity to enforce regulations, Infrastructure, Operating standards and transparency, illegal imports, Security, Data gaps, Trust, Informality and Costs. Aspirations associated with energy transition and net zero are laudable, products associated with these goals can become major contributors to the e-waste challenge. The necessary wind turbines, solar panels, electric car batteries, and other "green" technologies require vast amounts of resources. Further to this, at the end of their lifetime, they can pose environmental hazards. An example of e-waste associated with energy transitions can be gleaned from the solar power sector. Different types of solar power cells need to undergo different treatments (mechanical, thermal, chemical) depending on type to recover the valuable metals contained. Similar issues apply to waste associated with other energy transition technologies. Although e-waste contains toxic and hazardous metals such as barium and mercury among others, it also contains non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium and precious metals such as gold and copper, which if recycled could have a value exceeding 55 billion euros. There thus exists an opportunity to convert existing e-waste challenges into an economic opportunity.