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1
Malik, Muhammad Hussain, and Attiya Yasmin. "Instability of Federal Government Revenues and Expenditures in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.501-511.
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As in many other countries, in Pakistan too, the government provides a number of social goods and services. For this purpose, the government has to spend huge amounts of money every year. Federal government expenditures in real terms have grown at an annual average rate of 8.84 percent during the past fifteen years. Also, the share of the federal government expenditures in GNP has increased from 20.93 percent in 1971-72 to 25.19 percent in 1985-86. The main component of the federal government expenditures is of the recurrent type and is devoted to defence, civil administration, debt servicing, health, education, roads, and other such services. At present, the level of social goods and services provided by the government is not considered satisfactory. Moreover, public demand for them is on the increase due to an increasing population growth rate and rising standards of living in the country. The government needs resources to meet the public demands for its goods and services and to fulfill the development requirements of the country. For this purpose, the government generates revenue through various taxes and tapping other revenue sources. It is important that these taxes and other revenue sources yield a stable revenue over time. If there are large year to year fluctuations in revenue, it becomes very difficult for the government to meet its inflexible obligations and to implement development plans. Stability of revenues, therefore, becomes very important for fiscal management and development planning.
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CARROLL, DEBORAH A. "Diversifying Municipal Government Revenue Structures: Fiscal Illusion or Instability?" Public Budgeting & Finance 29, no. 1 (March 2009): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5850.2009.00922.x.
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Nkurunziza, Janvier D. "Political Instability, Inflation Tax and Asset Substitution in Burundi." Journal of African Development 7, no. 1 (July 1, 2005): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.7.1.0042.
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The paper shows that civil war in Burundi in the 1990s has provoked an unprecedented decline in government revenue. Both foreign aid transfers and revenue from domestic sources dried up, inducing the government to rely more on inflation tax. Using quarterly data covering the period from 1980:1 to 2002:4 to measure the sensitivity of money demand to inflation we find that the long-run semi-elasticity of inflation to real money in circulation trebled between the pre-war to the war period. The remarkable increase of the semi-elasticity reflects what is known in the literature as “flight from domestic currency,” whereby domestic currency is substituted for less liquid assets. By shedding light on the behavior of the demand for real money amidst persistent political and economic instability, this paper illustrates the limits of inflation tax as a dependable source of government revenue.
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Pratiwi, Hesti, Muhaimin Muhaimin, and Wa Ode Rayyani. "KONTRIBUSI PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN (PBB) DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENERIMAAN PAJAK DAERAH." Amnesty: Jurnal Riset Perpajakan 3, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/jrp.v3i1.3402.
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This study aims to answer the problems regarding the contribution of the United Nations in increasing the regional tax revenue of the city of Makassar and knowing taxpayer compliance in making payments on Land and Building Taxes so as to obtain the realization of land and building tax revenues. This research is a kind of descriptive quantitative research. The data of this study include primary and secondary data. The results of the study showed that the number of taxpayers was greatly increased but taxpayers did not have awareness and compliance with their obligations. This does not have a positive impact in increasing local tax revenue so that the acquisition of percentages and targets and realization of land and building tax revenues experience instability in achieving the targets set by the government. In 2017 and 2018 the decline in some sub-districts has decreased revenue realization caused by by economic factors
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Salman, Ramat Titilayo, Peter Sanni, Taiwo Azeez Olaniyi, and Khadijat Adenola Yahaya. "Governance Transparency of Tax Revenue Performance in West Africa." Business Ethics and Leadership 6, no. 1 (2022): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(1).14-24.2022.
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This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on the issue of governance and taxation revenue performance. The main purpose of the research is to examine the influence of management on tax revenue performance in West African countries. Specifically, the study aimed to investigate the impact of regulatory quality (political stability) and (voice and accountability) on tax revenue performance in West African countries; and to assess the effect of governance efficiency (the rule of law and control of corruption) on the performance of tax generation of West African countries. Secondary data were sourced from Governance indicators which cover 2005 to 2017. Regression analysis was employed to test the research hypotheses: regulatory quality does not significantly influence tax revenue performance in West African countries; and government efficiency does significantly affect tax revenue in West African countries. Sixteen West African countries were purposively chosen because of governance issues such as political instability and government ineffectiveness. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed that regulatory quality, political stability and absence of violence, and voice and accountability have insignificant impacts (p-value>5% level of significance) on tax revenue performance. Moreover, government effectiveness, the rule of law and control of corruption have positive and significant impacts (p-value<5% level of significance) on tax revenue performance in West African countries. The study concludes that governance affects tax revenue performance in West African Countries; thus, the study recommends, among others that government should come up with realistic policies that will increase public and civil service quality.
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Yoshino, Naoyuki, and Tetsuro Mizoguchi. "The Role of Public Works in the Political Business Cycle and the Instability of the Budget Deficits in Japan." Asian Economic Papers 9, no. 1 (January 2010): 94–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2010.9.1.94.
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This paper discusses the Liberal Democratic Party's (LDP) ability to maintain a majority of seats in the Diet after WWII by focusing on the role of public investment. The paper discusses three periods, namely, (i) the high-growth period (1950 to 1985), (ii) the asset bubble period (1986 to 1990), and (iii) the period of economic downturn after the bubble (post 1990). During the high-growth period, government investment had a strong positive output effect and it increased the tax revenue in the medium and long run. The high rate of private capital formation boosted growth and tax revenue even further. During the asset bubble period of the late 1980s, Japanese tax revenue increased due to high asset and property prices, and growth stayed high because of strong aggregate demand. The Japanese economy experienced slower growth after the asset bubble burst. The LDP continued its high-spending policy by issuing Japanese government bonds (JGB) to finance the deficits but has not been able to revive growth to previous levels. Accumulated government debt now amounts to 180 percent of GDP and it will be difficult to issue any more JGB. Fiscal policy in post-bubble Japan no longer fulfilled the stability conditions that were identified by Blinder and Solow (1974).
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Korompot, Riska, and Jessy Warongan. "ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF NORTH SULAWESI." ACCOUNTABILITY 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/ja.17755.6.2.2017.9-19.
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The objective of this research was to determine the financial performance of North Sulawesi Provincial Government and was measured from the Independence Ratio, Effectiveness Ratio, Degree of Fiscal Decentralization Ratio, Harmony Ratio, and Growth Ratio. The results showed that the Independence ratio of North Sulawesi Province in 6 years from 2010-2015 has increased and included in the category of Participatory which means it is quite independent and has reduced the level of dependence on external parties and manage the existing funds such as Domestic Revenue as well as describe that the people of North Sulawesi is quite prosperous because it is able to participate in tax payments which is one of the largest regional income. The Effectiveness Ratio of Domestic Revenue shows effective criteria to the Regional Financial Performance, because based on the effectiveness ratio of Domestic Revenue in 6 years of research only last 2 years namely 2014 and 2015 which include in the category of Not Effective which means decreasing on the performance of local government of North Sulawesi province. The Decentralization Degrees for Government of North Sulawesi Province shows that they still has not fully fulfilled the total revenue with they own-source revenue. The Harmony Ratio represents more realization of operating expenditures than capital expenditures, this is not so good especially for developing regions such as North Sulawesi Province. The Growth Ratio shows an unstable number from 2010 to 2015. The instability is caused by the implementation of money follows functions which are considered not optimal yet, so the work that must be done by some Regional Work Unit at the same time according to expertise and the division is not going well.Keywords : regional financial performance, APBD
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Glushchenko, Julia, and Natalia Kozhalina. "Development trends of local taxes in the system of local budgets in Ukraine." Public and Municipal Finance 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.08(1).2019.09.
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Effective system of local self-government is a key to the successful development of a democratic state. It should be aimed at ensuring the effective performance of functions by the authorities, creating environment for obtaining quality services by citizens, and introducing and expanding the system of local taxes.Local taxes make the financial basis for the activities of local self-government bodies. However, nowadays, the lack of their volume and revenue instability are considered as a matter of national concern. Funding of state delegated powers, which is mainly due to transfer payments, is characterized by the delayed receipt of revenues and the lack of revenue in terms of targets, thereby creating problems with financing from local budgets.The article investigates the essentials of local taxation in the system of local budgets in Ukraine. It also summarizes methodological approaches to determining the nature of local taxes, clarifies their fiscal role in the local tax system and local budgets, and analyzes the existing practice of formation and implementation of local taxes in local budget revenues. Besides, prospective lines of improvement of the local taxation system are investigated and recommendations for its development are elaborated. Also, the subject to reform of the system of tax and budgetary relations was substantiated; changes in some administration mechanisms, the list expansion due to environmental fees and strengthened control over the unshadowing of small and medium businesses were offered.
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Adefeso, Hammed Adetola, and Olukemi Ajibike Aluko. "Nexus of Fiscal Instability and Developmental Outcomes in Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 16, no. 4 (May 18, 2023): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v16n4p48.
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This paper examines the effect of fiscal instability component on the fluctuation in welfare indicator for 45 years. Descriptive statistics reveals that fiscal component and real GDP per capital are largely unstable and Hodrick-Prescott filter (HPF) is employed as a smoothing measure of the long-term component. Descriptive statistics reveals that lesser government revenue had been committed to the development purposes compared with recurrent expenditure since the beginning of the fourth republic in Nigeria. Using ARDL model, the study found that, there exist a long-run association among the variable of interest as one percent increase in the rate of instability in recurrent expenditure led to an approximate of 30% reduction in the fluctuation of the welfare indicator while instability in the capital expenditure led to 36% increase in the fluctuation of the GDP per capital. In the short-run however, 1% increase in the immediate lagged value of cyclical capital expenditure had significantly increase the fluctuation in the current welfare index by 54% but such effect is reduced to 43% in two-year lagged. Also, one percent increase in the immediate lagged value of instability in the recurrent government expenditure had significantly reduced the fluctuation in the GDP per capital by 21% but only 9% of such reduction was off set in the two-year lagged. The study therefore, recommended greater control of instability in the fiscal components through diversification revenue base should be emphasized in other to stabilize the fluctuation of the welfare indicator in the short-run and long-run.
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TAHA, Roshaiza, Jūratė ŠLIOGERIENĖ, Nanthakumar LOGANATHAN, Izolda JOKŠIENĖ, Muhammad SHAHBAZ, and Abbas MARDANI. "THE NEXUS BETWEEN TAX REFORMATION, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC RECOVERY: THE CASE OF MALAYSIA." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 24, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 1258–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2018.1919.
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The main purpose of this paper is to establish the plausibility and the dynamic nexus between financial developments, economic growth and tax revenue in Malaysia. The analysis of these relationships is vital considering the instability of the global economy which has affected growth. In this study, we employed annual time series data covering the period of 1970–2015. Using advanced co-integration and causality analysis, we found strong evidence on the relationship between each of the examined variables. The results from this study provide evidence on the taxes-growth nexus for Malaysia. An inverted U-shaped relationship is found between financial development and tax collection, while a U-shape reflects the economic condition. The nexus between economic growth and tax revenue enhances fiscal policies in the creation of transparent and mature financial systems which will further boost the collection of government revenues in Malaysia. The results of this study may provide an avenue for researchers and policymakers to understand the nature of the relationship between the examined variables and further assist in the formulation of new policies for economic sustainability.
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Jayanti.G and Dr. V.Selvam. "GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries." Restaurant Business 118, no. 10 (October 18, 2019): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i10.9331.
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India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017. The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system. Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability. Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole. The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes. To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government. As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure” it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law. The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax. The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service. The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend. Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth. Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles. To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.
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K. Gharaibeh, Omar, and Buthiena Kharabsheh. "Corruption, political instability and their impact on investment: An FMOLS approach." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 19, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(1).2022.06.
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Due to the lack of studies in the financial literature on indicators of corruption and political instability relative to investment, this paper is considered one of the first studies that examines the impact of two-corruption indicators and political instability on investment in Jordan over the period 1987–2020. Using Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) based on annual data, the corruption effect as measured by the corruption score index is a negative and statistically significant impact on investment in Jordan. The second measure of corruption, which is the corruption rank index, confirmed the previous result that corruption has a negative and statistically significant effect. Political instability measured in this study as a dummy variable by wars in the region has a positive and statistically significant effect on investment. For macroeconomic variables, the results show that current government expenditure and interest rate have a negative and significant impact on investment in Jordan. The interest rate factor was the highest coefficient among the negative effects. The study also shows that the investment in Jordan is positively and significantly affected by growth domestic product, imports and local revenue. The gross domestic product showed the highest coefficient among the positive effects. This study concludes that policy makers attempt to apply transparency and minimize the corruption through flexibility, facilitation of procedures and reduced transactions using automation. The study also concludes that decision makers should rationalize current government expenditure and direct banks in Jordan to give greater priority to credit facilities for productive sectors.
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Johnson, Peace Ngozi, and Cordelia Onyinyechi Omodero. "Governance Quality and Tax Revenue Mobilization in Nigeria." Journal of Legal Studies 28, no. 42 (December 1, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jles-2021-0009.
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Abstract An evaluation of the quality of governance as a major determinant of tax revenue generation is important to both the government and the Nigerian public. It has become required as a result of many rising economies’ reliance on several taxes to raise income. Tax income generation is crucial to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and rising economies’ economic progress. This study addresses the influence of both political (political stability), institutional (corruption) and bad governance on the mobilization of tax revenue in Nigeria. To serve this purpose, the study employed a time series data set from 2000 to 2020. After subjecting the data to the unit root test, the study further employs Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The findings revealed that corruption and political instability have a positive and significant impact on Nigeria’s tax revenue mobilization. Bad governance, on the other hand, has a positive and insignificant influence on Nigeria’s tax revenue mobilization. The study focuses on improving governance quality by lowering corruption rates and increasing transparency in tax administration. To accomplish so, countries must execute policy reforms such as establishing an effective and strict judicial system, offering monetary incentives for tax officers to lower the risk of corruption, and, most crucially, broadening the revenue base rather than raising tax rates. As a result, the tax administration will improve, and the economy’s overall tax revenue collection will improve.
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Karas, Michal. "Tax rate to maximize the revenue: Laffer curve for the Czech Republic." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 4 (2012): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260040189.
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The aim of this article is to model the relationship between the rate of personal income tax and the revenue it generates, and to derive a tax rate that would maximize this revenue within the Czech Republic, using methodologies described in earlier works (Hsing, 1996). This tax rate represents an upper limit. Overstepping it has negative consequences for corporate finances and government budgetary funding alike, because it undermines the workers’ motivation to work, reduces buying power, and shifts work activities in favor of gray economy. The period of interest is a time series from 1993 to 2010. Two models were devised. The basic research instrument was a second-degree polynomial regression with a logarithmic transformation of the input data. The explaining variable was the tax revenue, the explanatory variable in Model 1 was the ratio of tax revenue to personal gross annual income. Model 2 featured the ratio of tax revenue to gross domestic product. To limit model instability, all data was stated per capita, in 2010 prices. Both models are statistically significant. By comparison, it was determined that, in the period of 1994–2010, the historical tax rate was lower than the rate designed to maximize the revenue. It approached the theoretical optimum most closely in 2007, and deviated from it most severely in 1995.
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Mamonova, Valentyna, and Natalia Meush. "Legal Support of Financial Independence of Territorial Communities in Ukraine." Reality of Politics 18, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2021408.
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The article provides a scientific analysis of the financial independence of territorial communities, which is aimed at strengthening the implementation of decentralization measures in Ukraine. Indicated that problems of financial support of the local government powers are the focus of Ukrainian scientists, experts in local budget management and finance. Independence in the aspect of local self-government should be considered within the norms established by the Constitution of Ukraine, the European Charter of Local Self-Government, and other legislative acts. Performed theoretical and applied identification of the “financial independence of the territorial community”. Analyzed the key provisions of the Ukrainian legislation on financial support of territorial communities, which were transformed in the process of decentralization during 2014–2020. Highlighted the state policy components of ensuring the financial independence of territorial communities, based on the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government. Measures of state policy to ensure the financial independence of territorial communities can be systematized into two groups: 1) direct participation of the state in the formation of financial resources of communities and territories; 2) indirect participation of the state in the formation of financial resources of communities and territories and their disposal. Noted that consolidation of revenue sources in local budgets of Ukraine is characterized by instability. Summarized the results of the sociological study of the financial support of territorial communities in terms of their financial independence. Emphasized the lack of legal opportunity for local governments to independently keep records of personal income tax and other national taxes in terms of their payers. Proposed the measures to improve the administration of taxes, which are a source of revenue to local budgets: organization of a digital information network on the payment of taxes and other mandatory payments by individuals and ensuring access to it by local government officials; establishing interaction of territorial bodies of the State Tax Service of Ukraine with local self- -government bodies on issues of control over the correctness and timeliness of tax payments and other obligatory payments by individuals and legal entities, etc.
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Shams, Tanveer Muhammad Al, and Aysha Ashraf. "Macroeconomic Indicators of Economic Growth using Panel Data: A Study from South Asian Countries." ABC Research Alert 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2023): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abcra.v11i1.646.
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Economic development is a most imperative element in figuring out the well-being of the citizens in a country. The present study analyzes the effect of key macroeconomic indicators on the Economic development of South Asian countries. The study intends to scrutinize the long-run and short-run association between Economic development and several macroeconomic variables by using panel data analysis. During ultimate 10 years, a few South Asian countries (SA) had economic instability. The study is aimed to investigate the macroeconomic indicators of some selected SA countries’ economic growth. The static linear panel statistics model had been used for figuring out the consequences of unbiased macroeconomic variables on the gross domestic product (GDP) of SA member countries including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Nepal. While explained variable of examines is analysis is gross domestic product (quantity), the unbiased variables are current account balance general government gross debt, general government revenue, general government total expenditure, inflation (average consumer prices), population, the volume of exports of goods and services, volume of imports of goods and services. The analysis proposed is grounded on a panel data (cross-sectional time series data) approach. The data set of this exploration involves four SA members among 9 countries (cross-sectional units). The effects of 8 macroeconomic indicators on gross domestic product volume were examined. The paper also empirically analyzes the (negative impacts of the global financial crisis) on four SA countries’ economic growth during the 1980 – 2020 periods (time series). In this environment, the goods of macroeconomic parameters are anatomized using panel data series. The main findings of this model indicate that the level of population, general government revenue, inflation (average consumer prices), and volume of exports of goods and services, positively affects economic growth. The findings of this paper will be used for increasing the economic growth of south Asian countries.
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Shams, Tanveer Muhammad Al, and Aysha Ashraf. "Macroeconomic Indicators of Economic Growth using Panel Data: A Study from South Asian Countries." ABC Research Alert 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2023): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ra.v11i1.646.
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Economic development is a most imperative element in figuring out the well-being of the citizens in a country. The present study analyzes the effect of key macroeconomic indicators on the Economic development of South Asian countries. The study intends to scrutinize the long-run and short-run association between Economic development and several macroeconomic variables by using panel data analysis. During ultimate 10 years, a few South Asian countries (SA) had economic instability. The study is aimed to investigate the macroeconomic indicators of some selected SA countries’ economic growth. The static linear panel statistics model had been used for figuring out the consequences of unbiased macroeconomic variables on the gross domestic product (GDP) of SA member countries including Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Nepal. While explained variable of examines is analysis is gross domestic product (quantity), the unbiased variables are current account balance general government gross debt, general government revenue, general government total expenditure, inflation (average consumer prices), population, the volume of exports of goods and services, volume of imports of goods and services. The analysis proposed is grounded on a panel data (cross-sectional time series data) approach. The data set of this exploration involves four SA members among 9 countries (cross-sectional units). The effects of 8 macroeconomic indicators on gross domestic product volume were examined. The paper also empirically analyzes the (negative impacts of the global financial crisis) on four SA countries’ economic growth during the 1980 – 2020 periods (time series). In this environment, the goods of macroeconomic parameters are anatomized using panel data series. The main findings of this model indicate that the level of population, general government revenue, inflation (average consumer prices), and volume of exports of goods and services, positively affects economic growth. The findings of this paper will be used for increasing the economic growth of south Asian countries.
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Mabugu, Ramos, Margaret Chitiga, and Hammed Amusa. "The economic consequences of a fuel levy reform in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 12, no. 3 (June 17, 2011): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v12i3.219.
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This paper assesses the economic effects of a hypothetical fuel levy imposed by South African provinces. The welfare effects of increasing the fuel levy by 10 per cent are negative but very small. Similarly, the marginal excess burdens for efficiency and equity (poverty) are quite low, suggesting much smaller impacts of the intervention on both economic activity and equity. Furthermore, a fiscal policy reform that raises fuel levy by 10 per cent is progressive as it has stronger negative effects on higher income households than the lower income households. A potential source of instability for the macroeconomy and total government revenue is the negative effect on economic activity induced by the fuel levy increase. The remedies suggested are that policymakers should make tax room elsewhere in the intergovernmental fiscal system to accommodate the fuel levy increase.
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Egu, E. C., E. C. Nwankwo, and E. E. Offiong. "Assessment of Forest Investment, Financial Flows and Revenue Collection in the Abia State Forest Sector, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 5 (October 26, 2021): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i5.11.
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Varieties of resources abound in the forests of Nigeria and especially in Abia state, an economic treasure house of resources. Sustainable management of the forests in Nigeria is crucial for a consistent supply of forest resources. Ten forest reserves were surveyed to determine the extent of the government’s involvement in sustainable forest management in Abia State. The government consider the forest reserves, as a revenue-generating venture, leading to the excessive exploitation of forest resources in the state. The exploitation is without regard for sustainability as the harvest is consistently higher than its growth. The government’s involvement in funding the forestry sector over these years has been the payment of salaries to staff of the State forestry department and revenue collection, while international donors, corporate organizations and private sectors have not considerably invested in the Abia State forest sector. The survey revealed the challenges militating the productivity of the forest sector in Abia State, namely: inadequate capital, administrative incompetence and bureaucratic bottleneck, political instability, ecological challenge, insufficient skilled personnel, corruption, lack of forest equipment and inefficient forest laws. Training should be organized for the forest staff and communities to ensure the sustainable use of forest resources. There is a need for the modernization of forestry practice in Abia State and all that go with it being accorded a well-deserved priority in the present economic dispensation in Nigeria.
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Bose, Jolayemi Lydia, and Akinlo Anthony Enisan. "FISCAL POLICY TRANSMISSION CHANNELS AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA." European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/elp.v8no2a11.
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The paper investigates the impact of fiscal policy channels on selected macroeconomic variables in Nigeria over the period of 1970-2018. The study employed the Bayesian approach of the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model, after examining the prior and posterior mean values on the models specified. The paper established that channels of transmission from fiscal policy affected the performance of macroeconomic variables in the country that is, the instability on macroeconomic variables performances in Nigeria are highly influenced by the fiscal policy transmission channels. The study concluded that credit to the private sector, exchange rate, government spending and oil revenue were significant variables in Nigeria that need good policy measure for their performances. The paper recommends that there is a need for a sustained reduction in the fiscal policy channels as this helps in achieving sustainable development and improves variables performance. Also, since credit shock is the most active shock through which Fiscal policy channels transmitted to the economy, effort should be made to encourage banks to create more money in the economy to the private sector. And Central Bank of Nigeria should also pursue the government in financing credit availability in the country.
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Scott, Timothy, and Nathara Mhunpiew. "Impact of Government Policies and International Students on UK University Economic Stability." International Education Studies 14, no. 5 (April 25, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n5p1.
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Numerous UK universities are experiencing financial instability; with an increasingly competitive and maturing market, reliance has grown on international students to offset institutional shortfalls. Dependency on international student tuition revenue has over-exposed the market to dramatic shifts in political policies, both domestic and internationally, that could significantly impact operational success. UK higher education institutions (HEIs) ability to promote their institutions as they are intertwined with the UK government; thus, controversial policies create a backlash, drawing HEIs into disputes as unwanted participants yet recipients of significant economic disruption. Government policies on domestic tuition caps, Brexit, and increasing geopolitical disputes with China have had a considerable impact on institutional operations. This paper recommends HEIs, principally lower-tabled universities, take a more aggressive strategic realignment to best adapt to the marketplace’s uncertainty. By reemphasising institutional specialisation, variable tuition rates for under-represented growth markets, financial support for EU students, increased distance education presence, and intense market-wide lobbying of government MPs, this paper seeks to open a discussion on how to identify existing problems and target opportunities for growth. The complexity of market conditions and the decreasing solvency of many institutions will not be solved by a single recommendation or a short-term policy but by a complete realignment and robust industry-wide initiatives. If universities cease operations or collapse under market conditions’ financial strain, it will impact the overall market’s reputation, reducing UK institutions’ overall desirability as a major exporter of education.
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Shigilcheva, S. A., T. V. Zadorova, and A. V. Khristoforova. "ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF STATE SUPPORT MEASURES ON THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF ENTERPRISES." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 32, no. 3 (May 31, 2022): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2022-32-3-482-487.
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The article presents the results of assessing the impact of state support measures on the financial stability of enterprises. The object of the analysis was LLC "Manufactory "Traditions of Knitwear" (Cheboksary). Various methods were used in the course of the study: correlation and regression analysis, comparison, systematic approach, graphical method. The main problem of the enterprise caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was the stagnation of sales, overstocking, and an increase in the duration of the financial cycle, which significantly reduced the cash flows of the enterprise and led to its financial instability. However, the negative impact of the pandemic has been mitigated by government support measures. To assess the impact of these measures on the financial stability of the enterprise, a model was developed for the dependence of revenue as the indicator most sensitive to changes in the macroeconomic environment on the value of short-term loans and the average number of employees. It showed that the attraction of loans within the framework of state support allowed LLC "Manufactory "Traditions of Knitwear" to increase revenue by 40086.86 thousand rubles. The retention of more than 80% of the number of employees, which was stipulated by the loan agreement, provided the company with the opportunity to contain the decline in revenue at the level of 1413.03 thousand rubles. As recommendations for the further use of state support measures for small businesses, there is regular monitoring of official information resources on the assistance provided to enterprises in the context of a pandemic, monitoring compliance with the requirements for recipient enterprises and the use of other forms of state support.
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Nezam-Mafi, Mansoureh Ettehadieh. "The Khāliṣah of Varamin." International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, no. 1 (February 1993): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800058013.
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The history and development of land tenure in Iran have been affected by many factors, including climatic conditions, scarcity of water, lack of security, widespread tribalism, and legal and administrative confusion. In addition to limitations in resources, political instability in the premodern period molded systems of land tenure in Iran. Changes of dynasty were frequent and usually followed by the confiscation and redistribution of land. The Qajar dynasty (1788–1925), which came to power after a long period of anarchy and civil war, continued that general pattern. There were three classes of land ownership in Iran in this period: waqfs (religious endowments), arbābī (land owned by large landlords), and khāliṣah (state-owned lands). This last category was composed of lands confiscated by the government as punishment for rebellion or failure to pay taxes. As land was often the only form of wealth landlords had, the threat of government confiscation was an instrument of control as well as a source of revenue for the state. The khāliṣah were usually rented out on long-term leases or were granted as ṭuyul, that is in lieu of services rendered or salaries deferred. The khāliṣah were also in some instances farmed directly by the government. These lands were cultivated by peasants under conditions similar to those of the arbābī lands. They were scattered throughout the country and were also subject to various local and regional variations in agricultural taxes.
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Chikezie-Aga, Chinekwu Doris, Henry Oluchukwu Ogboani, and Oliver Ike Inyiama. "Effect of Mining Generated Revenue on the Economic Development of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria." European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2022): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejaafr.2013/vol10n127690.
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The Niger Delta Region in Nigeria's economy has been a focus of mining companies in recent years, and this has caused economic instability, thus this research looks into the relationship between earnings from mining and Niger Delta's overall growth. The study focused on which factors influence the profits of Mining businesses in Nigeria, and especially looked at how the values of crude petroleum and gas, solid mineral, manufacturing, and agriculture are influencing profit. The research drew information from annual reports and other documents produced by oil companies. According to the findings, the value of crude petroleum and gas (VCPG) has a role in determining the personal income of mining businesses in Nigeria. Per capita income will rise during the duration of the research because of VCPG's positive effect on the two mining businesses. There's a correlation between the value of mineral minerals and mining businesses' per capita income in Nigeria. It follows that VSM has increased the size of the per capita revenue of the companies substantially. The worth of the building has a considerable influence on the income of mining organizations in Nigeria. In addition, we have evidence that the Value of Manufacturing decreases the price of a company's ordinary share throughout the study. The relationship between the value of agriculture and mining business per capita income in Nigeria is negligible. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that the government develop consistent policy guidance, which will create an enabling environment for the private sector to invest more in mining and help the country with new jobs and greater wealth, among other things.
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Toriola, Anu K., Felix Aberu, Salami O. Amusa, Oluwatoba O. Adeniwura, and Babajide H. Mustapha. "Fiscal Stability and Inclusive Growth in Nigeria." Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Education 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33122/ijoce.v4i2.36.
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In Nigeria fiscal stability has deteriorated resulting in high rate of deficits and domestic debt. This study investigates fiscal stability and inclusive growth in Nigeria using annual data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin from 1985 to 2015. The result Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique used in the study showed that in the short run debt ratio and inflation have a significant negative effect on inclusive growth in Nigeria. However, in the long-run, debt ratio have a significant negative effect on inclusive growth. Fiscal deficit and inflation have a significant positive effect on inclusive growth. The Granger causality test shows a uni-direction causality relationship between inclusive growth and fiscal stability measures running only from debt ratio and fiscal deficit to inclusive growth. It is evident from the result that fiscal stability in Nigeria is characterised by policy inconsistency and high level of macroeconomic uncertainty indicating high level of fiscal instability. It was suggested that government need to reduce the size of its deficits, broaden the revenue base by increasing the contribution from non-oil sources.
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Sharma, Yadab Raj. "Trends of Taxation in Nepal: A Theoritical Review." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 3 (March 9, 2014): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9987.
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This paper discusses the trends and strategies of taxation in Nepal. The trend towards the reform has been evident since the late 1970s, the process accelerated, however, since the mid 1980s. the urge and motivation for tax reform have come from a number of both internal and external factors. For this, changing perception of the role of government, desire to reduce macro economic imbalances, maintaining international competitiveness, increased Globalization of economic activity, demographic changes, foundation in theory and tax system in reality are the main impetus. But political instability has hampered creating an enabling environment for economic growth, investment and trade as well as revenue collection. Moreover, the adoption of the budget and the implementation of policies were delayed in the past due to unresolved disputes and demonstration. In recent years, reforms have been initiated by the Ministry of Finance to enhance the country's development but taxation is not free from challenges. So the paper ends by summarizing the challenges and strategies in the tax system of Nepal.Academic Voices, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, Pages 91-97 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9987
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Qiolevu, Venina, and Seunghoo Lim. "Stakeholder Participation and Advocacy Coalitions for Making Sustainable Fiji Mineral Royalty Policy." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030797.
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The Fiji government perceived mining as a means to accelerate economic growth because of its potential to generate great wealth for the Fijian economy. However, the environmental and social impacts associated with mining is of great concern. Mining activities have caused immense environmental degradations that affect livelihoods. One way to recompense these mining impacts is to provide a source of income to the landowners that can substitute the providence of natural resources that were damaged or completely taken away by mining activities. From the current revenue earned from mining, only land leases have been paid out to landowners and no royalty payments as yet, because there are no specific guidelines to determine the distributions. These have brought about the great need to determine the fair share of mineral royalties between the Fiji Government and the landowners in Fiji. This paper will therefore explicate the formation of coalitions based on similarities in policy beliefs, the various strategies undertaken to interact and network with each coalition in efforts to advocate core policy beliefs to obtain government’s attention for the formulation of Fiji’s Mineral Royalty Policy, based on the analytical lenses of Advocacy Coalition Framework and Issue Network Theory, at both the problem definition and agenda setting stages. Moreover, this paper also investigates the impacts of political instability in formulating Fiji’s first ever Mineral Royalty Policy.
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Xu, Luyuan. "A Quantitative Relationship Analysis of Industry Shifts and Trade Restructuring in ASEAN Based on Multiregional Computable General Equilibrium Models." Complexity 2021 (February 4, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6642798.
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This paper provides an in-depth study and analysis of the quantitative relationship between ASEAN industry transfer and nuclear trade restructuring through the multiregional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and categorizes the ten major projects and 57 subprojects covered by the ASEAN Information Port project investment into construction, information technology, and telecommunications, according to the key directions of investment. We design and simulate the changes in production activities, trade activities, and the balance of payments behaviour of the national economy affected by the project’s investment under 10 types of investment amount scenarios and prepare the corresponding social accounting matrix (SAM). Increased trade openness increases external risks and instability of the economy and fiscal revenues. At the same time, it creates other potential problems for the country such as environmental pollution and leading to unfair competition. Under free trade conditions, some manufacturers may choose to produce inputs that are not environmentally friendly to reduce costs, thereby harming the environment. For infant industries, if the government does not provide them with short-term protection or supportive policies, these new or developing infant industries may not have strong international competitiveness and may be vulnerable to the attacks of mature industries in the world. Therefore, based on the study of the influence of tax policy on trade openness, this paper examines the impact of changes in trade openness on a country’s economic environment and takes tax revenue as an example to conduct an empirical analysis and improve the factors that need to be considered when adjusting tax policy.
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Kukel, Galina. "World Experience in Regulating External Debt in Conditions of Financial and Economic Instability." Modern Economics 32, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v32(2022)-06.
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Abstract. Introduction. This article is devoted to the state of public global public debt and new approaches towards its regulation in both developed and developing countries. The theoretical and methodological bases of effective external debt management are considered in the paper. Globalization of the world economy and finance has led to increasing of funds raised in the international debt market and strengthened its part in the system of world finance. Purpose. The subject of this research is public debt in different groups of countries. Analysis of the situation with global public debt and the peculiarities of its regulation is necessary to learn positive foreign experience for its possible application. The following factors of significant increase of public debt are outlined: severe reduction of economic activity and decline in government revenue; increase of public spending, including related to anti-crisis measures; growing primary deficit, and this, the need to increase borrowings. The countries with low and middle income additionally face significant capital outflows from their financial markets, devaluation of national currencies, and difficulties with debt refinancing. Results. The article examines the problem of the external debts growth of different countries, dynamics and modern structure of the global external debts and efforts made by the international institutions and national regulators in order to tighten control over operations in the international debt market. The author comes to conclusion that an aggravation of the problem of external debts globalization hampers the restoration of stability and sustainable growth of the modern world economy. The main tasks performed in the process of public debt management are determined. The means of debt management, in particular, the mechanisms for restructuring public debts, are determined. The paper reviews the organizations involved in the restructuring of public debt. Conclusions. The obtained results can be used for further prospective studies of external debt management mechanisms taking into account world practice, as well as for the implementation of debt policy instruments in the crisis period.
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Norris, Stanley, and Kemlall Ramsaroop Ramdass. "Improving Service Delivery: A Namibian Local Authority Case Study." 2018 International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research 2022 (December 30, 2022): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26803/myres.2022.15.
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Local government assumes a fundamental role in the life of every citizen by providing services classified as physiological needs. Deficiencies in the delivery of such services to the citizens is viewed as a contravention of their fundamental human rights. The consequences of such deficiencies trigger frustration and unrest in the citizens, exhibited in political instability, damage to state property, and at its pinnacle the loss of lives. This research study investigated the concerning levels of organizational performance at the Arandis Town Council in the Erongo region of Namibia. The investigation was motivated by a need to determine the factors that affect service delivery, with the objectives to provide recommendations to improve service delivery and organizational performance. We employed a quantitative research method to collect the primary data for the study. An illustrative logical research configuration was selected, and data were gathered with the primary purpose to obtain a quantitative understanding on the topic. The data were processed utilizing SPSS version 25 statistical software to present the data in graphical format. In a bid to reduce inefficiencies in service delivery, certain recommendations are made to the town council for consideration. These include implementing a risk register, compiling a maintenance plan, applying for maintenance grants, providing training programs to its employees, commercializing the servicing of land and the development of affordable housing, developing additional revenue streams, and prioritizing the creation of employment.
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Ndanitsa, M. A., Mohammed, U. S., Mohammed, D., and Ndako, N. "MARKETING OF MELON AND PRICE ANALYSIS OF TRANSACTION COSTS IN BIDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE,." Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.59331/jasd.v4i4.255.
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The study assessed the transaction cost of Melon ‘egusi’ in Bida Local Government Area (LGA) of Niger State, Nigeria. A Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw samples from the study area. Data collected with the aid of questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, as well as gross margin analysis. The results revealed that majority (57%) of the sample marketers were males. Also, the results revealed that larger proportion of these actors were between the ages of 36 and 40 years with a mean age of 38 years. Majority (77%) of the marketers were married, with larger proportion (30.0%) having marketing experience of between 6-10 years. The mean marketing experience was 13 years. Larger proportion (33.0%) of the respondents had between 6-10 persons as family size, with a mean household size of approximately 11 persons. Majority (81.0%) had one form of modern education stitches or the other. The effect of marketing cost on final price of melon in the study area showed an R2 value of 0.685. However, the variables such as cost of loading, cost of offloading, distance from the farm to market, quantity of melon transported to the market and cost of transportation were positively related to the final price of marketing melon. The significant variables that influence the final price were; cost of loading, cost of off-loading, and distance from farm to the market. Cost of loading and distance to the market were significant at P≤0.01 Also, the coefficient for cost of off-loading was significant at 10%. The generated revenue from the sales of melon was N35,093.33, whereas, the total costs incurred from the melon marketing was N32,645.0, with a net income of N2,448.30. The constraints to melon marketing in the study area include; poor feeder road (68.3%), price instability (66.7%), and low demand/supply (31.7%). It was recommended that government and other stakeholders should help provide good marketing infrastructure for efficient marketing such as good feeder roads that link the rural areas to major cities/major consuming centres. It was also recommended that there should be regular capacity building to empower the marketers to acquire skills for effective negotiations so as to reduce transaction costs (loading, off-loading, security) and farm gate price will reduce the final price.
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Hassan Kheiravar, Mohammad, Davood Danesh Jafari, Hamid Nazeman, and Javid Bahrami. "Oil Revenues and Macroeconomic Instability in Oil-Exporting Countries: A GMM Approach." REICE: Revista Electrónica de Investigación en Ciencias Económicas 8, no. 15 (July 7, 2020): 380–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/reice.v8i15.9976.
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In most of oil exporting countries, oil revenue is considered as one of the main drivers of the economy. These revenues, as the important source of currency, at least, enables the country import various capital goods, intermediaries and consumables and usually covers part of the government's current and development expenditures. However, oil revenues are volatile and uncertain due to the changing nature of the global oil price. This indicate that a significant part of the economy in these countries is exposed to potential instability which is supposed as an anti-growth factor. The present study seeks to examine the effect of oil revenues on inflation and real exchange rate as dominant proxies of macroeconomic stability along with economic growth in oil exporting countries using the GMM method during the 1980 to 2015 period. The results show that oil revenues have different effects on these indicators in selected countries.
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Aly, Wael Omran. "A Framework for Results Based Management to The Public Sector in Egypt:Challenges and Opportunities." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 4, no. 4 (November 20, 2015): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v5i4.8406.
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Abstract:After the Second World War, the newly emerged independent third world countries faced immense problems such as poverty, illiteracy, poor health, low agriculture and industrial productivity and social instability. The idea of development administration was born with the above-stated pragmatic concern. Since then, third world countries strived to adopt development administration principles and techniques; in order to transform their conventional traditional public administration into modern development administration that can lead the prospective development.Such conventional public administration deals with regulatory aspects of administration such as law and order, judicial administration and revenue collection, development administration is concerned with the socio-economic developmental activities. Thus, traditional public administration is structure-oriented while developmental administration is action- oriented. Many third world countries failed in realizing such desired shift by converting its conventional public administration to effective development administration; able to achieve the intended national development via the formulation and the implementation of plans, policies, programs and projects necessary for sustainable development purposes. Such bad governance had led the people to go up against such government; as it happens lately in some Arab countries like Egypt and Tunisia.Therefore, the public sector in Egypt need to be deregulated, a new results-based management is a must; to hold managers accountable. This is a fundamental change: holding managers accountable for what they do, not how they do it. The public sector reform initiatives (especially the New Public management –NPM) have resulted in changing the accountability concept; from accountability in terms of procedural compliance to accountability in terms of efficiency and results (effectiveness and cost effectiveness).
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Nikitishin, Andrіy. "Formation and implementation of the country’s budget under conditions of the global COVID-19 pandemic." University Economic Bulletin, no. 52 (March 18, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2022-52-161-167.
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Relevance of research topic. The global COVID-19 pandemic is forcing government regulators to adjust the priorities of the state budget and tax system. Under such conditions, it is particularly important to ensure the effectiveness of the system of formation and implementation of the country's budget which allows to create conditions for expanding fiscal space. Formulation of the problem. Restrictive measures in the fight against the global COVID-19 pandemic negatively affects the fiscal policy of the state. Taxpayers need support from the state which in turn affects the structure of revenue and expenditure budgets at all levels. To increase the level of socio-economic development of the country and territorial communities it is necessary to ensure balanced fiscal regulation. Analysis of recent research and publications. The issue of formation and implementation of the country's budget is widely reflected in the works of foreign and domestic scholars: J. Keynes, A. Laffer, R. Musgrave, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, W. Tanzi, I. Adamenko, Y. Zhalilo, L. Lysiak, I. Lukianenko, V. Makohon, M. Pasichnyi, Yu. Radionov, I. Chuhunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The growing fiscal risks caused by the destabilizing impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic require strengthening the soundness of the process of formation and implementation of the country's budget. Problem setting, research goals. The main objectives of the study are: to show the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the country's budget in the global COVID-19 pandemic; to substantiate the main directions of improving the system of formation and implementation of the country's budget under modern conditions. The purpose of the study is to assess the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the country's budget in the global COVID-19 pandemic. Research methodology. The article uses a set of methods and approaches: systemic and structural approach, statistical analysis, structuring, comparative approach, factorial approach, etc. Results of work. The essence and role of the fiscal system under the conditions of social and economic instability are revealed. The peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the national budget in the global COVID-19 pandemic are shown. The comparative analysis and assessment of the main budget and tax indicators in the countries with developed and transformational economies is carried out. The main directions of improving the system of formation and implementation of the country's budget under conditions of the global COVID-19 pandemic at all levels of the budget system are substantiated. Area of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the formation and implementation of fiscal policy under modern conditions. Conclusions. The crisis provoked by the global COVID-19 pandemic is negatively affecting the fiscal policy of the state, and therefore public authorities must take prudent and reasonable measures of discretionary fiscal policy, including during the formation and implementation of the state budget. Significant fiscal support measures taken by the government to combat COVID-19 are designed to support taxpayers by reducing tax pressures and increasing state social assistance, which is important to ensure economic growth and employment. Health policy, unemployment benefits, government support for corporate liquidity, remittances and wage subsidies increase the expenditure side of the budget. On the other hand, the difficult macroeconomic conditions caused by the global COVID-19 pandemic create and maintain significant budgetary risks while ensuring the proper level of revenue execution of budgets at all levels.
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PATYTSKA, Khrystyna. "LAND TAX IN THE SYSTEM OF PROPERTY TAXATION: SPECIFICS ADMINISTRATION IN UKRAINE AND EU COUNTRIES." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(57) (2018): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2018.04.086.
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Introduction. Problems of local budgeting in Ukraine, lack of financial resources of local authorities and instability of their revenue have been quite topical and still unsolved. Like most countries that emerged from the former Soviet Union, Ukraine has faced very substantial difficulties in maintaining economic growth while at the same time organizing an effective local government and fiscal structure and administration. An important aspect of this task has been to establish clearly defined property rights, including those in land, in order to facilitate market activities while also providing an appropriate fiscal base for local government. Purposes. The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of local authorities’ financial resources, local taxes and dues being their main source including land tax, to the process of formation of land taxation as well as to the definition of its role in the system of functioning of local authorities and state on the whole. The paper contains a comprehensive analysis of land taxation system, and shows its role and place in the state’s economic system. Proceeding from the analysis of the existing practice of land tax levying the author proves the necessity to reform land taxation, improve the mechanisms of levying land tax to insure full and timely income of land tax to local budgets. Results. Nature and structure of land taxation mechanism were proved and approaches concerning it construction in Ukraine were developed. Based on the realized analysis principal trends of collecting land tax in Ukraine were clarified, main factors which have the effect on forming of land taxation mechanism in our state were determined, problem aspects in land taxation which require improvement were emphasized. The mechanism of land tax application in foreign countries was investigated, main directions of land taxation processes optimization in Ukraine were proposed. It is proposed the improving the procedure for administering land tax in terms of conducting normative monetary valuation of land. Conclusions. It was proposed to improve the land tax in the area of its administration and the establishment of tax rates. The author has suggestions and proposals regarding legislation improvement in the sphere of legal regulation of land valuation in Ukraine.
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Aini, Dwi, and Husni Mubarak. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RETRIBUTION FOR CLEANING SERVICES AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICE OF BENGKALIS REGENCY." International Journal of Financial and Investment Studies (IJFIS) 2, no. 2 (February 24, 2022): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ijfis.2.2.50-55.
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Garbage/cleaning service levies are for waste/cleaning services provided or managed by the local government for individuals or entities. This study aims to determine the mechanism of retribution collection, the effectiveness of retribution for Regional Original Income (PAD), and the obstacles encountered when collecting retribution. This research was conducted at the Bengkalis Regency Environmental Service. The research object is a report on the realization of waste/cleaning retribution receipts from 2018 to 2020. This type of research uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Based on the study results, in the process of collecting retribution for the garbage/cleaning service, those who have paid the levy are given evidence of a Certificate of Regional Retribution (SKRD) in the form of a ticket from the retribution collector. At the Bengkalis Regency Environmental Service, the SKRD is divided into two types, namely daily and monthly. The sub-districts that have increased yearly are Bengkalis, Bantan, and Siak Kecil sub-districts within 3 to three years. Meanwhile, other sub-districts experienced instability in their retribution receipts. In 2018 the waste/cleaning retribution 2018 got a percentage of 89%, which cannot be said to be very effective because it is still below 100% of the target achievement level. In 2019, waste/cleaning service levy received 116%, with a very effective statement. In 2020, the effectiveness of receiving retribution for waste/cleaning services in all sub-districts was at a very effective point in increasing local revenue, with an average effectiveness value of 145%. Constraints in collecting user fees are that the user does not know about the existence of regulations regarding collecting payments. There are no sanctions for mandatory fees if he does not pay the user fees, the lack of supervision, the number of retribution collectors, and limited facilities and infrastructure.
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Storonyanska, Iryna, Mariana Melnyk, Lilia Benovska, Natalia Sytnyk, and Oksana Zakhidna. "Economic activity vs generation of local budgets’ revenues: Regional disparities in COVID-19 instability." Public and Municipal Finance 10, no. 1 (September 23, 2021): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.10(1).2021.08.
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In the last two years, Ukraine and the world have been living in economic instability caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has fundamentally changed the trends in global and domestic economies, public and local finance. This study aims to estimate the trends of economic development of Ukrainian regions in the coronavirus crisis and their impact on the local budgets’ tax revenues generation. Main findings show the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the development of Ukrainian regions is territorially differentiated. It is determined that in quarantine restrictions, the regions were developing under the impact of behavioral and institutional factors. Although a range of enterprises terminated their activities and there was a decline in income from business activities in 2020, the tax revenues of local budgets increased. The growth of tax revenues was accompanied by decreasing interbudgetary transfers and growing expenditures on containing the spread of pandemics and supporting healthcare. Reduced transfers to local budgets from the public budget affected the funding of investment programs of regional development. The abovementioned effects of falling business activity and consumer expenditures of the population along with falling investment can be considered the delayed effects of economic activity curtailment in the short-term period. An intensive increase of public investment that stipulates projects co-funding from budget funds and resources of businesses and establishment of cooperation between public, regional, and local levels of government should become among the primary steps to overcome the negative trends.
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Modlin, Steve, and LaShonda M. Stewart. "Determining county government fiscal instability: Independent audit report findings and the prompting of state action." Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management 26, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 405–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbafm-26-03-2014-b002.
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Decreasing revenues among local governments across the country have placed an increased focus on governmental financial practices. For states with local government financial oversight organizations, the ratios and other benchmarks used to assess fiscal stability face increased scrutiny. This study examines financial reports sent to North Carolina’s financial oversight body, the Local Government Commission (LGC), to determine the types of operational and policy practices that can lead to fiscal stress based on guidelines established by the LGC. Findings indicate that lowering levels of fund balance, increased salaries, increased debt service levels, and the presence of a countywide water system all increased the probability of a county government receiving notice of potential financing problems requiring immediate action.
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Angyridis, Constantine, and Panagiotis Tsintzos. "Public Investment, Government Indebtedness and Transitional Dynamics." Review of Economic Analysis 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v10i2.1441.
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This paper considers an endogenous growth model with public capital and government debt. In setting the level of public investment each period, the government is assumed to follow two commonly used in the growth literature fiscal rules: public investment is either equal to a constant fraction of output or equal to a constant share of tax revenues. In our model, we allow revenues to be raised by the government through progressive income taxation and bonds issue. For both fiscal rules, we show that the potential occurrence of either indeterminacy or instability crucially depends on whether the government is a debtor or a creditor. In particular, government indebtedness causes the economy to be prone to either belief-driven aggregate fluctuations or unstable dynamics. This is a novel result in the related literature which has largely overlooked the role of public debt as a possible contributing factor to the presence of indeterminacy and instability in growth models.
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O. E., AMEH, HARUNA O. E., and IYAJI, J. "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDUCTS OF CASHEW NUT MARKETERS IN NORTH CENTRAL ZONE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 08, no. 01 (2023): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2023.5803.
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This study accessed the structural characteristics and conducts of cashew nut marketers in north central zone, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 396 cashew nuts marketers selected from Kogi, Nasarawa and Kwara States; using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Various statistical tools used in assessing market performance of cashew nuts marketers: percentages, frequency, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, Gini coefficient was used to describe the structural characteristics and conducts of cashew nut marketers while factor analysis was employed to identify major constraints militating against the marketing of cashew nut in the study area. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of 0.006 implies that cashew marketing is dominated by many sellers implying perfect competition among sellers. The Gini Coefficient ratio of 0.87 implies that there is lower level of market competition (imperfect competition) among marketers in the study area and the high market power is controlled by few marketers whose actions can influence market activities in the study area because they control larger share of income/revenue in the market. Many marketers were not members of marketing association. This study also revealed that there is unavailability of source of funding among marketers thus; many marketers rely on personal saving and family saving for their business.; Cashew nut produce was differentiated into wet (at the point of sale) and dried (before sale). Majority (59.6%) of cashew nuts marketed wet nuts while 40.4% of the marketers dried their cashew nuts before selling. The major constraints militating against marketing of cashew nuts in the study area were price instability (.865), unregulated market; (.788), lack of storage facilities (.830), inadequate/unstable supply (.770), high transportation cost (.734), poor institutional support (.670) among others. This study concludes that there is no transparency in market information among cashew nuts marketers in the study area and based on this empirical finding the following recommendations were suggested: Government in collaboration with Agencies and NGOs should ensure they continue to extend their production and marketing training programs to more marketers to ensure wider coverage among beneficiaries since many of the respondents are yet to benefit from trainings and researches; marketers should be encouraged through their cooperatives to provide storage facilities that will enable them store their produce and sell when the price appreciates; Government through the extension agents with the aid of social media and cooperatives should organize training to marketers to help improve their level of knowledge on marketing and pricing that would in turn increase their marketing efficiency level; farmers should be encouraged to form cooperative in order to help them minimize the exploitation by middlemen; financial institutions, exporters, processors and donor organizations should be linked to marketers in order to assist them with fund.
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O. E., AMEH, HARUNA O. E, and IYAJI J. "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDUCTS OF CASHEW NUT MARKETERS IN NORTH CENTRAL ZONE, NIGERIA." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch 08, no. 01 (2023): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35410/ijaeb.2023.5804.
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This study accessed the structural characteristics and conducts of cashew nut marketers in north central zone, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from 396 cashew nuts marketers selected from Kogi, Nasarawa and Kwara States; using a multi-stage random sampling technique. Various statistical tools used in assessing market performance of cashew nuts marketers: percentages, frequency, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, Gini coefficient was used to describe the structural characteristics and conducts of cashew nut marketers while factor analysis was employed to identify major constraints militating against the marketing of cashew nut in the study area. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of 0.006 implies that cashew marketing is dominated by many sellers implying perfect competition among sellers. The Gini Coefficient ratio of 0.87 implies that there is lower level of market competition (imperfect competition) among marketers in the study area and the high market power is controlled by few marketers whose actions can influence market activities in the study area because they control larger share of income/revenue in the market. Many marketers were not members of marketing association. This study also revealed that there is unavailability of source of funding among marketers thus; many marketers rely on personal saving and family saving for their business.; Cashew nut produce was differentiated into wet (at the point of sale) and dried (before sale). Majority (59.6%) of cashew nuts marketed wet nuts while 40.4% of the marketers dried their cashew nuts before selling. The major constraints militating against marketing of cashew nuts in the study area were price instability (.865), unregulated market; (.788), lack of storage facilities (.830), inadequate/unstable supply (.770), high transportation cost (.734), poor institutional support (.670) among others. This study concludes that there is no transparency in market information among cashew nuts marketers in the study area and based on this empirical finding the following recommendations were suggested: Government in collaboration with Agencies and NGOs should ensure they continue to extend their production and marketing training programs to more marketers to ensure wider coverage among beneficiaries since many of the respondents are yet to benefit from trainings and researches; marketers should be encouraged through their cooperatives to provide storage facilities that will enable them store their produce and sell when the price appreciates; Government through the extension agents with the aid of social media and cooperatives should organize training to marketers to help improve their level of knowledge on marketing and pricing that would in turn increase their marketing efficiency level; farmers should be encouraged to form cooperative in order to help them minimize the exploitation by middlemen; financial institutions, exporters, processors and donor organizations should be linked to marketers in order to assist them with fund
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Sulaiman, Khalil. "RISK MANAGEMENT IN PALESTINIAN INSTITUTIONS." Repüléstudományi Közlemények 31, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32560/rk.2019.2.15.
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The increase in the number of risks during the last decades triggers governments to search for the best ways to avert or mitigate these risks. Palestinian Government is working in an unpredictable environment that rafts with risks and uncertainty due to the political instability and restrictions of occupation. Although there are many risks that may face Palestinian institutions, this study focuses on two main interconnected ones. These two are the cut-off or decrease of the subsidies from international donors and the non-transfer of clearance revenues to the Palestinian National Authority by the Israeli Government. The likelihood of occurrence of these two risks and their impacts on the performance of the Palestinian institutions is pretty high. This study recommends a set of measures to decrease the effect of these two risks.
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Escudero, Carolina. "Recovered Media in Argentina: An Inclusive Digital Movement." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (August 12, 2020): 1236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul636.
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The basis for this paper is the recovered factories movement, which began in Argentina in 2001, and which has grown over the past decade to include media companies, transcending digital inequalities and turning them into opportunities for journalists and media outlets. Just like elsewhere, the situation for journalists in Argentina is precarious, with technological barriers increasing digital inequalities and a lack of respect for workers’ rights, particularly when political processes such as changes in government lead to new economic plans and market instability. This situation of great uncertainty for the press has given rise to a movement on the increase in recent years, known as “recuperated or recovered media” or “workers’ co-ops”. Between 2016 and 2017, at least six media outlets were recuperated by their workers after being closed down or abandoned by their owners, including La Nueva Mañana, in Córdoba; El Ciudadano of Rosario; La Portada, of Esquel; and the Tiempo Argentino newspaper and online news site Infonews, both based in Buenos Aires. Tiempo Argentino is the only national newspaper supported by its readership, contributing 70% of revenue, which has made it one of the few independent voices of dissent in Argentina at a time of high media concentration and domination. The Tiempo Argentino newspaper was one of the winners of the first Latin American Google News Initiative (GNI), illustrating how this movement has transcended politico-social difficulties and transformed digital inequalities into digital inclusion/opportunities. The GNI is an initiative that fosters innovation aiming to improve the sustainability of journalism in a digital era by developing open source software, so as to improve user experience on the Web and optimize internal management procedures for members. Once the software is finalized, the co-op will develop a prototype to be made available to other self-managed media outlets in order to strengthen their membership model. Hence, this exploratory study seeks to analyze the phenomenon of the recovered media in Argentina, focusing on the experience of Tiempo Argentino as the newspaper and its workers face a new digital challenge. At the end of 2001, Argentina’s political and economic crisis was the main theme in world news coverage. At this period and in response to the economic crisis, workers seized control of many abandoned factories. The rise of these “recuperated/recovered businesses”
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Ozili, Peterson K. "Tax evasion and financial instability." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 531–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-04-2019-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between tax evasion and financial instability. The discussion also examines the effects of tax evasion for financial instability. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an exploratory study on the effect of tax evasion on financial instability Findings The paper shows that tax evasion can reduce the tax revenue available to governments to manage the economy and can weaken the government’s ability to promote stability in financial systems, whereas on the contrary, taxpayers who evade taxes feel they can use the evaded tax money to rather improve their own financial stability. Originality/value This paper presents the first attempt to carefully examine the association between tax evasion and financial instability.
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Woo, Jungmoo. "Oil export, external prewar support for the government, and civil conflict onset." Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 4 (May 26, 2017): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343317697369.
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The literature on civil war onset focuses on the effect of oil on domestic actors but relatively little suggests its effect on external actors who can intervene in an oil-producing state, although most revenues of oil-producing states are generated by their oil export to other states. This article advances a theory of oil export, external prewar support for the government, and civil war onset. In the international oil market, although oil is a primary energy source in most states, there are few oil exporters. This implies that costs of breaking an oil trade tie are greater for an oil-importing state vis-à-vis an oil-exporting state and, thus, oil-importing states are likely to have concerns about oil-exporting states’ political instability that can cause civil conflict onset and break their oil trade ties. I hypothesize that a state’s oil export increases the likelihood of external prewar support for its government. However, because oil-exporting states are likely to conceal the information about their oil export to prevent public grievances against the distribution of oil revenues and their governments’ incompetence in oil export, rebels are less likely to have complete information about oil export. The secrecy of oil export hinders finding a mutually acceptable bargaining range between the government and rebels, and increases the likelihood of civil conflict onset in oil-exporting states without external support for the government. I measure each state’s oil export using network analysis, and test these hypotheses using logit models. Empirical results support the hypotheses.
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Ajaz, Tahseen, and Eatzaz Ahmad. "The Effect of Corruption and Governance on Tax Revenues." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 405–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.405-417.
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Developing countries are typically unable to generate sufficient amount of revenue from taxation because these countries face a number of institutional problems in the process of revenue generation. One of the main problems is corruption in tax administration. The two important components of revenue generation are tax administration and tax system reforms [Brondolo, et al. (2008)]. The main objective of these is to increase the efficiency of tax administrations, specifically by reducing corruption and tax evasion. The second main problem of low revenue generation is political instabilities in developing countries. One of the important characteristics of political instability is unstable and governments and, hence, incoherent policy framework, which hinder in the process of long-term reforms in the system. The quality of governance as a whole is also relevant in this context. It is widely agreed that the presence of tax evasion and corruption of public officials is a social phenomenon that can significantly reduce tax revenue and seriously hurt economic growth and development.
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Han, Kwang-Hee. "Current Status of Reshoring of Japanese Manufacturing Companies and the Japanese Government’s Support System for Attracting Businesses." Korean-Japanese Economic and Management Association 98 (February 28, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46396/kjem..98.1.
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Purpose: This study examines the current situation and characteristics of reshoring, manufacturers return to Japan from their production bases that have been relocated abroad amid increased instability in the global supply chain due to factors such as COVID-19 and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This study tried to figure out what kind of reshoring business attraction support policies are being deployed by the central government or local governments in Japan. Also the author tried to derive what implications these support policies have for Korea.
Research design, data, and methodology: This study collects and analyzes the contents of previous research papers related to the Japanese government’s support system for attracting reshoring companies, statistical data from research institutes, press releases from media companies, and homepages of local governments regarding reshoring of Japanese manufacturing companies.
Results: The Japanese government has executed various support policies at the central and local governments level to turn reshoring manufacturing companies into opportunities to contribute to the country’s economic regeneration and local growth, resulting in more than 500 companies returning to Japan annually in recent years. These results had the effect of creating new jobs in various parts of Japan, and the increase in local governments’ tax revenues led to the revitalization of the local economy.
Implications: In order to induce a successful return to Korea for manufacturers wishing to reshor, policies that can provide unconventional incentives such as smart factory construction, R&D support, and corporate tax cuts for reshoring companies should be reviewed and prepared.
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Bukina, I. S. "Status and Prospects of Federal Budget Sustainability in the New Environment." Federalism 27, no. 4 (January 9, 2023): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2022-4-142-154.
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The sustainability of the federal budget is currently subject to multiple risks. Despite a temporary increase in oil prices, federal budget revenues are declining rapidly. As correlation analysis has shown, oil and gas revenues of the federal budget become more volatile during structural crises. At the same time, non-oil and gas revenues are declining. The instability of the foreign policy situation and the ongoing military actions greatly increase the risks of increased federal budget expenditures. In the short term, the budget deficit can be covered by the accumulated liquid reserves of the National Welfare Fund. However, in the longterm perspective, the restrictions affecting Russia’s sustainable economic growth will have an impact on the fiscal sphere. The government will have to take unpopular measures to reduce expenditures and raise taxes on the non-oil and gas sector in order to maintain the stability of the public finance system.
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AbduiHussein, Ali Jaber, and Magda Pashi bedewi. "Tracks of fiscal policy in Iraq for the period (2003 – 2019." Muthanna Journal of Administrative and Economic Sciences 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.52113/6/2022-12-1/297-313.
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The political and economic transform ation that took place in Iraq after 2003 was characterized by many manifestations of confusion and contradiction , There were many factors hindering development trends, including political instability and the unstable security situation, Note that Iraq began to move towards building a new political and economic system after the political change , and under the rule of the CPA and successive governments until the present time , Iraq has witnessed increasing political instability , which had a significant impact on economic activity, especially on fiscal policy , as the fiscal policy, through its tools, can achieve economic stability because it is a method for managing the economy, therefore the role of fiscal policy in the economy after 2003 was not at the required level , because the country`s economy is a unilateral economy and its dependence on oil revenues, and the fluctuation of those revenues has a significant impact on the economic situation , through a continuos increase in public spending , the largest percentage is always operating expenses , ( such as increasing salaries, wages, grants and subsidies, as well as allocations card and the social protection network, all this at the expense of investment expenditures despite the rise in oil prices and the increase in revenues , however, it was directed at public spending and financial and admi nistrative corruption was the most serious challenge in the country , the fiscal policy must coordinate with other economic policies in order to influence the economy and be more effective through its political social and economic tracks as it constitutes the economic stability system in the country.
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Mabkhot, Hashed, and Hamid Abdulkhaleq Hasan Al-Wesabi. "Banks’ Financial Stability and Macroeconomic Key Factors in GCC Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142315999.
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Purpose: This study examines the impact of macroeconomic factors on GCC banks’ stability. As GCC countries still rely on oil export revenues to cover government expenses and perform an undiversified economy, hence, increased awareness of the financial diversifications in the GCC financial sectors is needed to contribute alongside oil sector revenues and then improve the non-oil sectors’ investments in order to eliminate the oil and macro-financial linkage that causes any changes in the oil price to impact the whole macroeconomic and financial system of the country. In this context, this research selected the most important macroeconomic factors such as GDP growth, inflation rate, exchange rate, global financial crisis period (2008/2009), oil price fluctuation, and political instability within the period from 2005 to 2020, which covers many economic and political events. Design/methodology/approach: We used panel cointegration analysis, starting with a panel unit root test and including PFMOLS and PDOLS estimations. Additionally, FGLS estimation was used due to the existence of heteroskedasticity and auto-correlation in the sample. Findings: The findings suggest that there is an adverse relationship between the inflation rate, global financial crisis (2008/2009) and oil price changes, and the financial stability of GCC Islamic and conventional banks. However, the Islamic bank is less adversely affected by a financial crisis, oil price changes, inflation rate and political instability. Originality/value: This proposed model provided better knowledge for regulators and policymakers about the external impacts on GCC banks’ stability, to commit an appropriate economic policy to help in reforming the economic and financial imbalances.