Academic literature on the topic 'Government research establishments (GREs)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Government research establishments (GREs)"
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Molas‐Gallart, Jordi. "Government defence research establishments: The uncertain outcome of institutional change1." Defence and Peace Economics 12, no. 5 (January 2001): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404997.
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Mothoagae, Tshepo, and Nazeer Joseph. "The Design of a Bayesian Network Model for Increasing the Number of Graded Tourism Establishments." December 2020, no. 9(5) (December 31, 2020): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-52.
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Research has been conducted on the grading of tourism establishments but little research has been conducted on the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to increase the number of graded tourism establishments. The objective of this study was to identify variables influencing tourism grading and to use them to construct a Bayesian Model for increasing the number of tourism establishments. Data was collected using an online survey questionnaire developed using the Survey Monkey tool. A total of 87 responses were received from 60 non-graded and 27 graded tourism establishments. The results indicate six factors affecting tourism grading, namely cost of grading, grading benefits, simplicity/complexity of grading application process, government funding, training of prospective grading applicants and computer literacy. The results further indicate grading cost and grading benefits as the most important factors for increasing the number of tourism establishments. The study implies that using this model will assist grading professionals to make informed decisions on initiatives aimed at increasing the number of graded tourism establishments. The study is among the first on implementation of AI to increase tourism grading establishments.
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Heim, Carol E. "Government Research Establishments, State Capacity and Distribution of Industry Policy in Britain." Regional Studies 22, no. 5 (August 1988): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343408812331345060.
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de Vaan, Mathijs, Saqib Mumtaz, Abhishek Nagaraj, and Sameer B. Srivastava. "Social Learning in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Community Establishments’ Closure Decisions Follow Those of Nearby Chain Establishments." Management Science 67, no. 7 (July 2021): 4446–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4033.
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As conveners that bring various stakeholders into the same physical space, firms can powerfully influence the course of pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019. Even when operating under government orders and health guidelines, firms have considerable discretion to keep their establishments open or closed during a pandemic. We examine the role of social learning in the exercise of this discretion at the establishment level. In particular, we evaluate how the closure decisions of chain establishments, which are associated with national brands, affect those of proximate, same-industry community establishments, which are independently owned or managed. We conduct these analyses using cell phone location tracking data on daily visits to 230,403 U.S.-based community establishments that are colocated with chain establishments affiliated with 319 national brands. We disentangle the effects of social learning from confounding factors by using an instrumental variables strategy that relies on local variation in community establishments’ exposure to closure decisions made by brands at the national level. Our results suggest that closing decisions of community establishments are affected by the decisions made by chain establishments; a community establishment is 3.5% more likely to be open on a given day if the proportion of nearby open chain establishments increases by one standard deviation. This paper was accepted by Olav Sorenson, organizations.
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Ramya, Tame, and Bhaboklang Sohkhlet. "Anthropology in Arunachal Pradesh: Genesis, Establishments, and Contribution." Dera Natung Government College Research Journal 3, no. 1 (2018): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.56405/dngcrj.2018.03.01.09.
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The existence of anthropology as an academic and research discipline in Arunachal Pradesh is at infancy. The traditional ethnographic studies among the tribes were initiated by the early British administrators, missionaries, travellers, explorers,etc. Professor Furer-Haimendorf and Verrier Elwin were perhaps the first professional anthropologist and ethnographer to delve into the various cultural aspects of Arunachal tribes. The official recognition of the discipline took place with the introduction of Arunachal Institute of Tribal Studies (AITS) in 1995 under Arunachal University (Now Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh) which was established in 1984; for which anthropology as a discipline was introduced in 2001. The establishment of the Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh and introduction of Anthropology at the University and College levels significantly count towards the development of this discipline in the state. Research contributions have been witnessed over time in the field of social and cultural aspects of the tribes. Though not completely absent, researches on physical-biological aspects, genetic studies, linguistic and archaeology, growth, nutrition and health have been witnessed but limited. Taking into consideration the broad scope of Anthropology as a discipline of holistic approach, this paper urge for a need of wider coverage of studies in terms of research, projects, and publications in developing tribal state like Arunachal Pradesh. The relevance of Anthropology in the state could be ensured through rigorous research taken up at various levels of standard, support from the government, collaboration between academic institutions and funding agencies. At the same time, its dimension and scope as a relevant research and academic discipline could be broadened and expanded through addressing new research questions, formulation of hypotheses, and through standard conduct of empirical researches.
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Opačić, Vuk Tvrtko, Zoran Klarić, Ivo Beroš, and Snježana Boranić Živoder. "Tourism Development Index of local self-government units: The example of Croatia." Acta geographica Slovenica 62, no. 1 (June 21, 2022): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/ags.9814.
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The goal of the research was to construct a model for calculating the Tourism Development Index (TDI) at the local level. TDI is based on ten indicators: total number of beds, total number of beds per 100 residents, number of beds in hotels and similar establishments, number of beds in hotels and similar establishments per 100 residents, number of tourist arrivals, number of tourist arrivals per capita, number of overnight stays, number of overnight stays per capita, number of employed in tourism and hospitality and share of employed in tourism and hospitality in total employment. Based on TDI, 556 cities/towns and municipalities were categorised into five classes. Due to the usage of both absolute and relative values, TDI recognises the tourism development better than the previously used indices.
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Vaughan, Sylvia. "Comments on the Sixth Report of the Animal Welfare Advisory Committee." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 31, no. 2 (March 2003): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290303100208.
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The Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (AWAC) was established in July 1996, to consider the care, welfare and use of animals involved in procedures for defence research purposes at Defence and Evaluation Research Agency (DERA) establishments in the UK. Two of the objectives of AWAC are to examine the broad trends in animal use at DERA establishments, and to implement and audit the application of the Three Rs principle. AWAC's sixth report addressed the period from 31 October 2000 to 28 February 2002. The statistics of animal use within the report are briefly examined, and some of the actions undertaken by defence research establishments to facilitate the application of the Three Rs are highlighted. It is recommended that, if possible (subject to security constraints), figures detailing the severity of the procedures undertaken should be included in future issues of the report, in order to provide a more-detailed account. It is concluded that Defence Science and Technology Laboratory establishments have made a contribution to the Three Rs, and that other establishments may be able to incorporate some of their actions into their own research programmes. There was an overall 36% increase in the number of procedures carried out by defence research establishments between 1995 and 2000, from 8,900 to 12,065. This probably reflects alterations in the research programme, which is, in turn, decided primarily by the Ministry of Defence's customers and the progress made with previous research programmes. It is therefore recommended that the UK Government allocates significantly more financial resources for the development and validation of alternatives, in order to maximise the potential for achieving the Three Rs in defence research, and to complement the existing initiatives within the defence research industry.
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VERBOVSKYI, I. "HIGHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENT MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL AND FINANCIAL REGULATION." ТHE SOURCES OF PEDAGOGICAL SKILLS, no. 28 (December 31, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2075-146x.2021.28.250326.
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The article highlights the main issues of international and financial regulation of the higher education establishment management. The study analyses the financial support of state, municipal and private establishments according to their autonomy. It indicates that one of the main funding sources for state higher education establishments in Ukraine is funds from various budget levels. The paper points out that higher education establishments can be financed from the other sources that are not prohibited by national legislation: payment for the educational services, grant income, research, rent, charitable funds, etc. The research also determines that establishments need to conform to the principles of targeted and effective use of funds, as well as publicity and transparency in decision-making. The previously received additional funds can only be used to carry out the statutory activities of a higher education establishment following the requirements of current legislation. The paper investigates the concept of government spending indicator per student to assess the financing of higher education establishments management, and a comparative analysis of the financial support of European countries. The article figures out the legislation of Ukraine and individual countries of the world regarding the financial support of higher education establishments. It establishes the importance of implementing a financing model of higher education establishments based on the results of their activities and determines that in accordance with the provisions of the Budget Code of Ukraine, the amount of state budget expenditures on higher education is distributed among higher education establishments based on a formula developed by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It highlights the main parameters of the formula, namely, the number of students by levels of higher education and subject areas, and the ratio of the educational services' cost; the level of results of students' external independent evaluation; the quality indicators of educational and scientific activities of higher education establishments. The research suggests ways to improve the financial management of higher education establishments in Ukraine.
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Yang, Yicong, and Carolyn McAndrews. "Statewide Analysis of Individuals’ Exposure to Business Establishments and Active Travel Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120912241.
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This study analyzes the association between exposure to various economic establishments, such as retail stores and schools, and walking and cycling at the individual level. Instead of using a land use mix indicator applied in many previous studies, 17 types of establishments were investigated, based on the North American Industrial Classification System, located within individuals’ activity spaces. The 2017 Wisconsin Add-On to the National Household Travel Survey was used to compute the density of establishments for two different activity space measurements: (1) time-weighted one standard deviational ellipses, and (2) convex hulls. Among the significant results agreed on by both activity space measurements, walking and cycling are positively associated with exposure to educational services and public administration establishments, and negatively associated with exposure to finance and insurance establishments. The results indicate a possible strategy: active travel promotion could leverage the potential for schools and local government offices to serve as anchor institutions for health-promoting travel behavior. In addition to strategies for the built environment, the research also suggests that physical activity encouragement could target individuals, such as workers, who probably have exposure to establishments with a negative association with active travel, such as in the finance and insurance sector.
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James, Andrew D. "Organisational change and innovation system dynamics: the reform of the UK government defence research establishments." Journal of Technology Transfer 34, no. 5 (January 13, 2009): 505–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-008-9104-0.
Full textBooks on the topic "Government research establishments (GREs)"
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Bengalee, Mehroo D. Research project report on the training and employment opportunities for Parsi-Zoroastrians in establishments after SSC/HSC and a compilation of distance education programmes in Mumbai: A three month study under the aegis of the National Commission for Minorities, Government of India, New Delhi. New Delhi: National Commission for Minorities, 2009.
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Popadyuk, Tatyana, Saidkhror Gulyamov, and Sharafutdin Khashimkhodzhaev, eds. IX INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “MANAGERIAL SCIENCES IN THE MODERN WORLD”. EurAsian Scientific Editions, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56948/zajh8343.
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On 9 November 2021, 9th International Scientific-Practical Conference “Managerial Sciences in the Modern World” was opened. This year, the event took place in the online format because of the strained epidemiological situation. A total of about 450 specialists took part in the conference. “Managerial Sciences” has already become a kind of brand, with more than half a dozen different round table discussions, sections”, said Arkady Trachuk, Dean of the Faculty “Higher School of Management” at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, who moderated the plenary session. He said that the 2021 conference participants included representatives from Latvia, Republic of Fiji, Kuwait, India, Uzbekistan, and Russia. Russia was represented by seven regions: Moscow and Moscow Region, Bryansk-, Tver-, Saratov-, Arkhangelsk regions, Republic of Tatarstan and Krasnodar Territory. Delegates from 25 universities, including 6 foreign higher educational establishments, took part in the sections’ work. The central event of the first day of the conference was a plenary session during which presentations were delivered by representatives of Germany, Slovenia, Uzbekistan and Russia. The plenary session was opened by Arkady Trachuk. His presentation focused on the goals of introducing digital technologies in the Russian industry. The speaker presented the results of the research implemented by a team of scholars from the Department of Management and Innovation at the Faculty “Higher School of Management”. Alexander Brem, Head of Technological Entrepreneurship and Digitalisation at Stifterverband Consulting Company funded by Daimler Foundation (Germany), talked about artificial intelligence as an innovation management technology. The expert is convinced that artificial intelligence will become the core technology to drive the technological development in the 21st century. Jörg Geisler, head of Finance and Risk Management at S-Kreditpartner GmbH, expert on consumer lending at savings banks (Germany), dwelled on an important subject – “Risk management at times of digital innovation” by the example of the banking industry. Samo Bobek, Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Business (FEB) at the University of Maribor, Professor of e-business and information management (Slovenia), delivered a presentation on “Digital transformation impact on business models”. His presentation dealt with digital transformation of business models. Azizjon Bobojonov, Head of International Project Office, Associate Professor of the Department “Digital Economy and Information Technologies” at Tashkent State University of Economics (Republic of Uzbekistan), talked in his presentation “Reinventing the services in the digital age” about new discoveries in the service industry in the epoch of digital transformation. The plenary session was followed by thematic sessions in the following areas: • Change management and leadership • Business strategies and sustainable development • International management and business • Theoretical issues of management • Theory and practice of project management • Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility • Operations and business process management • Strategic financial management • Public sector management and efficiency problems • Major cities and urban agglomerations management • Real sector investment management • Crisis and business continuity management • Systems analysis in management • Knowledge and talent management • Sports digitalisation management • Digital marketing and marketing communications • Shaping innovation strategy in the conditions of the fourth industrial revolution.
Book chapters on the topic "Government research establishments (GREs)"
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Wąsowski, Krzysztof. "The Obligations of Public Entities." In Cybersecurity in Poland, 331–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78551-2_20.
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AbstractThe author presents the structure and principles which the Polish legislature imposes on public entities in the field of cybersecurity. The analysed regulations cover government authorities, state control authorities, law enforcement authorities, courts (both common and special), local government units and their associations (including metropolitan unions), budgetary units and Budget establishments, executive agencies, budgetary institutions, the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) and managed funds, the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS) and the funds managed by its President, the National Health Found, public universities, and the Polish Academy of Sciences. In addition to these public finance entities, special cybersecurity obligations have been imposed on research institutes, the National Bank of Poland, Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK), Office of Technical Inspection (UDT), the Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PENSA), Polish Centre for Accreditation (PCA), the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management (NFEP&WM) and the provincial funds, as well as municipal companies. Despite differences in the form of activity (including possession or absence of legal personality), it is commonly agreed that the analysed regulations treat public entities as public administration authorities, at least in the functional sense, as evidenced by the indication that the obligations of public entities should be carried out within the framework of public tasks.
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Aydın, Burcu Pekduyurucu. "Customer Relations Management Applications in the Tourism Industry." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 334–41. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4639-1.ch026.
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In recent years, all information about customers can be shared with employees by customer relations management in tourism establishments, and accordingly, all customer expectations can be met. As a result, producing customer loyalty can be possible. Customer relations management applications in tourism establishments is crucial with regards to competing with other establishments. The most important factor for customers to be pleased with the tourism establishments and prefer the same establishment again is the qualities of front office employees who are directly in relation with customers because front office is the first department that customers interact with. Information about front office is provided and application circumstances of the front office are explained in this research. The population consists of managers of 4-star and 5-star hotels operating in Turkey. In this research, contributions of the front office employees in providing customer loyalty, preventing customer complaints, and customer relations applications of the establishment are examined.
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Azeta, A. A., Charles K. Ayo, Aderemi Aaron Anthony Atayero, and Nicholas Ikhu-Omoregbe. "Voice-Based e-Learning Approach for e-Government." In Handbook of Research on E-Services in the Public Sector, 25–33. IGI Global, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-789-3.ch003.
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Government establishments are most times highly involved in different reorganization programs. The processes in e-Government are diversified and complex, hence the need for an appropriate training and learning strategy for governmental employees. Changing business processes and organizational structures always mean that the personnel have to be familiar with the changed procedures. Consequently, the employees need to be trained to develop capacity for new responsibilities. Existing methods of learning and training do not make provision for certain category of employees such as the visually impaired. They do not provide an alternative learning platform for government of employees that are not physically challenged. Many studies have demonstrated the value of several learning platforms, including mobile learning (m-Learning) but with the problems of access barriers and streamlined participation of most learners. The purpose of this chapter is to propose a voice-based e-Learning system, also known as voice-learning (v-Learning) as a variant of the m-Learning with particular relevance for the visually and mobility impaired learners. V-Learning makes possible ubiquitous learning in e-Government and provides additional capacity and speed of response to help facilitate change. Cost reduction is also achieved and there is no shortage of teachers.
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Muniandy, Rajantheran, Bharathi Mutty, and Silllalee S. Kandasamy. "The Malaysian Educational Landscape Since COVID-19." In Handbook of Research on Asian Perspectives of the Educational Impact of COVID-19, 81–116. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8402-6.ch007.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has induced many revisions in the Malaysian education system, and it is imperative to investigate the consequences of these changes on the major stakeholders: the students, educators, parents/guardians, and the administrators. The current qualitative study was conducted to accumulate the challenges faced by these major stakeholders at the tertiary level, which were scrutinized further to determine their effects on Malaysian society. The research revealed that the participants experienced negative and positive results in various aspects like teaching and learning, finance, physical and mental health, as well as cognitive maturity, according to their respective roles in their tertiary establishments. While concerns such as the negative perceptions towards OTL by the stakeholders could be resolved internally by refocusing their mindset, the major ones like the void between the upper and lower socio-economic classes created by the digital divide could only be solved by the joined efforts of the Malaysian government and other non-governmental organizations.
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Mathew, John, and Pushkar Sohoni. "Teaching and Research in Colonial Bombay." In History of Universities: Volume XXXIV/1, 259–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192844774.003.0013.
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Bombay did not play the kind of administrative nodal role that first Madras and later Calcutta did in terms of overarching governance in the Indian subcontinent, occupying instead a pivotal position for the region’s commerce and industry. Nonetheless, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Bombay were a formative age for education and research in science, as in the other Presidencies. A colonial government, a large native population enrolled in the new European-style educational system, and the rise of several institutions of instruction and learning, fostered an environment of scientific curiosity. The Asiatic Society of Bombay (1804), which was initially the hub of research in all disciplines, became increasingly antiquarian and ethnographic through the course of the nineteenth century. The Victoria and Albert Museum (conceived in 1862 and built by 1871 and opened to the public in 1872), was established to carry out research on the industrial arts of the region, taking for its original collections fine and decorative arts that highlight practices and crafts of various communities in the Bombay Presidency. The University of Bombay (1857) was primarily tasked with teaching, and it was left to other establishments to conduct research. Key institutions in this regard included the Bombay Natural History Society (1883) given to local studies of plants and animals, and the Haffkine Institute (1899), which examined the role of plague that had been a dominant feature of the social cityscape from 1896. The Royal Institute of Science (1920) marked a point of departure, as it was conceived as a teaching institution but its lavish funding demanded a research agenda, especially at the post-graduate level. The Prince of Wales Museum (1922) would prove to be seminal in matters of collection and display of objects for the purpose of research. All of these institutions would shape the intellectual debates in the city concerning higher education. Typically founded by European colonial officials, they would increasingly be administered and staffed by Indians.
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Lopang, Kamogelo, and Idowu Biao. "Prison Education in Botswana Through the Eyes of Ex-Inmates." In Strategic Learning Ideologies in Prison Education Programs, 215–30. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2909-5.ch010.
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This chapter reports on a study completed in 2014. The study sought to find out the nature of education that the Botswana Prison Service dispenses and the utilitarian nature of the said education as regards the reintegration of ex-inmates back into society. The conduct of the study was guided by three research questions and Mezirow's (1997) transformative learning was used as theoretical framework. A qualitative design with a phenomenological paradigm was employed in the conduct of the study and twenty-two (22) ex-inmates of Botswana prisons participated in the study. It was found out that while ex-inmates valued the kindness of their facilitators and rated highly the education they received in prison, they were frustrated by the fact that neither government establishments nor the private sector were ready to employ them upon discharge. It was recommended that a more humane space should be created for the reintegration of ex-inmates who return into society.
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"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Benedict C. Posadas, Ruth A. Posadas, and William S. Perret. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch11.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—An economic assessment of the commercial and recreational fisheries was undertaken in Mississippi from November 2005 to February 2006 to determine the level of damage sustained as a result of Hurricane Katrina. This assessment was a collaborative effort arising from the federal (National Marine Fisheries Service [NOAA Fisheries]) and state (Mississippi Department of Marine Resources [DMR]) government agencies’ urgent and compelling need to complete damage assessments in the affected areas in as short a period as possible. An accurate assessment of the damage created by this storm was needed to ensure that federal funds are both adequate and allocated to the appropriate sectors and recipients. The Mississippi State University– Coastal Research and Extension Center (CREC) and the Mississippi–Alabama Sea Grant Extension Program accepted the task of estimating the damages brought about by the hurricane to the state’s fishery resources and communities. The assessment of the impacts on the state commercial and recreational fisheries industries covered commercial seafood processors and dealers, the commercial fishing fleet, live-bait dealers, marinas, for hire charter boats, and land-based support facilities. Data were collected from survey questionnaires mailed to all resident vessels and facilities licensed in the state of Mississippi. In addition, personal interviews with fishermen and site visits of facilities were conducted in four coastal locations by DMR and CREC personnel. The results of the assessment indicated that all of the seafood processing plants, support facilities, and live-bait dealers, 86.7% of the commercial fleet, 60% of the seafood dealers, and 69% of the for-hire charter fleet that responded to the survey were damaged by the storm. Disaster assistance programs developed by NOAA Fisheries, which were approved by Congress in 2006, were administered by DMR to participating licensed operators of commercial fishing and for-hire charter boats. It is suggested that the hazardrelated decision-making processes of marine establishments and fishing community households need to be further evaluated to improve the overall mitigation process.
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Copeland, Jack. "Colossus and the Rise of the Modern Computer." In Colossus. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192840554.003.0017.
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Secrecy about Colossus has bedevilled the history of computing. In the years following the Second World War, the Hungarian-born American logician and mathematician John von Neumann, through writings and charismatic public addresses, made the concept of the electronic digital computer widely known. Von Neumann knew nothing of Colossus, and he told the world that the American ENIAC—first operational at the end of 1945, two years after Colossus—was ‘the first electronic computing machine’. Others familiar with the ENIAC and unaware of Colossus peddled the same message. The myth soon became set in stone, and for the rest of the twentieth century book after book—not to mention magazines and newspaper articles—told readers that the ENIAC was the first electronic computer. In 1971, a leading computer science textbook gave this historical summary: ‘The early story has often been told, starting with Babbage and . . . up to the birth of electronic machines with ENIAC.’ The present chapter revisits the early story, setting Colossus in its proper place. In the original sense of the word, a computer was not a machine at all, but a human being—a mathematical assistant whose task was to calculate by rote, in accordance with a systematic method supplied by an overseer prior to the calculation. The computer, like a filing clerk, might have little detailed knowledge of the end to which his or her work was directed. Many thousands of human computers were employed in business, government, and research establishments, doing some of the sorts of calculating work that nowadays is performed by electronic computers (see photograph 42). The term ‘computing machine’ was used increasingly from the 1920s to refer to small calculating machines which mechanised elements of the human computer’s work. For a complex calculation, several dozen human computers might be required, each equipped with a desktop computing machine. By the 1940s, however, the scale of some calculations required by physicists and engineers had become so great that the work could not easily be done in a reasonable time by even a roomful of human computers with desktop computing machines. The need to develop high-speed large-scale computing machinery was pressing.
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"Research Station at Cambridge and somewhat later at the Wantage Research Laboratories of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment. By the mid- or late 1950s national research programs on food irradiation were also underway in Belgium, Canada, France, The Netherlands, Poland, the Soviet Union, and the Federal Republic of Germany. This early history of food irradiation has been reviewed by Goldblith (9), Goresline (10), and Josephson (11). In 1960 the first books on food irradiation appeared, written by Desrosiers and Rosenstock in the United States (12) and Kuprianoff and Lang in Germany (13). A first international meeting devoted to discussion of wholesomeness and legisla tive aspects of food irradiation was held in Brussels in 1961 (14). In the United Kingdom the report of a government working party on irradiation of food (15) summarized and evaluated the studies done until 1964. The first commercial use of food irradiation occurred in 1957 in the Federal Republic of Germany, when a spice manufacturer in Stuttgart began to improve the hygienic quality of his products by irradiating them with electrons using a Van de Graaff generator (16). The machine had to be dismantled in 1959 when a new food law prohibited the treatment of foods with ionizing radiation, and the company turned to fumigation with ethylene oxide instead. In Canada irradiation of potatoes for inhibition of sprouting was allowed in 1960 and a private company, Newfield Products Ltd., began irradiating potatoes at Mont St. Hilaire, near Montreal, in September 1965. The plant used a 60Co source and was designed to process some 15,000 t of potatoes a month. It closed after only one season, when the company ran into financial difficulties (17). In spite of these setbacks, interest in food irradiation grew worldwide. At the first International Symposium of Food Irradiation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, and organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), representa tives from 28 countries reviewed the progress made in research laboratories (18). However, health authorities in these countries still hesitated to grant permissions for marketing irradiated foods. At that time only three countries— Canada, the United States, and the Soviet Union— had given clearance for human consump tion of a total of five irradiated foods, all treated with low radiation doses. The food industry had not yet made use of the permissions. Irradiated foods were still not marketed anywhere. Questions about the safety for human consumption of irradiated foods were still hotly debated and this was recognized as the major obstacle to commercial utilization of the new process. As a result of this recognition the International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation (IFIP) was created in 1970, with the specific aim of sponsoring a worldwide research program on the wholesomeness of irradiated foods. Under the sponsorship of the IAEA in Vienna, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in Rome, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, 19 countries joined their re sources, with this number later growing to 24 (see Table 1). The World Health." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 22. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Government research establishments (GREs)"
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Samuel, Liji. "TRANSFORMING THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: THE PUBLIC-PRIVATE HEALTHCARE DICHOTOMY IN INDIA IN THE ERA OF DIGITAL HEALTH." In International Conference on Public Health. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246735.2020.6103.
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Digital health initiatives have become popular in all jurisdictions across the globe. The digital health move, though it is envisioned as a cost-effective way to ensure the availability of health care services especially for the people who live in rural areas, its success depends on the response of the health care system and the state control and regulation. India lacks a comprehensive statesponsored or state-regulated health care system and more than 70 percent of people utilise the private sector medical services. In this backdrop, the implementation of the National Digital Health Mission (NDHM), announced by the Government of India very recently, will be critical. Thus, this research paper strives to bring out the public-private disjunction in the availability and utilisation of public and private health care facilities, issues of health care financing and legal regulation of clinical establishments in the public and private sector. This study uses the doctrinal method and analyses the Five-Year Plans, National Sample Survey Reports, National Health Profile, National Health Accounts Estimates for India and other Government Reports and independent studies to detail the public-private dichotomy. However, this study finds limitations in presenting the current position of private health care service providers due to the unavailability of updated authoritative government reports/ studies/ surveys. On reviewing the currents trends in the public and private health care sector, the study finds that the private sector has surpassed the public sector in all means, including health provisioning, utilisation, and financing. The NDHM is a laudable initiative to ensure affordable health care to millions of people in India. However, any move to implement it, leaving the fundamental issue of deep-rooted public-private dichotomy existing in the healthcare sector will be detrimental. It will result in a digital divide in the public and private healthcare sector and gross violation of patients’ rights and mismanagement of health information. Keywords: digital health, National Digital Health Mission, private healthcare sector, utilisation of healthcare service
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Clark, Kevin, Jordan Louviere, and Richard Carson. "COVID Choices: Research and Online System for Main Street Decision Making." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001361.
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During the spring of 2020 ChoiceFlows Inc. (Choiceflows) researchers document an approach for small and medium-sized businesses to make informed decisions about equitable and resilient reopening after COVID-19 pandemic shutdowns and restrictions. The client is 501(c)(3) chartered Restart Partners in Washington State and their client, the State of Washington Department of Commerce. After several revisions, an agreement is signed on December 30, 2020 to make the approach real with development and deployment in 2021 using Cares Act Grant money from the U.S. Federal Government. The result is Smart WA – and can be freely accessed online here: https://smartwa.us Smart WA is the result of unique primary research conducted by Choiceflows involving citizens and residents of Washington State, and many days of secondary research finding publicly available data sources and bringing them together in one place to provide both comprehensive and easier to use data to make informed decisions. The research behind Smart WA is the first study to comprehensively examine how specific COVID-19 transmission reduction actions influence planned visits to different types of businesses. Data on Smart WA is organized by Human Health, Economic Health, and Community Experience metrics – and displayed as composite scores. The entire online system is powered by Tanjo.ai machine learning, a Choiceflows business partner, and is updated from all data sources daily.The advent of the COVID pandemic disrupts a wide range of businesses that directly serve the public and causes a dramatic fall in visits to these establishments. Businesses face a wide range of options in how to respond ranging from the pre-pandemic status quo and doing nothing to prevent the spread of the virus to shutting down businesses due to a lack of customers.Recognizing this, Smart WA has a “what-if” game-like section that allows a business to model the choices that they can make for reopening, and what they can expect from customers based on real data from people in the state. The relevant question from a small business perspective is: If we take an action or actions that influence COVID-19 transmission and make it known to our customers, how will that influence those customers to visit? The research supporting this function was conducted in four waves of surveys designed and administered during 2021, making it one of the most comprehensive research programs of its type during COVID with snapshots of customer preferences being collected over several month intervals.We document the development of this COVID Choices research using the Choiceflows pioneered Volumetric Choice Experiment (VCE) method and design and in parallel the online system. This provides a platform for projecting how the insights and methods from this work can be used for other issues facing small and medium size businesses to aid in and speed decision making and choice. This includes and dashboards for policymakers and main street for allocating resources for commerce, including economic development, ongoing community health, and supporting quality of life indicators.
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Gerni, Cevat, Selahattin Sarı, Ayşen Hiç Gencer, and Ziya Çağlar Yurttançıkmaz. "The Relationships between Competitiveness and Economic Growth: A Study on the Countries of Central Asia and Caucasus." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00424.
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The relationships among input, production and market suddenly broke down after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The reflections of this disintegration are deeply felt in the Central Asian and in the Caucasian economies, which lack the traditions of being a government. The imbalances in the supply and demand, such as shutting down of factories due to breakdown of production relations and the resulting severe rise in the unemployment rate, caused a transition recession. As well-known in the literature, the main reason behind this is the interdependency of the production structures in these newly independent former Soviet countries. Large industrial establishments were left alone due to lack of sufficient raw materials and other inputs, due to lack of new technologies, and/or due to political void resulting from the transition period. In the newly established economic and political system, all of these countries, namely Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, try to realize their economic growth and development by specializing in the production of goods in which they have an economic advantage in terms of competitiveness. In this study, the effects of competitiveness on economic growth is investigated for these 7 countries during the 1995-2010 period using panel data analysis based on the Lafay index. In the light of the results of this research, policy recommendations are attempted in order to determine the sectors in which these countries are more competitive and hence to suggest ways of increasing their economic growth rate.
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Prasad, P. Anil, and Naveen Kumar M. "Management of Lifelong Learning: from Individuals to Learning Organizations and Societies." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.1990.
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Learning is the core competency required by the human beings, all living things, and even half-organisms like viruses, to survive in this world. Learning continues throughout one's life. When learning stops, it is almost the end of life. This fact remains explicit for anyone who observes life closely. Review of literature on progresses, innovations and overall successes of individuals, societies and organizations reveals that such achievements are greatly facilitated by the effective and efficient management of the lifelong learning process. Management of lifelong learning involves facilitation of all the life-cycle events of learning specific to various contexts in life like childcare, formal education and preparation for employment, employment, entrepreneurship, and active aging. That is why almost all international organizations, like UN, WHO, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Commonwealth of Learning (COL), universities across the world, organizations that promote entrepreneurship, government establishments, industries, skill development programmes etc promote strategies, initiatives, and platforms to nurture lifelong learning. // Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4 of UN sets the goal ‘Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all’. Moto of WHO Academy is ‘Transforming lifelong learning for health impact’. World Bank has a lot of reports published on the importance of lifelong learning. // In the above context, further research was conducted into the management systems and processes that facilitate efficient lifelong learning experience to help the world to develop models that can be easily adopted. It will equip the mankind with capabilities for tackling the present and future challenges of life; especially as the world anticipates tremendous escalation of foreseen and unforeseen challenges due to the cumulative effect of climate change and socio-economic factors. The graduation of learning from the individual level to organization level and broader societal level also studied. The study has been conducted based on the literature available on the internet and the learning from hundreds of capacity building sessions facilitated by the authors over a long period of time. // The study identified learning management strategies that facilitate identification of the right learning path by individuals and preparedness of individuals, organizations and societies to remain proactive and agile are vital factors in promoting lifelong learning for sustainable development.
Reports on the topic "Government research establishments (GREs)"
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor