Relevant bibliographies by topics / Government-public relationships

Academic literature on the topic 'Government-public relationships'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Government-public relationships"

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Brown, David. "Electronic government and public administration." International Review of Administrative Sciences 71, no. 2 (June 2005): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852305053883.

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Electronic government encompasses all government roles and activities, shaped by information and communications technologies (ICTs). Going well beyond analogies to e-commerce, it encompasses the four domains of governance and public administration: the state’s economic and social programs; its relationships with the citizen and the rule of law (e-democracy), its internal operations and its relationship with the international environment. E-government builds on three evolving forces: technology, management concepts and government itself. It has given rise to several phenomena that are redefining the public sector environment, including the International Institute of Administrative Sciences. Four aspects of e-government have lasting impacts on public administration: citizen-centered service, information as a public resource, new skills and working relationships, and accountability and management models. The challenges of e-government are even more acute in developing countries, although it also offers solutions. Public administration in all countries requires new thinking and leadership to ensure that e-government realizes its full potential.
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Hong, Hyehyun. "Government websites and social media's influence on government-public relationships." Public Relations Review 39, no. 4 (November 2013): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.007.

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Dutil, Patrice A., Cosmo Howard, John Langford, and Jeffrey Roy. "Rethinking Government-Public Relationships in a Digital World." Journal of Information Technology & Politics 4, no. 1 (April 2008): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j516v04n01_06.

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홍혜현. "E-government as a Public Relations Tool for Improving the Quality of Government-Public Relationships." Journal of Public Relations 16, no. 3 (August 2012): 169–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15814/jpr.2012.16.3.169.

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Xia, Chuanli, and Fei Shen. "Does Government Pay Attention to the Public? The Dynamics of Public Opinion and Government Attention in Posthandover Hong Kong." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 32, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz045.

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Abstract Government response to public opinion is essential to democratic theory and practice. However, previous research on the relationship between public opinion and government attention predominantly focuses on western societies. Little is known about such relationship in nonwestern or nondemocratic societies. Drawing upon time-series data of public opinion polls and government press releases, this study examines the dynamic relationships between public opinion and government attention in posthandover Hong Kong. The findings reveal that the responsiveness of the Hong Kong government to public opinion varies across issue domains and is constrained by the political power from the central government in Beijing.
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Ririhena, Samel W., and Yumiad Fernando Richard. "Agency Relations, Accountability, and Their Relation to Local Government Public Value Creation." International Journal of Science and Society 4, no. 3 (August 18, 2022): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i3.506.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between agency, accountability, and their relationship to the creation of local government public value. The method used to compile this research is a survey of academic literature in the field of public administration that is relevant to the research theme. The results obtained from this study indicate that in the administration of local government there are agency relationships and problems. In addition, local government accountability is still not optimal. Therefore, in the future, local governments need to prioritize two-way relationships, accountability models, and public values.
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Cheng, Yuan (Daniel). "Nonprofit Spending and Government Provision of Public Services: Testing Theories of Government–Nonprofit Relationships." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 29, no. 2 (September 12, 2018): 238–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muy054.

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Ledingham, John A. "Government-community relationships: extending the relational theory of public relations." Public Relations Review 27, no. 3 (September 2001): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-8111(01)00087-x.

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Li, Xuesong, and Yunlong Ding. "Holistic Governance for Sustainable Public Services: Reshaping Government–Enterprise Relationships in China’s Digital Government Context." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 1778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051778.

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The notion of holistic governance was originally proposed to make up for the fragmentation of public service provision. However, such a notion also has a great potential to be transferred and understood in the digital government context in China, where there is an increasing need to reshape the landscape of government–enterprise relationships that can enable enterprises to involvement effectively in holistic governance, or the planning and design of public services. However, previous empirical studies on holistic governance have neglected the question of how to make this happen. The aim of this article is to fill these gaps, building on holistic governance theory, this article offers a theoretical framework for government–enterprise relationships under the holistic governance paradigm. The framework identifies a comprehensive set of relationships that explain how these relationships affect enterprises’ participation in public service provision. The empirical analysis is based on case studies of four e-services cooperation programs in China. We report three main findings. First, economic incentive should be developed in combination with a holistic governance strategy in order to encourage policymakers to reshape government–enterprise relationships. Second, it seems that the implementation of holistic governance is more effective when complemented with a managerial strategy in relation to organizational transformation. Finally, trust-building between governments and enterprises plays a pivotal role in nurturing the holistic governance paradigm. These findings have important policy implications for efforts to promote enterprise participation and cross-sector solutions to fragmented public service provision.
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Porumbescu, Gregory. "Linking Transparency to Trust in Government and Voice." American Review of Public Administration 47, no. 5 (October 5, 2015): 520–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074015607301.

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The objective of this study is to provide a more nuanced assessment of the relationship between public sector transparency and trust in government. Specifically, we examine how different tools used to enhance transparency—social media and e-government websites—relate to citizens’ perceptions of government trustworthiness. We then examine how these relationships vary according to how frequently citizens exercise voice. Findings indicate respondents’ use of public sector social media is positively related to perceptions of government trustworthiness. E-government website use lacks a significant relationship to perceptions of government trustworthiness. However, a strong negative relationship emerged between e-government website use and perceptions of trustworthiness as respondents’ frequency of voice increased.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Government-public relationships"

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McLaughlin, Andrew Martin. "Governing the motor industry : analysing public policy and government-industry relations." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288717.

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Park, Hanna. "The association between the public's perceptions of government's crisis communications and government-public relationships." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025115.

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Boateng, Joseph. "Complementarity in Politics-Administration Relationship: Interpersonal Trust Between Political Appointees and Career Public Managers in State Government." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1399993559.

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Long, Robert Arni. "Mayors and Chief Administrative Officers Relationships: Aspects of Functional Relationships." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1569323833668306.

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Casey, Joseph. "LOCAL GOVERNMENT LAW ENFORCEMENT SERVICES: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PERFORMANCE AND COST IN COLLECTIVE AND NON-COLLCTIVE BARGAINING WORKFORCES." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3247.

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High performance organizations desire to provide services in an effective and efficient manner with positive outcomes; therefore measures of performance and cost can be utilized to gauge such success. Through comparative research and analysis of local governments that have and do not have collective bargaining for law enforcement, findings and results can determine if there is any correlation between employee workforce classification (in collective or non-collective bargaining workplaces), high performance traits, costs and high performance return on costs (HPRC) for law enforcement. A HPRC composite measure was developed and utilized to compare and contrast all of the local governments to determine relationships between performance and costs. Based upon the research, the following findings were discovered for the null hypothesis which compared two forms of collective bargaining - arbitration and mediation - separately to non-collective bargaining localities: 1) Correlation between workforce classification and high performance attributes – mediation (negative – perform at a lower performance level); 2) Correlation between workforce classification and law enforcement costs - arbitration (negative – costs are at a lower level); and 3) No correlation between workforce classification and HPRC. In the preceding three areas, only the model on high performance attributes had a high r square and low variance with adjusted r square; both indicators of a parsimonious model. While correlations arose, further research in this area is warranted in developing a more enhanced and publicly accepted comparable metric of performance, costs and HPRC for law enforcement. In addition, certain control variables illustrated a correlation with the dependent variables as follows: 1) Performance - High median household incomes, density, age, survey quality of life, and city; 2) Law Enforcement Costs per Capita - Non-right-to-work state and county; and 3) HPRC - Median household income and county. A rational choice theory was utilized as the lens of framework in assessing an employee’s motivational behavior in a collective and non-collective bargaining work environment that could contribute to differentials in performance.
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Garcia, Ricardo S. "The benefits and risks that mentors experience from participating in mentoring relationships in the federal sector." Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/861383.

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This study determined the benefits and risks mentors experience from participating in mentoring relationships.The first research question concluded that mentors experience many benefits from participating in a mentor/protege relationship. These benefits include being part of the protege's successes, mentor recognition, meeting organizational goals, interaction with protege, networking,assessment of the protege's talent, accelerated orientation process, and providing job continuity.Mentors indicated their prestige within the organization increased mainly amongst their superordinates (30%) and least amongst their peers (50%) as a result of participating in a mentor/protege relationship. Additionally, mentors indicated that there were significant gains in influencing the actions (85%), thinking (80%), productivity (60%), and work quality(50%) of proteges. These gains were cited by mentors as both direct benefits to themselves and indirect benefits to the organization in getting the mission accomplished, developing potentialleaders, and influencing others to strive for excellence.Seventy percent (70%) of the mentors did not feel a sense of favors owed to them by their proteges as a result of participating in a mentor/protege relationship. They indicated this was not the intent of a mentor/protege relationship. If suspected, they would address the issue andpossibly terminate the relationship if necessary.Mentors did not experience significant gains in power (75%) or respect (45%) for spotting talent and engineering the protege's advancement for the good of the organization.The second research question concluded that mentors experienced many risks from participating in a mentor/protege relationship. These risks included: wasting limited resources, destroying friendships, harm to the organization and mentor reputation if the protege is promoted into a leadership position and fails, and the perception of favoritism amongst subordinates.Mentors indicated they experienced losses in prestige from amongst superordinates (10%) and subordinates (10%) as well as loss a steady loss in influencing the actions and thinking of the protege as the relationship progressed.Mentors indicated there was a loss in the protege's work quality (60%) and work productivity (25%) during the mentor/protege relationship.Fifteen percent of the mentors experienced a sense of favors owed to them by their proteges. However this sense of favors owed decreased towards the end of the relationship.
Department of Educational Leadership
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Humphrey, Bryan, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "Insider Research, the Process and Practice: Issues arising from professionals conducting research within their own working environments." Deakin University. School of Education, 1995. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040614.122119.

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This thesis explores the chaotic, dynamic, ambiguous, complex and confusing world of the insider researcher. The proliferating species of insider researcher is common in public sector organisations and is particularly prevalent among post-graduate students who have combined study with work. Insider researchers range from the in-house researcher employed to conduct research to those who are conducting research in addition to their normal duties. This thesis, through five illustrative case-studies, discusses, reflects upon, explains, and clarifies the possibilities, limitations and the issues arising from a consideration of the practice of professionals conducting research in the large government education system in Victoria. The central focus of this thesis, that of exploring issues arising from professionals conducting research in their own working environments, has an importance that hitherto has had little direct recognition in the qualitative education research literature. And yet the practice of insider research is common and has a potentially large impact on the nature of the decision making process in public sector organisations. This relative invisibility in the social research literature of a discussion of issues relating to insider research demands to be made more visible. It is both useful and necessary to explore the particular possibilities, conditions and challenges of insiders conducting research in public organisations as the practice of insider research contines to grow. This thesis adds to the literature by locating insider research in a discussion of the wider soial context of ideology, culture, relationships, politics, language and meaning, and the decision-making process.
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Cherns, Jack Jacob. "Government and public information in the political system : a study of formation and systemic relationships, with particular reference to the Israeli political system, and appropriate comparison with the United Kingdom." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1986. http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/3233/.

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Government information organisation and processes are studied in limited aspects, often as public relations. This thesis attempts to present a comprehensive view of them in contexts of theoretical concept and real-world government. A distinction is made between government and public information. Hypotheses are formulated to account for systemic differences, in terms of government constraints from a position of information superiority on the extent of countervailing power distributed to the public with information. Influences on inputs, conversion and outputs demonstrate the extent of mediation which information undergoes within government. Transfers to the public are subject to further mediation in direct and indirect communication channels. Media, in symbiotic relationship with government, dominate transfer of political information. Discussion is mainly in terms of competitive political systems; but the influence of political structure is noted. Government and public information are examined within the illustrative real-world example of Israel. Influences of history, structure, standards and government and public attitudes are noted. Systemic disarticulations in output and feedback are discussed and case details given of consequent information defects. Comparison with the United Kingdom emphasises disparities in government and public information which can exist between politically competitive systems. No decisive relationship to stability is apparent. Theoretical concepts of response and steering of the political system are discussed with the aid of a political communications model. The cycle of information input, output and feedback has apparent discontinuities in terms of constraints in reception, diffusion through media, and thus in feedback, at the public extreme, and of response and steering within government, suggesting limitations in the continuous relationship implied in theoretical models. An alternative framework of assessment is suggested as an indicator of stability. Influences for change are noted, in access and outreach development. Antithetical tension within the government / media symbiosis suggests possible alternative government / public communications.
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Al, Dhabbah Muna. "The Seven Public-Government Relationship Typlogies: Apply CRM in United Arab Emirates (UAE) Government." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81091.

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In 2010 the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government set out to improve customer service by adopting the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system that was used mainly in private sector. There was a concern about implementing the one size fits all CRM. Therefore, public managers needed to understand the various public sector relationship types and to consider a relational, emotional and behavioral approach to the public-government relationship rather than the technical business management approach. The research here identifies some key distinctive typologies and key contextual relationship factors to better design a management approach that suits each typology. Some key relationship components are stakeholders, services, government role, service concept and relationship exchange. Reviewing the literature from the relationship lens, many studies have focused on understanding the components of a public-government relationship. The gap in the literature highlights the need for CRM models for the government sector functions, identifying the various contextual factors of the relationship, and a need to cater to the behavioral and emotional aspect of the relationship. The seven public-government relationship typology framework emerged from meta-synthesis of the literature review. The study uses UAE Federal government CRM, specifically the Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP). Grounded theory methodology was used to explore the seven public-government factors. Twenty-four qualitative interviews were conducted. The examined relationships include: entrepreneurial, public beneficiary, social beneficiary, organizer, protector, arbitrator, and supporter. The findings aid practitioners in designing the public-government relationship management approach that suits the nature of each relationship and its context. Theoretically, the relationship is the new lens for improving customer service in the public sector and the private sector. This emphasizes that the one size fits all CRM approach needs to be changed to more of a human and personalized approach to managing relationship typologies that are altered based upon context, influential components, and key factors. Some of the key factors influencing the relationships are communication, awareness, knowledge, emotional handling, engagement, relational approach, trust, and relationship value chain. This study provides good evidence for the need for further exploration of the contextual angle of relationships in the private sector in similar relationship typologies.
Ph. D.
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McClusky, Beverley. "Investigating the relationships between education and culture for female students in tertiary settings in the UAE." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2017. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1974.

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This research is about the higher education of Indigenous Emirati women and how they balance the intricate demands of higher education with the social customs of a traditional society and the expectations placed on women. The study sought to identify and comprehend the issues which have affected the educational changes that are taking place, including culture, gender, religion, the influence of Western education processes, and the desire of an Indigenous population to raise their educational practices to an internationally recognised benchmark. The research was aimed at providing insights into the distinctiveness of this group of women from their social and educational perspectives, and provides an alternative view of Emirati women, altogether different from the media stereotypes which have largely become accepted as representations of Arab women. It offers educators and researchers a deeper understanding of the relevant issues, and challenges preconceptions of educated women’s contribution to the workforce in a 21st century Gulf Arab nation. The experiences articulated about their educational encounters in a variety of pre-university environments, their reflections on contemporary university life, and the impact of Westernised influences on higher education in the UAE are put under the spotlight. This qualitative study was undertaken within a constructivist, interpretive paradigm. A total of 43 media students were surveyed and interviewed to understand more about their attitudes and opinions on education and culture. Areas under consideration related to educational environments, learning styles and students’ relationships with teachers, as well as matters relating to cultural identity, cultural sensitivity and gender capital. The analysis extends the sparse knowledge and prevailing attitudes about Arab women held by many Western nations, and unearthed important factors, such as alignment of choosing a university with the established ethos of a conservative religious society. High school experiences, critical thinking, and English language skills all affected success at university. Emirati dress code was seen as an issue of personal choice and encapsulated Emirati identity, while being covered was not regarded as subjugation but as an expression of distinctiveness and leadership. Approval, deference and respect for the family underpinned most decisions about educational preferences and career choices. Attitudes towards financial recompense, job selection, finding a satisfactory work/life balance to sustain a traditional lifestyle and participate in the economic development of the UAE, were all pertinent considerations for this group of undergraduate women. This research argues that higher education and Emirati culture are intrinsically linked, and the relationship between these two tenets influences the perspectives, and opinions of Indigenous undergraduate Arab women enrolled in a media course. In highlighting the experiences of women’s transition from higher education to achieving personal goals and becoming effective members of the workforce, the thesis challenges preconceived opinions of educators and external agencies. In the UAE, the result has been significant societal change due to economic development, higher education and the national desire to create a workforce of highly educated females. Nevertheless, these changes are inherently directed by the powerful yet subtle influences of this traditional society, and how far female graduates will go to alter their familiar way of life.
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Books on the topic "Government-public relationships"

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Horan, John G. Navigating government procurement: Procurement experts on reviewing bids and proposals, negotiating contracts, and managing vendor relationships. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore Books, 2008.

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C, Craig Stephen, ed. Broken contract?: Changing relationships between Americans and their government. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1996.

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Great Britain. Office of Science and Technology. Review of the inter-relationships between the science, engineering, and technology expenditure of government departments. London: Dept. of Trade and Industry, 1996.

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Osborne, Stephen P. The governance of public-private relationships: Toward an understanding of the management of independent service provision by local government. Birmingham: Public Sector Management Research Centre, 1993.

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Mary, Henkel, and Little Brenda 1952-, eds. Changing relationships between higher education and the state. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1999.

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Uganda. Government procedures and relationship between ministers and public officers. Entebbe, Uganda: Govt. Printer, 1988.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on District of Columbia. Potential for marriage development accounts in the District of Columbia: Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, special hearing, October 6, 2005, Washington, DC. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.

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Family policy in transformation: USA and British policies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Sterne, Peter. Public consultation guide: Changing the relationship between government and Canadians. [Ottawa]: Canadian Centre for Management Development, 1997.

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Bayliss, David. Management of local public passenger transport and its relationship to local government. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Institute of Local Government Studies, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Government-public relationships"

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Kuhlmann, Sabine, Isabella Proeller, Dieter Schimanke, and Jan Ziekow. "German Public Administration: Background and Key Issues." In Public Administration in Germany, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_1.

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AbstractThe international community of public administration and administrative sciences shows a great interest in the basic features of the German administrative system. The German public administration with its formative decentralisation (called: administrative federalism) is regarded as a prime example of multilevel governance and strong local self-government. Furthermore, over the past decades, the traditional profile of the German administrative system has significantly been reshaped and remoulded through reforms, processes of modernisation and the transformation process in East Germany. Studies on the German administrative system should focus especially on key institutional features of public administration; changing relationships between public administration, society and the private sector; administrative reforms at different levels of the federal system; and new challenges and modernisation approaches, such as digitalisation, open government and better regulation. The publication is following this structure in four parts with 22 chapters.
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Juliano, Nick. "Government and Nonprofit Relationships." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 2942–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_2939.

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Juliano, Nick. "Government and Nonprofit Relationships." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2939-1.

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Farmer, Jane, Anthony McCosker, Kath Albury, and Amir Aryani. "Case Studies of Data Projects." In Data for Social Good, 27–62. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5554-9_2.

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AbstractThree illustrative case studies are provided of non-profit organisations’ data projects conducted by the authors, with partner non-profits, during 2017–2021. The case studies all use a collaborative data action methodology, but differ in the nature of datasets analysed, visualisations and data products generated. Case Study 1 included government departments and agencies and used datasets from public consultation, social media and news media. It generated timeline and topic visualisations about changes in the public conversation about family violence following a new policy. Case Study 2 engaged staff across several departments of three non-profits of different sizes and used operational data plus open public data to show the impact of mental health and youth employment programmes and to inform staff retention policy. Case Study 3 describes a data collaborative involving six non-profits and a bank that united to geospatially analyse internal data of organisations and open public data to examine community resilience. Overall, project participants benefitted from new learning about working with data and built relationships within and across organisations.
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Hassall, Graham. "E-Government and Civil Society: Exploring New Relationships in Pacific SIDs." In Public Administration and Information Technology, 365–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50972-3_13.

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Ma, Zhitong. "Study on Government-to-University Relationship and Public Responsibility." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 463–68. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4793-0_57.

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Lee, Yeonho, and Chi Hoon Sung. "The State-Civil Society Relationship in Korea." In The Korean Government and Public Policies in a Development Nexus, 47–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52473-3_4.

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Ramanadham, V. V. "Government relationships with public enterprise." In The Economics of Public Enterprise, 341–92. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429200083-13.

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Camacho, Gloria, and Mario Vázquez-Maguirre. "Government and public–private relationships." In Humanistic Management in Latin America, 72–82. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429351174-5.

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"Government Relationships With Public Enterprise in Papua New Guinea." In Government and Public Enterprise, 218–47. Routledge, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203988770-20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Government-public relationships"

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Baldomir, Rebeca A., Gustavo C. G. Van Erven, and Célia Ghedini Ralha. "Brazilian Government Procurements: an Approach to Find Fraud Traces in Companies Relationships." In XV Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2018.4464.

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Data mining has been an area of high visibility in recent years and many researches have shown good efficiency in this area to find information in large databases. This paper presents an approach to find fraud traces applying data mining techniques to public databases of the Brazilian Federal Government bidings. The aim is to find evidence of fraud, such as stunts and cartels. The task of finding fraud evidences in large amount of data is complex for auditors since they have correlate data. The proposed approach was used to develop a prototype which has been used by auditors in the Ministry of Transparency and General Comptroller of the Union (CGU).
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Oneill, Peter, Nell Kimberley, and Chih Wei Teng. "Public University Models for Education – from Innovation to Entrepreneurship." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5281.

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The management of Australian public universities has changed dramatically over the last two decades with the decrease in public funding across teaching and research sectors. This has forced a strategic repositioning of universities and likewise a rethink on value generation and its translation into various revenue streams. The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of current government innovation policy and university capabilities to support the translation of innovation, and in so doing explore the possibilities of a Quadruple Helix innovation approach to building new models for education. The paper begins by examining the significant role innovation plays in developing economic wealth, and a discussion of the triple helix framework that identifies the complex collaborative relationships between universities, government and industry. The development of a Quadruple Helix Innovation Model, which places the user at the centre of the relationship, highlights the importance of capabilities in the transmission mechanisms driving innovation. We argue that the measurement of appropriate capabilities formed through collaborations amongst key stakeholders will be critical to new business models. Universities are encouraged to embrace the user value driven business models to provide the innovation, execution and disruption necessary to quadruple the impact on national growth.
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Ridgway, Jim, James Nicholson, and Sean McCusker. "The semantic web demands ‘new’ statistics." In Technology in Statistics Education: Virtualities and Realities. International Association for Statistical Education, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.12112.

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The concept of statistical literacy needs to be refreshed, regularly. Major changes in the ways that data can be accessed from government and non-government agencies (the ‘semantic web’) allow everyone to access huge databases, to create new variables, and to explore new relationships. New ways of visualising data provide further challenges and opportunities. The Open Data movement, and the rise of data driven journalism are increasing public access to large scale data via the media. Here, we map out the potential and pitfalls of the semantic web, and discuss the rebalancing of statistics curricula that is required. The most obvious challenge is the need to introduce students to the exploration and analysis of large scale multivariate data sets. We present examples of our visualizations of complex multivariate data, and describe some examples of use in classrooms. General issues of pedagogy and curriculum innovation are discussed.
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Ishida, Satoshi. "Remote Learning Responses to the COVID-19 Situation in Creating Collaborative Learning Environment: Cases from Nagasaki’s Public Schools." In 16th Education and Development Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/edc.2021.009.

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Abstract This paper examines collaborative learning environment through remote learning in local government. While COVID-19 brought pedagogical and financial challenges to public schools that were already experiencing crises in the management of their educational programs, it also created new opportunities to strengthen relationships and create institutions that will bring out the resilience needed to bounce back stronger and better than before. Government-led approaches to introduce ICT into the educational environment have become even more important in the during the COVID-19 disaster, and in this crisis, public school education in remote areas, including remote island regions, is about to undergo a major transformation. In recent years, ICT environments have begun to be established in educational settings throughout the country. However, it is a fact that there is a large difference in the response to remote learning among local governments. On the other hand, some local governments in Nagasaki Prefecture have begun initiatives to collaborate with private companies and universities to enhance remote learning. In particular, in remote island areas, cross-border collaborative remote learning is being developed in a way that makes use of past experiences. These efforts are expected to meet the needs of the "new normal" under the COVID-19 situation and to be effectively used as "hubs for collaborative learning" that will become the standard in the future. This paper briefly explores the challenges and possibilities of how the promotion of remote learning can bring a ray of hope to the educational field of public schools, using the case of Nagasaki Prefecture, which includes remote island area. KEYWORDS: Remote Learning, Online Education, COVID-19, Collaborative Learning, Nagasaki
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Xia, Fujun. "Study on Community Planning Strategy of Demolition and Resettlement Amid Urbanization - Taking the constructive detailed planning of Longhai South." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/brqe4840.

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Along with the rapid growth of urbanization, a large number of villages in China are converted into demolition and resettlement communities due to government land replacement or village relocation and so on. However, most of the demolition and resettlement communities are different from ordinary commercial housing communities in terms of spatial characteristics, governance models, and social relationships, and currently some plans have many problems such as neglecting the livelihood of the residents and the public participation in the form, so the research on the relevant planning strategies is significantly important. In light of the problems existing in the existing demolition and resettlement community planning, combined with the construction detailed planning practice case of Longhai South District, a four-point planning strategy is proposed through the combination of theoretical research and actual cases: First, strengthening public participation can assist planning and design, the electronic questionnaire combined with the on-site discussion are recommended to public participation in the demolition and resettlement community. At the same time, public participation can guide the planning and design to make it more rational and pertinent, and to some extent, to revise the planning and design conditions. Second, innovative organization management system is beneficial to the promotion of the conversion process of farmers to the citizenship. Third, planning should not only consider the space but ignore the future livelihood of the residents, and it is of great importance to increase the employment opportunities and income sources of the residents. Fourth, the fairness and homogeneity of the demolition and resettlement community planning is particularly important, much attention should be paid to the continuation of the traditional context.
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Barač Miftarević, Sandra, and Marko Paliaga. "TRUST IN A STRATEGIC PROJECT: CASE FROM GRAND PARK HOTEL ROVINJ, CROATIA." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.351.

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Trust is a highly recommended component in the project equation management process. According to Rousseau (1984), there are three types of trust: calculus-based trust, relational-based trust, and institutional-based trust, which are adopted to justify the importance of the existence of trust in a strategic project: Grand Park Hotel Rovinj in Rovinj and ACI Marine, Rovinj. Trust is an imperative condition in the project process, which can secure the achievement of the project. If there is an atmosphere of trust in the process environment, the project is successful. All parties involved in this project had a common vision and acted together, so it was assumed that there were no differences between the groups, corresponding to the trust concept proposed in the main hypothesis. A descriptive analysis (cross tabulation and Chi-square) was adopted to investigate the concept of the importance of trust and satisfaction with the working relationship in a strategic project between investors and local government in terms of project outcomes. The project was huge, but we choose to examine only those representatives who matter, with decision-making power and operational chiefs, 20 respondents in total. The sample size was small, but it covered the most important representatives of two groups, and, according to Sandelowski (1995), it could be a covered requirement for validation, despite its size. The project budget was €750 million and the project duration time was two years. The study results demonstrate that the perception of trust based on relationships and trust on an institutional basis is different between investors and local government, but they share a mutual agreement on the perception of trust based on calculations. In terms of satisfaction with the working relationship and project outcome, their perceptions are likewise distinctive. The study results supported the main hypothesis, but solely in relationship to calculus-based trust construct. The other results revealed a considerable degree of disagreement between two actors’ groups, corresponding to the relational-based and institutional-based trust, and to the satisfaction with a work relationship. These results are truly obvious and symptomatic indicators of the complexity which every project process brings with it. The concept of trust challenges researchers even now, although there are very many studies referring to it. This concept covers many scientific fields, revealing its complex and challenging nature, and opening a space for deeper exploration. The relationship between the parties in any network includes this concept as a conditio sine qua non. Strategic projects are a yet unknown area asking for further scientific debate with the principal objective: successful outcome. This analysis is a limited addition to the strategic project area research offering ample area to investigate a liaison between public and private sector in a specific scheme.
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Xiao-ke, He. "Study on E-government and the Relationship between the Government and the Public." In 2010 Fourth International Conference on Mangement of E-Commerce and E-Government (ICMeCG). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmecg.2010.54.

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CHEN, FENG, and WALEED ALGHANIM. "Relationship and Cloud Factors Affecting Government Confidence in the Public Cloud." In Fourth International Conference on Advances in Computing, Electronics and Communication - ACEC 2016. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-113-9-69.

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Garg, Himani, Charu Bansal, Rishabh Kaushal, and Indra Thanaya. "Identifying Actionable Information from Social Media for Better Government-Public Relationship." In 2017 10th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dese.2017.27.

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Shuying Bai and Mei Mei. "The evolution of collaborative relationship network between the government and the public based on e-government." In 2011 3rd Symposium on Web Society (SWS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sws.2011.6101261.

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Reports on the topic "Government-public relationships"

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Komba, Aneth, and Richard Shukia. Accountability Relationships in 3Rs Curriculum Reform Implementation: Implication for Pupils’ Acquisition of Literacy and Numeracy Skills in Tanzania’s Primary Schools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/065.

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This study responded to one key research question: What are the accountability relationships between the actors in implementing the 3Rs curriculum reform? A qualitative research approach informed the study, using key informant interviews, focus group discussion and document review. The data were analysed using thematic and content analysis. The study established that the key actors in implementing the 3Rs curriculum are the government institutions and the development partners. These actors provide teaching, learning materials and support in the provision of in-service teacher training. Yet, the pupils’ and teachers’ materials prepared by the donor programmes were never authorised by the Commissioner for Education. The study also found that the implementation of the 3Rs was very uneven across the country, with some regions receiving support from both the government and donors, and others receiving support from the government only. Consequently, schools in areas that were exposed to more than one type of support benefited from various teaching and learning materials, which led to confusion regarding when to use them. Moreover, the initiatives by several donors exclusively focus on public schools, which use Kiswahili as the medium of instruction and hence, there existed inequality across the various types of schools. Furthermore, the funds for implementing the reform were provided by both the development partners and the government. The Global Partnership for Education (GPE)—Literacy and Numeracy Education Support (LANES) Program— provided a large proportion of the funds. However, the funds remained insufficient to meet the training needs. As a result, the training was provided for only few days and to a few teachers. Consequently, the sustainability of the reform, in the absence of donor funding, remains largely questionable.
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Adegoke, Damilola, Natasha Chilambo, Adeoti Dipeolu, Ibrahim Machina, Ade Obafemi-Olopade, and Dolapo Yusuf. Public discourses and Engagement on Governance of Covid-19 in Ekiti State, Nigeria. African Leadership Center, King's College London, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47697/lab.202101.

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Numerous studies have emerged so far on Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) across different disciplines. There is virtually no facet of human experience and relationships that have not been studied. In Nigeria, these studies include knowledge and attitude, risk perception, public perception of Covid-19 management, e-learning, palliatives, precautionary behaviours etc.,, Studies have also been carried out on public framing of Covid-19 discourses in Nigeria; these have explored both offline and online messaging and issues from the perspectives of citizens towards government’s policy responses such as palliative distributions, social distancing and lockdown. The investigators of these thematic concerns deployed different methodological tools in their studies. These tools include policy evaluations, content analysis, sentiment analysis, discourse analysis, survey questionnaires, focus group discussions, in depth-interviews as well as machine learning., These studies nearly always focus on the national government policy response, with little or no focus on the constituent states. In many of the studies, the researchers work with newspaper articles for analysis of public opinions while others use social media generated contents such as tweets) as sources for analysis of sentiments and opinions. Although there are others who rely on the use of survey questionnaires and other tools outlined above; the limitations of these approaches necessitated the research plan adopted by this study. Most of the social media users in Nigeria are domiciled in cities and their demography comprises the middle class (socio-economic) who are more likely to be literate with access to internet technologies. Hence, the opinions of a majority of the population who are most likely rural dwellers with limited access to internet technologies are very often excluded. This is not in any way to disparage social media content analysis findings; because the opinions expressed by opinion leaders usually represent the larger subset of opinions prevalent in the society. Analysing public perception using questionnaires is also fraught with its challenges, as well as reliance on newspaper articles. A lot of the newspapers and news media organisations in Nigeria are politically hinged; some of them have active politicians and their associates as their proprietors. Getting unbiased opinions from these sources might be difficult. The news articles are also most likely to reflect and amplify official positions through press releases and interviews which usually privilege elite actors. These gaps motivated this collaboration between Ekiti State Government and the African Leadership Centre at King’s College London to embark on research that will primarily assess public perceptions of government leadership response to Covid-19 in Ekiti State. The timeframe of the study covers the first phase of the pandemic in Ekiti State (March/April to August 2020).
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Beach, Rachel, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Tax and Governance in the Context of Scarce Revenues: Inefficient Tax Collection and its Implications in Rural West Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.005.

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In recent years, domestic and international policy attention has often focused on broadening the tax base in order to include a greater share of the population in the ‘tax net’. This is based, in part, on the hope that the expansion of taxation will result in positive ‘governance dividends’ for taxpayers. However, the implications of extending the tax base in rural areas in low-income countries has been insufficiently considered. Through the case studies of Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone, we demonstrate that extending taxation to rural areas is often highly inefficient, leading to few, if any, revenue gains when factoring in the costs of collection. Where revenues exceed the costs of collection, they often only cover local government salaries with little remaining for the provision of public goods and services. The implications of rural tax collection inefficiency are thus significant for revenue mobilisation, governance and public service delivery, accountability relationships with citizens, and taxpayer expectations of the state. Accordingly, we question the rationale for extending taxation to rural citizens in low-income countries. Instead, we argue for a reconceptualisation of the nature of the fiscal social contract, disentangling the concept of the social contract from the individual. Rather, a collective social contract places greater emphasis on the taxation of wealth and redistribution and recognises that basic rights of citizenship are not, or should not, be contingent on paying direct taxes to the government. Rather than expanding taxation, we argue for the expansion of political voice and rights to rural citizens, through a ‘services-first’ approach.
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Barjum, Daniel. PDIA for Systems Change: Tackling the Learning Crisis in Indonesia. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/046.

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Indonesia is facing a learning crisis. While schooling has increased dramatically in the last 30 years, the quality of education has remained mediocre (Rosser et al., 2022). Teacher capability is an often cited weakness of the system, along with policies and system governance. Approaches focused primarily on adding resources to education have not yielded expected outcomes of increased quality. “It is a tragedy that in the second decade of the twenty-first century, some children in Indonesia are not completing primary school and are turned out into the workforce as functional illiterates.” (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013; Nihayah et al., 2020). In the early 2000s, Indonesia began a process of decentralising service delivery, including education, to the district level. Many responsibilities were transferred from the central government to districts, but some key authorities, such as hiring of civil service teachers, remained with the central government. The Indonesian system is complex and challenging to manage, with more than 300 ethnic groups and networks of authority spread over more than 500 administrative districts (Suryadarma and Jones, 2013). Niken Rarasati and Daniel Suryadarma researchers at SMERU, an Indonesian think tank and NGO, understood this context well. Their prior experience working in the education sector had shown them that improving the quality of education within the classroom required addressing issues at the systems level (Kleden, 2020). Rarasati noted the difference in knowledge between in-classroom teaching and the systems of education: “There are known-technologies, pedagogical theories, practices, etc. for teaching in the classroom. The context [for systems of education] is different for teacher development, recruitment, and student enrollment. Here, there is less known in the public and education sector.” Looking for ways to bring changes to policy implementation and develop capabilities at the district level, SMERU researchers began to apply a new approach they had learned in a free online course offered by the Building State Capability programme at the Center for International Development at Harvard University titled, “The Practice of PDIA: Building Capability by Delivering Results”. The course offered insights on how to implement public policy in complex settings, focused on using Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA). The researchers were interested in putting PDIA into practice and seeing if it could be an effective approach for their colleagues in government. This case study reviews Rarasati and Suryadarma’s journey and showcases how they used PDIA to foster relationships between local government and stakeholders, and bring positive changes to the education sector.
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Lu, Tianjun, Jian-yu Ke, Fynnwin Prager, and Jose N. Martinez. “TELE-commuting” During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond: Unveiling State-wide Patterns and Trends of Telecommuting in Relation to Transportation, Employment, Land Use, and Emissions in Calif. Mineta Transportation Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2147.

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Telecommuting, the practice of working remotely at home, increased significantly (25% to 35%) early in the COVID-19 pandemic. This shift represented a major societal change that reshaped the family, work, and social lives of many Californians. These changes also raise important questions about what factors influenced telecommuting before, during, and after COVID-19, and to what extent changes in telecommuting have influenced transportation patterns across commute modes, employment, land use, and environment. The research team conducted state-level telecommuting surveys using a crowd-sourced platform (i.e., Amazon Mechanical Turk) to obtain valid samples across California (n=1,985) and conducted state-level interviews among stakeholders (n=28) across ten major industries in California. The study leveraged secondary datasets and developed regression and time-series models. Our surveys found that, compared to pre-pandemic levels, more people had a dedicated workspace at home and had received adequate training and support for telecommuting, became more flexible to choose their own schedules, and had improved their working performance—but felt isolated and found it difficult to separate home and work life. Our interviews suggested that telecommuting policies were not commonly designed and implemented until COVID-19. Additionally, regression analyses showed that telecommuting practices have been influenced by COVID-19 related policies, public risk perception, home prices, broadband rates, and government employment. This study reveals advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting and unveils the complex relationships among the COVID-19 outbreak, transportation systems, employment, land use, and emissions as well as public risk perception and economic factors. The study informs statewide and regional policies to adapt to the new patterns of telecommuting.
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Bastías, Gabriel, and Gabriel Rada. Does contracting out services improve access to care in low- and middle-income countries? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1610092.

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Contracting out of health services is a formal contractual relationship between the government and a non state provider to provide a range of clinical or preventive services to a specified population. A contract document usually specifies the type, quantity and period of time during wich the services will be provided on behalf of the government. Contracting in is the contracting of external management to run public services, which is another particular type of contracting.
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Peterson, Timothy. The Relationship Between a Private Voluntary Organization and the Government of a Developing Country in the Delivery of Public Education: A Case Study in Rural Guatemala. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1374.

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Dzebo, Adis, and Kevin M. Adams. The coffee supply chain illustrates transboundary climate risks: Insights on governance pathways. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.002.

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The interconnections between countries in a globalizing world continue to deepen and are central to the modern international economy. Yet, governance efforts to build resilience to the adverse risks and impacts of climate change are highly fragmented and have not sufficiently focused on these international dimensions. Relationships between people, ecosystems and economies across borders change the scope and nature of the climate adaptation challenge and generate climate risks that are transboundary (Challinor et al., 2017). Climate impacts in one country can create risks and opportunities – and therefore may require adaptation – in other countries, due to cross-border connectivity within regions and globally (Hedlund et al., 2018). These Transboundary Climate Risks (TCRs) may develop in one location remote from the location of their origin. This dynamic necessitates examining the governance structures for managing climate change adaptation. For example, with regard to trade and international supply chains, climate change impacts in one location can disrupt local economies and vulnerable people’s livelihoods, while also affecting the price, quality and availability of goods and services on international markets (Benzie et al., 2018). Coffee is one of the most traded commodities in the world with an immensely globalized supply chain. The global coffee sector involves more than 100 million people in over 80 countries. Coffee production and the livelihoods of smallholder coffee farmers around the world are at risk due to climate change, threatening to disrupt one of the world’s largest agricultural supply chains. The coffee supply chain represents an important arena for public and private actors to negotiate how resource flows should be governed and climate risks should be managed. Currently, neither governments nor private sector actors are sufficiently addressing TCRs (Benzie & Harris, 2020) and no clear mandates exist for actors to take ownership of this issue. Furthermore, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the main body for climate change policy and governance, does not provide any coherent recommendations on how to manage TCRs. This governance gap raises questions about what methods are likely to effectively reduce climate risk and be taken seriously by coffee market stakeholders. This policy brief explores different ways to govern TCRs, and how public and private actors view their effectiveness and legitimacy. Focusing on the Brazilian-German coffee supply chain, the brief presents a deductive framework of five governance pathways through which TCRs could be managed. It is based on 41 semi-structured interviews with 65 Brazilian and German public and private experts, including roasters, traders, cooperatives, associations and certification schemes, as well as government ministries, international development agencies, international organizations and civil society representatives.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.

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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.

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A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.
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