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Journal articles on the topic 'Government policies'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Amacher, Gregory S. "Forest Policies and Many Governments." Forest Science 48, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/48.1.146.

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Abstract In this article, I examine pressures on the forest stock when multiple governments, which control different policies, have distinct revenue needs and respond to different constituencies. I assume one type of government controls public forest harvesting, while other governments (typically local or lower ones) control taxes on productive firms in their constituency. Preservation of public forests provides nontimber benefits, or public goods, for consumers at both local and national levels, and these public goods values may vary across constituencies. I investigate how public goods depend on types of government coordination including revenue sharing, shared constituencies, transfers between governments, and federalism (i.e., where one government responds only to its own revenue needs and constituencies without regarding the impact on other governments' revenues or constituents). The results suggest there are several forms of government coordination that either enhance or reduce fiscal constraints imposed on governments, and these spill over onto the forest stock through policy-induced changes in harvesting. In contrast to previous work, in the forestry case reduced government coordination and fiscal federalism can actually protect forest resources and increase public goods produced from preserving forests. If governments perceive increased revenues from public harvesting, then forest exploitation is reduced by shifting fiscal responsibilities away from governments that own resources. It is also shown that pure transfers may not reduce pressures on forest stocks unless certain restrictive conditions are met, and revenue sharing can provide incentives to increase public harvesting and reduce public goods in order to support revenue collections of all governments. Forest Science 48(1):146–158.

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2

Carter, Mary, and Norman Ginsburg. "New government housing policies." Critical Social Policy 14, no. 41 (September 1994): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026101839401404106.

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3

Walton, D. W. H., and A. J. Gray. "Ecology and government policies." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, no. 5 (May 1991): 144–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90054-2.

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4

Satispi, Evi, Retnowati Wahyuning DyasTuti, Aqil Teguh Fathani, and Phimlikid Kaewhanam. "Local Government Respond to COVID-19 Pandemics: A Study of South Tangerang City." Journal of Governance and Public Policy 8, no. 2 (June 14, 2021): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jgpp.v8i2.11439.

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This study aims to analyze local governments' efforts in promoting and implementing policies issued during COVID-19. It can also be seen what instruments are used by the government in the socialization of the policy, and the communication between local government officials and the media, society, and business can be seen. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach to see the stages of communication in their role in socializing the Tangerang City Government's policies. The results showed that a policy's socialization had gone very well through various socialization of communications such as online media, print media, and electronic media. This type of socialization media is the main instrument of the Tangerang local government in disseminating policies. Another type of socialization is direct media or outreach to each village. It is recommended that the Tangerang City Government improve its performance in disseminating policies to achieve the resulting policy objectives to build public order towards the policies taken.

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5

Stoneman, Colin. "Technology, institutions and government policies." International Affairs 62, no. 2 (1986): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2618395.

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6

Knoblauch, Doris, and Linda Mederake. "Government policies combatting plastic pollution." Current Opinion in Toxicology 28 (December 2021): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cotox.2021.10.003.

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7

Ribeiro-Soriano, Domingo, and Miguel-Ángel Galindo-Martín. "Government policies to support entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24, no. 9-10 (December 2012): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.742322.

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8

Stephenson, R. "Government policies on bovine TB." Veterinary Record 163, no. 9 (August 30, 2008): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.9.283-a.

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9

Waters, G. R. "Government policies for the countryside." Land Use Policy 11, no. 2 (April 1994): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(94)90002-7.

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10

McKenzie, Richard B. "Government policies in the 1990s." Business Horizons 33, no. 1 (January 1990): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(90)90068-m.

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11

Daykin, J. M., J. Parker, L. H. Thomas, R. W. Blowey, and O. Swarbrick. "Government policies on bovine TB." Veterinary Record 163, no. 6 (August 9, 2008): 195–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.6.195-b.

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12

Clayton, N. "Government policies on bovine TB." Veterinary Record 163, no. 6 (August 9, 2008): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.6.196.

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13

Atkinson, M. "Government policies on bovine TB." Veterinary Record 163, no. 6 (August 9, 2008): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.6.196-a.

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14

Narud, Hanne Marthe. "Party Policies and Government Accountability." Party Politics 2, no. 4 (October 1996): 479–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068896002004003.

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15

Burusapatana, Kachadpai, and Porntipa Atipas. "Thai Government Policies on Minorities." Asian Journal of Social Science 16, no. 1 (1988): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/080382488x00135.

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16

Scheraga, Joel D. "Perspectives on government discounting policies." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 18, no. 2 (March 1990): S65—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0095-0696(90)90039-2.

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17

Mulyana, Yaya. "EVALUATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT PROPERTY ADMINISTRATION POLICIES." AKSELERASI: Jurnal Ilmiah Nasional 5, no. 2 (August 22, 2023): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/jin.v5i2.717.

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The government's success in effectively managing its operations is closely tied to the outcomes of the policies it implements. Law Number 23 of 2014 aims to expedite the enhancement of societal well-being by bettering services, promoting empowerment and community involvement, and enhancing regional competitiveness. This is done while upholding democratic principles, fairness, justice, regional distinctiveness, as well as the efficiency and effectiveness of regional governance. Enhancing the relationship between central and regional governments, acknowledging the diverse potentials of various regions, and addressing competitive opportunities and challenges can further refine regional government administration. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, focusing on capturing current, genuine, and practical phenomena. Among the pivotal components of effective governance and public service lies the proper management and responsible oversight of regional assets. Many assets are owned by a region, sometimes in terms of administration, they receive less attention in the field of business administration, which is a must for state administrators to realize good and clean governance.

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18

Fatimah, Mira, Haryanto Haryanto, and Nunuk Dwi Retnandari. "Central-Local Government Relations in Regional Planning and Budgeting in Indonesia: Between Autonomy and Control." Policy & Governance Review 8, no. 2 (May 20, 2024): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v8i2.922.

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This article analyzes the relationship between central and local governments in regional planning and budgeting policies, while exploring the direction of central government control over regions through regional planning and budgeting policies. The issue of relations between central and regional governments in regional planning and budgeting is finding the right balance between autonomy and control. The research methods used are regulatory content analysis and interviews with policymakers. The results showed that the central government uses planning and budgeting to control the implementation of local government affairs and functions through guidance, detection, coercion, and evaluation of existing regulations. These findings fill the discussion gap regarding central government control of regional governments not only through guidance and supervision but through planning and budgeting policies. This study provides insight into the forms of central government control over regional governments, contributing to the trend of central and regional government relations. The practical benefit of this research is as input in improving regional planning and budgeting system policies for the government.

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19

Nahm, Jonas. "Exploiting the Implementation Gap: Policy Divergence and Industrial Upgrading in China's Wind and Solar Sectors." China Quarterly 231 (August 22, 2017): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574101700090x.

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AbstractThis article argues that manufacturing policies of Chinese local governments have provided an important corrective to some of the weaknesses inherent in the central government's indigenous innovation framework, most importantly its inattention to the importance of advanced manufacturing capabilities for innovation. Based on an original dataset of over one hundred executive interviews conducted with 43 Chinese wind and solar firms, I identify both central government R&D funding and continued local government support for manufacturing as critical factors in enabling innovation among China's renewable energy firms. In particular, this article shows that firms have utilized a combination of both central and local government policies to establish unique engineering capabilities required for innovation in commercialization and scale-up to mass production. The findings suggest that continued local government support for the manufacturing economy has not undermined central government innovation policies, but has (1) broadened the range of resources available to entrepreneurial firms and (2) enabled new options for industrial upgrading that are outside the conceptualization of innovation underlying the central government's indigenous innovation framework.

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20

Baron, David P. "Elections and durable governments in parliamentary governments." Journal of Theoretical Politics 30, no. 1 (October 6, 2017): 74–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951629817729226.

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This paper provides a dynamic theory of a parliamentary government system with proportional-representation elections, policy-motivated parties and voters, and an endogenous status-quo policy. The theory identifies the representation of parties in parliament, the governments the parties form, the policies chosen by those governments, and the duration of the governments and their policies. Governments are majoritarian, government parties are equal partners, they and their policies are durable, voters elect minority parliaments in every period, and government policies provide concessions to centrist voters. If crises can occur, governments can fall, but a new government forms after the next election. The theory provides explanations for three empirical findings: equilibria consistent with Gamson’s law, an analog of Duverger’s law for proportional-representation electoral systems, and compensational voting where voters give the out party additional votes when an incumbent government is expected to continue in office.

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21

Sharma, Dr Naveen. "Government Policies and Programmes for The Aged in India." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 7 (January 1, 2012): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/july2014/90.

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22

Yu, Yuanyuan, Zhiqiao Ma, Hao Hu, and Yitao Wang. "Local government policies and pharmaceutical clusters in China." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 5, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstpm-02-2013-0004.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study how local government policy influences the structure of Chinese pharmaceutical clusters during their industrial catch-up. Design/methodology/approach – This paper applies a case study method by targeting pharmaceutical clusters in Tonghua, Taizhou, and Tianjin. Findings – The varied structures of pharmaceutical clusters in China demonstrate local governments' efforts to utilize local resources accordingly. While the local governments in China introduce different policies to firms with different ownership in the process of constructing different cluster composition, all the local governments emphasize motivating the development of small- and middle-sized enterprises for cluster dynamics. Practical implications – The local governments should try to reach a balance between short-term foundation and long-term competitiveness for industrial cluster development. Originality/value – This paper provides the detailed analysis of local governments' influences on the formation of pharmaceutical clusters in China and helps to enrich the knowledge about how local government promotes industrial clusters to realize industrial catch-up through sectoral innovation system.

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23

Oh, Suck Hong. "Policies for Computerization of the Government Information Management in Korea." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 3 (December 31, 1988): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps03002.

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This paper examined computerization policies of the Korean government for the government information management system in the milieu of advancing information society. The author intended to summarize government-wide computerization efforts organized since 1978 and to review problems of the computerized government information management system in Korea. About one decade of earnest efforts of computerization and computer network promotion resulted in considerable achievements. Administrative efficiency and quality of public services have improved steadily with the progress of computerization. Computerization of the government information management has had various eufunctional impacts upon socio-economic and cultural change. However, errors, insufficiencies, imprudences and other unwelcome side effects accompanied successes and benefits of computerization. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine computerization policies of the Korean government for the government information management system in the milieu of advancing information society. The author intends to summarize government-wide computerization efforts organized since 1978 and to review overall problems of the computerized government information management system in Korea.

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24

Balcerek-Kosiarz, Marta, Adam Jarubas, Bartosz Kozicki, and Szymon Mitkow. "Addressing the asymmetry between central and local air protection policies: Insights from Poland." Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics 8, no. 2 (April 28, 2024): 375–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2023.8-2.29.

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Purpose: This paper examines the asymmetry between the air protection policies of the central government and local authorities in Poland, using the city of Kraków as a case study. Methodology: The study employs a comparative method to contrast the Polish state's coal policy with the air protection efforts of the Kraków local government. A systems analysis approach is used to identify the causes and effects of the divergent policies. Results: The analysis reveals a lack of alignment between the central government's focus on maintaining coal extraction and the local government's efforts to reduce air pollution. Kraków authorities have taken significant measures to improve air quality, but face challenges due to insufficient support from the central government and neighboring municipalities. Theoretical contribution: The paper highlights the importance of policy symmetry and coordination between different levels of government in addressing complex environmental issues like air pollution. It contributes to understanding multi-level governance dynamics in the context of air protection. Practical implications: The findings underscore the need for a collaborative model of air protection policy that engages central authorities, local governments, private sector entities, and civil society. Establishing air protection councils at the voivodship, county and municipal levels is proposed as a mechanism to facilitate this coordination. Integrating air quality considerations into local governments' management control systems is also recommended.

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25

Arzhi Jiwantara, Firzhal, and Nasaruddin Nasaruddin. "Post-Covid-19 Pandemic, Innovation of Local Government Policy Perspective of State Administration Law." Devotion Journal of Community Service 3, no. 12 (October 14, 2022): 1922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/dev.v3i12.240.

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Handling Post-Covid-19 Pandemic within the framework of a unitary state is not only the responsibility of the central government but also the roles and responsibilities of local governments. This is important for the government to innovate policies for handling the post-Covid-19 pandemic without overriding the policies that have been issued by the central government. This study aims to identify innovations in local government policies in handling the Post-Covid-19 pandemic from the perspective of Administrative Law. The research was conducted in a normative juridical manner with a qualitative approach to the urgency of local government policy innovation in handling the Post-Covid-19 pandemic. In this case, an analysis of Mataram City's regional policies is needed in handling the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic. This gives an understanding that local governments in making policies need synchronization with the central government, especially in analyzing a policy in accordance with state administrative law. The forms of policy innovations carried out by local governments in handling the post-Covid-19 pandemic include: 1) Strengthening the Regional Health System; 2) Strengthening the Social Protection System; and 3) Economic Recovery

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26

Timung, Hasriani. "Implementation of Government Policies in Pandemic Management Covid-19 in Indonesia." Muhammadiyah International Public Health and Medicine Proceeding 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53947/miphmp.v1i1.23.

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Introduction: Implementation of government policies in tackling the Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia is an effort by the government to deal with cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). By understanding the efforts, steps, and policies formulated and implemented by the government, it can be assessed the handling strategy. Method: To analyze used deliberative policy analysis approach. This approach analyzes the narratives and arguments of the authorities to understand decision-making and policy implementation. This paper uses a qualitative approach by utilizing descriptive methods of analysis. Meanwhile, the data collection techniques used are literature studies that utilize government regulations, FMD, KMK, SE, journal articles, online news as well as the websites of authoritative institutions. The results of this analysis are: first, a positive and negative narrative to the government's response to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 because it has expanded various policies for covid-management and formed a task force and task force to combat COVID even though some policies are considered too late. Second, coordination between stakeholders, between the central government and local governments, between ministries and other state institutions already exist in the regulations of their respective ministries but have not been well-coordinated in their implementation so that it seems as if each moves on their own and some seem contradictory. Third, residents are still disobedient, indifferent to the government's call for discipline in implementing health protocols. This results in slower handling efforts because there is no awareness that pandemics can be controlled faster if the community actively provides support. Conclusion: This combination of three factors plays a major role in the government's efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia although it still needs improvement along with the pandemic in Indonesia.

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27

Ashrianto, Panji Dwi, Edwi Arief Sosiawan, and Khuswatun Hasanah. "Examining the debate on government's communication strategies for covid-19 management in online media: A content analysis." Communications in Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (July 30, 2023): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21924/chss.3.1.2023.55.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has had far-reaching effects worldwide, impacting various aspects of society and the economy. For this, governments have faced significant challenges in addressing this global crisis. Amidst the outbreak, there have been public debates and disputes surrounding government communication and policies related to Covid-19. The lack of public understanding of the implemented measures has led to criticism of the government's response, seen insufficient and ineffective in communicating with the public. This study focuses on analyzing controversies and debates surrounding government policies during the early stages of the pandemic. Using a quantitative content analysis approach, the study examined policy content sourced from popular Indonesian news media portals. The research findings indicated that the president played a central role in conveying government policies, which primarily focused on macro-level strategies to combat the pandemic. However, the communication of these policies has generated significant controversy and discord among the public.

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28

Roslina, Roslina, Rita Nurmalina, Mukhamad Najib, and Yudha Heryawan Asnawi. "Government Policies on Agro-Tourism in Indonesia." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS 19 (January 10, 2022): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23207.2022.19.15.

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In developing countries, tourism positions the government not just as a policymaker, but also as a party that assists in the implementation of policies. Government initiatives towards the promotion of agro-tourism, for example, are implemented by agro-tourism-related legislation and policies. However, agro-tourism development has not been optimal due to a lack of communication and coordination between parties, as well as inadequate execution of legislation or regulations controlling agro-tourism. The purpose of this study was to assess and examine government agro-tourism legislation and policies in Indonesia. The study is qualitative in nature, evaluating and analysing ten government's agro-tourism legislation and policies, with data collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews and analysed descriptively. The findings demonstrate that the government's agro-tourism regulations include controlling cross-sectoral collaboration in agro-tourism development, certification for agro-tourism guides, the establishment of agro-tourism commissions, and agro-horticulture business arrangements, among other things. Regulations and policies are ineffectual because there is a lack of engagement, coordination, and synergy among the parties involved in agro-tourism. Collaboration is required not just in terms of bureaucracy, but also in terms of resources in order to establish, promote, and maintain agro-tourism sustainability. The suggestions and limitations of the current study are also discussed.

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29

Akhirman, Akhirman. "Reposisi Ekspor Provinsi Kepulauan Riau Sebelum dan Saat Terjadinya Pandemi Covid’ 19 Tahun 2018 – 2020." Bahtera Inovasi 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31629/bi.v4i2.3312.

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This study aims to committee government policies in an effort to make policies on the Export Repositioning of Riau Islands Province in 2019-2020 or before and during the Covid19 outbreak and government policies on the national and regional economies in Indonesia. The data used to analyze this research is secondary data, which is obtained from several agencies such as BPS Keepri, media on online pages that provide information about the economy that occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and areas issued by the government. Especially for exporters and local governments who are more concerned with the health of the wider community by following the government's appeal in one way is to follow the lockdown until the implementation of the PSBB with the aim of preventing the chain of spread of the Covid-19 pandemic.

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30

Hyeon-Ji Yu. "Government Policies and Housing Price Instability." Public Policy Review 22, no. 2 (December 2008): 75–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17327/ippa.2008.22.2.003.

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31

Kasim, Nur Mohamad. "Optimizing Government Policies On Profession Zakat." Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v3i2.1347.

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The significant potential of zakat on profession needs to be actualized through a clear regulation. The targets of zakat on profession are: Ministry or State Institutions, Local Government, State-owned Enterprises, Local Government Owned Enterprises, even other professions that have a high income. The government's efforts to facilitate zakat on profession are solely aimed at making the mechanism of zakat management to be good, transparent and integrated into a system. However, zakat levies should have a specific rule that is binding all citizens, especially all Muslim Civil State Apparatus (henceforth called as ASN) who certainly meets the applicable regulations. For those who have income and already reach nishab or nominal income limit must pay zakat, while the ones whose incomes do not reach nishab are not obliged to do such a thing. Gorontalo province is one of the regions whose population is predominantly Muslim and has potential in terms of Islamic values-based economic development. Therefore, there needs to be a strict regulation to regulate zakat on profession, so that the utilization of zakat can help to alleviate the burden of the poor. By the existence of regulation, people who pay and receive zakat are equally having the benefits of zakat. This is to say that government has a prominent role and responsibility in optimizing the enactment of zakat on profession since the reality of the most significant zakat received by BAZNAS (Islamic board which oversees the collection of Zakat) in Gorontalo province is from ASN and other professions income.

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32

Kasim, Nur Mohamad. "Optimizing Government Policies On Profession Zakat." Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum 3, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/al-ahkam.v3i2.1347.

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The significant potential of zakat on profession needs to be actualized through a clear regulation. The targets of zakat on profession are: Ministry or State Institutions, Local Government, State-owned Enterprises, Local Government Owned Enterprises, even other professions that have a high income. The government's efforts to facilitate zakat on profession are solely aimed at making the mechanism of zakat management to be good, transparent and integrated into a system. However, zakat levies should have a specific rule that is binding all citizens, especially all Muslim Civil State Apparatus (henceforth called as ASN) who certainly meets the applicable regulations. For those who have income and already reach nishab or nominal income limit must pay zakat, while the ones whose incomes do not reach nishab are not obliged to do such a thing. Gorontalo province is one of the regions whose population is predominantly Muslim and has potential in terms of Islamic values-based economic development. Therefore, there needs to be a strict regulation to regulate zakat on profession, so that the utilization of zakat can help to alleviate the burden of the poor. By the existence of regulation, people who pay and receive zakat are equally having the benefits of zakat. This is to say that government has a prominent role and responsibility in optimizing the enactment of zakat on profession since the reality of the most significant zakat received by BAZNAS (Islamic board which oversees the collection of Zakat) in Gorontalo province is from ASN and other professions income.

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33

Downs, Mark. "Society of Biology: influencing government policies." Journal of Biological Education 45, no. 2 (June 2011): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2011.570580.

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34

Kao, Raymond W. Y. "BUSINESS FINANCING AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICIES." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08276331.1986.10600250.

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35

LISSNER, JOSEF. "Radiology and Government Policies in Germany." Investigative Radiology 28 (August 1993): S48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004424-199308003-00025.

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36

Tooze, James. "Brexit uncertainty looms over government policies." Biochemist 40, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio04002045.

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Brexit is causing much uncertainty and insecurity for the scientific community. It can seem like little has moved on since the referendum over 18 months ago, with limited detail arising from negotiations so far. However, the scientific community has collectively worked hard to speak clearly in the midst of myriad voices in the Brexit debate, and there are concrete signs that our voice has been heard as a sector that drives productivity, economic growth and improves people's lives.

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37

Krichevskiy, Dmitriy, and Thomas Snyder. "U.S. State Government policies and entrepreneurship." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 4, no. 1 (April 13, 2015): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-09-2013-0041.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the effects of government policies on entrepreneurial activity within the 50 US states. Design/methodology/approach – Using panel data and a fixed-effects model, the authors examine the determinants of the nominal establishment entry rate, the nominal establishment exit rate, and the net establishment entry rate. To measure government policy, the authors use the Economic Freedom of North America (EFNA) index published by the Fraser Institute. The authors use both the overall index and its components. The authors also use the state and local tax burden published by the Tax Foundation. Findings – The authors find that a smaller government is associated with a net increase in business establishments. A freer labor market is also associated with a net increase in business establishments. However, the relationship between the tax burden and entrepreneurship is more complex. Using a measurement of the tax burden from the Fraser Institute, the authors find that an increase in taxes is associated with a net decrease in businesses, but the measurement from the Tax Foundation suggests that an increase in taxes is associated with a net increase in businesses. Research limitations/implications – The results can help policy makers recognize the effects of expenditure and regulation on business formation. Practical implications – However, the results do not send a clear message on the effects of taxes on entrepreneurship. Originality/value – The contribution to the literature is the examination of the effect of the components economic freedom on net business entry in the USA, along with comparing the effects of two measurements of tax burden on net business entry.

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38

Schiller, Christian. "Government Pay Policies and Structural Adjustment." African Development Review 2, no. 1 (June 1990): 81–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.1990.tb00020.x.

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39

Lu, Chia-Hui. "Optimal Government Policies Related to Unemployment." Public Finance Review 47, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142117712858.

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This article studies the optimal government policies related to unemployment in a frictional labor market. To achieve the optimal allocation, we find that the government should not issue unemployment compensation or subsidies for hiring costs. Moreover, as both firms and households experience disastrous consequences related to the minimum wage, the government should not intervene in the labor market to influence the wage rate and should not set any minimum wage. What the government can do is to make appropriate expenditures on matching efficacy. Furthermore, considering heterogeneous labor abilities in the model does not change our main finding.

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40

TREMBLAY, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. "Government policies threaten investment in Australia." Chemical & Engineering News 75, no. 30 (July 28, 1997): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v075n030.p025.

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41

Springett, Kate, and Carol Dealey. "Implementing government policies in clinical practice." Journal of Tissue Viability 14, no. 4 (October 2004): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-206x(04)44001-7.

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42

Kumar, Raj, and Dharshini Amaratunga. "Government policies towards small-scale mining." Resources Policy 20, no. 1 (March 1994): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4207(94)90037-x.

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43

LaFree, Gary, and Joshua D. Freilich. "Government Policies for Counteracting Violent Extremism." Annual Review of Criminology 2, no. 1 (January 13, 2019): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024542.

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It took the 1995 bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and, more importantly, the four coordinated attacks of September 11, 2001, to produce substantial interest among criminologists in the empirical study of violent political extremism. In the past two decades, this situation has changed dramatically with research on political extremism now routinely appearing in major criminology outlets, theses and dissertations, and meetings of professional associations. In this review, we track these changes specifically as they relate to government policies on countering violent extremism. What we find is a burgeoning literature. In the past twenty years, we have moved rapidly toward developing a criminology of political extremism. But not surprisingly, given how recent the sustained interest in this area has been, we find research areas where data are weak or nonexistent, rigorous methods are lacking, and results are disconnected from theoretical frameworks. We have divided our review of government responses to violent political extremism along a continuum ranging from the most repressive to the most conciliatory. In general, the trajectory of research on governmental policies to counteract terrorism resembles the early years of criminology itself, characterized by an incredible amount of energy and imagination but at the same time struggling to produce strong empirical data, cutting-edge methods, and sophisticated theoretical explanations.

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44

Lucas, Deborah. "Valuation of Government Policies and Projects." Annual Review of Financial Economics 4, no. 1 (October 2012): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-financial-110311-101829.

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45

Reese, Laura A., and Karen E. Lindenberg. "Assessing Local Government Sexual Harassment Policies." American Review of Public Administration 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074002032003002.

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46

Reese, Laura A., and Karen E. Lindenberg. "Assessing Local Government Sexual Harassment Policies." American Review of Public Administration 32, no. 3 (September 2002): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0275074002323002.

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47

International Monetary Fund. "Government Pay Policies and Structural Adjustment." IMF Working Papers 88, no. 73 (1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451958461.001.

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48

Brudney, Jeffrey L., and Arthur Williamson. "Making Government Volunteering Policies More Effective." Public Management: An International Journal of Research and Theory 2, no. 1 (March 2000): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14719030000000005.

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49

Leiderer, Stefan. "Donor Coordination for Effective Government Policies?" Journal of International Development 27, no. 8 (November 2015): 1422–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3184.

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50

Surya, Tata, Fery Andrianus, and Neng Kamarni. "Pengeluaran Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Riau: Pendekatan Spasial." Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 23, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 3433. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v23i3.4368.

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Traditional determinants of government spending include income, grants, demographic and political factors. But a government's spending policy can also be influenced by its neighboring governments' spending policies. This study uses Spatial Autoregressive (SAR) spatial econometrics to observe the existence of strategic interactions in District/City Government spending in the Riau Province for the 2011-2019 period. The research results show that there is a strategic interaction in government spending.

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