Academic literature on the topic 'Government ownership'

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Journal articles on the topic "Government ownership":

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Makhdalena, Makhdalena. "PENGARUH OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE DAN CORPORATE PERFORMANCE TERHADAP FIRM VALUE." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 20, no. 3 (September 4, 2018): 388–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2016.v20.i3.71.

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Penelitian mengenai ownership structure (foreign ownership, government ownership dan public ownership), corporate performance dan firm value telah banyak dilakukan oleh peneliti, tetapi hasilnya belum konsisten, yaitu ada yang berpengaruh positif dan ada pula yang berpengaruh negatif. Dengan demikian peneliti tertarik untuk meneliti ulang mengenai ownership structure (foreign ownership, government ownership dan public ownershihp) dan corporate performance serta pengaruhnya terhadap firm value. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh ownership structure (foreign ownership, government ownership dan public ownershihp) dan corporate performance terhadap firm value. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah perusahaan yang listing di Bursa Efek Indonesia yang memiliki data yang lengkap tentang foreign ownership, government ownership, public ownership dan corporate performance serta firm value untuk enam tahun berturut-turut (2008-2013). Jenis data dari variabel penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dengan teknik dokumentasi yang bersumber dari ICMD. Metode analisis data menggunakan regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa foreign ownership, government ownership dan public ownership tidak berpengaruh terhadap firm value dan corporate performance berpengaruh positif terhadap firm value.
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La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-De-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. "Government Ownership of Banks." Journal of Finance 57, no. 1 (February 2002): 265–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00422.

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Borisova, Ginka, Jesus M. Salas, and Andrey Zagorchev. "CEO compensation and government ownership." Corporate Governance: An International Review 27, no. 2 (December 12, 2018): 120–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/corg.12265.

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Boardman, Anthony, Ruth Freedman, and Catherine Eckel. "The price of government ownership." Journal of Public Economics 31, no. 3 (December 1986): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(86)90061-7.

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Aljaaidi, Khaled Salmen. "The effectiveness of the internal corporate governance mechanism and the ownership of the government and agencies." Accounting 7, no. 7 (2021): 1655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2021.5.005.

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This paper examines the impact of the government and its agencies’ ownership on the effectiveness of one the main internal governance mechanisms, namely; board of directors, for a sample of 140 energy and petrochemical Saudi listed firms over 2012-2019. The Saudi Arabia provides an interesting context due to the domination of government-linked corporations’ ownership. This setting arranges for the impact of such ownership on the board of directors’ monitoring and advisory roles. The board of directors’ effectiveness is measured as an interaction term of the board size and meetings of the board of directors. The study finds that government-linked energy and petrochemical corporations’ ownerships are inversely related to the board of directors’ effectiveness. This result is sensitive to the measurement of the board of directors’ effectiveness as each variable consisting of the board of directors’ effectiveness was examined individually. The study also finds that government-linked corporations’ ownership had a strong negative impact on the board size. In contrast, the proposed model does not provide any evidence supporting the relationship of the government-linked corporations’ ownerships with board meetings. Overall, the evidence supports the substitution hypothesis on the relationship of government-linked corporations and board of directors’ effectiveness.
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Odhiambo, Fredrick Onyango, and Nixon Oduor Omindi. "Government Ownership and Value of Listed Firms in Kenya: A Panel Data Evidence." American Journal of Trade and Policy 2, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v2i2.382.

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This study examines the relationship between government ownership and performance of listed firms on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The quadratic term of government ownership is included in the model to test for the effect of increasing government ownership levels on performance. We use panel data techniques on 102 firm-year observations between 2003 and 2013 for all the listed firms in which the government directly owns some shares. We find no relationship between government ownership and performance at lower levels of government ownership. We find a negative relationship between government ownership and performance at higher levels of government ownership. We estimate, through differentiation of the Tobin’s Q model, that government ownership has a negative effect on performance when government ownership exceeds 41%. The study concludes that lower government ownership levels do not affect firm performance but as the ownership rises, government ownership has a detrimental effect on firm performance. We provide implications of these results for policy and practice. JEL Classifications Code: G34
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Tang, Tanya, Phyllis Lai Lan Mo, and K. Hung Chan. "Tax Collector or Tax Avoider? An Investigation of Intergovernmental Agency Conflicts." Accounting Review 92, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 247–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51526.

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ABSTRACT Local governments play dual, but conflicting, roles in China's tax system. That is, they are both tax collectors and controlling shareholders of firms subject to tax payments. We investigate how local governments balance their tax collection and tax avoidance incentives. We find that the conflicts between central and local governments arising from the 2002 tax sharing reform have led to more tax avoidance by local government-controlled firms, particularly when the local government's ownership percentage of the firms is higher than the tax sharing ratio. We also find evidence that the overall level of tax avoidance by local government-controlled firms in a region is positively associated with local fiscal deficits. As a high level of government ownership of corporations and intergovernmental tax sharing are common phenomena in many transitional economies, this study offers valuable insights into how the dual roles played by local governments affect tax policy enforcement in these economies. JEL Classifications: H26; H71; M40; G38.
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Kalasin, Kiattichai, Alvaro Cuervo-Cazurra, and Ravi Ramamurti. "Government ownership and foreign direct investment." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 15230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.15230abstract.

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Putri, Pavita Bayu, and Arief Yulianto. "Government Ownership and Dividend Payment Policy." Management Analysis Journal 9, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/maj.v9i2.37344.

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The purpose of this study to examine and analyze differences in the average policy of dividend payments with government ownership in companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in period 2008-2017. Previous research still shows differences in research results or inconsistent results between one study and another. The results showed that the average dividend payment policy carried out by the government was higher than companies that did not have government ownership. This is considered as government ownership, so the amount of dividends distributed will increase. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that government ownership provides an average higher dividend payment policy than non-government ownership. Suggestions for company management, in making dividend payment policies, the company should always consider the interests of the company’s owners. Investors should pay attention to factors outside the economy in investing. For further researchers, it can be used as an additional reference and research can be done one by one sector.
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Wolnicki, M. "Self-government and Ownership in Poland." Telos 1989, no. 80 (July 1, 1989): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3817/0689080063.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Government ownership":

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Borisova, G., V. Fotak, K. Holland, and W. L. Megginson. "Government ownership and the cost of debt : evidence from government investments in publicly traded firms." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63233.

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Contrary to public perceptions and despite the worldwide success of state privatizations, over the past decade governments have acquired more assets through stock purchases (US$ 969 billion) than they have sold through share issue privatizations and direct sales (US$ 765 billion). In fact, governments and stateowned entities have been such active stock-market investors that they now own approximately one-fifth of global stock-market capitalization.
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Lam, Kei-yin, and 藍琪諺. "Evaluate the strategy of promotion of home ownership." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128614.

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Algahtani, Saeed Nassir. "State Ownership, Firm Specific Risk and Momentum Trading." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2579.

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The dissertation consists of two essays. In the first essay, we investigate the relation of government ownership to the idiosyncratic volatility of Saudi Arabian firms that traded in the Saudi stock exchange between 2010 and 2016. The results show that publicly traded firms with an increase in government ownership have less idiosyncratic volatility. Furthermore, we investigate market leverage ratio, dividend payout ratio, and illiquidity ratio as potential roles in which government ownership influences the idiosyncratic volatility. The results prove the negative relationship between government ownership and idiosyncratic volatility. In the second essay, we investigate the association between government ownership and momentum trading of firms traded in the Saudi stock exchange between 2010 and 2016. The results show that firms with higher state ownership are expected to have greater price momentum. We used two approaches: the portfolio sorting approach and the fixed effect approach, and these two approaches confirm the positive relationship between government ownership and momentum.
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Asquith, Andrew Richard. "Change management in local government : strategic change agents and organisational ownership." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385165.

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This thesis analyses strategic change management in English local government and suggests the most appropriate leadership and management approaches for achieving successful organisational change. Using a model of organic evolution, the research identifies and analyses three distinctive stages in the development of management systems and practices in local government. These stages can be identified as: traditional, corporate and strategic approaches. A sample of eight local authorities representing two from each of the major English authority types was selected. Extensive qualitative research enabled the classification of the authorities using the following typology: namely transactional, community leadership and business culture. Each type is representative of one of the three evolutionary stages. With reference to each of the identified three stages of evolutionary development, the role of the chief executive in each of the authorities in successfully managing change was assessed. The purpose is to establish which management type provided the most effective change management environment. This assessment took place on two levels. Firstly, the qualitative research addressed the perceptions of the chief executives' change management agenda on the part of the strategic actors on both sides of the managerial/political interface within each authority. They were identified as the chief executive, the chief officers and the leading elected members. These perceptions were then used to develop the management typology noted above. Following the development of the management typology, an extensive survey of the attitudes of both middle managers and street-level operatives towards the change management process was conducted in the eight local authorities. This quantitative research revealed the perceptions of those individuals on whom change has the greatest impact. Following the analysis of the data generated by both the qualitative and quantitative research, the most effective leadership and change management strategies for local government in England are suggested. The conclusion is therefore that the most effective model for change management for local government is a hybrid organisation combining strengths from two of the evolutionary management stages.
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Yang, Zhi. "Essays on China's collectively-owned enterprises." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40687417.

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Chan, Po-wah. "A change in government role in welfare housing and home ownership : a comparative study of China and Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40697897.

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Ng, Kar-wai, and 吳家慧. "A comparison of home ownership policies in Singapore and Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207658.

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Since the 1960s, as a result of the rapid and outstanding economic growth and industrialization, Hong Kong and Singapore, the two city-states in Asia, were named Asian Dragons among other Asian countries. Historically, both city-states were British colonies, and thus, they both shared similarities in the develop stage of the city in social, economic and political context. In the housing sectors, both city-states have also launched massive subsidized housing programme to facilitate their rapidly growth population with provision of affordable subsidized housing. To assist more residents to become home owners, a series of housing assistance programmes were implemented periodically to help the low and middle income households to climb up to the housing ladder. Despite that the government of Singapore and Hong Kong has implemented similar housing policies approach to their citizens in the beginning stage; yet, as at today, a different achievement in home ownership rate was resulted mainly due to different ruling of governance. This dissertation will first review the home ownership policies of Hong Kong and Singapore in social, economic and political context. In Chapter 5, evaluation on the effectiveness in the subsidized housing supply, land supply, control of affordability of both city-states will be critically discussed and explained why different home ownership rate of Singapore and Hong Kong was achieved. To make this dissertation more fruitful, in Chapter 6, in-depth interviews with Legco members, scholar and graduated students who have profound knowledge in the housing sector would be discussed and analyzed. Last but not least, political obstacles of Hong Kong would be explained in comparing with Singapore in the final chapter. Recommendation on which part of the housing policies of Hong Kong can be learnt from Singapore will be debated from the result drawn from the key findings and the analysis from the in-depth interviews from the previous chapters.
published_or_final_version
Housing Management
Master
Master of Housing Management
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Tsang, Chin-pang, and 曾展鵬. "Can Hong Kong draw lessons from the home ownership policy of Singapore?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207645.

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This study aims to explore the home ownership policy drawing from Singapore to Hong Kong. It does so by reviewing the concept of policy drawing, and by analyzing 4 dimensions, namely, 1) use of provident fund for home purchase; 2) development of new town to increase housing supply; 3) land reclamation and land acquisition to increase home ownership; and 4) role of governments in promotion of home ownership via literature review and interviews. Based on the analysis, it is found that Hong Kong can partially draw the lessons from the home ownership policy of Singapore. For example, the use of provident fund for home purchase and the technique on the development of new town to increase housing supply can likely be drawn by Hong Kong. Rather, the techniques on land reclamation and land acquisition, and the achievement of universal home ownership cannot be drawn by Hong Kong. Although the first two dimensions can be drawn by Hong Kong, it is difficult to implement in Hong Kong due to the difference in policy environment between Singapore and Hong Kong. Certain conditions are required to fulfill before implementation of the two dimensions in Hong Kong. In fact, the home ownership policy of Singapore is used for reference only, it should be further modified by the Hong Kong government in order to develop a practicable housing policy which is suitable for the situation in Hong Kong.
published_or_final_version
Housing Management
Master
Master of Housing Management
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So, Wai-yip Bennis. "Elites, bureaucracy, and the policy process in China : a study of the Socialist Transformation of capitalist industry and commerce, 1949-56 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17593608.

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Shao, Li. "Corporate governance in China's listed companies ownership structure and market disciplines /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40687533.

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Books on the topic "Government ownership":

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Porta, Rafael La. Government ownership of banks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2000.

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Trebilcock, Michael J. Can government be reinvented? [Toronto, Ont.]: Canadian Law and Economics Association c/o Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1994.

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Rydqvist, Kristian. Government policy and ownership of financial assets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.

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McKinlay, Peter. Public ownership and the community. Wellington [N.Z.]: Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, 1999.

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Mayer, Peter C. How to encourage home ownership. [Tamuning, Guam]: Economic Research Center, Dept. of Commerce, Government of Guam, 1990.

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Congress, Trades Union. Privatisation by order: The Government plan for local services. London: Trades Union Congress, 1985.

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Nikolić, Pavle. Serbia now: Constitutionalism, ownership, politics. Belgrade: Center for Serbian studies, 1996.

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O'Donnell, Kathy. A future for public ownership: Summary. London: UNISON, 1998.

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Vuoria, Matti. Evaluator report of the State's ownership policy. Helsinki: Ministry of Trade and Industry, 2004.

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Peria, Maria Soledad Martinez. Bank ownership type and banking relationships. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Government ownership":

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Robson, William A. "Government Control." In Nationalized Industry and Public Ownership, 138–62. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003263081-8.

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Hattersley, Roy. "Social Ownership and Industrial Democracy." In Economic Priorities for a Labour Government, 159–74. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18608-2_13.

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Ling, Zhi-xiong, and Zhu-yun Zheng. "Government Intervention, Ownership Structure and Diversification." In The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 497–507. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38442-4_53.

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de Zwart, Francesco. "Ownership, Governance Structure and Government Bailout." In The Key Code and Advanced Handbook for the Governance and Supervision of Banks in Australia, 805–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1710-2_28.

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Pawson, Hal, Vivienne Milligan, and Judith Yates. "Home Ownership and the Role of Government." In Housing Policy in Australia, 135–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0780-9_5.

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Hasselgren, Björn. "Government Ownership of Roads and Railroads—Why?" In Transport Infrastructure in Time, Scope and Scale, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79054-1_1.

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Endong, Floribert Patrick C. "Privately Owned But Government "Tele-Guided"." In Media Ownership in Africa in the Digital Age, 159–76. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003111924-11.

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Murtinu, Samuele, Nicolai J. Foss, and Peter G. Klein. "The Entrepreneurial State: An Ownership Competence Perspective." In International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 57–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_4.

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AbstractAcademics, pundits, and policymakers have recently called for a stronger governmental role in the economy to tackle social issues such as inequality and grand challenges like global warming. Despite a general recognition among economists and management scholars that government efforts to guide and control innovation or subsidize private entrepreneurs have failed to yield results, these calls also describe an entrepreneurial state in which bureaucrats, not entrepreneurs, direct not only basic research but also applied technological development. Building on the notions of economic competence and ownership competence we argue that even well-intentioned and strongly motivated public actors lack the ability to manage the process of innovation, especially under Knightian uncertainty. As stewards of resources owned by the public, government bureaucrats do not exercise the ultimate responsibility that comes with ownership. Moreover, government ownership of firms and labs and government intervention in the management of privately owned assets hampers the competitive process of putting ownership of innovative firms and projects in the hands of individuals and groups with higher levels of ownership ability. We suggest that ownership competence differs systematically between public and private actors, particularly around innovation, with important implications for innovation policy.
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Dickie, Robert B., and Thomas A. Layman. "Foreign Direct Investment and Local Ownership Participation." In Foreign Investment and Government Policy in the Third World, 121–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09157-7_4.

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Clarke, Anna. "Shared Ownership: Does It Satisfy Government and Household Objectives?" In Making Housing More Affordable, 183–200. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444327854.ch10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Government ownership":

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Yang, Huajun. "State ownership, government intervention and big four's auditing quality." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5882203.

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Meiryani, Erick Fernando, Holly Deviarti, Maya Safira Dewi, and Citra Aditya Handarifa. "Analysis of Profitability, Manager Share Ownership and Institutions Share Ownership on Dividend Payments." In ICEEG '21: 2021 The 5th International Conference on E-Commerce, E-Business and E-Government. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3466029.3466053.

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Jian-zhong, Xu, Liu Ai-Ii, and Xu Ying-ying. "Game analysis of the central government, local government and local participants in the ownership restructuration." In 2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2013.6586419.

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Ismail, Amiruddin. "The Role of Government Ownership Towards the Performance Management Decisions in the Government-Linked Companies." In 2022 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasa54658.2022.9765212.

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Thirathon, Usarat, and Suneerat Wuttichindanon. "GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP, FIRM PERFORMANCE AND CORPORATE PHILANTHROPY IN THAI LISTED FIRMS." In 43rd International Academic Conference, Lisbon. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2018.043.048.

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Karyani, Etikah, and Vina Maulina. "ESG and Performance: Effect of Government Ownership and Green Bond Issuer." In 1st International Conference on Sustainable Management and Innovation, ICoSMI 2020, 14-16 September 2020, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.14-9-2020.2304405.

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Widadi, Budi, and Fania Savitri. "Banking Deviant Behavior: Literature Analysis on Government Ownership Bank in Indonesia." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indonesian Social and Political Enquiries, ICISPE 2020, 9-10 October 2020, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-10-2020.2304762.

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Yejing, Bao, and Jiang Weijin. "Urban car ownership integrated forecast based on different income levels." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5882511.

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Shropshire, David, and Jess Chandler. "Financing Strategies for a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89255.

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To help meet the nation’s energy needs, recycling of partially used nuclear fuel is required to close the nuclear fuel cycle, but implementing this step will require considerable investment. This report evaluates financing scenarios for integrating recycling facilities into the nuclear fuel cycle. A range of options from fully government owned to fully private owned were evaluated using DPL (Decision Programming Language 6.0), which can systematically optimize outcomes based on user-defined criteria (e.g., lowest life-cycle cost, lowest unit cost). This evaluation concludes that the lowest unit costs and lifetime costs are found for a fully government-owned financing strategy, due to government forgiveness of debt as sunk costs. However, this does not mean that the facilities should necessarily be constructed and operated by the government. The costs for hybrid combinations of public and private (commercial) financed options can compete under some circumstances with the costs of the government option. This analysis shows that commercial operations have potential to be economical, but there is presently no incentive for private industry involvement. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) currently establishes government ownership of partially used commercial nuclear fuel. In addition, the recently announced Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (GNEP) suggests fuels from several countries will be recycled in the United States as part of an international governmental agreement; this also assumes government ownership. Overwhelmingly, uncertainty in annual facility capacity led to the greatest variations in unit costs necessary for recovery of operating and capital expenditures; the ability to determine annual capacity will be a driving factor in setting unit costs. For private ventures, the costs of capital, especially equity interest rates, dominate the balance sheet; and the annual operating costs, forgiveness of debt, and overnight costs dominate the costs computed for the government case. The uncertainty in operations, leading to lower than optimal processing rates (or annual plant throughput), is the most detrimental issue to achieving low unit costs. Conversely, lowering debt interest rates and the required return on investments can reduce costs for private industry.
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"Does Government Support Matter For Home Ownership Rates? An International Survey and Analysis." In 2005 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2005. ERES, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2005_111.

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Reports on the topic "Government ownership":

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Porta, Rafael La, Florencio Lopezde-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer. Government Ownership of Banks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7620.

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Rydqvist, Kristian, Joshua Spizman, and Ilya Strebulaev. Government Policy and Ownership of Financial Assets. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17522.

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Asgedom, Amare, Shelby Carvalho, and Pauline Rose. Negotiating Equity: Examining Priorities, Ownership, and Politics Shaping Ethiopia’s Large-Scale Education Reforms for Equitable Learning. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/067.

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In 2018, the Government of Ethiopia committed to large-scale, donor-supported reforms aimed at improving equitable learning in the basic education system—the General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity (GEQIP-E). In this paper, we examine the reform design process in the context of Ethiopia’s political environment as a strong developmental state, assessing the influence of different stakeholder priorities which have led to the focus on equity within the quality reforms. Drawing on qualitative data from 81 key informant interviews with federal and regional government officials and donors, we explore the negotiation and power dynamics which have shaped the design of the reforms. We find that a legacy of moderately successful reforms, and a shared commitment to global goals, paved the way for negotiations of more complex and ambitious reforms between government actors and donors. Within government, we identify that regional governments were only tokenistically included in the reform process. Given that regions are responsible for the implementation of these reforms, their limited involvement in the design could have implications for success.
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Reyes, Angela, Benjamin Roseth, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Technology, Identification, and Access to Social Programs: Experimental Evidence from Panama. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003485.

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Access to identification cards (IDs) is often required to claim government benefits. However, it is unclear which policies to increase ID ownership are more effective. We experimentally analyze the effect of two policy interventions to induce the timely renewal of identification cards on access to a government social program in Panama. Sending reminders about expiration dates increased the probability of on-time renewals and of accessing benefits from a social program by 12 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively, relative to a control group. In contrast, allowing individuals to renew their ID online only increased renewals and access to benefits by 8 and 2.9 percentage points, respectively. This result was driven by lower-income individuals. The results suggest that policies to increase ownership of valid identity documentation can reduce inclusion errors in government programs and that simply granting access to digital tools may not be enough to unlock important effects.
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Nyirongo, Godwin, Chiya Mangwele, Hugh Bagnall-Oakeley, Callum Northcote, Jacqueline Chalemera, Mphatso Nowa, Phindile Lupafaya, et al. Malawi Stories of Change in Nutrition: Funding for Nutrition. Save the Children, Civil Society Agriculture Network (CISANET), and Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.078.

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Malawi has strong policies and frameworks for nutrition but insufficient funding to implement them. Analyses of government budgets at national level and in 10 districts from financial years 2016/17 to 2022/23, found that domestic budget allocations for nutrition are still well below the 5% of national budget target set by the government. National budget allocations ranged between 0.5% to 3.7% depending on the year. At district level, they ranged from 0.2% to 1.6%, with only one district, in one financial year, exceeding the 1.5% target for district level nutrition budget allocations. Over 95% of nutrition activities in Malawi are currently funded by external donors. The absence of sufficient, consistent and dedicated domestic budget for nutrition at national and district level, means nutrition policies and plans will continue to be driven by, and dependent on, externally funded pilot-scale projects without national reach or ownership. Budget tracking is essential, as it provides data, which all actors can use to hold government to account on their commitments and funding targets.
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Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby, and Jacob Tompkins. Learning Journey on Water Security: UK Water Offer. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.026.

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The overarching goals for the UK in relation to global water security are to; tackle and reverse growing water insecurity and its consequences caused by depletion and degradation of natural water sources; and address poor water management and increasing demand. To do this, the UK has a well-developed water ‘offer’ that together can help reach the goal of global water security. This note details some of that water offer: UK water leadership: The UK developed the concept of modern sanitation and water supply, with an early example being the Victorian Bazalgette London sewer; Ownership and regulation: The UK has four models of ownership: government department in Northern Ireland, GoCo in Scotland, Mutual in Wales, and private companies in England. But the common thread is strong and clear, regulation to deliver the right outcomes for society; Competition and markets: The UK set up the world’s first water retail markets for business customers, delivering savings and environmental benefits. Similar market mechanisms are being developed for sewage sludge, which will help drive circular economy solutions; Innovation: The UK has a huge number of water tech start-ups and most water companies have labs and pilot schemes to support these fledgling companies. At the same time, the English regulator, Ofwat, has established a huge innovation fund, which along with the Scottish Hydro Nation initiative has made the UK the best place in the world for water innovation and tech.
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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Price, Roz. Climate Adaptation: Lessons and Insights for Governance, Budgeting, and Accountability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.008.

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This rapid review draws on literature from academic, policy and non-governmental organisation sources. There is a huge literature on climate governance issues in general, but less is known about effective support and the political-economy of adaptation. A large literature base and case studies on climate finance accountability and budgeting in governments is nascent and growing. Section 2 of this report briefly discusses governance of climate change issues, with a focus on the complexity and cross-cutting nature of climate change compared to the often static organisational landscape of government structured along sectoral lines. Section 3 explores green public financial management (PFM). Section 4 then brings together several principles and lessons learned on green PFM highlighted in the guidance notes. Transparency and accountability lessons are then highlighted in Section 5. The Key findings are: 1) Engaging with the governance context and the political economy of climate governance and financing is crucial to climate objectives being realised. 2) More attention is needed on whether and how governments are prioritising adaptation and resilience in their own operations. 3) Countries in Africa further along in the green PFM agenda give accounts of reform approaches that are gradual, iterative and context-specific, building on existing PFM systems and their functionality. 4) A well-functioning “accountability ecosystem” is needed in which state and non-state accountability actors engage with one another. 5) Climate change finance accountability systems and ecosystems in countries are at best emerging. 6) Although case studies from Nepal, the Philippines and Bangladesh are commonly cited in the literature and are seen as some of the most advanced developing country examples of green PFM, none of the countries have had significant examples of collaboration and engagement between actors. 7) Lessons and guiding principles for green PFM reform include: use the existing budget cycle and legal frameworks; ensure that the basic elements of a functional PFM system are in place; strong leadership of the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and clear linkages with the overall PFM reform agenda are needed; smart sequencing of reforms; real political ownership and clearly defined roles and responsibilities; and good communication to stakeholders).
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Goswami, Amlanjyoti, Sudeshna Mitra, Deepika Jha, Kaye Lushington, and Sahil Sasidharan. Land Records Modernisation in India: An Institutional, Legal & Policy Review. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/9788195489305.

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This work provides an institutional, legal and policy review of crucial aspects of land records modernisation systems at the national level. Introducing property records and patterns of ownership in India, it provides an overview of various central government schemes promoting land records modernisation. It discusses the systemic and legal characteristics of land records and the proposed shift to conclusive land titling system, drawing attention to issues of tenure and property rights, especially in the urban and peri-urban context. Presenting multiple case studies on ongoing modernisation initiatives in some of the study states, the volumes also looks at the roles of multiple institutional stakeholders and the interfaces between them. Operational challenges faced in this transition to technology have also been discussed, in an attempt to bring out an overall picture of crucial issues and best practices across state-level diversities. The objective is to highlight the possibility of multiple trajectories and look at ways in which states can learn from each other by sharing experiences, while simultaneously acknowledging that there are certain issues that are typical of a particular state and must be resolved via deeper engagement with the local terrain.
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Dzebo, Adis, and Kevin M. Adams. The coffee supply chain illustrates transboundary climate risks: Insights on governance pathways. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.002.

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The interconnections between countries in a globalizing world continue to deepen and are central to the modern international economy. Yet, governance efforts to build resilience to the adverse risks and impacts of climate change are highly fragmented and have not sufficiently focused on these international dimensions. Relationships between people, ecosystems and economies across borders change the scope and nature of the climate adaptation challenge and generate climate risks that are transboundary (Challinor et al., 2017). Climate impacts in one country can create risks and opportunities – and therefore may require adaptation – in other countries, due to cross-border connectivity within regions and globally (Hedlund et al., 2018). These Transboundary Climate Risks (TCRs) may develop in one location remote from the location of their origin. This dynamic necessitates examining the governance structures for managing climate change adaptation. For example, with regard to trade and international supply chains, climate change impacts in one location can disrupt local economies and vulnerable people’s livelihoods, while also affecting the price, quality and availability of goods and services on international markets (Benzie et al., 2018). Coffee is one of the most traded commodities in the world with an immensely globalized supply chain. The global coffee sector involves more than 100 million people in over 80 countries. Coffee production and the livelihoods of smallholder coffee farmers around the world are at risk due to climate change, threatening to disrupt one of the world’s largest agricultural supply chains. The coffee supply chain represents an important arena for public and private actors to negotiate how resource flows should be governed and climate risks should be managed. Currently, neither governments nor private sector actors are sufficiently addressing TCRs (Benzie & Harris, 2020) and no clear mandates exist for actors to take ownership of this issue. Furthermore, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the main body for climate change policy and governance, does not provide any coherent recommendations on how to manage TCRs. This governance gap raises questions about what methods are likely to effectively reduce climate risk and be taken seriously by coffee market stakeholders. This policy brief explores different ways to govern TCRs, and how public and private actors view their effectiveness and legitimacy. Focusing on the Brazilian-German coffee supply chain, the brief presents a deductive framework of five governance pathways through which TCRs could be managed. It is based on 41 semi-structured interviews with 65 Brazilian and German public and private experts, including roasters, traders, cooperatives, associations and certification schemes, as well as government ministries, international development agencies, international organizations and civil society representatives.

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