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Journal articles on the topic 'Government initiated change'
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1
Sepper, Ruth, and Ruth Alas. "ROLE OF POLITICS IN PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE." Journal of Business Economics and Management 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2008.9.13-23.
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In this paper we will address issues of organizational changes in public sector where the relevance of management has not diminished during the last two decades of the neo‐liberal market philosophy. Public sector organizations are susceptible to greater and more open accountability with politicians, pressure groups, taxpayers and voters all having an interest in the performance of it. In late 1990s Estonian government initiated reforms of health care system in the country. Estonian Hospital Master Plan (EHMP) 2015 was launched in 2000 which, within the others, was initiating the merge of seven Tallinn hospitals into North Estonian Regional Hospital (NERH). To evaluate efficacy of organizational changes during implementation of EHMP‐model into health care system in Estonia we utilized personal interviews of top and middle managers and annual reports of merged hospitals to benchmark these measures to earlier merged Univerity Hopsital and other EU hospitals. We conclude that even NERH was established and the reform‐initiated changes were mostly introduced by the deviation from first‐line governmental plans and introduction of new political directions in 2003 lead to new organizational changes and managerial efforts to gain the goals with, unfortunately, prolonged change process.
2
Pammer, Michael. "Administrative reform and cultural change: Austria in the eighteenth century." History and Computing 10, no. 1-3 (October 1998): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hac.1998.10.1-3.50.
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This article examines the relation between mass piety and religious reform measures initiated by the Austrian government in the Josephinian period. Josephinism intended to transform the prevailing baroque type of popular piety into a new reformed way of Catholicism. The article focuses on popular attitudes toward liturgy and toward charity. Two issues which were regarded as key issues in the context of religious reform. The results suggest that religious behaviour followed a consistent pattern in both liturgical and charitable matters; personal characteristics of the people involved and circumstantial matters worked usual in the same way for both issues. However, religious change led only to limited success of the government's ideas in the population; secularization, which was unpopular with the government, became a new strong alternative to baroque religion as well as toReform Catholicism. The analysis is based upon 2,800 written or oral wills made in Upper Austria in the period 1700–1820. Wills are the best source for research on mass piety because they cover all social strata and are preserved in large numbers, and testators were directly involved in formulating the text.
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DÄUBLER, THOMAS. "Veto Players and Welfare State Change: What Delays Social Entitlement Bills?" Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 4 (October 2008): 683–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002274.
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AbstractIn contrast to the study of outcomes such as social spending, systematic comparative analysis of political processes underlying welfare state change is scarce. This study deals with the influence of government parties and second chambers as veto players in social entitlement legislation. It asks three questions regarding the duration and outcome of the legislative process at the parliamentary stage. Does the number of government parties or the ideological distance between them affect the passage of bills? Under which circumstances do second chambers have an influence? Does the ideological position of the leftmost governing party affect the speed of passage of bills in policy areas where there is pressure for retrenchment? The hypotheses are tested using an original dataset on social entitlement bills initiated in Belgium, Germany and the UK between 1987/88 and 2002/03. Event history analysis at the level of individual bills yields the following results: proposals initiated from among the government parties on the floor are delayed by a higher number of parties in government, by greater ideological distance between them, if the second chamber is controlled by the opposition and its approval is mandatory, if the left veto player is more rightwing and if the bills deal with expansionary or mixed policies. Cabinet bills, in contrast, are not affected by any of these factors. The results point to a number of further research questions and show that quantitative studies in comparative welfare state research can go beyond testing simple hypotheses with macro-level outcome data.
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Kirdina, S., I. Kirilyuk, A. Rubinstein, and A. Tolmacheva. "Russian Model of Institutional Change: Empirical-Statistical Research." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2010): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2010-11-97-114.
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The quantitative characteristics of the Russian model of institutional change and its dynamics from 1994 up to 2009 are considered in the paper. The model of institutional change is represented by a group of social actors with the right of legislative initiative (the president, the government, deputies of the Federal Assembly, regional legislative bodies, courts) and the parameters of transaction costs (the average term of enacting federal laws initiated by different actors). Research was based on the specially created database LAWSTREAM.RU.
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Ortmann, Stephan. "Political Change and Civil Society Coalitions in Singapore." Government and Opposition 50, no. 1 (November 29, 2013): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.41.
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In the past few years, a number of civil society coalitions have emerged in the illiberal city-state of Singapore. They are the unintended result of a controlled process of liberalization which was initiated by the government in the 1990s in response to growing demands for participation. In particular, the internet has contributed to a more assertive, independent and better organized civil society, which can be seen as a significant step in the process of political change in the city-state.
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Dryden, R. D., and H. C. M. Erzurumlu. "Innovative University—Industry—Government Collaboration." Industry and Higher Education 10, no. 6 (December 1996): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229601000608.
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University–industry–government partnerships have become extremely significant and important technology transfer instruments in the USA. These partnerships have also created challenges and opportunities that necessitate a new ‘culture’ or ‘mindset’ for the collaborating partners. The early identification and awareness of barriers that may jeopardize an effective collaboration has presented itself as one of the major challenges. The paper begins with a discussion of major technology transfer issues and views collaboration from the perspective of industry, government and universities. Questions such as ‘What are the primary concerns facing all partners?’ and ‘What can be done to effect change in the mindset of partners?’ are addressed in the light of case studies. The paper also describes six innovative university–industry–government collaboration models initiated in the USA that include both domestic and international ventures under implementation.
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Czechowski, Paweł. "Kształtowanie się pojęcia mienia komunalnego samorządu terytorialnego stopnia podstawowego." Studia Iuridica, no. 85 (March 15, 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-85.2.
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The article presents the genesis and evolution of shaping the institution of municipal property of local government. The shaping of the legal institution of municipal property was presented against the background of the systemic change as a result of the changes and reforms initiated as a result of the 1989 ‘round table’, which also defined the principles of building a new local government system based on the legal and systemic model of European local self-government (municipal ) and its guiding principles. As a result of the introduced statutory regulations, in 1990, the first degree of local self-government was introduced, equipping communes (cities) and their associations as well as established legal entities with communal property. It should be mentioned that the acquisition of communal property, apart from the civil legal nature, also had a significant systemic significance guaranteeing the local government political, political and economic independence. The work presents the legal status of communal property, the procedure for its acquisition and the procedure of enfranchisement of communal entities under the first degree of local authority.
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Park, Young-Bum. "The Turning Point in International Migration and Economic Development in Korea." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300108.
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Korea passed its turning point in international labor migration in the 1990s, largely due to government policies aimed at rapid economic development, industrial upgrading and coping with demographic change. From the 1960s to the 1980s, international migration was initiated and pursued by the government, bringing in remittances which improved the balance of payments and helped fund investment projects necessary for industrial upgrading. Rapid upgrading, coupled with demographic and social changes, have led to a need for unskilled foreign workers on a large scale. With a large influx of illegal workers, the Korean government now faces changing its policy to allow unskilled workers to enter the country.
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Tama, Jordan. "The politics of strategy: why government agencies conduct major strategic reviews." Journal of Public Policy 37, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x15000148.
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AbstractIn recent years, United States (US) policymakers have instituted quadrennial strategy reviews in several major policy areas. In this article, I examine why policymakers have initiated these large strategic reviews, and why a particular model for them has diffused from the US Defense Department to other government agencies. I find that policymakers have initiated the reviews principally to spur organisational change in agencies and influence the relationship between agencies and the Congress, and that policymakers have replicated the Defense Department’s review model because of that department’s strong political support. My findings suggest more generally that formal strategy activities are often driven more by legislative-executive and bureaucratic politics than by a search for new strategic ideas. Commonalities between the diffusion of quadrennial reviews in the US and the diffusion of other strategy and planning processes internationally underscore the broader applicability and significance of these findings.
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Ebrey, Rhian, Stephen Hall, and Rebecca Willis. "Is Twitter Indicating a Change in MP’s Views on Climate Change?" Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 10334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410334.
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Following the release of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 °C Special Report in October 2018, there has been a surge in public concern about climate change and demands for greater government action. We analyse the discourse of Members of Parliament (MPs) on climate change on Twitter to examine the extent to which these recent public climate-related events have influenced political agenda-setting. We argue that these events have had two, linked, effects: increased political discourse on climate change, and an increasing use of ‘urgent’ climate language. However, the language style used between political parties differs. Additionally, while the youth strikes and Greta Thunberg, who initiated these strikes, appear to have the greatest influence on MPs’ discourse, the overall relative impact is low, with responses predominately from left- and centrist-political parties. This indicates a clear difference between parties. However, Twitter may not be a suitable platform for investigating Conservative discourse. Further work to explore agenda-setting on Conservative policymaking is required.
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Ishikura, Yukiko, and Tatsuo Kawashima. "Admissions in Japanese National Universities: The Need for Change." International Higher Education, no. 92 (January 14, 2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2018.92.10043.
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Higher education institutions have undergone significant changes concerning college admissions. Leading countries for higher education, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as countries in Asia such as China, Korea, and Taiwan are making changes to their higher education systems. There is also a call for change in college admissions in Japan. Japanese universities, especially national universities, have heavily relied on test scores for student selection. However, universities are currently shifting theircollege admissions processes toward a holistic review approach. This involves making admission decisions by assessing not only academic achievements, but also students’ backgrounds, personal experience, and potential. This task was initiated by the government in response to the changing concepts of knowledge and fairness, as well as the perceived desirability of attracting students with diverse educational backgrounds. For higher education institutions both in Japan and abroad, college admission reforms become a necessary process. Japan, where the government has the most power for making decisions, offers other countriespriceless lessons about how top-down education/admission reforms are implemented or impeded.
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Ishikura, Yukiko, and Tatsuo Kawashima. "Admissions in Japanese National Universities: The Need for Change." International Higher Education, no. 92 (January 14, 2018): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2018.92.10287.
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Higher education institutions have undergone significant changes concerning college admissions. Leading countries for higher education, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as countries in Asia such as China, Korea, and Taiwan are making changes to their higher education systems. There is also a call for change in college admissions in Japan. Japanese universities, especially national universities, have heavily relied on test scores for student selection. However, universities are currently shifting theircollege admissions processes toward a holistic review approach. This involves making admission decisions by assessing not only academic achievements, but also students’ backgrounds, personal experience, and potential. This task was initiated by the government in response to the changing concepts of knowledge and fairness, as well as the perceived desirability of attracting students with diverse educational backgrounds. For higher education institutions both in Japan and abroad, college admission reforms become a necessary process. Japan, where the government has the most power for making decisions, offers other countriespriceless lessons about how top-down education/admission reforms are implemented or impeded.
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Karoulla-Vrikki, Dimitra. "Which alphabet on car number-plates in Cyprus?" Language Problems and Language Planning 37, no. 3 (November 15, 2013): 249–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.37.3.03kar.
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Since the 1990s, language-planning interventions have changed the alphabet on car number-plates in Cyprus three times, while a fourth change is expected to take place in line with the parliamentary decision of 2010. An investigation of the alternating adoption of the 24-letter English (Latin) and the 12-letter Helleno-Latin alphabetical system demonstrates that a minor matter, such as the alphabet on the plates, can be a multilevel language planning issue. It was initiated at the micro-level by individuals and small groups who exercised pressure on the government to change this language practice, but through interventions by government officials and politicians it snowballed to the macro-level. Examination of the issue reveals the pragmatic and symbolic roles attributed to the alphabetical systems as well as the beliefs, perceptions and ideologies about language and identity in Cyprus held among Greek-Cypriots who were involved in the controversy.
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Eisner, Richard K. "Building Disaster Resilient Organizations in the Non-Government (NGO) Sector." Journal of Disaster Research 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2010.p0503.
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In 2006 Fritz Institute initiated the development and implemention of a process to create “disaster resilience” in faith and community based organizations that provide services to vulnerable populations in California. The process included undertaking background research on the attributes of disaster resilient organizations; development of intervention strategies to promote organizational resilience, developing a definition of “soft” and “hard” resilience applicable to the non-government sector; and the development and implementation of A Disaster Resilience Standard for Community- and Faith-Based Service Providers. This process necessitated the creation of a constituency for a standard, convening of peer networks to support organizational change, and the formulation of a strategy to sustain application of the standard.
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Suarma, Utia, Dyah Rahmawati Hizbaron, Sudibyakto Sudibyakto, and Emilya Nurjani. "Participatory implementation within climate change related policies in urbanized area of Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Geography 50, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.36263.
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Geographically, Indonesia has been subjected towards various climate change related phenomena. This research aim at evaluation of participatory implementation towards climate change related policy which has been set in Indonesia. The research method derived from qualitative framework developed by UNESCO. The research took RAN-API or National Action Plan upon Climate Change Adaptation which has been established since 2013. The document has been integrated within National Medium Term Plan launched at 2015 up to 2019. The research revealed that participation has been inclusive to many stakeholder involved within climate change adaptation program. Furthermore, encouragement needs to be carried out at all level especially in urbanized area. Local to national government has pivotal role to introduce many activities engaged to climate change adaptation. At different array, the research also revealed that many participation has been initiated independently by non-government organization as well as local stakeholder which need to be documented in order to ensure its merits.
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De Waele, Els, and Lesley Hustinx. "Governing Through Volunteering: The Discursive Field of Government-Initiated Volunteering in the Form of Workfare Volunteering." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 48, no. 2_suppl (July 9, 2018): 72S—102S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018783094.
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Increasing third-party intervention in volunteering represents a key change in the environment of volunteering. One significant expression is “workfare volunteering”: the governmental use of volunteering to foster the economic and/or social reintegration of social assistance recipients. We contribute to existing theory on “third-party volunteering” by studying the shifting discursive field in which volunteering becomes re-entangled with workfare volunteering. Our contribution is based on a governmentality-inspired discourse analysis of internal documents on workfare volunteering in one Belgian social assistance center. We conclude that workfare volunteering entails a strong violation of “voluntary” and “unpaid” properties of volunteering, relegates volunteering to an inferior status relative to paid work, and depicts workfare volunteers as suffering from a clear deficit: the inability to work under regular labor market condition. Through the discursive entanglement of various citizenship frames, the workfare volunteer is cast as an ever-aspiring, yet permanently failing citizen.
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Wen, Xiaoyi. "Employer-initiated collective bargaining: a case study of the Chinese sweater industry." Employee Relations 38, no. 2 (February 8, 2016): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-05-2013-0055.
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Purpose – Collective bargaining (CB) in China is perceived as inadequate, thanks to the lack of trade union independence and representation. However, CB of the sweater industry in Wenling, one of the world’s largest manufacturing centre, shows another tendency. Using Wenling as the case, the purpose of this paper is to explore whether a new form of CB is emerging in China. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses a qualitative case study approach, and covers stakeholders, including the government, trade union, sweater association, workers and employers. Findings – In China, trade unions are constrained by corporatism and therefore cannot become the effective agents of CB. However, the increased industrial conflicts could in effect push employers to become the engine of change. This paper finds that employers endeavour to use CB as a tool to stabilise employment relations and neutralise workers resistance. Consequently, a gradual transition in labour relations system is on the way, characterised by “disorderly resistance” to “orderly compliance” in the working class. Research limitations/implications – The case industry may not be sufficient in drawing the details of CB in China, while it provides the trend of change. Originality/value – Conventional wisdom on the Chinese labour relations and CB tends to ignore the employer’s perspective. This paper partially fills in the gap by offering CB and change of employment relations from the aspect of employers.
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Newton, Caroline. "The Role of Government Initiated Urban Planning Experiments in Transition Processes and Their Contribution to Change at the Regime Level." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052419.
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Sustainable urban (planning) experiments play a crucial role in transitions and are tangible ways to contribute to innovation and change in the long run. This paper discusses how urban experiments contribute to sustainability transitions by explicitly looking at an urban experiment’s capability to influence the regime level. The consequences of spatial inertia and political actors’ involvement are two understudied aspects concerning urban experiments. The paper aims to introduce these two understudied aspects and suggests further research on both in current urban experimentation practices. First, the paper suggests spatial embeddedness as a relevant explanatory factor. Experiments that alter spatial structures or realize physical interventions on a neighborhood scale can anchor innovations in space. In doing so, they increase their sustainability in the long run. Secondly, the article contributes to the literature on institutions and politics in urban experiments. The article uses a literature study and a case to illustrate both points.
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Péter Horváth. "Today’s judgment of sub-statistical regions, the sources of development in the most disadvantaged areas, and the experiences of their utilization in the Sarkad area." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 42 (December 22, 2010): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/42/2668.
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The system of our nation’s sub-statistical regions is before a change; its role in the Hungarian public administration has to be settled, which will be one of the most significant tasks of the forthcoming years. A prevalent question among the learned professionals is whether the sub-statistical regions will become local governments or they will keep their regulating and taskperforming functions? Public administration system of sub-statistical regions can be framed around three functions, which also determine the complements of the establishment: local government function, area development function, polity function. A strategic question is the equalization and development of the most disadvantaged. Here is where the LHH project, aiming at the development of the most disadvantaged sub-statistical regions, provides support. The main message of the program initiated by the government is “we will not abandon anyone”. In my article, the current state of the program in Sarkad’s sub-statistical region,the area of my study, will be discussed.
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Ahsan, Md Ali. "Organizational Learning as a Strategic Choice in Public Sector Organization: Changing Cultural Attributes in a State Owned Agricultural Bank of Bangladesh." American Journal of Trade and Policy 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v5i3.442.
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Network governance has become an important paradigm in recent reform effort; inter-sectoral collaboration is the key theme of such initiative. As part of the developing world, Government of Bangladesh is taking initiatives to prepare its civil service competent to meet the challenges of a welfare state for a sustainable society. Taking this in an account, this study focuses on the recent reform program in public sector organization initiated by the government. The core objective of this study is to understand the phenomenon of organizational culture that has an influence on organizational learning and innovation from the viewpoint of experienced civil servants who have gone through the change process and become an active implementer of learning and innovation in their organization to meet the desire change situation.
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BAARK, Erik. "Market-based Climate Policy in China? The Case of Emissions Trading Systems." East Asian Policy 11, no. 04 (October 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000369.
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China recognises the need to reduce carbon emissions in order to avoid negative consequences from climate change in the future. Therefore, the Chinese government initiated seven emissions trading system (ETS) pilots in 2013 and began to develop China’s national ETS in 2017. However, Chinese efforts to implement ETS have encountered legal, institutional and political issues that must be solved so that a national ETS could help to mitigate emissions in China.
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Schwartz, Klaas. "From government-driven to commercially-driven mergers: changing drivers for upscaling in the Dutch water supply sector." Water Policy 13, no. 3 (October 26, 2010): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.031.
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Over the past century the Dutch water supply sector has undergone a process of upscaling in which the number of utilities dropped from 230 in the late 1930s to 14 in 2007. Although the policy of upscaling service provision has been continued over this period, the driving forces behind the upscaling process have changed from government-steered upscaling to mergers which are initiated and executed by the water utilities. The shift in drivFing forces reflects two interlinked changes in the Dutch water supply sector. First, it highlights a shift in objectives that public water utilities are expected to achieve. The government-driven mergers in the first part of the 20th century focused on expanding service coverage to the unserved population. The mergers of the past decade highlight the increasing emphasis on efficiency and “market position”. Secondly, the change in driving forces behind the mergers in the Dutch water supply sector, as illustrated by the case of Friesland, reflect the shift to a “new model of public management” in the water services sector in which public water utilities are expected to operate as autonomous agencies and on the basis of commercial principles (meaning that economic considerations for mergers predominate).
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Alasoini, Tuomo, Timo Kauppinen, and Pekka Ylostalo. "Workplace Finland: New Forms of Bargaining and Participation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 5, no. 2 (December 1994): 62–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469400500206.
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The era of incomes policy agreements appears to have ended in Finland, with negotiations focused at sectoral and local levels, although this could change with a return to a Social Democratic-led Government. While representative systems of participation have not been abandoned, the authority of unions delegates at the workplace appears to have declined. There has also been a growth in direct forms of participation, initiated by management, and associated new forms of work organisation.
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Darvas, Peter. "The future of higher education in Central-Eastern Europe: problems and possibilities." European Review 6, no. 4 (October 1998): 489–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000363x.
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The main beliefs, strategies and problems marking the road of higher educational change in the Central–Eastern European countries are analysed and distinction is made between three main actors: government, clients and the academic community. At governmental level the focus is on the handicapping effects of conflict between short and long-term reform and the internal nature of the government-higher education relationship. Government initiated reforms should offer transitory and contextual solutions rather than permanent and substantive ones. The traditional lack of distinction between higher education as public versus private good and the problems and consequences of expanding higher education is examined. The political power of the academic community can hamper the effectiveness of reforms and external accountability. Reforms should separate the merged functions of supervision, allocation and professional accreditation. At the institutional level, executive leadership should be separated from the traditional academic hierarchies. Institutional leaders need to be given more independence and need to improve their skills of financial management, institutional planning and self-evaluation. As for academic control, new institutional patterns of cooperation should be assisted at the expense of the traditional hierarchies of higher knowledge.
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Kothari, Ammina, and Dennis Elliott. "HIV/AIDS Information on East African Websites: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Asian and African Studies 51, no. 6 (July 27, 2016): 669–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909614553455.
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According to the UNAIDS Global Report of 2010, Sub-Saharan Africa has about 22.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS. In a textual analysis of government-sponsored and private websites originating in East Africa, we analyze how the Internet and social media tools are used to disseminate information about HIV/AIDS and promote social change among targeted audiences. Our analysis found that content available on selected government and private websites, with minor exceptions, is generally not updated frequently nor systematically targeted specifically to those who can benefit most from the information. The government-initiated websites were populated with information that highlighted national strategic plans and focused on evaluation reports, while the private organizations provided information that in some instances was customized for specific audiences, but overall encouraged grassroots collaborations.
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Gussmann, Geronimo, and Jochen Hinkel. "What drives relocation policies in the Maldives?" Climatic Change 163, no. 2 (November 2020): 931–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02919-8.
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AbstractThe predominant responses to rising sea levels are in situ adaptations. However, increasing rates of sea-level rise will render ex situ adaptations—in the form of relocations—inevitable in some low-lying coastal zones. Particularly small island states like the Maldives face this significant adaptation challenge. Here, government action is necessary to move vulnerable communities out of flood-prone areas. Yet, little empirical knowledge exists about the governance of relocations. While the literature often highlights risks and benefits of relocations, it remains unclear how governments organized relocations and what drove relocation policy. Therefore, we examined Maldivian relocation policies from 1968 to 2018 to explain government support of relocations. For this, we used a qualitative research design and extended the multiple streams approach with the theoretical lens of historical institutionalism. To gather data, we conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 23) with relocation policy experts and locals affected by relocations. Interview data was complemented with a desk review of relevant laws, historical records, and policy documents. We find 29 completed and 25 failed cases of relocations in the 50-year period. Key drivers of relocation policies are focusing events, socioeconomic development, and institutionalized island autonomy. We find that relocations were predominantly initiated as means to facilitate economic development, not as a response to rising seas or coastal risk. With current rapid economic development and strengthened democratic institutions, relocations are not considered as a policy option anymore. We conclude that implementing relocations proactively will face significant barriers in the future, which highlights the urgency of successful in situ adaptations in the Maldives.
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Morgan, Glenda. "Violence in Mozambique: Towards an Understanding of Renamo." Journal of Modern African Studies 28, no. 4 (December 1990): 603–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00054756.
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Recent developments on the South African political scene have raised some hopes about bringing an end to the war in Mozambique. The change of direction initiated by President F. W. de Klerk, the unbanning of the African National Congress (A.N.C.) and other previously prohibited organisations, and the progress made towards negotiations have pointed to a possible change of heart by the Government, and a relaxation of its previously hostile regional policy. There can be little doubt, given Pretoria's rôle in the whole area, and the history of its involvement in the Mozambican crisis, that changes within South Africa will be felt beyond its borders. However, it would be unwise to ignore the part played by internal factors in explaining the growth in both the scale and severity of the conflict in Mozambique over the past decade.
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Naughton, Barry. "Deng Xiaoping: The Economist." China Quarterly 135 (September 1993): 491–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000013886.
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Deng Xiaoping's economic legacy is overwhelmingly positive and quite secure-in this, it stands in contrast to his troubled and ambiguous political legacy. Of all of Deng's achievements, the transformation of China's economic system is the only one that is currently judged to have succeeded, and to have benefited large numbers of people. Deng presided over the Chinese government during a period of enormous economic change. Under his leadership, the government extricated itself from a legacy of massive economic problems and began a sustained programme of economic reform. Reforms transformed the economic system and initiated a period of explosive economic growth, bringing the country out of isolation and into the modem world economy.
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Sarmento, Joaquim Miranda, and Luc Renneboog. "Anatomy of public-private partnerships: their creation, financing and renegotiations." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 94–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-03-2015-0023.
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Purpose – As public-private partnerships (PPPs) have become more widespread, doubts and criticisms about this type of infrastructural projects have emerged. The authors describe the PPP framework, discuss the financial structure and risk-sharing processes, and dissect the structure and organisation. The authors address the following questions: what are the main organisational characteristics of PPPs? How does the private sector structure and finance PPPs? And why and how are PPP contracts renegotiated? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws on extensive theoretical and empirical research, which is presented in a literature overview on PPPs and their renegotiations. A comprehensive review is carried out and two case studies are developed to investigate the reasons behind success and failure of PPPs and the renegotiation of contracts. Findings – Incomplete contracts and the long duration of concessions can bring uncertainty and change to PPPs. Joint decision making can be difficult due to different parties involved. Renegotiation outcomes tend to rely on the position of the government. In Fertagus, the private sector asked for financial help led to a very balanced agreement. Conversely, Lusoponte renegotiations were initiated by the government, which significantly changed the project. Instead of relying solely on commercial revenues, Lusoponte was substantial financed by public funds. Research limitations/implications – Incomplete contracts and the long duration of concessions bring about much uncertainty to PPPs. Ex post decision making in PPPs in the wake of changing risks is difficult as it necessarily involves negotiations between the public sector and the private firm. The paper shows that marked differences in renegotiation outcomes emerge. In one case study, the private sector asked for financial help and the negotiation outcome was a very balanced agreement. Conversely, renegotiations in a second case were initiated by the government mainly for political reasons, resulted in a significant change in the PPP’s structure, risk, financing, and returns, and yielded a large public losses. Practical implications – Contrasting successful and unsuccessful PPPs enables the reader to examine the opportunities and pitfalls in case of PPP renegotiations, which frequently occur. He can gain insight in the determinants of negotiation outcomes and the importance of a governmental PPP entity as well as of an independent monitor such as a court of audits. Originality/value – This paper should be useful for both academics and practitioners and should help increase the understanding of the several stages, structures, and renegotiation processes associated with PPPs.
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Boulianne, Shelley, Mireille Lalancette, and David Ilkiw. "“School Strike 4 Climate”: Social Media and the International Youth Protest on Climate Change." Media and Communication 8, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i2.2768.
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Beginning in 2018, youth across the globe participated in protest activities aimed at encouraging government action on climate change. This activism was initiated and led by Swedish teenager, Greta Thunberg. Like other contemporary movements, the School Strike 4 Climate used social media. For this article, we use Twitter trace data to examine the global dynamics of the student strike on March 15, 2019. We offer a nuanced analysis of 993 tweets, employing a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Like other movements, the primary function of these tweets was to share information, but we highlight a unique type of information shared in these tweets—documentation of local events across the globe. We also examine opinions shared about youth, the tactic (protest/strike), and climate change, as well as the assignment of blame on government and other institutions for their inaction and compliance in the climate crisis. This global climate strike reflects a trend in international protest events, which are connected through social media and other digital media tools. More broadly, it allows us to rethink how social media platforms are transforming political engagement by offering actors—especially the younger generation—agency through the ability to voice their concerns to a global audience.
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Nee, Victor, and Sonja Opper. "Endogenous Institutional Change and Dynamic Capitalism." SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, no. 118 (July 2010): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2010-118002.
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State-centered theory asserts that political institutions and credible commitment by political elite to formal rules securing property rights provides the necessary and sufficient conditions for economic growth to take place. In this approach, the evolution of institutions favorable to economic performance is a top-down process led by politicians who control the state. Hence, in less developed and poor countries, the counterfactual is that if formal institutions secure property rights and check predatory action by the political elite, then sustained economic growth would follow. The limitation of state-centered theory stems from the problem that behavioral prescriptions - formal rules and regulations - that reflect what politicians prefer can be ignored. In contrast, we lay out the bottomup construction of economic institutions that gave rise to capitalist economic development in China. Entrepreneurship in the economically developed regions of the coastal provinces was not fueled by exogenous institutional changes. When the first entrepreneurs decided to decouple from the traditional socialist production system, the government had neither initiated financial reforms inviting a broader societal participation, nor had it provided property rights protection or transparent rules specifying company registration and liabilities. Instead, it was the development and use of innovative informal arrangements within close-knit groups of like-minded actors that provided the necessary funding and reliable business norms. This allowed the first wave of entrepreneurs to survive outside of the state-owned manufacturing system. This bottom-up process resembles earlier accounts of the rise of capitalism in the West.
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Malik, Vipin. "Disinvestments in India: Needed Change in Mindset." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030305.
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In the nineties, India's budgeting, fiscal deficits, and balance of payments problems kick started the government's urge to unlock the huge investments chained in the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The blueprint was the successful global model of privatization/divestment which was initiated by Margaret Thatcher in the eighties in the UK and implemented by other countries including Unified Germany, former USSR, the erstwhile socialist countries, Western Europe, Canada, Japan, and even China. The developed nations attained a high level of success followed by the developing and the least developed countries. While developed and OECD countries opted for Initial Public Offerings (IPOs), Russia adopted a system of vouchers for buying shares of public sector companies at auctions, and smaller states in the former Soviet Union and East European countries opted for trade and negotiated sales. Developing countries like Brazil and Chile made principal divestments of significantly large government stakes with no reservations to pass on control to foreign investors. Greece and Korea opted for convertible bonds. Considering that the debate on the need for disinvestments is very old, the question is: is there anything new and is there a game plan? Also, why is the media hesitant in presenting analysis of the decision-makers' mindset? It leads to the inference that the implementers have perhaps little commitment to disinvestments which is in contrast to what Hungary and China have achieved by their professional approach. Fortunately, the efforts to pursue reforms have not openly been reversed or given up by any government of the day. The Four Ps of disinvestment – Policy, Promise, Prognosis, and Performance – look grim. In the recent past, we have been witnessing a lot of debate on the disinvestments scenario suggesting dynamic movement. In reality, the sale of equity of only 49 companies has so far been accomplished (a few only privatized). In comparison, Hungary identified 1,288 SOEs, transformed them into companies for privatization, and in 2002, only 79 companies were left for privatization. Against a target of Rs 100 billion, the financial year 2000–2001 closed with a collection of Rs 18.70 billion. Against a target of Rs 120 billion, the financial year 2001–2002 closed with a collection of Rs 56 billion inclusive of special dividend of VSNL at Rs 18.87 billion and Rs 11.54 billion of IBP bought by another public sector undertaking (PSU). Against a target of Rs 120 billion, the financial year 2002-2003 closed with a collection of Rs 33 billion. The target for financial year 2003-04 is Rs 132 billion (US$ 2.87 billion). To set things on the recovery path, introspection on what aberrations have entered the system is necessary. In the words of the President to the Joint Session of Parliament in February 2002, “... The prolonged fiscal haemorrhage from the majority of these enterprises cannot be sustained any longer...” How do we ensure that the disinvestment process is on track? The following five-point agenda would be useful for policy-makers: Trust the homegrown expert for implementation. Place administrative control in the hands of the Finance Minister. Hand over companies that are a burden on the government to the employees. Do not involve a PSU/SOE in the bidding process. Manage revivals professionally.
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Tunstill, Jane. "Pruned, policed and privatised: the knowledge base for children and families social work in England and Wales in 2019." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 20, no. 2 (November 3, 2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v20i2.1285.
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The focus of this chapter is on the knowledge base for social work practice with children and families and its relationship to current social work policy development in England and Wales for the foreseeable future. It is argued that over the last ten years, the nature of the knowledge base for children and family social work, including the way it is generated, accessed and applied, has been increasingly subject to politically initiated change. This article argues that over the previous ten years of ‘austerity’, knowledge for social work has been purposely, and increasingly, ‘weaponised’ as a component of the same political system which introduced and now sustains neo-liberalism and austerity. Deliberate decisions have been taken by government in order to initiate- through a variety of inter-linked and mutually reinforcing strategies- the reframing and repackaging of the role of knowledge in social work practice with children and families. Following a review of current approaches to understanding social work knowledge, the article identifies five key inter-linked projects , which have been established by the Conservative government . It argues that these are intended to deliver a far-reaching political colonisation of the existing knowledge base for social work, which should be resisted by all social work stakeholders.
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Adkison, Danny M., and Lisa McNair Palmer. "American Government Textbooks and The Federalist Papers." Political Science Teacher 1, no. 1 (1988): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800000015.
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It seems appropriate in this bicentennial year to examine the treatment introductory American government textbooks give the U.S. Constitution. Nearly every text devotes a chapter (typically, the second) to the events leading up to, and the writing of, the Constitution. But what of the political theory on which the Constitution is based? The Constitution, by itself, is too brief and devoid of theory to provide students with an overall assessment of that document. The source that is often relied upon by constitutional scholars to provide that theory is The Federalist Papers. It is the textbooks' treatment of these essays that we will explore here.The Federalist Papers were 85 newspaper editorials written by Hamilton, Madison, and jay, under the pseudonym Publius, in support of ratification of the proposed Constitution. The first essay was published October 27, 1787, and when the last essay was published, the authors had written 175,000 words. This was an average of 1,000 words a day, and was about 35 times the length of the Constitution itself.Hamilton initiated the project in reaction to another set of pseudonymous literature published in New York. New York support of the Constitution was essential, and it was doubtful that the state would ratify. As the seat of the central government, New York was in a pivotal position on the eastern seaboard. It had a lively commerce, and thus was not eager for change. Governor George Clinton staunchly opposed ratification. New York had not signed the Constitution because all of its delegates, except Hamilton, had left in protest and no one signatory was authorized to approve the document for the state.
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de Sousa, Marcelo Rebelo. "Portugal: 19 July 1987." Government and Opposition 22, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1988.tb00067.x.
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THE PORTUGUESE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OF 19 JULY 1987 initiated a profound change in the Portuguese party system and in the system of government. From 1974 onwards, Portugal had moved peacefully towards a democratic political system, enshrined in the 1976 Constitution. This evolution lasted about eight years and culminated in the revision of the Constitution in 1982. From 1982 onwards the present political regime has been a democratic one, coexisting with a capitalist economic regime attenuated by state monopoly in key sectors and by public companies which were nationalized between 1974 and 1976. It is also since 1982 that the system of government has been semi-presidential. There is pure representativeness as referendums do not exist at national level and have never been regulated at local level. But the government is semi-presidential in the sense that, owing to French influence, it attempts to balance Parliament with the election of the President of the Republic by direct and universal suffrage.
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Sram, Radim J. "Impact of Air Pollution on the Health of the Population in Parts of the Czech Republic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 6454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186454.
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Thirty years ago, Northern Bohemia in the Czech Republic was one of the most air polluted areas in Europe. After political changes, the Czech government put forward a research program to determine if air pollution is really affecting human health. This program, later called the “Teplice Program”, was initiated in collaboration with scientists from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). This cooperation made possible the use of methods on the contemporary level. The very high concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter of 10 micrometers or less (PM10), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the air showed, for the first time, the impact of air pollutants on the health of the population in mining districts: adverse pregnancy outcomes, the impact of air pollution on sperm morphology, learning disabilities in children, and respiratory morbidity in preschool children. A surprising result came from the distribution of the sources of pollution: 70% of PM10 pollution came from local heating and not from power plants as expected. Thanks to this result, the Czech government supported changes in local heating from brown coal to natural gas. This change substantially decreased SO2 and PM10 pollution and affected mortality, especially cardiovascular mortality.
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Poyar, Kyle Andrew, and Nancy Beller-Simms. "Early Responses to Climate Change: An Analysis of Seven U.S. State and Local Climate Adaptation Planning Initiatives." Weather, Climate, and Society 2, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010wcas1047.1.
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Abstract State and local governments in the United States manage a wide array of natural and human resources that are particularly sensitive to climate variability and change. Recent revelations of the extent of the current and potential climate impact in this realm such as with the quality of water, the structure of the coasts, and the potential and witnessed impact on the built infrastructure give these political authorities impetus to minimize their vulnerability and plan for the future. In fact, a growing number of subnational government bodies in the United States have initiated climate adaptation planning efforts; these initiatives emphasize an array of climate impacts, but at different scales, scopes, and levels of sophistication. Meanwhile, the current body of climate adaptation literature has not taken a comprehensive look at these plans nor have they questioned what prompts local adaptation planning, at what scope and scale action is being taken, or what prioritizes certain policy responses over others. This paper presents a case-based analysis of seven urban climate adaptation planning initiatives, drawing from a review of publicly available planning documents and interviews with stakeholders directly involved in the planning process to provide a preliminary understanding of these issues. The paper also offers insight into the state of implementation of adaptation strategies, highlighting the role of low upfront costs and cobenefits with issues already on the local agenda in prompting anticipatory adaptation.
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Rajan, A. Thillai. "Reforms, Restructuring, and Infrastructure Sector: A Study of Initiatives in Orissa Power Sector." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 25, no. 4 (October 2000): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920000403.
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In 1994, the Government of Orissa initiated power sector reforms and restructuring. The reform programme resulted in vertical unbundling of the state-owned integrated electric utility, corporatization of the resultant entities, and constitution of an autonomous regulatory commission for power sector regulation in the state. One of the key features of the reform programme was the privatization of distribution activity. To make the process successful and obtain more revenues, there was a need for the distribution entities to change the existing culture and approach to management. The Government of Orissa undertook a process of organizational strengthening to develop appropriate organizational structure, systems, and business processes suitable to the new environment. This study describes the various strengthening measures implemented by Grid Corporation of Orissa to make it commercially viable and function effectively in the new environment following power sector reform.
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Busetti, Simone, and Giancarlo Vecchi. "Process tracing change management: the reform of the Italian judiciary." International Journal of Public Sector Management 31, no. 5 (July 9, 2018): 566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-06-2017-0158.
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Purpose In 2009, the Italian Government initiated a national programme to improve the management of judicial offices. Programme implementation has been patchy and unsatisfactory in all but a few cases. Against this background, the Law Court of Milan has achieved exceptional results and is now recognised as a good practice benchmark for Italy. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this case in order to reconstruct the local conditions for successful implementation of the national programme. Design/methodology/approach To test a theory of the programme based on leaders’ engagement, their access to managerial knowledge, and the transfer and consolidation of that knowledge, the present study applies process tracing, a qualitative method that uses Bayesian reasoning to improve the accuracy of within-case inferences. Findings The analysis shows how programme and context features interacted to support change. In particular, while the national programme succeeded in providing resources for leader engagement and knowledge access, the transfer and consolidation of managerial knowledge depended largely on a brokerage function performed locally between consultants and magistrates. Originality/value The paper sheds light on the local conditions for change management and does so by employing an innovative qualitative method that improves the reliability of within-case inferences.
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Kemal, A. R. "Pakistan's Experience with Manufacturing of Components for Consumer Durables." Pakistan Development Review 27, no. 4II (December 1, 1988): 863–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v27i4iipp.863-873.
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The experience of developed countries suggests that the capital goods industries are transmitters of technological change and are instrumental in diffusing innovations throughout the economy. Pakistan's manufacturing industries have largely been confined to consumer goods industries, such as food and textiles, which require simple technology. Industries such as machinery, automobiles, consumer durables and basic chemicals which require sophisticated technology were virtually nonexistent till the Seventies. However, output of machinery, automobiles and consumer durables registered a sharp increase during the Eighties. Capital goods industries may be initiated/promoted through any of three routes: evolutionary, policy induced and vehicle assembly. The evolutionary method to initiate capital goods production is through the formation of skilled manpower through a gradual process starting with repairs and maintenance. The policy induced method of developing the capital goods industries takes the form of creating skilled manpower through deliberate government policy. The vehicle assembly based capital goods production minimises initial skill requirements but helps in developing the skills by creating demand for components and, hence, for the skilled manpower through on-the-job-training.
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Shukla, Kinjal, Maitreyi Purohit, and Shubhra P. Gaur. "Studying ‘Make in India’ from the Lens of Labour Reforms." Management and Labour Studies 42, no. 1 (February 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0258042x17690842.
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The contribution of the manufacturing sector in gross domestic product (GDP) has been a cause of concern, as India contributes only 16 per cent to the GDP in comparison to other rapidly developing economies, for example, the manufacturing sector of Thailand contributes 34 per cent to the GDP, China 32 per cent and South Korea 31 per cent. Currently, India stands at 134th position out of 189 economies under Doing Business Index. Its rank has also declined in the Global Manufacturing Index in comparison to the previous year. The Government of India in the year 2014 initiated a campaign titled Make in India to foster the growth of the manufacturing sector. In the initial phase of the campaign, the primary focus was on three key tactics namely reviving domestic investment, ensuring the ease of doing business and attracting foreign investors to invest in the manufacturing sector. The government later on realized that first there is a need to bring reforms in the decades old labour laws. This has urged the government to consider reforms in labour laws which will make Indian labour market more competitive in international market. The government has initiated these reforms by proposing certain amendments in the Factories Act 1948 and by including few provisions in the Labour Laws Amendment Act, 2011, and the Apprenticeship (Amendment) Act, 2014. The article attempts to analyze the impact of these reforms on success of Make in India campaign by studying the overall impact of these labour law reforms from employees and employers’ perspective and contribution of labour reforms in Make in India campaign by using the theory of structural change, fundamentals and growth given by Rodrik (2013b, Harvard Business Review). It also analyzes the impact of these reforms on two key aspects of the campaign, that is, focusing on job creation and skill enhancement.
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Romanovsky, O. O. "Some aspects of the idea of unity V. Solovyov and the present." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 14 (June 2, 2000): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2000.14.1070.
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In the second half of the nineteenth century, the nature of the national policy of Russia is significantly changing. After the events of 1863 in Poland (the Second Polish uprising), the government of Alexander II gradually abandoned the dominant idea of anathematizing, whose essence is expressed in the domination of the principle of serving the state, the greatness of the empire. The tsar-reformer deliberately changes the policy of etatamism into the policy of state ethnocentrism. The manifestation of such a change is a ban on teaching in Polish (1869) and the temporary closure of the University of Warsaw. At the end of the 60s, the state's policy towards a five million Russian Jewry was radically revised. The process of abolition of restrictions on travel, education, place of residence initiated by Nicholas I, was provided reverse.
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Nukshirenla and Vulli Dhanaraju. "The Impact of Christianity and Cultural Traditions of Ao-Naga Tribe in Nagaland." Think India 22, no. 2 (October 24, 2019): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8673.
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The rise of ‘colonial modernity’ in the beginning of the 19th century initiated the process of change and transformation of the many traditions of northeast India. The ‘colonial modernity’ has been traditionally seen as an ideology in late nineteenth century Europeans institutionalized colonial domination in the name of missionary education, medical facilities, establishing infrastructure facilities etc,. for the colonial countries. They advocated ‘colonial modernity’ as a way of promoting good government. However, the concept of ‘modernity’ has been resisted and questioned in multiple forms by the local communities. In this context this paper is an attempt to assess the impact of Christianity on the cultural past of the Ao-Naga tribe of Nagaland. It can be argued that various socio-cultural traditions of the Ao-Nagas have been changed due to intervention of Christian Missionaries in Nagaland.
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Nordgård, Daniel. "Views from the boundaries." MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research 37, no. 70 (June 22, 2021): 032–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v37i70.122399.
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This article explores how Norwegian record label managers understand their current positions and future possibilities in a market that is increasingly driven by on-demand subscription-based streaming. It adds to a growing body of research by adopting a qualitative approach, seeking to describe issues at a personal or company level, and provide nuance and dynamics in a discourse that is often described in dichotomies and on aggregate levels. The article argues that stakeholders have more varied attitudes than simply being for or against the innovation, the new economic models and their eff ects on their own business, and the market in general. It also demonstrates that perceptions change as markets develop, and stakeholders and their businesses adjust. The article uses four in-depth interviews to assess a 2013 government-initiated project, and provides insights into differing positions and changes over time.
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Madukwe, Michael C., and Mabel U. Dimelu. "Trends in Development Activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Anambra State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 2 (May 10, 2020): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i2.13.
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The study examined trends in development activities of the Anambra State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development between 1991 and 2013. The study identified the trends in policy and programme initiation, staff recruitment and development, and funding, in the ministry. It employed secondary data through records, documents and annual reports. Results show variation in the percentages of programme initiated and implemented within each year between 1991 and 2013. The ministry did not participate in formulating policies in 46% of the programmes implemented in the state. However, 46% of all the programmes initiated had been concluded, while 54% of all the programmes initiated in the state are still active. The results showed that a total of 403 staff were recruited within the period into the various departments, with the highest number of recruitment (252) occurring between 1991-and 1995 and the least (22) took place from 2006 to 2010. The majority (91) of staff recruited had the ordinary national diploma (OND) and only 30 and 3 persons had the bachelor of science and doctor of philosophy, respectively. The trend in the funding pattern dwindled over time. Out of the five listed human capacity building programmes, staff trainings were organised only between 1991-1995 and 1996-2000). There is need for a change in government commitment to agriculture in the area of funding, human resource and policy as these are key drivers of development. Government should increase the proportion of manpower and create adequate opportunity for training and development of staff of the ministry.
Keywords: Policy and programmes of the ministry of agriculture, funding of ministry of agriculture, staff recruitment and capacity building.
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Kao, Ling-Jing, Shu-Yu Chiu, and Hsien-Tang Ko. "A Study of the Talent Training Project Management for Semiconductor Industry in Taiwan: The Application of a Hybrid Data Envelopment Analysis Approach." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/296345.
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the training institution performance and to improve the management of the Manpower Training Project (MTP) administered by the Semiconductor Institute in Taiwan. Much literature assesses the efficiency of an internal training program initiated by a firm, but only little literature studies the efficiency of an external training program led by government. In the study, a hybrid solution of ICA-DEA and ICA-MPI is developed for measuring the efficiency and the productivity growth of each training institution over the period. The technical efficiency change, the technological change, pure technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change, and the total factor productivity change were evaluated according to five inputs and two outputs. According to the results of the study, the training institutions can be classified by their efficiency successfully and the guidelines for the optimal level of input resources can be obtained for each inefficient training institution. The Semiconductor Institute in Taiwan can allocate budget more appropriately and establish withdrawal mechanisms for inefficient training institutions.
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Dahlgren, Göran. "Neoliberal Reforms in Swedish Primary Health Care: For Whom and for What Purpose?" International Journal of Health Services 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 697–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.38.4.g.
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The conservative government that came to power in Sweden in 2006 has initiated major market-oriented reforms in the health sector. Its first health care policy bill changed the health legislation to make it possible to sell/transfer public hospitals to commercial providers while maintaining public funding. Far-reaching market-oriented primary health care reforms are also initiated, for example in Stockholm County. They are typically presented as “free choice models” in which “the money follows the patient.” The actual and likely effects of these reforms in terms of access and quality of care are discussed in this article. One main finding is that existing social inequities in geographic access to care not only are reinforced but also become very difficult to change by democratic political decisions. Furthermore, dynamic market forces will gradually reduce the quality of care in low-income areas while both access and quality of care will be even better in high-income areas. Public funds are thus transferred from people living in low-income areas to people living in high-income areas, even though the need for good health services is much greater in the low-income areas. Certain policy options for reversing the inverse law of care are also presented.
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Ge, Xin Janet, and Xiaoxia Liu. "Urban Land Use Efficiency under Resource-Based Economic Transformation—A Case Study of Shanxi Province." Land 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2021): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080850.
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Shanxi, one of China’s provinces, has been approved by the State Council as the only state-level comprehensive reform zone for resource-based economic transformation in 2010. Consequently, the implementation of National Resource-based Cities Sustainable Development Planning (2013–2020) and The State Council on Central and Western Regions Undertaking of Industrial Transformation Guide were also introduced. As a result, many agricultural lands were urbanized. The question is whether the transformed land was used efficiently. Existing research is limited regarding the impact of the government-backed transformation of the resource-based economy, industrial restructuring, and urbanization on land use efficiency. This research investigates urban land use efficiency under the government-backed resource-based economy transformation using the Bootstrap-DEA and Bootstrap-Malmquist methods. The land use efficiency and land productivity indexes were produced. Based on the empirical study of 11 prefectural cities, the results suggest that the level of economic development and industrial upgrading are the main determinants of land use efficiency. The total land productivity index declined after the economic reform was initiated. The findings imply that the government must enhance monitoring and auditing during policy implementation and evaluate the policy effects after for further improvement. With the scarcity of land resources and urban expansion in many cities worldwide, this research also provides an approach to determining the main determinants of land use efficiency that could guide our understanding of the impact of the future built environment.
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Leirvik, Oddbjørn. "Philosophies of interreligious dialogue: Practice in search of theory." Approaching Religion 1, no. 1 (May 2, 2011): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67466.
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In this article, I discuss how insights from Martin Buber’s and Emmanuel Levinas’ philosophies of dialogue have enlightened my own experience of inter-faith dialogue in Norway. Central perspectives here are Buber’s notion of ’the realm of the between’ and Levinas’ emphasis on asymmetry and vulnerability. Some other philosophers’ reasonings about dialogue are also considered, from the overall perspective of ’practice in search of theory’. In connection with a distinction be-tween different types of dialogue (’spiritual’ and ’necessary’), the difference between government initiated ’dialogue’ and initiatives originating from the faith communities (i.e., civil society) are discussed. The last part of the article analyses the notion of ’(mutual) change’ which is often brought forward when discussing the aims of interfaith dialogue. In this connection, religious education in school is also considered as a possible arena for dialogue—and ’change’.
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Asharani, A. "Women’s Welfare Programmes in Kerala: An Overview." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i2.634.
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This study is largely depends upon the empowerment of women in kerala. Women’s are the marginalized group in the society. Social justice and human rights are equal to all people of their sex, race, caste, class, religion and such social differentiation. This seminar contains “The women welfare programmes in kerala an overview”. Earlier women life was confined within for walls of her house as the domestic slave whose only duty was child bearing, rearing and looking after the family. But now a days things are change in the society, our government also think for the women’s protection or the welfare organization was provided. Such organization are Working Women Hostel, NGO’s programmes, Women’s Training centre etc. These programmes to promote voluntary efforts in the field of Women’s empowerment. Today’s women has become to have a better acceptability and respectability, better status of equality with men better rights and previlages, better opportunity in all spheres of national life- social, economic and political. In addition to the legislative measures, the governments at the centre and state administrations have also initiated welfare measures for the developments and welfare or women but much more needs to be done to achieve thedesire objective. This seminar paper tries to observe the role of government in the field of women empowerment and welfare programmes in kerala.