Academic literature on the topic 'Government initiated change'
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Journal articles on the topic "Government initiated change"
1
Sepper, Ruth, and Ruth Alas. "ROLE OF POLITICS IN PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE." Journal of Business Economics and Management 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1611-1699.2008.9.13-23.
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In this paper we will address issues of organizational changes in public sector where the relevance of management has not diminished during the last two decades of the neo‐liberal market philosophy. Public sector organizations are susceptible to greater and more open accountability with politicians, pressure groups, taxpayers and voters all having an interest in the performance of it. In late 1990s Estonian government initiated reforms of health care system in the country. Estonian Hospital Master Plan (EHMP) 2015 was launched in 2000 which, within the others, was initiating the merge of seven Tallinn hospitals into North Estonian Regional Hospital (NERH). To evaluate efficacy of organizational changes during implementation of EHMP‐model into health care system in Estonia we utilized personal interviews of top and middle managers and annual reports of merged hospitals to benchmark these measures to earlier merged Univerity Hopsital and other EU hospitals. We conclude that even NERH was established and the reform‐initiated changes were mostly introduced by the deviation from first‐line governmental plans and introduction of new political directions in 2003 lead to new organizational changes and managerial efforts to gain the goals with, unfortunately, prolonged change process.
2
Pammer, Michael. "Administrative reform and cultural change: Austria in the eighteenth century." History and Computing 10, no. 1-3 (October 1998): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hac.1998.10.1-3.50.
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This article examines the relation between mass piety and religious reform measures initiated by the Austrian government in the Josephinian period. Josephinism intended to transform the prevailing baroque type of popular piety into a new reformed way of Catholicism. The article focuses on popular attitudes toward liturgy and toward charity. Two issues which were regarded as key issues in the context of religious reform. The results suggest that religious behaviour followed a consistent pattern in both liturgical and charitable matters; personal characteristics of the people involved and circumstantial matters worked usual in the same way for both issues. However, religious change led only to limited success of the government's ideas in the population; secularization, which was unpopular with the government, became a new strong alternative to baroque religion as well as toReform Catholicism. The analysis is based upon 2,800 written or oral wills made in Upper Austria in the period 1700–1820. Wills are the best source for research on mass piety because they cover all social strata and are preserved in large numbers, and testators were directly involved in formulating the text.
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DÄUBLER, THOMAS. "Veto Players and Welfare State Change: What Delays Social Entitlement Bills?" Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 4 (October 2008): 683–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279408002274.
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AbstractIn contrast to the study of outcomes such as social spending, systematic comparative analysis of political processes underlying welfare state change is scarce. This study deals with the influence of government parties and second chambers as veto players in social entitlement legislation. It asks three questions regarding the duration and outcome of the legislative process at the parliamentary stage. Does the number of government parties or the ideological distance between them affect the passage of bills? Under which circumstances do second chambers have an influence? Does the ideological position of the leftmost governing party affect the speed of passage of bills in policy areas where there is pressure for retrenchment? The hypotheses are tested using an original dataset on social entitlement bills initiated in Belgium, Germany and the UK between 1987/88 and 2002/03. Event history analysis at the level of individual bills yields the following results: proposals initiated from among the government parties on the floor are delayed by a higher number of parties in government, by greater ideological distance between them, if the second chamber is controlled by the opposition and its approval is mandatory, if the left veto player is more rightwing and if the bills deal with expansionary or mixed policies. Cabinet bills, in contrast, are not affected by any of these factors. The results point to a number of further research questions and show that quantitative studies in comparative welfare state research can go beyond testing simple hypotheses with macro-level outcome data.
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Kirdina, S., I. Kirilyuk, A. Rubinstein, and A. Tolmacheva. "Russian Model of Institutional Change: Empirical-Statistical Research." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2010): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2010-11-97-114.
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The quantitative characteristics of the Russian model of institutional change and its dynamics from 1994 up to 2009 are considered in the paper. The model of institutional change is represented by a group of social actors with the right of legislative initiative (the president, the government, deputies of the Federal Assembly, regional legislative bodies, courts) and the parameters of transaction costs (the average term of enacting federal laws initiated by different actors). Research was based on the specially created database LAWSTREAM.RU.
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Ortmann, Stephan. "Political Change and Civil Society Coalitions in Singapore." Government and Opposition 50, no. 1 (November 29, 2013): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.41.
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In the past few years, a number of civil society coalitions have emerged in the illiberal city-state of Singapore. They are the unintended result of a controlled process of liberalization which was initiated by the government in the 1990s in response to growing demands for participation. In particular, the internet has contributed to a more assertive, independent and better organized civil society, which can be seen as a significant step in the process of political change in the city-state.
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Dryden, R. D., and H. C. M. Erzurumlu. "Innovative University—Industry—Government Collaboration." Industry and Higher Education 10, no. 6 (December 1996): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229601000608.
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University–industry–government partnerships have become extremely significant and important technology transfer instruments in the USA. These partnerships have also created challenges and opportunities that necessitate a new ‘culture’ or ‘mindset’ for the collaborating partners. The early identification and awareness of barriers that may jeopardize an effective collaboration has presented itself as one of the major challenges. The paper begins with a discussion of major technology transfer issues and views collaboration from the perspective of industry, government and universities. Questions such as ‘What are the primary concerns facing all partners?’ and ‘What can be done to effect change in the mindset of partners?’ are addressed in the light of case studies. The paper also describes six innovative university–industry–government collaboration models initiated in the USA that include both domestic and international ventures under implementation.
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Czechowski, Paweł. "Kształtowanie się pojęcia mienia komunalnego samorządu terytorialnego stopnia podstawowego." Studia Iuridica, no. 85 (March 15, 2021): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2544-3135.si.2020-85.2.
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The article presents the genesis and evolution of shaping the institution of municipal property of local government. The shaping of the legal institution of municipal property was presented against the background of the systemic change as a result of the changes and reforms initiated as a result of the 1989 ‘round table’, which also defined the principles of building a new local government system based on the legal and systemic model of European local self-government (municipal ) and its guiding principles. As a result of the introduced statutory regulations, in 1990, the first degree of local self-government was introduced, equipping communes (cities) and their associations as well as established legal entities with communal property. It should be mentioned that the acquisition of communal property, apart from the civil legal nature, also had a significant systemic significance guaranteeing the local government political, political and economic independence. The work presents the legal status of communal property, the procedure for its acquisition and the procedure of enfranchisement of communal entities under the first degree of local authority.
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Park, Young-Bum. "The Turning Point in International Migration and Economic Development in Korea." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300108.
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Korea passed its turning point in international labor migration in the 1990s, largely due to government policies aimed at rapid economic development, industrial upgrading and coping with demographic change. From the 1960s to the 1980s, international migration was initiated and pursued by the government, bringing in remittances which improved the balance of payments and helped fund investment projects necessary for industrial upgrading. Rapid upgrading, coupled with demographic and social changes, have led to a need for unskilled foreign workers on a large scale. With a large influx of illegal workers, the Korean government now faces changing its policy to allow unskilled workers to enter the country.
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Tama, Jordan. "The politics of strategy: why government agencies conduct major strategic reviews." Journal of Public Policy 37, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x15000148.
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AbstractIn recent years, United States (US) policymakers have instituted quadrennial strategy reviews in several major policy areas. In this article, I examine why policymakers have initiated these large strategic reviews, and why a particular model for them has diffused from the US Defense Department to other government agencies. I find that policymakers have initiated the reviews principally to spur organisational change in agencies and influence the relationship between agencies and the Congress, and that policymakers have replicated the Defense Department’s review model because of that department’s strong political support. My findings suggest more generally that formal strategy activities are often driven more by legislative-executive and bureaucratic politics than by a search for new strategic ideas. Commonalities between the diffusion of quadrennial reviews in the US and the diffusion of other strategy and planning processes internationally underscore the broader applicability and significance of these findings.
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Ebrey, Rhian, Stephen Hall, and Rebecca Willis. "Is Twitter Indicating a Change in MP’s Views on Climate Change?" Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 10334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410334.
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Following the release of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1.5 °C Special Report in October 2018, there has been a surge in public concern about climate change and demands for greater government action. We analyse the discourse of Members of Parliament (MPs) on climate change on Twitter to examine the extent to which these recent public climate-related events have influenced political agenda-setting. We argue that these events have had two, linked, effects: increased political discourse on climate change, and an increasing use of ‘urgent’ climate language. However, the language style used between political parties differs. Additionally, while the youth strikes and Greta Thunberg, who initiated these strikes, appear to have the greatest influence on MPs’ discourse, the overall relative impact is low, with responses predominately from left- and centrist-political parties. This indicates a clear difference between parties. However, Twitter may not be a suitable platform for investigating Conservative discourse. Further work to explore agenda-setting on Conservative policymaking is required.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Government initiated change"
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McDonnell, T., and n/a. "Managing change : the implementation of the participation and equity program in a central school." University of Canberra. Education, 1986. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060918.141456.
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The major purposes of this study are twofold. The first purpose
is to describe the setting and the context for the program and the
methods by which a Government initiated change, a Participation and Equity Program,was introduced into a particular school. The second
purpose is to consider the change process which occurred and to
analyse the factors involved in the change and the procedures by which
the change was managed.
The study outlines ways in which change can become an issue on
the political agenda and hence become a Government priority which is
eventually handed down as policy to be followed by schools.
Introduction of change in this manner is regarded as a top-down,
or authoritarian, model of change. Such a model of change has the
advantage of ensuring same change occurs within a specified time but
at the same time there are disadvantages relating to a lack of skill,
or expertise, amongst school staff and a possible lack of commitment
to change.
The study draws attention to problems encountered in the
introductory procedures of the program which caused a sense of
frustration amongst those attempting to manage the change at the
school level. It is shown how the system failed to provide effective
support at this level. It is suggested that there is a bureaucratic
lack of understanding of the problems of implementing change in a
school which is itself considered to be a loosely coupled organization
with problems peculiar to itself.
In summary the study suggests that progress was made, in this
particular example, chiefly through efforts at the school level but
the results could have been improved with effective system support.
While there has been some success the change has not yet been
institutionalized within the school.
Books on the topic "Government initiated change"
1
Armfield, Felix L. Changing of the Guard. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036583.003.0006.
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This chapter discusses Eugene Kinckle Jones's resignation from the position of executive secretary of the Urban League in 1940 and his assumption of the title of general secretary until 1950, as well as the profound changes to the social-work paradigm that occurred during this period. Following the Great Depression, the complexity of state and federal intervention drastically changed social-work programs. Particularly following the adoption of the Social Security Act in 1935, many social reformers, black and white, began looking to government- rather than community-initiated relief. By the 1930s, there was a gradual move away from the community settlement-house concept toward the establishment of government welfare agencies. The chapter concludes with an overview of Jones's work and life from 1940 until his retirement in 1950.
2
Saito, Hiro. The Coexistence of Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism, 1997–2015. University of Hawai'i Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21313/hawaii/9780824856748.003.0005.
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Between 1997 and 2015, the history problem became more complex due to changes in both domestic and international situations of the three countries. The LDP returned to power, but it had to form a coalition government with other small parties. Various new actors also entered the field, including the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform that promoted “healthy nationalism” in history education. At the same time, historians and educators in the three countries began organizing joint historical research and education projects to promote the logic of cosmopolitanism, and even the LDP-led coalition government launched bilateral joint historical research projects with South Korea and China to prevent a further escalation of the history problem. Thus, nationalist commemorations in the three countries continued to fuel the history problem, but they came to coexist, in a complex manner, with mutual cosmopolitan commemoration initiated by the governmental and nongovernmental joint projects.
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Corrales, Javier. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190868895.003.0009.
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The chapter presents a summary of main findings and discusses their implications. The book’s main finding is that extreme power asymmetry on behalf of the Incumbent creates the conditions for institutional change that empowers mostly the executive branch. A large power differential between the Incumbent and the Opposition encourages the Incumbent to seize the advantage to initiate bold, self-serving institutional change, sometimes even a constitutional overhaul. If the latter gets underway, and power asymmetry stays pro-Incumbent, chances are the new constitution will expand the powers of the Executive branch. This outcome, in turn, can spread discontent across Opposition forces and sometimes encourage the Incumbent to govern more unilaterally. This presents a potential threat to democracy. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of this finding for different literatures: democratization, constitution-making, presidential powers, and government-Opposition relations.
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Mbow, Cheikh. The Great Green Wall in the Sahel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.559.
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For several decades, the Sahelian countries have been facing continuing rainfall shortages, which, coupled with anthropogenic factors, have severely disrupted the great ecological balance, leading the area in an inexorable process of desertification and land degradation. The Sahel faces a persistent problem of climate change with high rainfall variability and frequent droughts, and this is one of the major drivers of population’s vulnerability in the region. Communities struggle against severe land degradation processes and live in an unprecedented loss of productivity that hampers their livelihoods and puts them among the populations in the world that are the most vulnerable to climatic change. In response to severe land degradation, 11 countries of the Sahel agreed to work together to address the policy, investment, and institutional barriers to establishing a land-restoration program that addresses climate change and land degradation. The program is called the Pan-Africa Initiative for the Great Green Wall (GGW). The initiative aims at helping to halt desertification and land degradation in the Sahelian zone, improving the lives and livelihoods of smallholder farmers and pastoralists in the area and helping its populations to develop effective adaptation strategies and responses through the use of tree-based development programs. To make the GGW initiative successful, member countries have established a coordinated and integrated effort from the government level to local scales and engaged with many stakeholders. Planning, decision-making, and actions on the ground is guided by participation and engagement, informed by policy-relevant knowledge to address the set of scalable land-restoration practices, and address drivers of land use change in various human-environmental contexts. In many countries, activities specific to achieving the GGW objectives have been initiated in the last five years.
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Grewal, J. S. Early Life and Career of Master Tara Singh. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199467099.003.0004.
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In the early 1890s, Master Tara Singh (Nanak Chand) was so impressed by the stories of Singh martyrs that he thought of becoming a Keshdhārī Singh. Initiated by Sant Attar Singh in 1901, Master Tara Singh decided to dedicate his life to the service of the Sikh Panth. After the government took over the management of Khalsa College, Amritsar, he began to participate in all anti-government agitations. As Head Master of Khalsa High School, Lyallpur, he was closely associated with the group of Sikh leaders who were more radical than the Chief Khalsa Diwan. His sympathy with the ‘Canadian’ Sikhs, and his interest in the Komagata Maru voyage and the Budge Budge firing made him all the more anti-British. His familiarity with gurbāṇī, Sikh history, and Punjabi literature was reflected in his controversy with the Arya Samaj leaders.
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Stone, Geoffrey, and Lee Bollinger, eds. National Security, Leaks and Freedom of the Press. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197519387.001.0001.
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The United States Supreme Court made a landmark decision in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971, concerning how government should balance its legitimate need to conduct its operations—especially those related to national security—in secret, with the public’s right and responsibility to know what its government is doing. The Pentagon Papers decision, though, left many important questions still unresolved and the circumstances that undergirded the system initiated by the decision have changed fundamentally in recent decades. Difficult problems call for a range of different perspectives. In this book, Lee C. Bollinger and Geoffrey R. Stone gather an array of remarkable, wise, and accomplished individuals to share their deep and broad expertise in the national security world, journalism, and academia. Each essay delves into important dimensions of the current system to explain how we should think about them, and to offer as many solutions as possible. A rigorous and serious analysis, this volume examines the incredibly complex and important issues that our nation must continue to address and strive to resolve as we move into the future.
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Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker, eds. Deals and Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.001.0001.
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When are developing countries able to initiate periods of rapid growth and why have so few of these countries been able to sustain growth over decades? Deals and Development: The Political Dynamics of Growth Episodes seeks to answer these questions and many more through a novel conceptual framework built from a political economy of business–government relations. Economic growth for most developing countries is not a linear process. Growth instead proceeds in booms and busts, yet most frameworks for thinking about economic growth are built on the faulty assumption that a country’s economic performance is largely stable. Deals and Development explains how growth episodes emerge and when growth, once ignited, is maintained for a sustained period. It applies its new framework to examining the growth of countries across a range of institutional and political contexts in Africa and Asia, using the examples of Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Uganda. Through these country analyses it demonstrates the explanatory power of its framework and the importance of feedback cycles in which economic trends interact with political behaviour to either sustain or terminate a growth episode. Offering a lens through which to analyse complex scenarios and unwieldy amounts of information, this book provides actionable levers of intervention to bring around reform and improve a country’s chance at achieving transformative economic growth.
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Stein, Elizabeth Ann. Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35.
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Considering incidents that make headline news internationally, given the modern information and communication technology revolution, the facility of citizens to rapidly mobilize represents a considerable threat to autocratic survival. While the speed with which popular movements emerge has increased exponentially, and the news of their existence spreads faster and farther, civil unrest has threatened the stability and survival of dictators for centuries. The paranoia and machinations of dictators depicted in films, such as the portrayal of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland, while sensationalized, capture the astounding array of threats with which unelected leaders must concern themselves. On the one hand, they must worry about insider threats to their standing, such as conspiratorial plots from people within the dictator’s own circle or mutiny among government soldiers. On the other hand, dictators also must monitor threats originating from non-regime actors, such as new alliances forming among once-fragmented opposition groups or the possibility of sustained insurgency or a popular revolution. From force to finesse, autocratic leaders have developed a broad and evolving range of tactics and tools to diminish both internal and external domestic threats to their reign. The success of dictators’ endeavors to insulate their regimes from forces that might challenge them depends on accurate and reliable information, a resource that can be as valuable to the leader as would a large armory and loyal soldiers. Dictators invest significant resources (monetary as well as human capital) to try to gather useful information about their existing and potential opponents, while also trying to control and shape information emitted by the regime before it reaches the public. New information and communication technologies (ICTs), which have drawn a great deal of scholarly attention since the beginning of the 21st century—present both risks and rewards for dictators; inversely they also create new opportunities and hazards for citizens who might utilize them to mobilize people opposed to the regime. While civil unrest could encompass the full range of domestic, nonmilitary actors, there also needs to be a specific focus on various forms of mass mobilization. Historically, more dictators have been forced from office by elite-initiated overthrows via coups d’état than have fallen to revolution or fled amid street protests. Civil unrest, in its many forms, can affect autocratic survival or precipitate regime breakdown. While mass-based revolutions have been a relatively rare phenomenon to date, the actions of many 21st-century dictators indicate that they increasingly concern themselves with the threats posed by popular protests and fear its potential for triggering broader antigovernment campaigns. The ease of access to information (or the lack thereof) help explain interactions between authoritarian regimes and citizens emphasizes. The role of information in popular antigovernment mobilization has evolved and changed how dictators gather and utilize information to prevent or counter civil unrest that might jeopardize their own survival as well as that of the regime.
Book chapters on the topic "Government initiated change"
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Wu, Chen-Fa, Chen Yang Lee, Chen-Chuan Huang, Hao-Yun Chuang, Chih-Cheng Weng, Ming Cheng Chen, Choa-Hung Chang, Szu-Hung Chen, Yi-Ting Zhang, and Kuan Chuan Lu. "Sustainable Rural Development and Water Resources Management on a Hilly Landscape: A Case Study of Gonglaoping Community, Taichung, ROC (Chinese Taipei)." In Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS), 115–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_7.
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AbstractThe Gonglaoping community is located in Central Western Taiwan, with approximately 700 residents. The hilly landscape contains farmlands and sloping areas with abundant natural resources. Locals rely on the Han River system and seasonal rainfall for water supply for domestic use and irrigation. Uneven rainfall patterns and high demand for water has led to the overuse of groundwater and conflicts among the people. The surrounding natural forests provide important ecosystem services, including wildlife habitats and water conservation, among others; however, overlap with human activities has brought threats to biodiversity conservation. Considering these challenges, locals were determined to transform their community towards sustainability. The Gonglaoping Industrial Development Association (GIDA) and the Soil and Water Conservation Bureau (SWCB) joined hands to initiate the promotion of the Satoyama Initiative, playing catalytic roles in several implementations, such as establishing water management strategies based on mutual trust, rebuilding the masonry landscape, and economic development, forming partnerships with other stakeholders. This multi-stakeholder and co-management platform allowed the community to achieve transformative change, particularly in resolving conflicts of water use, restoring the SEPL, enhancing biodiversity conservation, and developing a self-sustaining economy.Achieving sustainability in a SEPL requires the application of a holistic approach and a multi-sector collaborating (community-government-university) platform. This case demonstrates a practical, effective framework for government authorities, policymakers and other stakeholders in terms of maintaining the integrity of ecosystems. With the final outcome of promoting a vision of co-prosperity, it is a solid example showing a win-win strategy for both the human population and the farmland ecosystem in a hilly landscape.
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Mhamed, Ali Ait Si, Zane Vārpiņa, Indra Dedze, and Rita Kaša. "Latvia: A Historical Analysis of Transformation and Diversification of the Higher Education System." In Palgrave Studies in Global Higher Education, 259–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52980-6_10.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses the trend of transformation and diversification of higher education in Latvia due to political, economic and social changes in the country. Higher education institutions (HEIs) were established prior to Soviet legacy and during the first independence of Latvia in early twentieth century. During the Soviet rule in Latvia, HE was under full state control, organised to serve the needs of the centrally planned economy and the official Marxist-Leninist ideology. When Latvia proclaimed its independence from the USSR in 1990, its higher education system consisted of ten state HEIs; five of which were placed under the Ministry of Education and others were operating under the auspices of the ministries of healthcare, culture and agriculture. Multiple changes have taken place in the sector of higher education since then. The most important accomplishments of the HE reform during the transition period from the centrally controlled Soviet system to a democratically governed system of independent Latvia as reported in literature were autonomy of HEIs, the expansion of the HE sector in terms of the number of institutions and students, the creation of private HEIs, the introduction of HE quality assessment, the development of new study programmes, the modernisation of existing study programmes and the intensification of international cooperation between HEIs in Latvia and abroad. Hence, ensuring transformations of the HE sector involved continuing the diversification of the institutional landscape. Factors leading to this diversification include increased demand for higher education in social sciences, government’s initiated restructuring of higher education, regulation of the use of languages in higher education, secondary education reforms in early 1990s and shifts in demographic composition of higher education students.
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Caceres, Raul Alberto, and Kelly Royds. "Developer Challenges as a Platform for Citizen Engagement with Open Government Data." In Promoting Social Change and Democracy through Information Technology, 225–49. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8502-4.ch010.
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Every year, state and national governments churn out enormous quantities of data on public life. The rapid growth of information and communication technologies presents new opportunities for everyday citizens to manipulate, use and disseminate these data in innovative ways. “Developer challenges” harness this potential by inviting citizens to experiment, play and develop data-based applications for the public benefit. This chapter explores the evolution of government initiated developer challenges in Australia and uses existing theoretical approaches to assess their impact, benefit and potential to generate value. The authors find that while developer challenges can provide an effective platform for citizen engagement, more attention must be paid to the quality of the data and to the activities carried out after the events finish. Moreover, the authors propose that in order to generate value there needs to be a higher level of involvement from the government with the applications developed during these challenges.
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Ait-El-Mokhtar, Mohamed, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Raja Ben-Laouane, Mohamed Anli, Fatima El Amerany, Salma Toubali, Soufiane Lahbouki, Said Wahbi, and Abdelilah Meddich. "Vulnerability of Oasis Agriculture to Climate Change in Morocco." In Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Aquaculture, 76–106. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3343-7.ch004.
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Morocco is considered one of the most threatened countries by climate change. Over the last century, oases ecosystems in this country showed a high vulnerability to climate variation, which has led to water scarcity, an increase in land salinity, and therefore, a decrease in agricultural production. Conscious of these issues, several solutions are initiated by the government to cope with climate change adverse effects. Many programs of rehabilitation were launched, and advanced researches are in progress in order to use some biofertilizers to improve tolerance of oasis crops to drought and salinity toward sustainable agriculture. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the impacts of climate change on oasis agriculture in Morocco and to provide potentially effective strategies to promote oasis agriculture under climate change. As a conclusion, the authors found that the use of different biofertilizers could be a potential strategy to mitigate climate change effects on oasis agriculture in Morocco.
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El Mokhtar, Mohamed Ait, Raja Ben Laouane, Mohamed Anli, Abderrahim Boutasknit, Abdessamad Fakhech, Said Wahbi, and Abdelilah Meddich. "Climate Change and Its Impacts on Oases Ecosystem in Morocco." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 217–45. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7387-6.ch012.
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Today, the international community agrees that climate change is one of the most important threats to the equilibrium of ecosystems. For its part, Morocco is not immune to this phenomenon because of climatic disturbances that the country has known for several years. Moroccan oases are among the most affected ecosystems by climate change, which has resulted in reduced yields of agricultural production, poverty, and deterioration of natural resources. The reports showed that in Morocco the area of palm groves has been significantly reduced during the last decades resulting from the upsurge of drought phenomena, soil salinity, and the spread of “Bayoud.” Therefore, the deterioration of the socio-economic and environmental importance of the date palm is well established. Aware of these issues, many actions have been initiated by the Moroccan government to preserve this ecosystem. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how climate change affects different levels of oases ecosystem in Morocco and to propose sustainable strategies to limit degradation of this vulnerable area.
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Sabato, Hilda. "Arms and Republican Politics in Spanish America." In American Civil Wars. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631097.003.0010.
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By the 1820s, Spanish America had become a republican area. While in Europe nineteenth century experiments in the republic had been short-lived, the post-colonial Spanish American nations in the making adopted republican forms of government that proved long-lasting. A crucial dimension of republicanism occupied centre stage in the following decades: the model of defence and the role of armed institutions in the polity. This chapter explores the main features of that model, which was based upon the figure of the citizen-in-arms and deeply enmeshed in the values and institutions of self-government. It focuses upon the organization of military forces; the role of the militia, the National Guard, and the professional armies in the polity; the use of force and the resort to revolutions as a regular feature of politics. Finally, it examines the impact of “the crisis of the 1860s” that initiated a long and tortuous process of change, which eventually brought about the dismantling of the initial system.
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Mili, Bhupen, Anamika Barua, and Suparana Katyaini. "Climate Change and Adaptation through the Lens of Capability Approach." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 455–69. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8814-8.ch023.
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Climate Change impacts would disproportionately have larger impacts on the developing countries. Both government and development agencies have initiated various adaptation strategies in the developing countries to enhance the adaptation of the local communities. Various policies and programmes have been designed keeping in mind the impact of climate change. This study was conducted in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, to see the benefits of such policies and programmes. Focus group discussion with community members were held in the study area. Based on the fieldwork it was seen that most of the intervention made in the study area focused on income, resources, and assets. It has failed to benefits the people due to variation in the capability among various section of the society. Various projects related to health, education, housing, and livelihood, have been implemented in the study region. However, due to lack of conversion factors in the form of gender inequality, discriminatory practices, transparency among others have come as a hindrance in the successful implementation of the projects. Hence, such project-based approach to enhance community's adaptation to climate risk, in the end fails to show benefits as it fails to expand community's capabilities and real freedom, due to the project's pre-defined aims. It is important to understand community's as agent of change rather than merely beneficiaries of adaptation projects. This study therefore recommends that to enhance community's adaptation to climate change, the interventions should be such that it enlarges the range of people's choices so that when climate disaster strikes them they will have a set of opportunities.
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Mili, Bhupen, Anamika Barua, and Suparana Katyaini. "Climate Change and Adaptation through the Lens of Capability Approach." In Natural Resources Management, 1351–65. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch064.
Full textAbstract:
Climate Change impacts would disproportionately have larger impacts on the developing countries. Both government and development agencies have initiated various adaptation strategies in the developing countries to enhance the adaptation of the local communities. Various policies and programmes have been designed keeping in mind the impact of climate change. This study was conducted in Darjeeling district of West Bengal, India, to see the benefits of such policies and programmes. Focus group discussion with community members were held in the study area. Based on the fieldwork it was seen that most of the intervention made in the study area focused on income, resources, and assets. It has failed to benefits the people due to variation in the capability among various section of the society. Various projects related to health, education, housing, and livelihood, have been implemented in the study region. However, due to lack of conversion factors in the form of gender inequality, discriminatory practices, transparency among others have come as a hindrance in the successful implementation of the projects. Hence, such project-based approach to enhance community's adaptation to climate risk, in the end fails to show benefits as it fails to expand community's capabilities and real freedom, due to the project's pre-defined aims. It is important to understand community's as agent of change rather than merely beneficiaries of adaptation projects. This study therefore recommends that to enhance community's adaptation to climate change, the interventions should be such that it enlarges the range of people's choices so that when climate disaster strikes them they will have a set of opportunities.
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Forgash, Rebecca. "International Marriage in Japan’s Periphery." In Intimacy across the Fencelines, 20–49. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750403.003.0002.
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This chapter explores military international intimacy in Okinawa in relation to military fencelines and changing community norms, especially regarding marriage, family, and community membership. It mentions Okinawan families and communities that have undergone tremendous change due to modernization and assimilation programs initiated by Japan's imperial government, displacement due to war and U.S. military land expropriations, and recent integration into global economic and communications networks since the nineteenth century. Opportunities for intimacy, notions of appropriate romantic partners, residence and household membership, and responsibilities for childcare and eldercare have shifted accordingly. The chapter situates military international marriage with other types of “marrying out” in Okinawa, as well as international marriage in mainland Japan. It investigates community perceptions of military international marriage in relation to symbolic fencelines that shape changing distinctions among insiders and outsiders and notions of appropriate marriage partners.
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O’Donovan, Órla. "Governing organ donation: the dead body, the individual and the limits of medicine." In Reframing Health and Health Policy in Ireland. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719095870.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on governmental dilemmas and practices around the dead body in recent political debates about organ donation. Drawing on a public consultation process initiated by the Joint Committee on Health and Children in 2013 on a proposal to change the organ donation system in Ireland from one based on ‘opting in’, to one based on ‘presumed consent’, this chapter explores the political rationalities that underpinned the construction of organ donation as a ‘problem’, and the ways in which the Irish state has sought to act through its citizens to transform the prevailing cultural attitude to organ donation. The chapter reveals how governmental shaping of people’s subjectivities and dispositions in relation to organ donation was necessarily complex and messy, reflected in the different rationalities articulated in public hearings which invoked ideas about the dead body, the rights of the individual and the family, and the limits to medicine. The chapter draws attention to the significance of counter conducts or forms of resistance in defining and articulating policy problems: thus, whilst the overriding construction of the organ donation problem by the government was one of a scarcity of organs and a low donation rate, counter-discourses pointed to an ineffective and poorly-resourced health system.
Conference papers on the topic "Government initiated change"
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Merritt, James, and Robert Smith. "A Formula for Success: Research Impacts Realized Because of Strong Industry and Government Collaboration." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31054.
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The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) has built and deployed a consensus-based, collaborative and co-funded research program that is bringing technology to market and helping to strengthen pipeline integrity worldwide. As the principle arbiter of on-shore pipeline safety issues at the federal level PHMSA has aggressively initiated an extensive range of research, development and demonstration projects to make pipelines safer. Significant progress is being accomplished while working with other international administrations, federal agencies, state and local governments, industry partners and academia focused on enhancing pipeline system integrity. This research enterprise is designed to be consistent, predictable and transparent to all stakeholders. Current PHMSA Pipeline Safety R&D Program managed research, development and demonstration (RD&D) projects are producing desired results focused on technologies, enhancing standards and regulations along with providing general knowledge needed to address critical safety and integrity functions. These investments are addressing better diagnostic tools, testing of unpiggable pipes, stronger materials, improved pipeline locating and subsurface mapping, prevention of outside force damage, and leak detection. PHMSA Pipeline Safety R&D Program utilizes consensus building on the technical gaps and challenges for future RD&D through facilitating government and industry pipeline stakeholder’s road mapping efforts. The recent Government/Industry R&D forum confirms progress is being made toward safety and integrity in some areas. However, new challenges seen from the recent construction boom is raising old questions along with new technology challenges with alternative fuels and climate change. This paper will discuss the impacts realized from the execution of PHMSA’s research program to develop technology, strengthen consensus standards and to generate and promote new knowledge since 2002.
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Zakowska, Lidia, Maciej Adam Piwowarczyk, and Jan Hipolit Aleksandrowicz. "Considerations on free public transport implementation - based on Krakow case." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3523.
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New transport philosophy follows the equity criteria and should also lead toward sustainability and equity in building policies of public transport in cities. Implementation of free public transport for citizens is widely considered in different countries, cities and on several administrative government levels. However, there are not may examples of successful implementation if this concept in Europe. This work presents the discussion on multi-dimensional barriers, which make implementation of equity criteria to transport policies difficult. Both advantages and disadvantages of free of charge public transport system are presented, based on current discussions, as well as on some European examples, case studies and scientific evaluations. The case study simulation for the Krakow urban area is initiated and described, testing the effects of free of charge public transport on economic and mobility factors. Considerations presented in this work are based on current challenges to build green with multimodal transport, respecting factors of economy, traffic volumes, safety and environmental factors. It is predicted that success of free public transport for citizens could create a significant shift in travel demand from private car use toward trams and busses, reducing accident costs, decreasing congestion in city centers and limiting air pollution, contributing to social and economic growth of the whole metropolitan area.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3523
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Gershman, Harvey W., and David L. Seader. "Changing Waste-to-Energy in Nashville, Tennessee." In 11th North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec11-1665.
Full textAbstract:
For almost 30 years, the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County has been relying on one of the more innovative approaches to waste management. Since the early 1970s, the now 1,000 tons per day WTE facility has been the primary energy source for supplying steam and chilled water for a downtown district energy system serving some 39 buildings. A recent review of alternatives has resulted in Metro deciding to close the facility and replace it with a more traditional district energy supply system and at the same time re-engineer its solid waste management programs to include more efficient collection and recycling programs. This paper will present the planning process and analysis that were done; describe the key factors that led to Metro Nashville’s decisions; detail the procurement and development process that has been initiated; and outline the timetable for implementing the decided upon changes. The authors believe this case study will provide insights for other WTE projects that from time to time struggle with peaceful co-existence with other elements of integrated solid waste management. The authors have been serving as advisors to Metro throughout this process. Mr. Gershman has recently been designated by Metro as its overall Project Manager for its District Energy System.
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Mohitpour, Mo, Hemant Solanky, and Gopala K. Vinjamuri. "Materials Selection and Performance Criteria for Hydrogen Pipeline Transmission." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2564.
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As a part of worldwide Hydrogen Fuel Initiatives, hydrogen fuel cell technology (US DOE 2003) is being championed as a viable resource while at the same time recognizing that the production, transmission and end use distribution of hydrogen gas will be the most critical elements. The application of fuel cell technology when fully developed is expected to dominate power and auto industries worldwide. As the demand for hydrogen increases, issues related to the safe design and economic construction of hydrogen supply and transportation infrastructure will emerge as critical path items requiring serious consideration. One of the barriers for viable hydrogen economy is that the current guidelines in various codes and standards and regulations are not adequate for the required service conditions for hydrogen transportation and delivery. Thus is the requirement for Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan (MYPP) for the development of codes and standards to support hydrogen economy, (US DOE, 2002 & 2003). Although for many decades within the chemical industry, hydrogen in various forms has been transported by various modes, including pipelines, tank cars, mobile re-charges etc., the service conditions and transport requirements are significantly different when developing more economical methods for large volume hydrogen transportation. As industry moves quickly to implement an economical and effective pipeline infrastructure, either with new construction or by converting existing pipeline, understanding of material selection and performance, joining/welding, and establishing consensus for codes and standards are critical. Additionally, government regulations must be developed to ensure acceptable safety levels and public acceptance. The purpose of this paper is to identify current materials used in hydrogen service, their applicability and limitations, and to develop materials selection and performance criteria for designing safe hydrogen pipeline transmission infrastructure to support the development of hydrogen codes and standards, initiated by ASME (2003). Additionally, some critical future materials research areas are identified. In particular, this paper will give attention to higher strength pipeline steels (i.e. API 5LX Grade 65 and higher), quenched and tempered steels, stainless steels, as well as those alloy steels used for pressure vessels and piping. Recent development of composite reinforced line pipe (CRLP™) has the potential as viable alternative to use of very high strength thermo-mechanically treated line pipe steels, but many issues related design parameters, construction and maintenance require research and development.
Reports on the topic "Government initiated change"
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor