Journal articles on the topic 'Government information – United States – History'
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1
Chiewphasa, Ben. "Kaboom! Volcano Hazards Mitigation as Government Information." DttP: Documents to the People 48, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v48i3.7422.
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Preparation for an imminent volcanic eruption relies on strategic communication between experts and the general public, ongoing scientific research and monitoring, and government assistance. Should one falter, lives are at stake at the most critical moment, whether it involves inescapable pyroclastic flows or perhaps plane engine shutdown from volcanic ash. Throughout history, legislative concerns surrounding volcano hazards have been built around the notion of proactiveness, yet financial and resource support oftentimes reflect a tendency towards reactiveness. The following document examines the legislative evolution of volcano hazards mitigation that has extended its reach well into 2020. In addition, an overview of the United States Geological Survey’s Volcano Hazards will be followed by an evaluation of government databases for finding historic and current volcanic data and information.
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Carpenter, Kenneth E. "Government Publications and the Development of Libraries." Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 15, no. 1 (April 2003): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574900301500106.
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This paper examines the history of statistical publishing by governments, looks at other kinds of government publishing, and provides brief case studies of the collecting of government documents by libraries in Europe and the United States. These are revealing of attitudes toward government documents and in some cases show a relationship between government-document collecting and the goals of the library. The author argues that collecting and disseminating statistical information was a conscious decision made by governments on the grounds that information would lead to public support. It is arguable that the budget increases for national libraries in Britain and France, which occurred as well in the 1830s, derived from the value those governments placed on disseminating information. A connection in one era between library support and what is considered to be knowledge and the value placed on it suggests a way of looking at libraries in other periods. Indeed, for all libraries, policies and practices in collecting government documents may be indicative of a library's goals.
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Kargar, Alireza. "The convergence and divergence of the United States and the European Union have influenced the state-building process in Afghanistan over the past two decades." Jami Scientific Research Quarterly Journal 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.61438/jsrqj.v8i3.30.
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The history of Afghanistan can be seen as lacking fundamental and structural governments, although rulers under the title of the state governed the country in the recent century. However, the absence of accountable governments led the country to remain in perpetual conflict and chronic violence. After 2001, when a new chapter in Afghanistan's political history began, the United States and the European Union had direct and indirect involvement in all Afghan affairs. Misunderstanding the necessity and importance of Afghanistan's cultural, historical structures, and underdevelopment in governance contributed significantly to the challenge of state-building. The main question is: how has the convergence and divergence between the United States and the European Union influenced the state-building process in Afghanistan over the past two decades?
Apparently, the European Union and the United States did not fundamentally differ in their definition of governance issues. However, they had differences in their approaches and methods to achieve their goals, which had a negative impact on the state-building process in Afghanistan. This study utilized analytical-descriptive methods and collected information from library resources, articles, and journals. The findings indicate that over the past two decades, the European Union and the United States did not differ in supporting a strong government in Afghanistan. However, they had differences in their approaches and methods to achieve their goals, leading to the failure of state-building efforts.
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Sare, Laura. "Editor’s Corner." DttP: Documents to the People 46, no. 3 (October 8, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v46i3.6823.
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Howdy everyone! My name is Laura Sare and I am the Government Information Librarian at Texas A&M University and your new DttP editor. I am looking forward to working with everyone to provide great articles about government information.A little background about me, I have been working in the government information field for nineteen years now. I fell in love with government documents while working on my History thesis, which is when I discovered the State Department’s Foreign Relations of the United States—this is still my favorite federal publication.
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Carreras, Miguel, Giancarlo Visconti, and Igor Acácio. "The Trump Election and Attitudes toward the United States in Latin America." Public Opinion Quarterly 85, no. 4 (November 20, 2021): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfab055.
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Abstract Did the election of Donald Trump have an immediate effect on trust in the US government in Latin America? While on the campaign trail, the Republican candidate used strong and derogatory language to describe Latin American countries and people and made policy proposals that could deteriorate US-Latin American relations. However, the effect of the Trump election on attitudes toward the United States might be null or minimal if Latin American citizens have strong priors and/or if they do not pay attention to political information. Therefore, it is not clear whether the 2016 election led to a rapid decline in trust in the US government in Latin America. Leveraging the timing of the field implementation of the 2016 wave of the AmericasBarometer in five Latin American countries, we estimate the effect of the 2016 presidential election on respondents’ attitudes using a regression discontinuity design in time. We find that the election of Trump substantively decreased respondents’ trust in the US government.
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Jamison, Mark A. "Net Neutrality Policies and Regulation in the United States." Review of Network Economics 17, no. 3 (September 25, 2018): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2018-0041.
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Abstract The US debate about net neutrality has been unusually contentious for a telecommunications regulatory issue, most recently culminating in a 2017 reversal of a 2015 decision to apply traditional telephone regulations, written for a monopoly era, to internet service providers. This article reviews this history, beginning 1956 when the government first imposed an industry boundary between transmission of information on the one hand, and the creation and processing of information on the other. This regulatory legacy remains embedded in US law and has led to some of the muddle. This article also examines the academic literature relating to net neutrality. On this, the answers found in the literature vary depending on assumptions made about technology, industry structure, and industry practices. When the answer to the question of whether regulations are beneficial is “it depends,” and the scenarios that give different answers are realistic, it would seem that the policy approach should favor applying competition and consumer protection laws that address problems when they occur rather than ex ante regulations, which would be certain to harm at least in some situations.
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Dietl, Gregory, and Stephen Durham. "Integrating Information from the Past into Oyster Management." Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 60, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.58782/flmnh.gmei9892.
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In the United States, the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is an economically, culturally, and ecologically important oyster species that ranges from Maine to Texas. Eastern oyster populations are managed by a variety of federal, state, and local governments as well as non-governmental organizations. In addition, the long history of oyster harvesting and coastal land use change in the United States, and asynchronous fluctuations in abundance across the species range due to diverse pressures (e.g., hydrological changes, pollution, disease, overharvesting), combined with often scarce historical monitoring records documenting the timing and magnitude of the changes, have challenged oyster applied professionals for well over a century. The Oysters Past Working Group (OPWG) brings together academic researchers (paleoecologists, archaeologists, and historical ecologists) and applied professionals, representing federal, state, and local government and non-governmental organizations tasked with conserving, managing, and/or restoring oyster populations and habitat. The primary goals of the OPWG are to: 1) identify priority research directions for academic researchers by evaluating the information needs among applied professionals and the types of information from the past that may be able to address them; 2) create a guidance document on best practices for applying information from the past to oyster management; and 3) build trust and commitment to promote longer-lasting and sustained collaboration between academic researchers and applied professionals.
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Fischbach, Michael R. "Palestinian Offices in the United States: Microcosms of the Palestinian Experience." Journal of Palestine Studies 48, no. 1 (2018): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2018.48.1.104.
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The September 2018 decision by the administration of U.S. president Donald Trump to close the offices of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Washington and expel the PLO ambassador and his family was the latest chapter in the long and difficult history of Palestinian efforts to maintain information and diplomatic offices in the United States. From the opening of the first Arab information office in the United States in 1945, to the establishment of the first specifically Palestinian information center in 1955, to the creation of the first PLO office in 1965, the Palestinians’ twin goals of representing their people and providing information about their cause on the soil of Israel's greatest ally has been hindered by challenges and threats from a variety of sources. Indeed, the long saga of trying to maintain an official presence in the United States is a microcosm of the wider Palestinian national drama of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, replete with Zionist attacks, debilitating inter-Arab and intra-Palestinian rivalries, political ineptitude, the struggle to achieve diplomatic legitimacy, and hostility from the U.S. government and its pro-Zionist politicians.
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Rochin, Refugio I. "Sobre la situación económica de los latinos: Oportunidades y retos para hoy y para mañana." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 105–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1052029.
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This study examines the economic status of Hispanics in the United States, particularly in terms of four sets of major indicators: demographics, income, and poverty; education, language and assimilation; employment, wages, and occupations; and entrepreneurial activities. Hispanics are compared to non-Hispanics within each set. Government reports and the most recent research on Hispanics are the chief sources of information.
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Picard, Alyssa. "“To Popularize the Nude in Art”: Comstockery Reconsidered." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1, no. 3 (July 2002): 195–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400000232.
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Of all the figures in the struggle over turn-of-the-century vice reform, Anthony Comstock is perhaps the last one might expect to encounter immortalized in the nude. He acquired his fame as a censor of nudity, among other offenses: from 1873 to his death in 1915, Assistant United States Postmaster Comstock lent his name and his enthusiasm for law enforcement to the prosecution of the “Comstock Laws,” the eponymous statutes which restricted the dissemination of vicious images and information through the United States mail. In his government post and as the head of New York City's private Society for the Suppression of Vice, Comstock prosecuted quack physicians, abortionists, lottery runners, purveyors of lewd literature and art, free love advocates and physical culture devotees. By the end of his career, he had arrested more than 3,700 people and burned over fifty tons of obscene books, 3,984,063 obscene pictures, and 16,900 photographic plates.
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Klynina, Тetiana. "THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES (FRUS) SERIES AS AN EXAMPLE OF OFFICIAL DOCUMENTARY HISTORY." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki 32 (November 20, 2023): 262–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2023.32.262.
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The purpose of the article is to reveal the idea of the emergence and evolution of the FRUS publication as the gold standard of official documentary history, to analyze the main periods of the collection's development, focus on the legislative basis for the publication of the series and the problems of understanding the FRUS series as an example of the transparency of the American government. Analyzing the scientific work on the topic of the study, the author draws attention to two aspects: the lack of interest in this collection in the Ukrainian scientific community and the rather limited interest among the world scientific community. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, a systematic approach, and relevant general scientific methods such as problem-chronological and information analysis. The scientific novelty is determined by showing the evolution of the collection, its functional orientation, and the proposed periodization of the publication's development. Conclusions: The publication of the collection began in 1861 and was viewed by Congress not only as a means of informing the public but also as a tool to control the executive branch. No clear criteria for publishing or removing materials were made public, although there was a consensus on which materials should not be published, namely those “that would be detrimental to the public good”. The publications of the period 1861-1905 did not take into account the fact of inconvenience to foreign governments, American diplomats, or US presidents. It is emphasized that the publications of the period 1920-1945 underwent profound changes in purpose, production, design procedures, and target audience. This period is associated with the appearance of the first official order that provided for mandatory historical “objectivity” and served as a charter for the series (with minor changes) until 1991. It is pointed out that the content of the collection and the speed of its appearance were seen as direct evidence of the US government's adherence to the policy of transparency and accountability. As a result, between 1920 and 1945, the State Department released 56 volumes, covering the years between 1913 and 1930. It is noted that gradually the balance between transparency and national security became increasingly difficult. The FRUS series has been and remains a vital resource for the public, academia, political scientists, and others. After the end of World War II, the State Department redefined the transparency paradigms of the 20th century. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the imperatives of the Cold War affected the timeliness of publication, as well as the decision-making process for declassifying U.S. government documents. At the beginning of the Cold War, the FRUS series was 15 years behind on average; by the 1980s, this gap had doubled to about 30 years. The volumes were also subjected to greater scrutiny by the U.S. government before being released. This was partly a result of expanding bureaucratic frameworks and partly a consequence of the Cold War. The publications of the second half of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries moved away from the functional component of the nineteenth century and instead became a means of a certain historical transparency. The FRUS publications will allow us to analyze not only the evolution of US diplomatic skill but also the policy of openness as a key element of democratic development.
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Gatin, Mikhail Igorevich. "The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 3 (March 2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2024.3.70351.
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The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.
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La Follette, Laetitia. "Looted Antiquities, Art Museums and Restitution in the United States since 1970." Journal of Contemporary History 52, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 669–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416641198.
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US attitudes towards restitution and the problem of looted antiquities have shifted since 1970, as pressure builds to change norms for the acquisition of unprovenanced artefacts that have fueled a transnational trade in stolen objects and the depredation of archaeological sites worldwide. This article traces several triggers for change and initial steps towards a revised policy while also cataloguing areas of resistance. It examines the mechanisms of US government policy for international heritage protection and suggests that domestic legislation of the 1990s protecting the heritage of Native Americans has played a significant role in changing museum attitudes and policies. The new transparency for indigenous artifacts has produced museum displays that address their ownership history, larger social context and the distinctly different values assigned them by various groups. For classical antiquities, in contrast, attention to aesthetics still trumps such vital contextual information. This article suggests a different approach, one that showcases the biography of the object, its various lives or contexts, and the way different stakeholders have valued it over time. By drawing attention to restitution and the looting of heritage sites, such an approach better explains the history of the work of art and the continued importance of antiquity today.
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Takeda, Okiyoshi. "A Forgotten Minority? A Content Analysis of Asian Pacific Americans in Introductory American Government Textbooks." PS: Political Science & Politics 48, no. 03 (June 19, 2015): 430–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096515000190.
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ABSTRACTTextbooks are the most important pedagogical tools in higher education and they should convey sufficient and accurate information on minority groups and women in the United States. Yet textbooks tend to marginalize these groups in their depictions. This article examines the coverage of Asian Pacific Americans in twenty-eight American Government or Politics textbooks. Asian Pacific Americans have faced a unique history of exclusion, discrimination, and stereotyping. The content analysis of the textbooks reveals that textbooks do not fully cover their history and contributions to US politics, either measured by page numbers or by historical events and figures important to Asian Pacific Americans. To rectify this lack of coverage, this article concludes with five constructive recommendations, including an option to invite scholars on Asian Pacific American politics to serve as textbook reviewers and textbook coauthors.
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Chong, Heather. "Data for Sale: Navigating the Role of Data Brokers and Reproductive Health Information in a Post-Dobbs World." SMU Science and Technology Law Review 26, no. 1 (2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/smustlr.26.1.6.
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Data privacy is a growing concern in our fast-paced society, as it has become increasingly necessary to relay and retain information digitally. However, the United States trails behind its counterparts in terms of the strength of existing data protection legislation. Unlike the European Union and its General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) law, the United States has no similar comprehensive data protection act. This lack of legislation has led to the exploitation of people’s private data and allowed companies to utilize loopholes in current laws to access sensitive health information. Data brokers have been collecting and reselling consumers’ personal information, including their health data. To combat the actions of data brokers and other parties that might desire to be privy to sensitive data, the bipartisan American Data Privacy and Protection Act (“ADPPA”) has been proposed and is arguably the nation’s first comprehensive legislation affecting information privacy that has a substantial prospect of passage. This case note looks at the history of data brokers and their relationship to the evolving field of data privacy, specifically concerning reproductive health information. Additionally, an overview and comparison of the GDPR is examined. Recent trends in government action concerning the protection of reproductive health information are discussed, and the possible effects of the passage of the ADPPA are considered, too.
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R. Patil, Goudappa, and Divyarani D.C. "Early Neonatal Morbidities of Late Preterm Neonates Admitted to SNCU in the Government District Hospital." Indian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Pediatrics 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2017): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijtep.2348.9987.9417.4.
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Introduction: The rate of preterm birth is increasing worldwide primarily at the expense of late preterm newborns. Late preterm infants are the fastest growing sub group of neonates and constitute approximately75% of all preterm birth sin2009. The birth rate of late preterm new borns has increased by 25% from 1990 to 2005 in the United States. Methodology: Details regarding maternal risk factors were collected by detailed history taking and the medical records with them. The infants in the sample were followed throughout their stay in the SNCU and postnatal wards, up until hospital discharge. Data were collected from infants and mothers medical records and supplemented with additional information collected at discharge using a structured form covering the variables of interest. Results: Hyperbilirubinaemia, Sepsis, Birth asphyxia and respiratory distress constitute the major neonatal morbidities which accounts for 68%, 68%, 41% & 34% respectively. Conclusion: Rate of re hospitalization is high in late preterm neonates.
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Kerzel, Sami. "FOIA: Then and Now." DttP: Documents to the People 44, no. 4 (January 31, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v44i4.6226.
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Enacted in 1966 and effective July 4, 1967, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) gives people, both citizens and non-citizens, the right to request access to federal executive branch agency records. According to FOIA’s website, provided by the United States Department of Justice, FOIA “is a law that gives you the right to access information from the federal government. It is often described as the law that keeps citizens in the know about their government.” However, agencies may at their own discretion provide access to records that fall under these exemptions and exclusions when allowed by law. Due to amendments that have occurred overtime, FOIA remains relevant in today’s technological world. Some information, called proactive disclosures, are made freely available online by agencies, which do not require a request, and when requests are needed they can be made electronically. To truly understand FOIA an understanding of its general workings, amendment history and recent legislation is beneficial.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Adolfo G. Navarro-Sigüenza, and Alejandro Gordillo-Martínez. "The development of ornithology in Mexico and the importance of access to scientific information." Archives of Natural History 43, no. 2 (October 2016): 294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2016.0385.
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Mexican ornithology has seen a curious trajectory, beginning with remarkably well documented indigenous knowledge, progressing to colonial expeditions and intensive nineteenth-century exploration. The baton passed to collectors and scientists from the United States of America around the beginning of the twentieth century, and most recently to Mexican scientists. The documentation of Mexican bird diversity grew in each of these phases, but has now become a Mexican enterprise, thanks to the combined availability of information (both from within the country and that “repatriated” from around the world) and funding (provided in largest part by the Mexican government). This evolutionary process of a science community is perhaps general and global, but with different phases emphasized in different countries, and at diverse points in the process.
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Flores-Yeffal, Nadia Y., and Karen A. Pren. "Predicting Unauthorized Salvadoran Migrants’ First Migration to the United States between 1965 and 2007." Journal on Migration and Human Security 6, no. 2 (June 2018): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502418765404.
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Although Salvadoran emigration to the United States is one of the most important migratory flows emanating from Latin America, there is insufficient information about the predictors of first unauthorized migration from El Salvador to the United States. In this study, we use data from the Latin American Migration Project–El Salvador (LAMP-ELS4) to perform an event history analysis to discern the factors that influenced the likelihood that a Salvadoran household head would take a first unauthorized trip to the United States between 1965 and 2007. We take into account a series of demographic, social capital, human capital, and physical capital characteristics of the Salvadoran household head; demographic and social context variables in the place of origin; as well as economic and border security factors at the place of destination. Our findings suggest that an increase in the Salvadoran civil violence index and a personal economic crisis increased the likelihood of first-time unauthorized migration. Salvadorans who were less likely to take a first unauthorized trip were business owners, those employed in skilled occupations, and persons with more years of experience in the labor force. Contextual variables in the United States, such as a high unemployment rate and an increase in the Border Patrol budget, deterred the decision to take a first unauthorized trip. Finally, social capital had no effect on the decision to migrate; this means that for unauthorized Salvadoran migrants, having contacts in the United States is not the main driver to start a migration journey to the United States. We suggest as policy recommendations that the United States should award Salvadorans more work-related visas or asylum protection. For those Salvadorans whose Temporary Protected Status (TPS) has ended, the United States should allow them to apply for permanent residency. The decision not to continue to extend TPS to Salvadorans will only increase the number of unauthorized immigrants in the United States. The United States needs to revise its current immigration policies, which make it a very difficult and/or extremely lengthy process for Salvadorans and other immigrants to regularize their current immigration status in the United States. Furthermore, because of our research findings, we recommend that the Salvadoran government — to discourage out-migration — invest in high-skilled job training and also offer training and credit opportunities to its population to encourage business ventures.
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Buranok, Sergey Olegovich. "Methodological features of the study of «combat films» in the United States of 1941-1945." Samara Journal of Science 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.55355/snv2022111215.
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In modern studies on the history of wars, a fairly popular direction is the study of information discourse specifics. A special role in this discourse is played by propaganda through cinematography, which uses images, historical symbols and stable metaphors, the appeal to which can form a certain public reaction. The study of the main aspects of this topic is impossible without recourse to interdisciplinary methods of the humanities, developed as a result of a number of turns in the development of modern humanitarian knowledge, including anthropological, linguistic, cultural, calling to study the perception of the world, human behavior in the past in the totality of socio-economic, political, cultural practices adopted in the studied society at a given time. In addition, an appeal to the methods of historical imagology will make it possible to trace the evolution of the process of visualization and mythologization of the Second World War in US cinematography more accurately. Without the study of the basic principles, methods, mechanisms and tools of this process it is extremely difficult to understand the peculiarities of the development and interaction of cinema and US propaganda at subsequent historical stages and the present. American scientists have achieved significant results in the study of directors creative biographies, in the specifics of their interaction with federal government bodies, and in the analysis of the activities of the Office of War Information in the field of cinematography.
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Kremyanskaya, E. A. "Legal Aspects of Regulating Lobbying in the United States of America and Canada." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(35) (April 28, 2014): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-161-168.
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The author reviews history and peculiarities of the legal regulations of lobbying in USA and Canada, points out the tendencies of the legislation development. USA and Canada are among the first countries, which included legal regulations on the lobbying relations in the state government. The author explores the evolution of development of the lobbying legislation in the USA, and in particular reviews the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1976, Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, as well as evolution of the Canadian legislation, where the Act on Lobbying of 1989 is in force, which had substantial changes during the last ten years. Taking into consideration the territorial form of state, the author reviews not only the federal legislation, but also laws on the level of states and provinces of these federations. Besides, the author covers the activity of the control bodies, order of registration and reporting by lobbyists of their professional activity, reveals pro and cons of the legal regulations of such institution as lobbying. In the article there is the list of information, which should be provided by lobbyists to the control bodies and the author correctly mentions that this list in USA is much wider, comparing to Canadian regulations. In the article the author reviews the liability for violations of lobbying legislation. In particular, in the USA the criminal liability is applied up to 5 years of imprisonment and financial penalties up to 200 thousand US dollars. Based on the USA and Canada experience the author reveals the key issues, which should be fixed by the legal regulations in the country and in particular: the clear definition of the lobbying and lobbyist, necessity of disclosure on the information about client and amounts paid, fixing in the control mechanisms and liability.
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Muntakim, Mohammad, Shahrin Khan, Mahfujul Z. Haque, and Ferdous Nipu. "Medical Education in Bangladesh and the United States: A Comparative Overview." Health Open Research 6 (May 2, 2024): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/healthopenres.13530.1.
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This manuscript presents an overview of Bangladesh medical education system with a brief comparison to the United States. Despite differences in origins and structures, both share similarities and differences in their medical curricula and examination-driven approaches. The paper employs a non-systematic comparative review methodology, gathering information from diverse sources including government websites, educational institutions, and published articles. Medical education in Bangladesh traces its roots back to the mid-20th century, initially influenced by British educational practices. The country now boasts 76 medical colleges—23 public and 53 private—admitting approximately 7,156 students annually for the MBBS degree. The admission process is competitive, with strict eligibility criteria including completion of prerequisite courses and a minimum grade-point average. The five-year MBBS program followed by a one-year clinical internship is a standard pathway in Bangladeshi medical education, with further specialization achieved through fellowship training. In terms of structure, curriculum, and training programs, the Bangladesh medical education system aligns with a lecture-based, examination-focused approach. However, research initiatives are limited due to resource constraints, impacting the quality and quantity of publications. Financially, both public and private medical institutions in Bangladesh charge similar tuition fees ranging from $33,000 to $48,000 USD for the entire MBBS degree, with limited scholarship opportunities. Upon graduation, physicians often opt for private practice, contributing to concerns about retaining qualified medical professionals within the country, particularly in rural areas. Comparatively, the United States has a longstanding history of medical education dating back over two centuries. The American system, encompassing diverse nomenclature for medical schools and varying degrees, presents differences in the application process, structure, and postgraduate training compared to Bangladesh. This comprehensive review highlights the distinctions and commonalities between the medical education systems of the United States and Bangladesh, serving as a resource for prospective students, current practitioners, and residency program directors.
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Dobryashkina, Anna V. "“Through Mexico to the Soviet Union”: German Emigrant Writers in Mexico during the World War II and Their Contacts with the USSR." Literature of the Americas, no. 16 (2024): 8–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2024-16-8-49.
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The article is devoted to the history of the German writers’ emigration during the Second World War in Mexico. Mexico was not a major center of German emigration like the Soviet Union or the United States, but the Mexican government supported anti-fascist émigrés who were in France before its occupation. The Mexican consulate in Marseille issued visas to many German writers, but only Anna Seghers was able to move from France to Mexico. Bodo Uhse and Ludwig Renn went there from the United States, Alfred Kantorovicz and Hans Marchwitza had to stay in the United States, because transit through the USA became impossible since 1941. German writers maintained constant contact with the Soviet Writers’ Union. Correspondence often did not reach the addressees, but before the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Mexico, this was the only way to exchange information. The small German colony in Mexico was engaged in active antifascist activities. The movement “Free Germany” (“Freies Deutschland”) was organized in Mexico a year and a half earlier than the National Committee “Free Germany” in the USSR. Although it seemed that they were two branches of the same organization, in fact they were two different entities with different goals and with the same name. At this moment an internal conflict among the German Communists became apparent; years later it had tragic consequences. After the surrender of Germany, German writers were not able to go directly to their homeland, since the American law prohibiting transit through the United States was still in force. In 1946–1948 German writers were leaving Mexico on Soviet cargo ships: they could get to Germany only through the Soviet Union.
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Mikkonen, Simo. "Exploiting the Exiles: Soviet Émigrés in U.S. Cold War Strategy." Journal of Cold War Studies 14, no. 2 (April 2012): 98–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00222.
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This article discusses the abortive U.S. government effort to organize Soviet émigrés after World War II. After years of a lack of interest on the part of both the United States and the Soviet Union, Soviet émigrés and émigré politics came to the fore with the onset of the Cold War. The U.S. government sought to use émigrés in political and psychological warfare against the Soviet bloc. The many studies that have looked at Cold War-era psychological warfare have largely ignored U.S. plans to enlist Soviet émigrés on the West's behalf. Attempts to create a political forum for anti-Bolshevik Soviet émigrés were broader than have been understood thus far, revealing important information about the postwar emigration from the Soviet Union, the émigrés' role in the Cold War in general, and the development of U.S. Cold War strategies in relation to the émigrés.
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Rubin, Jill, and Anna Tesmenitsky. "Selling before Telling: Why the Government Needs to Take a Second Look at Genetically Engineered Foods." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12, no. 3 (November 2002): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qwdv-8ubc-cn7e-fc83.
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This article documents the early warning signs of health and environmental dangers of DDT, vinyl chloride, and leaded gasoline. In each case, industry scientists and/or public health officials warned of potential hazards but their advice was ignored at great cost to human health and the environment. Now, genetically engineered (GE) foods have been introduced to our food supply and exhibit many of the same early warning signs. Leaded gasoline was sold in the United States from 1923 through 1986. The additive was introduced without safety testing even though it was known that lead was neurotoxic. Industry efforts kept the federal government from studying or banning leaded gasoline for decades. Leaded gasoline released millions of tons of lead into the air. Lead can cause brain damage and even death. Vinyl chloride, used to make PVC plastic, has a similar history. When scientific studies confirmed that vinyl chloride was a carcinogen, industry representatives signed a secrecy agreement to keep the information from becoming public. DDT was used all over the United States to kill unwanted pests. Evidence of DDT's environmental and health impacts began to emerge in the 1950s. DDT is now deemed a probable human carcinogen, suspected of causing liver damage, and blamed for triggering premature births. GE foods have been introduced into our food supply with no required safety testing. Initial independent studies indicate that GE foods can trigger unexpected or unknown allergic reactions, may damage organs and immune system, can contaminate neighboring crops, and may cause ecological damage. Yet, industry studies about GE food products are considered proprietary and are not available for peer review or public scrutiny. In reaction to the rejection of GE foods by many European countries and companies, the biotechnology industry is waging a massive propaganda effort in the United States. But when it comes to our food supply, we should not take any health or safety risks. We make these recommendations: Hold biotechnology companies liable for any harm that comes from the use of GE foods. This will give them a financial incentive to ensure that GE foods are safe and provide compensation to any future victims Place a moratorium on GE foods until they are proven safe through independent, long-term testing for health and environmental impacts Require labeling of all GE foods that are proven safe to give consumers the right to know and choose
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Ayele, Fantahun. "A history of technical education in Ethiopia: The case of the Polytechnic Institute, 1963-2000." Bahir Dar Journal of Education 24, no. 1 (March 19, 2024): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bdje.v24i1.7.
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This research aims at exploring and analyzing the history of the Polytechnic Institute from its establishment in 1963 to its transformation as the Faculty of Engineering in 2000. The study is mainly based on the consultation of priceless archival documents kept in the record office of the former Polytechnic Institute (now Bahir Dar Institute of Technology). In addition, attempts have been made to substantiate archival sources by gathering oral evidence from pertinent people including the first graduates of the Polytechnic Institute. The information gathered from archival documents (letters, reports, graduation bulletins, newspapers, etc.) and interviews has been carefully examined, cross-checked, interpreted, and analyzed to reconstruct the history of the institute. The findings of the study show that the Polytechnic Institute was the result of the Cold War rivalry between the two superpowers, the United States and the former Soviet Union. When the U.S. government turned down his request for increased military assistance, Emperor Haile Selassie paid an official visit to Moscow in 1959. Among other things, the Soviet government offered financial assistance that led to the establishment of the Bahir Dar Polytechnic Institute in 1963. The Soviet government also supported the institute by assigning technical advisers and instructors, whose number grew substantially after the 1974 revolution. The ideological solidarity between the two countries brought more scholarship opportunities to the students and instructors of the Institute. In 2000, the union of the Polytechnic Institute and Bahir Dar Teachers College gave rise to the birth of Bahir University. In the last sixty years, the Institute has produced world-class technologists.
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Sragow, Howard Michael, Eileen Bidell, Douglas Mager, and Shaun Grannis. "Universal Patient Identifier and Interoperability for Detection of Serious Drug Interactions: Retrospective Study." JMIR Medical Informatics 8, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): e23353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23353.
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Background The United States, unlike other high-income countries, currently has no national unique patient identifier to facilitate health information exchange. Because of security and privacy concerns, Congress, in 1998, prevented the government from promulgating a unique patient identifier. The Health and Human Services funding bill that was enacted in 2019 requires that Health and Human Services report their recommendations on patient identification to Congress. While there are anecdotes of incomplete health care data due to patient misidentification, to date there have been insufficient large-scale analyses measuring improvements to patient care that a unique patient identifier might provide. This lack of measurement has made it difficult for policymakers to balance security and privacy concerns against the value of potential improvements. Objective We sought to determine the frequency of serious drug-drug interaction alerts discovered because a pharmacy benefits manager uses a universal patient identifier and estimate undiscovered serious drug-drug interactions because pharmacy benefit managers do not yet fully share patient records. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of serious drug-drug interaction alerts provided from September 1, 2016 to August 31, 2019 to retail pharmacies by a national pharmacy benefit manager that uses a unique patient identifier. We compared each alert to the contributing prescription and determined whether the unique patient identifier was necessary in order to identify the crossover alert. We classified each alert’s disposition as override, abandonment, or replacement. Using the crossover alert rate and sample population size, we inferred a rate of missing serious drug-drug interaction alerts for the United States. We performed logistic regression in order to identify factors correlated with crossover and alert outcomes. Results Among a population of 49.7 million patients, 242,646 serious drug-drug interaction alerts occurred in 3 years. Of these, 2388 (1.0%) crossed insurance and were discovered because the pharmacy benefit manager used a unique patient identifier. We estimate that up to 10% of serious drug-drug alerts in the United States go undetected by pharmacy benefit managers because of unexchanged information or pharmacy benefit managers that do not use a unique patient identifier. These information gaps may contribute, annually, to up to 6000 patients in the United States receiving a contraindicated medication. Conclusions Comprehensive patient identification across disparate data sources can help protect patients from serious drug-drug interactions. To better safeguard patients, providers should (1) adopt a comprehensive patient identification strategy and (2) share patient prescription history to improve clinical decision support.
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Levin, Yaroslav. "Activities of the U.S. Special Services in the Republic of China During the Civil War (1927–1950)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.9.
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Introduction. The Chinese Civil War was a time of rapprochement between the United States and the Republic of China, but there were enormous difficulties and contradictions between the two countries. Methods and materials. In this regard, it seems that the information of the two main agencies of the U.S. intelligence community is able to significantly supplement the picture of the interaction between the two countries and allows better understanding of why at some point Washington was forced to almost completely abandon its support for the Chiang Kai-shek regime. The article is based on the principles of historicism and consistency, as well as the methods of historical comparative studies. Analysis and results. The excessive level of corruption, which involved numerous American structures and officials, internal conflicts in the Republic’s government that influenced the situation and the course of the confrontation and were consecrated in FBI and CIA documents, contributed to the gradual withdrawal of the United States from the policy of the unconditional support for the Chiang Kai-shek regime, but the Communist victory and the establishment of the PRC made, in the absence of other real alternatives, it necessary to continue to support the Republic. The new information makes it possible to better understand how the White House treated the leader of “democratic” China and his family, as well as to better understand the role of intelligence and counterintelligence in these processes and the place of Soviet intelligence in the final stages of the heavy civil war in China (1927–1950). The materials presented in the article and their analysis show specifics and differences in approaches of the FBI and CIA on the example of work on China. The article is based on FBI and CIA archives and covers the period from 1943 to 1949.
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Kemp, R. Scott. "The Nonproliferation Emperor Has No Clothes: The Gas Centrifuge, Supply-Side Controls, and the Future of Nuclear Proliferation." International Security 38, no. 4 (April 2014): 39–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00159.
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Technology has been long understood to play a central role in limiting the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Evolving nuclear technology, increased access to information, and systematic improvements in design and manufacturing tools, however, should in time ease the proliferation challenge. Eventually, even developing countries could possess a sufficient technical ability. There is evidence that this transition has already occurred. The basic uranium-enrichment gas centrifuge, developed in the 1960s, has technical characteristics that are within reach of nearly all states, without foreign assistance or access to export-controllable materials. The history of centrifuge development in twenty countries supports this perspective, as do previously secret studies carried out by the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom. Complicating matters, centrifuges also have properties that make the detection of a clandestine program enormously difficult. If conditions for the clandestine and indigenous production of weapons have emerged, then nonproliferation institutions focused on technology will be inadequate. Although it would represent a near-foundational shift in nuclear security policy, the changed technology landscape may now necessitate a return to institutions focused instead on motivations.
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Krupa, Barbara. "The cultural themed broadcasts by Zygmunt Haupt at Voice of America, 1951–1960." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 17, no. 4 (March 28, 2024): 643–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2023.822.
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The article discusses the cultural themed broadcasts prepared by a Polish emigree writer and painter, Zygmunt Haupt (1907–1975) for Voice of America in a period between 1951 and 1960. The collection of almost 600 works in total is a major part of Haupt’s archive housed at the Special Collection at Stanford University Libraries in California entitled Zygmunt Haupt Papers, 1939–1976. It includes overviews of specific series and details on individual pieces that were focused on literature, music, art, organizations, events and cultural phenomena in the country, and in exile, in Western Europe and the United States. Even though Haupt was an employee of a government agency and was involved in ideological warfare, he was able to use his writing and painting skills to enrich the presented information. In his broadcasts, he imprinted a personal stamp: an attempt to convey to listeners something valuable, universal and non-propagandistic.
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Islam, Jessica Yasmine, Denise Christina Vidot, Imran K. Islam, Argelis Rivera, and Marlene Camacho-Rivera. "Racial/ethnic differences in knowledge and attitudes towards clinical trials among adults in the United States: An analysis of the 2020 U.S. HINTS." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e18573-e18573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e18573.
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e18573 Background: Despite the use of clinical trials to provide gold-standard evidence of treatment and intervention effectiveness, racial/ethnic minorities are frequently underrepresented participants. Our objective was to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in knowledge and attitudes towards clinical trials among adults in the U.S. Methods: We leveraged Health Informational National Trends Survey (HINTS) data, which is a weighted, nationally representative survey of 3865 adults (≥18 years). Data were collected between February-June 2020, and included age, race/ethnicity, sex, cancer history, and comorbidities. Participants were asked questions focused on clinical trials, including their knowledge, influential factors to participate, trusted sources of information, and if they were ever invited or participated in a clinical trial. Among adults who self-reported to have heard of clinical trials (n = 2366), we used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in self-reported invitation and participation in clinical trials after adjustment for cancer history, age, sex, comorbidities, and insurance status. Results: Overall, the sample included 64% non-Hispanic (NH) White, 11% NH-Black, 17% Hispanic, and 5% NH-Asian respondents. Nine percent were cancer survivors. Almost 60% self-reported to at least have some knowledge about clinical trials. When asked about factors that would influence their decision to participate in clinical trials “A lot”, participants across racial groups most frequently chose “I would want to get better” and “If the standard care was not covered by my insurance.” Cancer survivors also frequently reported their decision would be influenced “A lot” or “Somewhat” if “My doctor encouraged me to participate.” NH-White (76%), NH-Black (78%), and Hispanic (77%) cancer survivors reported their trusted source of information about clinical trials was their health care provider; NH-Asian cancer survivors reported their health care provider (51%) as well as government health agencies (30%). Compared to NH-White adults, NH-Black adults were more likely to be invited to participate in a clinical trial (OR: 2.60, 95% CI: 1.53-4.43). However, compared to NH-White adults, our data suggest NH-Black adults were less likely to participate in the clinical trial (OR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.39-1.49) although not statistically significant. Compared to NH-White adults, NH-Asian adults were less likely to participate in clinical trials (OR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.06-0.18). Conclusions: Health care providers are a trusted source of clinical trial information. Although NH-Black adults are more likely to be invited, they are less likely to participate in a clinical trial; as well as Asian adults. Efforts to leverage insights gained on factors of influence and sources of trusted information on clinical trials should be prioritized.
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Ulcickas Yood, Marianne, Susan Jick, Catherine Vasilakis-Scaramozza, Bonnie M. K. Donato, Ioannis Tomazos, Gilbert L'Italien, Nicholas Sicignano, and Brian L. Feldman. "The Value of Population Based Data to Study Rare Diseases: An Example Using the Department of Defense Healthcare System." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113497.
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Abstract Background: For patients suffering from rare diseases, accurate and early diagnosis is critical and often lifesaving, whereas misdiagnosis can be fatal. While patient registries are useful and necessary, they may not provide reliable patient population denominators or sufficient longitudinal clinical follow-up. Access to complete and integrated patient records necessary to capture full clinical history can be challenging. Commonly, there is a lack of centralized and continuous care in the health care systems of many countries, including the United States (US). It is also challenging to identify a sufficient number of cases to provide robust results because of the rare nature of these diseases. We describe a healthcare system that can identify patients for research purposes, who have rare diseases, by accessing de-identified electronic clinical details. We used Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) as an example of a rare disease for this abstract. Methods: The Department of Defense (DOD) healthcare system is a US-based, longitudinal electronic health record (EHR) and claims database with health information on approximately 10 million active beneficiaries across the country. We evaluated the feasibility to conduct studies of rare diseases in the DOD healthcare system by assessing the capability to identify patients with PNH and to describe their course of disease and treatment. We used ICD 9/10 diagnosis codes, NDC and HCPCS codes, laboratory data and PNH treatment codes to identify patients with a clinical course consistent with PNH. Patients were classified as definite/likely, probable/possible or unlikely PNH based on the available clinical evidence and then findings were validated against review of patient records by a clinical expert. Individuals classified as unlikely PNH were excluded from the study. The clinical information on these patients will be used to understand the course of PNH in patients with and without treatments and to describe their treatment adherence and disease activity over time. Results: We identified 244 people with a diagnosis or treatment code that was indicative of PNH during years 2007-2017; 71% of the patients had electronic records that covered 10 or more years starting as early as 2003 and extending as far as 2017. From these 244 patients, we identified 73 patients with a definite/likely or probable/ possible PNH diagnosis. An ICD-10 code for PNH or a prescription for eculizumab (PNH treatment) were required, but not sufficient to confirm the presence of PNH. There is no ICD-9 code for PNH. Cases had no other indication for eculizumab use and had to have appropriate symptoms, comorbidities or lab results to be considered a case. Patients with only 1 code for PNH and no treatment were assumed to have unconfirmed disease and were excluded. 27 cases, including those with no eculizumab and a random sample of likely cases, were reviewed to validate the PNH diagnoses in collaboration with DOD treating physicians. Conclusion: The DOD healthcare system is a valuable and cost effective resource for the study of rare diseases in a timely manner. We have demonstrated the ability to identify a validated series of PNH cases that will provide important clinical insights for identifying and treating new PNH cases. This healthcare system provides long patient follow-up, demographics similar to the US population, and access to records in an integrated inpatient, outpatient and ER system that encompasses all patient care. Disclaimer Statement: Research data were derived from an approved Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, VA IRB protocol (NMCP.2017.0080). The views expressed in this abstract are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense or the United States Government. Copyright Notice: CAPT Brian Feldman is a military service member. This work was prepared as part of his official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. 105 provides that 'Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.' Title 17 U.S.C. 101 defines a United States Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties. Disclosures Ulcickas Yood: Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of EpiSource, LLC, which was contracted by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. EpiSource had the final decision on content. . Jick:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, which was contracted and paid by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to work on a study of PNH using DOD data. . Vasilakis-Scaramozza:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, which was contracted and paid by Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to work on a study of PNH using DOD data.. Donato:Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc: Employment, Equity Ownership. Tomazos:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Employment, Equity Ownership. L'Italien:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Other: Former employee and current stockholder of Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. . Sicignano:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee of Health ResearchTx, which has a business relationship with Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. Feldman:Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Other: Employee, Department of Navy, United States Government..
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Braun-Strumfels, Lauren. "Binational Gatekeepers." Labor 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 10–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8767314.
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While the 1891 and 1893 Immigration Acts established inspection protocols that remained in place for decades, less is known about how US agents initially translated gatekeeping laws into the durable policy directives that had a profound effect on the migration of working-class people. Before the “qualitative” restriction of specific racial, social, and economic conditions transitioned to a period of “quantitative” or enumerated exclusion by the 1920s, the US government had to establish a structure to carry out the work of exclusion, but this early era of qualitative gatekeeping is less understood. Italian encounters with federal agents at Ellis Island show how the 1891 and 1893 laws empowered the administrative state to carry out the work of exclusion shadowed by the banality of bureaucratic decision-making. The records of the short-lived Office of Labor Information and Protection for Italians (1894–99), the only outpost of a foreign government allowed to operate in the main processing building on Ellis Island, offers a rare snapshot of the gatekeeping process in its crucial early years. Given that Italians were the single largest ethnic group to be processed at Ellis Island over its sixty-two-year history and the primary target of inspectors in the station’s first decade, their experiences with bureaucratic exclusion illuminate how the United States moved to systematically control working-class migration.
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Parubochaya, Elena. "US Public Diplomacy Towards the Central Asian Countries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (March 2024): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2024.1.11.
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Introduction. Public diplomacy is an effective foreign policy instrument of the state. Public diplomacy is understood as the activity of an actor aimed at achieving foreign policy objectives by establishing and deepening long-term interstate relations. The purpose of such activities is to inform foreign audiences as well as broadcast the principles of national policy beyond the borders of one’s own state. Public diplomacy is designed to influence those who have the opportunity to shape public belief systems. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the study was a transnational approach, which allows us to reveal the role of state and non-state actors in international relations. The work uses a systematic approach in order to form a holistic view of American public diplomacy as an instrument of “soft power.” To identify the individual tools used by the United States in promoting public diplomacy in each individual Central Asian country, a comparative method was used. Analysis and results. Public diplomacy seems to be an important tool of the American administration in the most important foreign policy areas. The priority instrument of US public diplomacy in the Central Asian region is the support of civil society and non-profit organizations. Using grant support mechanisms, the role of public organizations is strengthened, and dialogue between civil society and government authorities is encouraged in the formation and development of socio-economic policy. The second relevant tool is media support and working with information consumers among various segments of the population. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that these projects were most effectively implemented in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan. The third most successful tool is education, whose work is based on grant programs both in the republics and in the United States. Systematic work carried out, taking into account a deep understanding of the internal processes in the Central Asian republics as well as the active use of public diplomacy tools, allows the United States to strengthen its foreign policy potential in the region.
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Vaišnys, Andrius. "Lithuania's Demarcation of Information from Poland's Solidarity Movement in 1980-1981." Studia Medioznawcze 22, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 908–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.24511617.sm.2021.2.650.
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The aim of the article: Despite the fact that everything we know in Polish history about the emergence of Solidarity [Polish: Solidarność], Polish trade unions, in 1980-1981, and the conflict with the communist totalitarian regime is described in sources as ‘the Polish Crisis’, the question remains open about the contemporaneous deepening communication crisis of the communist government in Lithuania, whose history had long – until the middle of the 20th century – been very closely linked to the development of Poland. From 1951 to 1989, Lithuania was separated from Poland by a double barbed-wire Soviet border barrier without any border crossing points. Nevertheless, the author proposes delving into what type of information control measures the Soviet regime used in influencing the Lithuanian people by undermining their interest in the workers’ strikes and the expanding trade union movement in Poland 40 years ago, trying to set Lithuanians against Polish society, and also how the media in the West helped renew the dialogue between Lithuanian and Polish diaspora organisations. Research methods: The author performed a content analysis of KGB documents in the Lithuanian Special Archives and examined the content of the Lithuanian SSR mass media and the mass media of the Lithuanian diaspora in the United States. Results and conclusions: The Soviet concept of security that was implemented by the repressive structure of the KGB was largely associated with the restriction of information, censorship and self-censorship of the population. However, it was also associated with the recruitment of Lithuanian citizens into ongoing cooperation with the secret service to collect data about Polish people who were ‘disloyal’ to the regime and transfer information to the security service of communist Poland, so the content of these reports must be disclosed. Cognitive value: Thus, the article provides the broader context, in which the content of the propaganda press is only one element of the system that controlled the public space.
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Eseza, Nakayiso,, and Andrew, Nyakundi. "A historical review on the Global evolution, benefits, challenges and performance of Cooperatives." IDOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/2023/12.1.3894.
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This review article discusses the economic history and evolution of cooperatives, as well as how they have changed the worldwide life of people and countries as a whole. Cooperatives originated in the United States and expanded to the United Kingdom, Italy, Denmark, Russia, and India before reaching Africa. They have been successful because to their simple formation method, exceptional governance ideals, and member unity. Researchers conducted a Historical Methodology evidence and interpretation study that included written, oral, and physical evidence, as well as primary and secondary sources, including unpublished information. Most women in poor nations lack access to education and productive resources, making it difficult for them to make a living and actively engage in socioeconomic and political circumstances. Africa as a whole is seeing a breakthrough by one of the "World's fastest-growing economic giants" in achieving gender equality and women's economic empowerment, which are Millennium Development Goals. This paper elaborates on the advantages of cooperative development, economic growth patterns and financial independence of women as shown by cooperatives. Global issues that must be addressed include fraud, illiteracy, small loans and the way ahead. As a result, the proposals to make cooperatives more efficient are: train, educate, and develop; monitor and assess performance; government action to lift up communities and build a world that is more equal and sustainable for everyone. Keywords. Global Evolution, Benefits, Performance and Challenges of Cooperatives
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Parkin, W. S., C. E. Mills, and J. Gruenewald. "Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States." Russian Journal of Economics and Law 15, no. 4 (December 18, 2021): 822–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21202/2782-2923.2021.4.822-850.
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Цель: to analyze the far-right extremism’s anti- government ideology as an external threat to law enforcement officers. Methods: dialectical approach to cognition of social phenomena, using the general and specific research methods based on it. Results: The relationship between far-right extremism and law enforcement in the United States has a long and complicated history. In 2020, this relationship was on display as both far-right extremists and law enforcement agencies were brought into the national spotlight for their roles in multiple unprecedented events. This research discusses how far-right extremism’s anti- government ideology represents an external threat to law enforcement officers. This threat is discussed through the presentation of 30-years of data on law enforcement officers killed in the line-of-duty by far-right extremists from the Extremist Crime Database. In addition, the research also examines law enforcement’s implicit and explicit support for far-right extremism, which creates an internal threat against the legitimacy of the profession. Finally, policy initiatives that come from, and build upon, prior research are discussed to reduce these threats.Scientific novelty: for the first time, the work substantiates that far-right extremists threaten the safety of law enforcement officers in the United States. Antigovernment extremists, who do not believe that they are subject to the laws of the jurisdiction where they live, pose the risk of escalating to violent acts when encountering law enforcement when they engage in both ideologically motivated and routine criminal activity. In addition, law enforcement agencies who hire far-right extremists face the very real prospect of becoming illegitimate in the eyes of the communities to whom they are sworn to serve and protect. Decades of criminological research has shown that lack of trust in law enforcement makes the job of policing a community more difficult and more dangerous. Although multiple paths forward were outlined that build on prior research and empirical knowledge, only decisive action by law enforcement and policymakers will result in outcomes that reduce the risk of external violent victimization to police and protect law enforcement agencies from being delegitimized by the presence of far-right extremists within their ranks.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the prevention, suppression and investigation of extremist crimes.The article was first published in English language by Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society and The Western Society of Criminology Hosting by Scholastica. For more information please contact: CCJLS@WesternCriminology.org.For original publication: Parkin, W. S., Mills, C. E., Gruenewald, J. (2021). Far-Right Extremism’s Threat to Police Safety and the Organizational Legitimacy of Law Enforcement in the United States, Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 2021, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 1–24. Publication URL: https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/26321-far-right-extremism-s-threat-to-police-safety-and-the-organizational-legitimacy-of-law-enforcement-in-the-united-states
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Semenov, V. A., and V. V. Ereshkin. "Corruptive Factors in Local Government (Case of St. Petersburg)." Administrative Consulting, no. 3 (May 24, 2023): 10–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2023-3-10-27.
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In the new history of present states, one of the main risks to the socio-economic development of society is corruption. The fight against it is based on the development of normative and legal acts, prevention and prevention, information and investigative activities, and is expressed in the form of deterrence and counteraction.The fundamental regulatory framework is the “United Nations Convention against Corruption” (adopted in New York on October 31, 2003 by Resolution 58/4 at the 51st plenary session of the 58th UN General Assembly), the Federal Law “On Countering Corruption” of 12/25/2008 N 273-FL. At the same time, to date, combating corruption in local government is regulated superficially and is formal in character. Due to the actual closed nature of the activities and peculiarities of the functioning of local government, the issues of corruption are not fully studied in order to provide effective prevention and counteraction.The possibility of a detailed study of corruptionogenic factors of local government and the development of methods of counteraction became possible after the elections of 2019, after which non-systemic municipal deputies were elected to the representative bodies of local government. Exercising the powers in the representative body of local government, municipal deputies independent from the territorial executive bodies of state power were able to study the specifics of the functioning of local government, make public the issues of the problem field, identify vulnerable places in the activities, take response measures and make appropriate practical conclusions.The purpose of this article is to establish the causes of the emergence of corruption in local government on the example of a separate municipality of the MO Svetlanovskoye of St. Petersburg. Study of the causes of the emergence of corruptionogenic factors, search and proposal of possible ways to address the issue of effective counteraction to corruption in local government in the new conditions of life of modern society.On the basis of the study the authors declare the need to take specific measures of response of the public authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation and the representative body of local government, aimed at creating certain conditions for effective counteraction and prevention of corruption, minimizing the consequences of corruptogenic factors in the modern conditions of democratic functioning of local government.
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Nissenbaum, Helen. "A Contextual Approach to Privacy Online." Daedalus 140, no. 4 (October 2011): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00113.
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Recent media revelations have demonstrated the extent of third-party tracking and monitoring online, much of it spurred by data aggregation, profiling, and selective targeting. How to protect privacy online is a frequent question in public discourse and has reignited the interest of government actors. In the United States, notice-and-consent remains the fallback approach in online privacy policies, despite its weaknesses. This essay presents an alternative approach, rooted in the theory of contextual integrity. Proposals to improve and fortify notice-and-consent, such as clearer privacy policies and fairer information practices, will not overcome a fundamental flaw in the model, namely, its assumption that individuals can understand all facts relevant to true choice at the moment of pair-wise contracting between individuals and data gatherers. Instead, we must articulate a backdrop of context-specific substantive norms that constrain what information websites can collect, with whom they can share it, and under what conditions it can be shared. In developing this approach, the paper warns that the current bias in conceiving of the Net as a predominantly commercial enterprise seriously limits the privacy agenda.
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SHARMA, DR MONIKA. "A CASE STUDY ON GLOBAL BUSINESS OF SPORTS LEAGUE." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Studies 05, no. 04 (April 26, 2022): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v05i04.3.
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Huge investments have been carried out in sports teams and professional sports leagues all over the world. There are different sports that are popular in different parts of the world. In the United States, it's American Football, in Europe and UK it is Football (soccer); in the Indian sub-continent and Australia, it is Cricket that attracts the largest crowd. The research analyses this business of investments in sports leagues around the world. The paper looks at the potential interest in investing in clubs and team franchises of sports leagues. The aim of this paper was to find out the attractiveness and risks, economically and financially, involved in the Global business of sports leagues and the Involvement of business in the field of sports and critically analyze different business models used in the field of sports leagues for conducting business globally. The research utilized the primary data through questionnaires, case studies, and secondary data through government agencies like the census bureau, information compiled for sale by commercial vendors, data published by universities, government, equity research, reports, trade association newsletter, etc. The research concluded sports have always been a unique game of business for players and investing organizations. However, the research recommended the franchise business model used for the business is the appropriate model for conducting business in the field of sports leagues.
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SHARMA, DR MONIKA. "A CASE STUDY ON GLOBAL BUSINESS OF SPORTS LEAGUE." International Journal Of Multidisciplinary Research And Studies 05, no. 04 (April 26, 2022): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33826/ijmras/v05i04.3.
Full textAbstract:
Huge investments have been carried out in sports teams and professional sports leagues all over the world. There are different sports that are popular in different parts of the world. In the United States, it's American Football, in Europe and UK it is Football (soccer); in the Indian sub-continent and Australia, it is Cricket that attracts the largest crowd. The research analyses this business of investments in sports leagues around the world. The paper looks at the potential interest in investing in clubs and team franchises of sports leagues. The aim of this paper was to find out the attractiveness and risks, economically and financially, involved in the Global business of sports leagues and the Involvement of business in the field of sports and critically analyze different business models used in the field of sports leagues for conducting business globally. The research utilized the primary data through questionnaires, case studies, and secondary data through government agencies like the census bureau, information compiled for sale by commercial vendors, data published by universities, government, equity research, reports, trade association newsletter, etc. The research concluded sports have always been a unique game of business for players and investing organizations. However, the research recommended the franchise business model used for the business is the appropriate model for conducting business in the field of sports leagues.
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Vitro, Catherine, D. Angus Clark, Carter Sherman, Mary M. Heitzeg, and Brian M. Hicks. "Attitudes about police and race in the United States 2020–2021: Mean-level trends and associations with political attitudes, psychiatric problems, and COVID-19 outcomes." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e0271954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271954.
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The murder of George Floyd and subsequent mass protest movement in the summer of 2020 brought policing, race, and police brutality to the forefront of American political discourse. We examined mean-levels of attitudes about police and race using online surveys administered at five time points from June 2020 to October 2021 (n ~ 1000 at each wave) to adults living in the United States. There was a small increase in pro-police attitudes over this time (d = .24), and some evidence that mean-levels of pro-police attitudes increased more for Black participants (d = .51) than White participants (d = .20), and more for Democrats (d = .40) than Republicans (d = .15). Pro-police attitudes were much lower among Black participants than White participants (mean d = -1.04), and–relative to political independents–lower among Democrats (mean d = -.66) and higher among Republicans (mean d = .72). Pro-police attitudes had large associations with a variety of conservative or right-wing political attitudes (e.g., approval of Donald Trump) and COVID-19 variables (e.g., disapproval of government mandates and restrictions), but were unrelated to psychiatric problems and substance use. These results validate a new measure of police attitudes, provide information on trends in police attitudes over the 15 months following the largest mass protests against police brutality in American history, and begin to establish the nomological network of police attitudes, finding that pro-police attitudes are firmly within the right-wing coalition of American politics.
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Puneet Nirmal, Rashmi Singh, Nitin Kumar, and Shalini Sharma. "Phytopharmaceutical regulated new class: An Industrial initiative of Ayurvedic drugs towards the advancement of India system of medicine." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.3.0949.
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Ethnopharmacological relevance: The growing demand for medicinal plants and their products has led to safety and efficacy concerns. The evaluation of herbal medicines, registration and regulation are important challenges to their safety and efficacy. The provisions for synthetic drugs do not apply to ayurvedic-based herbal products. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanism for ensuring the quality of herbal medicines has become a top priority for Indian drug regulators and drug manufacturers. Aim of study: The aim of this study is to identify and characterise the different features of Ayurveda-related government policies and efforts. AYUSH and CDSCO design and establish regulations for the development of phytopharmaceutical drugs as necessary, utilizing botanical-based medications that have a long history but have thus far lacked adequate documentation. Methods: We conducted a review of the literature on Ayurveda's history, principles, and current status. We have presented the data in a systematic manner that includes all of the initiatives brought forth by the Indian government. To conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis, we went through various reports, policies, and ancient Ayurvedic texts, and consulted AYUSH-related websites, such as those run by the Ministry of AYUSH. Results: The Ministry's objective is to elevate AYUSH systems to the forefront of living and practise, and to make AYUSH methods the preferred method for achieving a healthy nation. The newer class of drugs allows the development of drugs through advanced solvent extraction, fractionation, modern formulation and pharmacokinetics, etc. Conclusion: The promotion and development of Ayurveda is being actively pursued by the government through its policies. The present commentary is designed to highlight core and assembled information on the regulatory requirement in contrast to the new category phytopharmaceuticals under AYUSH. Phytopharmaceuticals may be a balanced approach with guidelines in the United States of America, China, and other countries connecting scientific validation and data generation, including revalidation of AYUSH-regulated product specifications.
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Noh, Hye-Young. "Examining Software Bill of Materials (SBOM) Adoption in Global Logistics Systems." Journal of Korea Trade 28, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2024.28.1.101.
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Purpose - This study informs supply chain organizations about the risks of logistics system and proposes SBOM as an emerging alternative to global system management. Through experiments, it is found the factors that lead to the utilization of SBOM. This study aims to contribute to the practicalization of SBOM in Korea, which is spreading to global corporations including the United States. Design/Methodology - This study examined the factors affecting the adoption of SBOM based on the technology acceptance model (TAM). The survey was conducted among Logistics System managers. A total of 439 surveys were used in the analysis from January 23, 2023 to February 17, 2023. Structural equation analysis was conducted to validate the hypotheses of the study. Findings - Findings in this study indicate that Logistics System practitioners perceive all of SBOM’s features to be easy to use, and they are strongly associated with future adoption intentions. However, they only perceive security and relative benefits as useful features of SBOM, and not transparency and licensing. Transparency and license of the system structure do not appear to have a significant impact on supply chain operations. However, the relative advantage and security of SBOM are useful for supply chain operations, and these are strong drivers for using SBOM. Originality/value - Logistics systems have high business value because corporations in various countries and industries share information. To secure such global systems and exchange information securely, SBOM is emerging as a new alternative. However, although SBOM is spreading in the United States under the leadership of the government since 2021, its use cases are hard to find in Korea. Therefore, this study provides practical implications for corporations in Korea to securely manage global logistics systems. It is also valuable academically as an initial study on the application of SBOM to the global Logistics System, which is becoming an issue.
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Vostrikova, Anna Olegovna, Sergey Borisovich Nikonov, Timur Vladimirovich Shafir, and Anna Vitalievna Baichik. "Transformation of the media system of Afghanistan in the context of the formation of statehood." Litera, no. 4 (April 2024): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2024.4.70290.
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The object of the study is the media of Afghanistan. The subject of the study is the genesis of methods for regulating the media system in Afghanistan. The article pays special attention to the formation of the media system of the modern period, which the authors have been defining since the end of 2021. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the media system of Afghanistan has been formed under the influence of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF, acted in accordance with resolution No. 1386[39] The UN Security Council of December 20, 2001) and the desire to create a liberal democratic state in the understanding of the ISAF leadership. Freedom of speech, expression and the media, which were achieved during this period, has been under the control of the Interim Government of Afghanistan since August 2021. This article defines the methods used by the current government of Afghanistan to regulate the media system. The main method of research is the content analysis of documents and information on the practice of law enforcement, compliance with current legislation. Naturally, he could not be divorced from the method of systematization of information - the study of information objects. For the first time in the scientific literature, an empirical study is presented, which represents important material on the history of the media system of Afghanistan, its current state, and the analysis of legislative changes. The study seems to be significant and expands knowledge about the media in this region. For 20 years, the media system of Afghanistan has been formed under the influence of an international coalition led by the United States, which tried to create a liberal democratic state. It was based on a compromise of Western "democratic" and Islamic values, more pluralistic and free than before and after this period. In August 2021, another political force came to power, forming a state based on other principles, which began to exercise control over all spheres, including the media, taking Sharia norms as a basis. One of the conclusions of the study was the strengthening of the traditional identity of the state by the new political power, which was "shaken" by Western reforms. After coming to power, the interim Government of Afghanistan repealed the 2004 Constitution and the 2009 Media Law. The Law on Access to Information in 2019 has not been officially repealed, but it is not respected in the country. Thus, the transformation of the state's media system has begun in the country.
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Kues, John R., Jacqueline M. Knapke, Shereen Elshaer, Angela M. Mendell, Laura Hildreth, Stephanie M. Schuckman, Julie Wijesooriya, and Melinda Butsch Kovacic. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Critical Time Period Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 8098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138098.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has been a devastating, global public health crisis. Public health systems in the United States heavily focused on getting people to adhere to preventive behaviors, and later, to get vaccinated. January through May of 2021 was a critical and volatile time period for COVID-19 cases, deaths, and expanding vaccination programs coinciding with important political and social events which will have a lasting impact on how the public views science, places trust in our government, and views individual rights. Having collected almost 1400 surveys, our goal was to assess vaccine behavior, explore attitudes toward receiving the vaccine, and identify trusted information sources. More than 83% of our survey respondents said they were at least partially vaccinated. Of 246 unvaccinated, 31.3% were somewhat or extremely likely to get vaccinated when available. Their two most common concerns were vaccine effectiveness (41.1%) and safety (40.2%). Significant differences were observed between respondents who were likely to be vaccinated in the future and those who were hesitant on three of five demographic variables. Our data provide unique insight into the history of behavior and motivations related to COVID-19 vaccines—what will be seen as a “wicked problem” for years to come.
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Syabilal Ali and Irwan Triadi. "Perlidungan Hukum Justice Collaborator Dalam Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Berencana." Deposisi: Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 2 (April 24, 2024): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.59581/deposisi.v2i2.3027.
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The world history of Justice Collaborators began in 1963 when the United States federal government awarded facilities or awards to a winner named Joe Cago. Cago was a member of a criminal organization whose members were Italian immigrants or descendants of Italians living in the country. The reason is, every member of this criminal organization who is arrested will still uphold omerta, or the culture of silence in the mafia network, and they never leak information about their organization to the authorities, making it difficult for the authorities. The research method used is normative juridical. The use of this type of normative juridical research is because the object of study is related to legal principles and principles as well as theories and opinions of legal experts. Criminal Law that include Justice Collaborators in criminal activities are inadequate, so that law enforcement officials cannot legally rely on this system. It turns out that there are many things that need to be set aside to achieve justice collaborator status, in terms of relevance. Many legal experts have expressed the same thing, the use of justice collaborator status is only to show appreciation for criminals who actively participate in cases that are difficult to prove.
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Pardyak, Marek. "Fighting for Africans’ Hearts and Minds in the Context of the 2022 War in Ukraine." Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies 2, no. 4 (2022): 158–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.59569/jceeas.2022.2.4.182.
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The war in Ukraine is a theatre of struggle not only for the parties militarily engaged in the conflict, but for wider spheres. Despite its regional character, the war also has a multidimensional impact on a number of other states in the world, polarising the attitudes of their societies into three main groups: those supporting Ukraine, those expressing understanding of Moscow's actions, and a set of so-called 'non-aligned' states. This article describes how strategic communications by different actors have, through historical, political, economic, technological, social and cultural levers the potential to win the support of governments and societies in Africa. The Russian--Ukrainian conflict, unlike many other armed confrontations in Africa had, from an information security perspective, become a global conflict long before open kinetic action began. The multilateral involvement of the leaders of both the United States and the European Union, first through attempts to resolve the dispute amicably and then in military, economic and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, is unprecedented. This in itself can be perceived as a bitter pill to swallow for African countries beset by political, religious and climatic turmoil, which, despite their longer history of hardships, have not received equivalent, or even due attention.
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PICKARD, JOHN. "Wire Fences in Colonial Australia: Technology Transfer and Adaptation, 1842–1900." Rural History 21, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 27–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990136.
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AbstractAfter reviewing the development of wire fencing in Great Britain and the United States of America in the early nineteenth century, I examine the introduction of wire into Australia using published sources only. Wire was available in the colonies from the early 1850s. The earliest published record of a wire fence was on Phillip Island near Melbourne (Victoria) in 1842. Almost a decade passed before wire was used elsewhere in Victoria and the other eastern colonies. Pastoralists either sought information on wire fences locally or from agents in Britain. Local agents of British companies advertised in colonial newspapers from the early 1850s, with one exceptional record in 1839. Once wire was adopted, pastoralists rejected iron posts used in Britain, preferring cheaper wood posts cut from the property. The most significant innovation was to increase post spacings with significant cost savings. Government and the iron industry played no part in these innovations, which were achieved through trial-and-error by pastoralists. The large tonnages of wire imported into Australia and the increasing demand did not stimulate local production of wire, and there were no local wire mills until 1911.
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Sokov, Ilya. "The Situation of Latinos in the United States During D. Trump’s Presidency: Overview of Political Transformations’ Issues in the Publications of American Authors for 2018–2020." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.3.22.
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Introduction. The overview’s subject is the problem of Latin Americans’ situation (citizens and noncitizens of the USA) during the D. Trump’s presidency, reflected in new works by American authors. The historiography overview consist of researchers’ monographs from American universities and analytical articles from academic journals and periodicals. The overview’s logical systematization is based on two principles: the established chronological framework and the grouping of author’s views on a particular problem. Relevance. The overview topic’s relevance is caused by significant reduction in the rights and increased prosecution of Latinos in the contemporary of the United States which is emphasized by the American authors themselves. The authors emphasized the theoretical basis for the new migration political process was making D. Trump’s conservative nationalist policy which is called “America First”. The implementation of such policy leads to new challenges in ensuring national security, exacerbating social conflicts and splitting the American society. Purpose. The work’s purpose is to highlight new trends in the US immigration policy that significantly restricted the rights and freedoms of Latin American citizens and Latin American refugees living in the country during this period. Methods. The author of the article used the following methodological tools: the scientific principle of objectivity, which allowed us to assess the degree of subjective information contained in the publications; the ontological (substantive) approach, which was used to clarify the actors of conflict interaction in the process of the White House’s transformational policy presented in new American studies; the institutional method based on the research works, which allowed us to determine changes in the functions and activities of the US government’s departments when dealing with immigration issues and the situation of Latin American citizens and non-citizens in the United States during the D. Trump’s presidency. Results. The results consist in the recognition of the nativist and conservative nationalist policy of the US government towards Latin Americans by the American academic and expert community, which contradicts the values declared by the American society and contributes to its separation and division creating greater inequality within it. Although the historiography overview did not aim to examine Latinos’ situation in the United States in historical retrospect. All of these could be noted in the above works that no American author noted an improvement in the situation of Latinos during D. Trump’s presidency, compared to the previous administrations of B. Clinton, G.W. Bush and B. Obama. Many authors noted that new problems have been added to the old problems of Latinos and incoming immigrants. The results area. The results obtained can be used by Russian Americanist researchers to conduct their further researches in the fields of area studies, international relations, international processes, and the history of foreign countries. Conclusion. The Latinos’ situation analysis in the United States during the D. Trump’s presidency was based on American authors’ publications for 2018–2020, which suggests not only the devastating impact of the White House’s transformative policies toward Latinos, but also the changing structure of American society itself, which is inherently immigrant.