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Academic literature on the topic 'Government expenditures instability'
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Journal articles on the topic "Government expenditures instability"
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Malik, Muhammad Hussain, and Attiya Yasmin. "Instability of Federal Government Revenues and Expenditures in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.501-511.
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As in many other countries, in Pakistan too, the government provides a number of social goods and services. For this purpose, the government has to spend huge amounts of money every year. Federal government expenditures in real terms have grown at an annual average rate of 8.84 percent during the past fifteen years. Also, the share of the federal government expenditures in GNP has increased from 20.93 percent in 1971-72 to 25.19 percent in 1985-86. The main component of the federal government expenditures is of the recurrent type and is devoted to defence, civil administration, debt servicing, health, education, roads, and other such services. At present, the level of social goods and services provided by the government is not considered satisfactory. Moreover, public demand for them is on the increase due to an increasing population growth rate and rising standards of living in the country. The government needs resources to meet the public demands for its goods and services and to fulfill the development requirements of the country. For this purpose, the government generates revenue through various taxes and tapping other revenue sources. It is important that these taxes and other revenue sources yield a stable revenue over time. If there are large year to year fluctuations in revenue, it becomes very difficult for the government to meet its inflexible obligations and to implement development plans. Stability of revenues, therefore, becomes very important for fiscal management and development planning.
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., Sugiartiningsih, Hesty Juny, Ignatius Oki, Tria Apriliana, and Muhammad Ali. "Influence of Tax, Unemployment and Political Instability to Indonesia Government Expenditures 1988-2016 Period." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.23897.
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This study aims to determine the effect of taxes, unemployment and political instability on Indonesian government spending. The research method used in this study is descriptive analysis method because it is to find out the third causal relationship of independent variables on Indonesian government expenditure. The model is built multiple regression with secondary data boundaries from 1988 to 2016. Based on the results of calculations, the results of a positive relationship between tax and political instability of Indonesian government expenditure are obtained. While, unemployment has a negative relationship to Indonesian government spending. The main factor is the condition of Indonesian unemployment is high, starting from junior high school, vocational high school and even university level. While the government is trying to overcome it, it has not been optimally because of the obstacles in the village and in the city. On the contrary, tax and strong political instability after the reform of Indonesian government spending.
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Anaman, Kwabena Asomanin, and Irene Susana Egyir. "Economic Shocks and the Growth of the Construction Industry in Ghana Over the 50-Year Period From 1968 to 2017." Research in World Economy 10, no. 1 (June 9, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n1p1.
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The study analyses the relationship between the growth of the construction industry and economic shocks in Ghana over the 50-year period from 1968 to 2017 using an autoregressive modelling scheme that incorporates several economic shocks as separate independent variables. The independent variables used in the model included one positive economic shock and five negative shock variables. The positive shock variable was the sharply increased government expenditures on construction activities in selected years that allowed the government to host international events in Ghana within a period of two years. The five adverse economic shocks included in the model were political instability related to military coups, exchange rate depreciation of the local currency, Ghana cedi, with respect to the United States dollar, the average yearly temperature, aggregate electricity energy production shortfall related to a severe El Nino weather phenomenon, and incidence of extreme rainfall. The results of the analysis indicated that the most important factor influencing the growth of the construction industry in Ghana over the 50-year study period was political instability. Beyond political instability, the next most important factor was the purposely-driven sharp increases in government expenditures on construction activities for selected years that allowed the country to host international events in the country. The other significant economic shocks were the exchange rate depreciation, average temperatures, and electricity energy production shortfall; all three factors adversely affected the growth of the construction industry. The results of our study are generally consistent with those obtained from the literature concerning the positive and negative effects of economic shocks on the construction industry.
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Storonyanska, Iryna, Mariana Melnyk, Lilia Benovska, Natalia Sytnyk, and Oksana Zakhidna. "Economic activity vs generation of local budgets’ revenues: Regional disparities in COVID-19 instability." Public and Municipal Finance 10, no. 1 (September 23, 2021): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/pmf.10(1).2021.08.
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In the last two years, Ukraine and the world have been living in economic instability caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has fundamentally changed the trends in global and domestic economies, public and local finance. This study aims to estimate the trends of economic development of Ukrainian regions in the coronavirus crisis and their impact on the local budgets’ tax revenues generation. Main findings show the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the development of Ukrainian regions is territorially differentiated. It is determined that in quarantine restrictions, the regions were developing under the impact of behavioral and institutional factors. Although a range of enterprises terminated their activities and there was a decline in income from business activities in 2020, the tax revenues of local budgets increased. The growth of tax revenues was accompanied by decreasing interbudgetary transfers and growing expenditures on containing the spread of pandemics and supporting healthcare. Reduced transfers to local budgets from the public budget affected the funding of investment programs of regional development. The abovementioned effects of falling business activity and consumer expenditures of the population along with falling investment can be considered the delayed effects of economic activity curtailment in the short-term period. An intensive increase of public investment that stipulates projects co-funding from budget funds and resources of businesses and establishment of cooperation between public, regional, and local levels of government should become among the primary steps to overcome the negative trends.
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Shaukat, Rubina, Irfan Hussain Khan, Hasan Raza Jafri, and Nighat Hanif. "Relationship between Volatility of Economics Variables and Economics Growth." World Journal of Social Science Research 6, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): p375. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjssr.v6n3p375.
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Economic growth of an economy is defined as the steady state path through which the productivity of an economy is improved and increases the levels of national output and income. The government consumption expenditures and investment play a key role in the process of investigating the macroeconomic performance of an economy and determinants of economic growth. The countries which grow quickly, invest a substantial fraction of their GDP for consumption expenditures as well for the sources which encourage private investment. The objective of this study to calculate the volatility in economics growth in Pakistan. The annual time series data are used from 1975 to 2014 from WDI, Economics survey of Pakistan and Hand Book of Statistics. GARCH model has been used to measure volatility of all variables. The empirical results of the study confirmed that the volatility of the different variables (volatility of inflation, volatility of interest rate, volatility of political instability, volatility of GDP, and volatility of foreign direct investment) significant affect the government consumption expenditures and private investment in the economy of Pakistan. The study analyzed data by using the autoregressive distributive lag model which is mainly used in time series data Econometrics to estimate the non-stationary models with mix order of integration. The estimated results of the study evaluated that volatility of the inflation lead to uncertainty which is also suggested by the Able (1980) and negatively affect the economy consumption expenditures as well as private investment in the economy of Pakistan. Because uncertainty directly affects the cost of capital as well as reduce private investor confidence.
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Bukina, I. S. "Status and Prospects of Federal Budget Sustainability in the New Environment." Federalism 27, no. 4 (January 9, 2023): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2022-4-142-154.
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The sustainability of the federal budget is currently subject to multiple risks. Despite a temporary increase in oil prices, federal budget revenues are declining rapidly. As correlation analysis has shown, oil and gas revenues of the federal budget become more volatile during structural crises. At the same time, non-oil and gas revenues are declining. The instability of the foreign policy situation and the ongoing military actions greatly increase the risks of increased federal budget expenditures. In the short term, the budget deficit can be covered by the accumulated liquid reserves of the National Welfare Fund. However, in the longterm perspective, the restrictions affecting Russia’s sustainable economic growth will have an impact on the fiscal sphere. The government will have to take unpopular measures to reduce expenditures and raise taxes on the non-oil and gas sector in order to maintain the stability of the public finance system.
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Korompot, Riska, and Jessy Warongan. "ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF NORTH SULAWESI." ACCOUNTABILITY 6, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/ja.17755.6.2.2017.9-19.
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The objective of this research was to determine the financial performance of North Sulawesi Provincial Government and was measured from the Independence Ratio, Effectiveness Ratio, Degree of Fiscal Decentralization Ratio, Harmony Ratio, and Growth Ratio. The results showed that the Independence ratio of North Sulawesi Province in 6 years from 2010-2015 has increased and included in the category of Participatory which means it is quite independent and has reduced the level of dependence on external parties and manage the existing funds such as Domestic Revenue as well as describe that the people of North Sulawesi is quite prosperous because it is able to participate in tax payments which is one of the largest regional income. The Effectiveness Ratio of Domestic Revenue shows effective criteria to the Regional Financial Performance, because based on the effectiveness ratio of Domestic Revenue in 6 years of research only last 2 years namely 2014 and 2015 which include in the category of Not Effective which means decreasing on the performance of local government of North Sulawesi province. The Decentralization Degrees for Government of North Sulawesi Province shows that they still has not fully fulfilled the total revenue with they own-source revenue. The Harmony Ratio represents more realization of operating expenditures than capital expenditures, this is not so good especially for developing regions such as North Sulawesi Province. The Growth Ratio shows an unstable number from 2010 to 2015. The instability is caused by the implementation of money follows functions which are considered not optimal yet, so the work that must be done by some Regional Work Unit at the same time according to expertise and the division is not going well.Keywords : regional financial performance, APBD
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Belostotskiy, A. А. "THE ANALYSES OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES PUBLIC BUDGETS." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-1-95-104.
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The article analyzes the formation of the public budgets of Latin American countries in the case of Brazil, Ecuador, Chile, Peru, as well as the effectiveness of the implementation of government programs, contributed to the chronic underfunding, financial instability and external debt increase, since in modern conditions, government financing, aimed to achieve results and high parameters of final results must take into consideration target programmes quality development and improvement, their justification, and implimentation assessment indicators. This study reflects budgetary expenditures in Latin American countries, characterizes state and municipal management and it is considered to be one of the conditions for the social well-being through such indicators as the level of budgetary resources provision and the amount of GDP used and produced per capita. The implementation of the budgeting concept,aimed to achieve results is related to the creation of budget expenditure performance monitoring system, core activities results reports of budget planning entities, the transition to a multi-year budget planning. The article offers beneficial cooperation with the Russian Federation as one of the directions for LAC financial situation improvment, based on the similarity of political views on the issues of a multipolar world, the strengthening the national sovereignty and collaboration in the economic and oil and gas spheres, which will contribute to reduce inflation, individual incomes increase. It will help to make national financial systems more resilient to external threats.
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Fenjan, Karrar Mahdi, and Muhammad Saleh Salman. "The Effectiveness of Indicators of Financial Discipline in Strengthening the Exchange Rate, with a Special Reference to Iraq." Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 27, no. 130 (December 1, 2021): 118–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v27i130.2198.
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Controlling public expenditures is one of the main objectives of the public budget. The public budget often suffers from a deficit, whether in developed or developing countries, because expenditures are usually greater than the revenues generated. This requires the existence of financial rules that are adhered to by the government, which in turn leads to discipline. Fiscal policy leads to a reduction in the obligations incumbent on the government. Adhering to the financial rules would correct the course of fiscal policy in Iraq, with the need to direct oil revenues in the years of financial abundance when global oil prices rise to sovereign funds similar to other rentier countries, which contributes to maintaining the stability of the exchange rate and reducing dependence on The Central Bank. It performs monetary sterilization operations to sterilize the negative effects resulting from the lack of fiscal policy discipline, which negatively affects the foreign currency reserves and depletes them. The main conclusion reached by the research is that there is a state of financial indiscipline that has negatively affected the Iraqi dinar exchange rate, and that the attempts of the Central Bank of Iraq have partially worked to reduce the negative effects of the expansionary financial policy, and the main recommendation of the research was to work to achieve more discipline in fiscal policy in order to reduce the state of economic instability and mitigate the monetary sterilization policy by The Central Bank and the accompanying depletion of hard currency
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Jabeen, Hafsa, and Ayesha Naz. "Macroeconomic Instability and Terrorism Nexus; Empirical Evidence in Case of Pakistan." Journal of Economic Sciences, no. 1.1 (June 30, 2022): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55603/jes.v1i1.a6.
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The current study is an attempt to analyze the association between macroeconomic instability and terrorism in Pakistan over the period of 1970 to 2020. Six important variables are taken as a proxy to measure macroeconomic instability which includes external debt, budget deficit, trade deficit, real effective exchange rate (REER), inflation and unemployment. Results indicate that there exists a long run cointegration relationship between the indictors of macroeconomic instability and terrorism. FMOLS is employed to obtain the estimates and it reveals that budget deficit and external debt is negatively associated with terrorism. It indicates that government expenditures on different project such as infrastructure create economic opportunities, therefore, reduces terrorism. Furthermore, welfare programmes also improve the performance of socioeconomic variables that translates into harmonized environment which lessens violence. The variable of trade deficit, inflation and unemployment has positive impact on terrorism while REER is insignificant. In context of trade deficit, higher imports results in job loss of domestic industries, hence, it hits the vulnerable groups. Therefore, the opportunity cost of life of these groups reduces and it increases the probability to become a part of terrorist activities. Inflation also pushes the vulnerable groups in poverty by reduces the purchasing power and unemployed individuals are also easy target to get involve themselves in acts of aggression. This study also constructs the macroeconomic instability index including the six variables through principal component analysis (PCA). Results of this model show that macroeconomic instability index and GDP has positive effect on terrorism. In case of GDP, the plausible reason could be uneven income distribution that increases terrorist activities. For the policy implications, government need to divert the resources from non-productive to productive uses through the investment in such projects which has direct and indirect impact on the welfare. In this way deprived group will enjoy economic perks and engage themselves in productive activities rather than becoming a helping hand in terrorism.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Government expenditures instability"
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Diallo, Elhadj Mamadou Saliou. "Three essays on progress towards universal health coverage in developing countries." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UCFAD034.
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De nombreux efforts, et d’immenses progrès ont été réalisés ces dernières années par les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire vers la couverture universelle de santé. Celle-ci est atteinte lorsque tous les individus ont accès à des soins de santé de qualité lorsqu’ils en expriment le besoin, et sans encourir de difficultés financières. Cette thèse s’efforce de mesurer les progrès réalisés par les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire en matière de couverture universelle de santé, d’en déduire les déterminants et de mettre en évidence les effets que peuvent avoir la couverture universelle de santé sur l’état de santé. La thèse s’organise autour de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre montre l’effet des paiements directs sur la pauvreté. L’analyse vise à décrire la nécessité de progresser vers la couverture universelle de santé en mettant en exergue l’effet des paiements directs sur la pauvreté. Le deuxième chapitre vise à exposer les facteurs qui expliquent les progrès réalisés par certains pays en matière de couverture universelle de santé, en analysant l’effet spécifique des recettes du gouvernement. En outre, à la différence d’autres études, ce chapitre déduit le niveau minimal de recettes du gouvernement en pourcentage du PIB que les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire devraient mobiliser pour progresser significativement vers la couverture universelle de santé. Enfin, le chapitre trois étudie l’effet du progrès vers la couverture universelle de santé sur l’état de santéMany efforts and tremendous progress has been made in recent years by low- and middle-income countries towards universal health coverage. It is achieved when all individuals have access to quality health care when they need it, without incurring financial hardship. This thesis aims to measure the progress made by low- and middle-income countries in universal health coverage, deduce their determinants, and highlight the effects of universal health coverage on health outcomes. The thesis is organized around three chapters. The first chapter shows the effect of out-of-pocket expenditures on poverty. The analysis aims to show the necessity to move towards universal health coverage by highlighting the effect of out-of-pocket expenditures on poverty. The second chapter aims to show the factors that explain the progress made by some countries in universal health coverage and analyzing the specific effect of government revenue. In addition, this chapter, unlike other studies, deduces the minimum level of government revenue as a share of GDP that low and middle-income countries should mobilize to make significant progress towards universal health coverage. Finally, chapter three examines the effect of progress towards universal health coverage on health status
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Meyimdjui, Carine. "Essays on Public Policies of Food Crises and Exports Upgrading in Developing Countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD027_MEYIMDJUI.pdf.
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Les montées de prix des produits alimentaires au cours de la dernière décennie ont attiré l’attention sur une des sources de vulnérabilité les plus sévères dans les pays en développement. Au regard des défaillances du système financier (en l’occurrence le manque de produits d’assurance appropriés pour faire face aux chocs extérieurs), ces pays pour la plupart importateurs nets, ont vu leurs factures d’importations exploser à la suite des dernières flambées de prix de produits alimentaires. Cette thèse présente quelques essais analysant, d’une part les politiques publiques en réponse aux crises alimentaires, et d’autre part l’amélioration des exportations dans les pays en développement. Constituée de trois essais, la première partie de cette thèse se focalise sur les liens entre des variantes de politiques budgétaires et les chocs de prix alimentaires à l’importation. Le premier essai présente l’effet des chocs de prix alimentaires sur les dépenses publiques, tandis que les essais 2 et 3 s’attellent à analyser les effets des politiques budgétaires discrétionnaires et des relances budgétaires sur la consommation des ménages et l’instabilité socio-politique. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur les distorsions des prix au commerce agricole international, et l’amélioration des exportations. Dans le quatrième essai, nous analysons l’impact des variations climatiques sur les distorsions de prix au commerce international. L’essai 5, s’intéresse quant à lui, aux effets de la concentration et de la qualité des exportations sur la volatilité de la consommation des ménagesThe recent surges in food commodity prices have drawn attention on one of most severe sources of vulnerability for developing countries. In addition to financial constraints that these countries already face, (among these, the lack of insurance system to weather external shocks), their households also spend an outsized portion of their budgets on food consumption. Consequently, they experienced substantial increase in their import bills in the wake of surges in food prices. This thesis presents several essays that examine on one hand the public policies taken in response to import food shocks. On the other hand, since trade-related policies as well as exports concentration may also heighten countries’ vulnerability, relevant aspects of international trade are also discussed.The first half of this dissertation examines the link between import food price shocks and fiscal policy. Essay 1 describes the effect of food price shocks on governments' expenditure structure, while Essays 2 and 3 turn to how governments' use of discretionary fiscal policy and fiscal stimulus during food price shocks affect household consumption and socio-political instability.The second half of the thesis consists of two essays addressing agricultural price distortion and exports upgrading. Essay 4 lays out the impact of climatic variability on agricultural price distortions, while essay 5 focuses on how exports concentration and exports quality upgrading impact household consumption volatility
Books on the topic "Government expenditures instability"
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Office, General Accounting. Space station: Program instability and cost growth continue pending redesign : report to the Honorable Tim Roemer, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993.
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Space station: Program instability and cost growth continue pending redesign : report to the Honorable Tim Roemer, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
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Space station: Program instability and cost growth continue pending redesign : report to the Honorable Tim Roemer, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
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Kayizzi-Mugerwa, Steve. Uganda’s nascent oil sector: Revenue generation, investor-stakeholder alignment, and public policy. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/932-7.
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This paper discusses the political economy of oil in Uganda since the announcement of its discovery in 2006. It focuses on the dynamics of oil revenue generation (pre-commercial production) and expenditure, investor-stakeholder contestation (i.e. between bureaucrats, investors/oil companies, and domestic stakeholders), and the role of public policy. Although the Government has created several institutional and regulatory frameworks to manage oil-related revenues and ensure that oil contributes to structural transformation, Uganda is already experiencing many of the stylized facts associated with natural resource exploitation, including macroeconomic instability, rent dissipation, and, more broadly, threats of adverse impact on the environment and on local livelihoods in the oil regions. Besides these, Uganda, and similarly endowed African countries, face the economic challenges related to the global shift in recent decades towards a low-carbon development paradigm and the threatening prospect of oil investments becoming ‘stranded assets’. The latter issues are not yet part of the policy conversation in Uganda.