Relevant bibliographies by topics / Governing process

Academic literature on the topic 'Governing process'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Governing process"

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Hakari, Kari, and Liina-Kaisa Tynkkynen. "Governing the Innovation Process." International Journal of Public and Private Healthcare Management and Economics 3, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpphme.2013010101.

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Local governments in pursuit of their objectives have become increasingly dependent on the private and third sector actors. New Public Governance (NPG) is an approach to understand the production and delivery of public services in a fragmented and pluralist society. The development of health care and social services and the creation of service innovations have been a part of the ongoing change. Local governments have started to search for new approaches to service delivery in co-operation with private firms and third sector organizations. This study focuses on the role of local government as a meta-governor in creating and developing a service innovation called the Kotitori model in Tampere, Finland. Meta-governance is needed to govern complexity and plurality in a network society. Local authorities can exercise power by using meta-governance tools while sharing the responsibility for public governance with other actors. The results of this study suggest that tools provided by NPG theory can be identified in the process of developing a service innovation. Thus, it may be that local governments should use both hands-on and hand-off meta-governance tools in order to exercise successful meta-governance. The results also suggest that adequacy of the different meta-governance tools differs according to the stage of the innovation process. In this sense this study provides also new insight to the theory of NPG.
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Cuomo, Mario M. "Governing as an ADR process." Alternatives to the High Cost of Litigation 15, no. 3 (March 1997): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/alt.3810150302.

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Smallman, Clive, Gael McDonald, and Jens Mueller. "Governing the corporation: Structure, process and behaviour." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 2 (May 2010): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s183336720000211x.

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To those of us affected by the global recession that started in late 2007 (and it is hard to think of anyone in the world who is not touched by this massive downturn), it is sobering to realise that much of what has been wrought upon us is the result of decisions made behind closed doors by corporate directors, regulators and politicians. Boardroom, regulatory and political behaviours are all grounded in the desires, emotions and knowledge of the human beings who aspire to be business leaders, regulatory watchdogs and politicians.
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Qureshi, Irfan A., and Mark F. Mehler. "Epigenetic mechanisms governing the process of neurodegeneration." Molecular Aspects of Medicine 34, no. 4 (July 2013): 875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.06.011.

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Smallman, Clive, Gael McDonald, and Jens Mueller. "Governing the corporation: Structure, process and behaviour." Journal of Management & Organization 16, no. 2 (May 2010): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.16.2.194.

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To those of us affected by the global recession that started in late 2007 (and it is hard to think of anyone in the world who is not touched by this massive downturn), it is sobering to realise that much of what has been wrought upon us is the result of decisions made behind closed doors by corporate directors, regulators and politicians. Boardroom, regulatory and political behaviours are all grounded in the desires, emotions and knowledge of the human beings who aspire to be business leaders, regulatory watchdogs and politicians.
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Winch, Graham M. "Governing the project process: a conceptual framework." Construction Management and Economics 19, no. 8 (December 2001): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446190110074264.

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Markman, Gideon D., David B. Balkin, and Leon Schjoedt. "Governing the innovation process in entrepreneurial firms." Journal of High Technology Management Research 12, no. 2 (September 2001): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-8310(01)00040-2.

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Edwards, Bret. "Governing Global Aeromobility." Transfers 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2016.060303.

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This article surveys Canada’s regulatory response to global aeromobility in the late twentieth century. It examines the Canadian state’s strategies to restrict the movement of refugee claimants landing at airports during the 1980s and the national discourse around this process. Mass air travel enabled more refugees, particularly from the Global South, to travel to Canada and, in the process, challenged how the country governed aerial and cosmopolitan populations. In response, Canadian authorities erected an enforcement regime at the country’s international airports, which transformed them into contested entry points to national space and normative citizenship where links between mobility, borders, and nation were simultaneously reinforced and contested. This article thus provides an integral case study of national ambivalence toward global aeromobility in the late twentieth century.
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Ramasubbu, Narayan. "Governing Software Process Improvementsin Globally Distributed Product Development." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 40, no. 3 (March 2014): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.2013.58.

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Ryabov, D. V., T. G. Suris, V. Ya Varshavskii, V. B. Maizelis, and M. L. Uchitel'. "Laws governing the process of spinning isotropic pitches." Fibre Chemistry 23, no. 3 (1992): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00545867.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Governing process"

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Hamilton, R. Alexander. "Governing through risk : synthetic biology and the risk management process." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3206/.

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In recent years, synthetic biology – an emerging science that promises to ‘democratize’ bioengineering – has emerged as a key site of regulatory interest and concern. In the United States, in particular, these concerns have largely been voiced in relation to synthetic biology’s perceived capacity to enable an act of bioterrorism. This thesis examines the regulatory response – a ‘risk management process’ – that has been mounted to address this contingency, and which seeks to ‘secure’ and ‘sustain’ a science characterized by sharply contrasting expectations. In particular, this thesis engages with the discursive and non-discursive practices enacted by diverse scientific and technical experts determined to assess and manage ‘risks’ that threaten to exceed the very capacity of risk, as a ‘calculative rationality’, to tame chance and legitimize responsible action. Yet, in the face of uncertainty, and in stark contrast to the ‘risk society’ thesis, this thesis underlines that uncertainty is not an inhibition to risk management, but a call for more intensive and more creative ways of organizing uncertainty, enabling action in the present. Indeed, in the case of regulating synthetic biology, risk management is, above all, tailored to finding practical ‘solutions’ to seemingly intractable policy ‘problems’. In addition to its contribution to recent scholarship that has drawn on Foucault’s concept of ‘governmentality’ to examine how diverse social problems, ranging from climate change to terrorism, are ‘governed through risk’, this thesis critically examines how biotechnology’s pairing with the perceived threat of bioterrorism is influencing the manner in which modern biology is understood, represented, practiced and controlled. Thus, the case of synthetic biology examined in this thesis not only provides a lens through which to advance risk theory in sociology, but also serves as a vector through which to explore changing configurations of ‘risk’ and ‘risk responsibility’ in the contemporary life sciences.
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Chamala, Navneet Reddy. "Reasons Governing the Adoption and Denial of TickITplus : A Survey." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för programvaruteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10939.

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Context. Software Process Improvement (SPI) initiatives like Capability Maturity Model (CMM), Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), Bootstrap etc., have been developed on the primary agenda of continuous software process improvement. Similarly, about two decades ago, the United Kingdom Accreditation Services (UKAS) have laid down a set of guidelines based on the ISO quality standards for providing certification to organizations named TickIT. TickIT is now obsolete with its successor scheme TickITplus taking up its place with a lot of significant additions. All the companies which were certified based on TickIT guidelines (more than 1000 companies) were asked to move to TickITplus in order to keep their TickIT certification. However, until now it has been three years since the inception of TickITplus and only 70 companies have adopted TickITplus. This is way below relative to the number of TickIT certified organizations. The present thesis is done in order to find the factors why most of the companies have not adopted TickITplus and also why the 70 organizations have moved to TickITplus.   Objectives In this study, an attempt has been made to accomplish the following objectives: Identifying the changes that have been brought about in the new scheme. The factors that a software organization looks into while adopting or migrating to a new software quality certification scheme are identified. Validate these factors with the help of survey and interviews. Analyze the results of survey and interviews to provide the reasons why most of the organizations haven’t adopted TickITplus certification scheme. Methods. This research is done by using a mixed method approach by incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research methods. An online survey is conducted with the help of an online questionnaire as part of the quantitative leg. Two survey questionnaires have been framed to gather responses. With respect to the qualitative research method interviews are conducted to get a wider understanding about the factors that led an organization to migrate or not to migrate to TickITplus. The gathered data is analyzed using statistical methods like bivariate and univariate analysis for the quantitative method and thematic coding has been applied for the qualitative method. Triangulation method is used to validate the data obtained by correlating the results from the survey and interviews with those extracted from the literature review. Results. Results pertaining to the reasons why companies have moved to and also why other companies haven’t taken up TickITplus have been gathered from the survey and interviews. It was identified that high costs and low customer demand were the main reasons for the organizations not to choose TickITplus while among the organizations which have moved to TickITplus have also chosen the scheme based on customer requirement. However, few other reasons apart from these have also been identified which are presented in this document Conclusions. Conclusions have been drawn citing the importance of costs incurred for implementing TickITplus as a reason for not selecting TickITplus as it was considered very expensive. Among other reasons customer requirement was also low which was identified as a factor for the relatively low number of TickITplus certified organizations. On the other hand, among the TickITplus certified firms, customer demand forms the prominent reason for moving to TickITplus and lack of appropriate people to take up the work was considered as an important hindrance while implementing TickITplus. Several other reasons and challenges have also been identified which are clearly detailed in the document.
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Basu, Debabrata. "Democracy, good governance and social change : a study in the context of India’s governing process." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1452.

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Jun, M. S. "Governing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in California : analysis of the MLPA implementation process." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427878/.

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Neoliberal governance strategies have been hegemonic in shaping global policy toward Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) over the past two decades. This impact has manifested itself in two key dimensions: the prominence given to public-private partnerships (PPPs) and the dependency upon civil society, particularly in the form of non-governmental organisations (NGOs). As a result, it is necessary to give primacy to the implication of PPPs and the role of NGOs in considering how best to govern MPAs. This is particularly the case in relation to efforts which seek the ‘right’ combination of ‘the market’, ‘the people’ and ‘the state’. This thesis investigates the California Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) implementation process, and particularly the MLPA Initiative, which is widely publicised as a successful case of a science-based stakeholder-driven process through PPP. The thesis involves a thorough exploration of how an ideal combination could be achieved based on the Central Coast Study Region (CCSR) MLPA implementation process. Number of literary sources identified four key factors which have significantly contributed to the implementation of MLPA: 1) A strong legal mandate 2) Strong political will 3) A substantial level of stakeholder participation 4) Effective PPPs However, despite the widely publicised claims, research findings suggest that finding the ‘right’ combination for the MLPA implementation process remains a difficult task. The strong legal mandate, which has provided the foundation for the science used, constrained the stakeholder participation process. Indeed, it suggests that the terms ‘science-based’ and ‘stakeholder-driven’ could be to some extent, oxymorons, whilst strong political will could potentially compromise stakeholder participation. Effective PPPs for the MLPA Initiative represent a conundrum for PPP, since NGOs, including philanthropic foundations, increasingly exercise their influence on public policy to push through their agendas. Subsequently, PPP could potentially compromise the legitimacy of the process. Finally, the research findings suggest that the substantial level of stakeholder participation may not be a panacea for designating MPAs.
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De, Bruin Lizelle. "Budget control and monitoring challenges for school governing bodies / Lizelle de Bruin." Thesis, North-West University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10609.

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This study focussed on the budget control and monitoring challenges for school governing bodies. The study engaged a qualitative in-depth research into the challenges school governing bodies experience regarding budget control and monitoring based on the fact that budget control and monitoring are dimensional tools of financial management aimed at ensuring proper financial management and accountability. The research, grounded on social constructivism and employing a phenomenological pragmatic approach for data collection was purposely and conveniently confined to town schools in the Ekurhuleni District. Data was collected using interviews with school principals, finance officers and a treasurer and Institutional Development and Support Officers. Findings from the data indicated that while there were areas where school governing bodies did well, they faced numerous challenges in budget control and monitoring. It was found that there were challenges regarding the budgeting process in so far as budget preparation, budget implementation, and budget control and monitoring. Miscellaneous challenges influencing the budget control and monitoring process found included poor financial reporting, the low level of parental literacy which seemed to influence the meaningfulness of and realistic nature of the budgeting processes and the generic, inadequate and poor training school governors were provided with. Recommendation from the study mainly concern the provision of customised, focussed and needs-based training in financial and budget management after determining the skills audit to determine training and capacity building needs of school governors, holding principal to account for financial management as ex officio members of governing bodies, reviewing the quintile classification of schools based on the poverty index and considering the backgrounds of learners at town schools, who mostly are from previously disadvantaged backgrounds and ensuring that schools report on finances in languages parents understand and linking budgeting process to schools’ educational goals.
MEd (Education Management), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Petersson, Kenneth, Ulf Olsson, and John B. Krejsler. "Governing Europe by comparison, peer pressure & self-interest : On the Bologna Stocktaking Process as operator of national education policy." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科 技術・職業教育学研究室, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17027.

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Lundgren, Elin. "Evaluating resilience in the governing process of the food strategy for StockholmCounty : Resilience from theory to practice in a qualitativestudy." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-248386.

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To meet global challenges in food provision and to counteract environmental issues derivingfrom the food system, improved governance is necessary. Resilience is presented as a tool formanaging ecosystem services and for understanding what is required to achieve food security.In Sweden there is a national food strategy describing the continued development needed formeeting challenges in the food system. Several regional food strategies have been producedand an additional food strategy for Stockholm County is in the process of being developed byStockholm County Administrative Board. This food strategy could be of especial interest toevaluate due to Stockholm County being highly populated while having a low degree ofprimary food production. Assessing the governance system for the food strategy was ofinterests due to the large groups of stakeholders to consider in the process. The aim of thestudy was to add further knowledge on how resilience can be applied in practice by exploringthe extent of which the governance system for developing the food strategy promotesresilience. The research questions were formulated to investigate the governance system bymapping what stakeholders were involved in the process, what their responsibilities were andwhat relations existed between them. An additional research question was to test how thegovernance system promoted resilience by applying a set of principles for doing so. For collecting data, several stakeholders involved in developing the food strategy at the timeof the data collection were interviewed. Complementary data was also collected from journalarticles, books, documents provided by Stockholm County Administrative Board, websites,governmental publications and different kinds of reports. Quotes were selected to explain thefindings from the interviews, and a social network analysis was constructed to illustrate thestructure of the governance system. Another tool in the data analysis, which was also thepoint of the departure for constructing the research questions, was the resilience frameworkconsisting of a set of principles. Among these principles, five where applied for evaluating thegovernance system of the food strategy. The results were divided in two parts. The first section presents the results from performinginterviews by describing the governance system; identified stakeholders, their functions aswell as their relations. Two other themes identified from the interviews that were concludedto be important for the resulting governance system and also for the resilience evaluation were“collaboration” and “context”. Several stakeholders were identified, a few were concluded tobe more key than others as they belong to either the management group or the draftingcommittee. The stakeholders had national, regional and local responsibilities and were bothgovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The functions of the stakeholders werefor example to represent a certain part of the food system or contributing with national,regional or local knowledge about the food system. The relations among stakeholders in thegovernance system occurred between stakeholders working within the same geographicalscales and also between national, regional and local scales. In the center of the governancestructure were the management group that are to jointly decide on goals for the final strategydocument. The second part of the results constitutes the resilience evaluation, which was accomplishedby testing the results regarding the governance system (from part I) against the framework forresilience using the selected principles. These principles included maintain diversity andredundancy, manage connectivity, encourage learning, broaden participation and promotepolycentric governance. It was concluded that the governance system did follow all of theseprinciples in several aspects, but critical points were also identified. Among the positive  aspect were the positive attitude for learning among stakeholders in the governance system,the involvement of heterogenous groups interacting with one another and also themanagement group as a strong centre for decision-making. One of the main critical pointsidentified from performing the resilience evaluation suggests a few stakeholders to be lackingin the present governance system. The governance system for the food strategy had a large group of stakeholders, representingdifferent parts of the food system, including national/regional/local and governmental/nongovernmentalorganizations, interacting both within and across geographical scales. Theseaspects are important for promoting resilience according to the principles selected in thisstudy. By adding the suggested stakeholders, for example a few representatives from differentparts of the food system that was not involved in the process at the time of data collection, thegovernance system could promote resilience even more.
För att bemöta de globala problemen inom matförsörjning och miljöförstörelse som vi idagstår inför behövs styrningssystem som lämpar sig för detta. Resiliens är ett koncept som ärnära besläktat med hantering av ekosystemtjänster och som även kan bidra till ökad förståelseför vad som krävs för att uppnå en säker matförsörjning. I Sverige finns en nationelllivsmedelsstrategi som pekar ut en generell riktning för att hantera problemen inomlivsmedelssystemet. Det har även tagits fram flera regionala strategier i Sverige, ytterligare enstrategi tas nu fram av Länsstyrelsen i Stockholm. Denna strategi kommer att omfattaStockholms län och kan vara av särskild betydelse att granska då detta tätbefolkade län har enlåg försörjningsgrad av livsmedel. Styrningssystemet för strategin är relevant att granska i ochmed den stora gruppen aktörer som berörs av livsmedelsstrategin. Syftet med studien var attbidra med ytterligare kunskap om hur resiliensbegreppet kan användas i praktiken genom atttillämpa detta i livsmedelsstrategin för Stockholms län för att undersöka hur välstyrningssystemet bidrar till resiliens. Frågeställningen formulerades således för att undersökastrukturen av styrningssystemet genom att besvara vilka aktörer som ingick i styrningen, vilkaderas ansvarsområden var och vilka relationer som fanns emellan dem. Den sista delfrågan ifrågeställning handlade om att testa livsmedelsstrategins styrningssystem mot olika principersom föreslås gynna resiliens. För att samla in data genomfördes flera intervjuer med aktörer som var inblandade iframtagandet av livsmedelsstrategin under den tid då datainsamlingen ägde rum. Denna datahar även kompletterats med annat material så som vetenskapliga artiklar, böcker, dokumentsom Länsstyrelsen Stockholm bistått med, hemsidor, publiceringar från myndigheter ocholika slags rapporter. Citat användes för att understödja resultaten och en nätverksanalysgjordes för att illustrera styrningssystemets struktur. En ytterligare metod som användes föratt analysera data var ett ramverk för resiliens bestående av flera principer som bistår iutformningen av styrningssystem som gynnar resiliens. Resultaten i denna rapport har delats upp i två avsnitt. Det första avsnittet presenterarresultaten från intervjuerna och visar uppbyggnaden av styrningssystemet förlivsmedelsstrategin: vilka aktörer som var inblandade, vilka ansvarsområden de hade ochvilka relationer som fanns emellan dem. Ytterligare två teman framkom från intervjuerna,dessa ansågs relevanta för att beskriva styrningssystemet och även för resiliensanalysen.Dessa teman kategoriserades som ”samarbetet” och ”kontexten”. Flera aktörer ingick istyrningssystemet, av dessa ansågs några ha mer påverkan på styrningen genom sinmedverkan antingen i styrningsgruppen eller beredningsgruppen. I styrningssystemet fannsbåde nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer, från myndigheter såväl som från andraorganisationstyper. Aktörernas ansvarområdens grundade sig huvudsakligen i vilken del avlivsmedelssystemet de representerade och om de bistod med nationella, regionala eller lokalakompetenser. Relationerna mellan de olika aktörerna skedde både mellan aktörer som verkadeinom samma geografiska skala, men även mellan nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer. Icentrum av styrningssystemet fanns styrningsgruppen som tillsammans ska besluta om måleni strategidokumentet. Den andra delen av resultaten består av en resiliensutvärdering som testar det resulterandestyrningssystemet (del I) mot ett ramverk för resiliens genom att tillämpa några utvaldaprinciper. Dessa principer var ”bibehåll diversitet och överskott”, ”hanterasammankopplingar”, ”uppmuntra lärande”, ”bredda deltagande” och ”uppmuntrapolycentriska styrningssystem”. Styrningssystemet följde dessa principer i flera avseenden,  men det fanns också utrymme för förbättring. Bland aktörerna som ingick i styrningssystemetfanns en inställning som uppmuntrade lärande i enlighet med principerna. Gruppen aktörerbestod av olika slags organisationer som interagerade med varandra, vilket också uppmuntrasav resiliensprinciperna. Utöver detta var också kärnan av styrningssystemet, bestående avstyrningsgruppen med beslutanderätt, en annan egenskap hos styrningssystemet som gynnarresiliens. Det framgick också av resiliens-utvärderingen att ytterligare inblandning av ett antalaktörer kan vara önskvärt. Detta är en av de viktigare slutsatserna om vad som kan ändras föratt förbättra resiliensen i den nuvarande styrningen. Styrningssystemet av livsmedelsstrategin består av en stor grupp aktörer som representerarolika delar av livsmedelssystemet. Dessa är nationella, regionala och lokala aktörer, bådemyndigheter och andra slags organisationer. Relationer finns också mellan aktörer som verkarbåde inom samma geografiska område likväl som över sådana gränser. Dessa egenskaper ärviktiga för ett styrningssystem som gynnar resiliens enligt de principer som har använts i denhär studien. Genom att involvera ytterligare några aktörer, exempelvis från några delar avlivsmedelssystemet som inte fanns representerade i strategin vid datainsamlingen, kanstyrningssystemet till en ännu högre grad bidra till att stödja resiliens.
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Mampane, Sharon Thabo. "How school governing bodies understand and implement changes in legislation with respect to the selection and appointment of teachers." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28176.

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This study investigated the legislation (the Education Laws Amendment Act, Act 24 of 2005) dealing with teacher selection and appointment. It focused specifically on the principles equity, redress and representivity changes in legislation. Not only do these principles encourage the equal advancement of everybody’s interests but they also serve as a means of establishing an appropriate balance between conflicting interests. The primary purpose of the study was to determine whether or not the racial group to which the school governing body members belong had an effect on the way in which they interpreted and implemented legislation, and if so, to what these could be ascribed. Five schools’ governing bodies in the Tshwane South District of the Gauteng Province were interviewed using semi structured, open-ended interviews to investigate the extent to which their staff composition has changed as a result of the new legislation. A qualitative research paradigm allowed me to adopt a constructivist/interpretivist approach to data collection and analysis. Indications from data were that the understanding and interpretation of SGBs across racial divides are influenced by their different cultural and linguistic preferences, their different political and educational histories and the contexts in which they work. These differences indicated that deeply entrenched racial stereotypes and strong attachments to a specific school culture, language or ethnic traditions could be influencing the final decision on short listing taken by the SGBs represented in my study. Suggestions are that legislation implementation should be addressed at all stages; that is, reviewing performance, considering reasons for governance difficulty or failure, designing alternative interventions, and interpreting evaluation results as an intervention practice for legislation success. Based on my research findings I would therefore suggest that the key reason for the lack of transformation in the staff composition of public schools is the short period of time that has elapsed since the promulgation of the Education Laws Amendment Act of 2005. Given that transformation is a social process and that stereotypes are key obstacles to transformation, I believe that, as far as the schools in my sample are concerned, their staff compositions will eventually change.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Education Management and Policy Studies
unrestricted
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Jaysauriya, Jayantha Chandrasiri. "The fair hearing guarantee under Article 14 of the ICCPR, and the common law principles governing the conduct of a criminal trial: identical or overlapping? :the Hong Kongexperince." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220976.

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Santos, Nirian Martins Silveira dos. "O processo decis??rio de governan??a de dados." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2016. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2099.

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Organizations continually invest in technologies for the processing of data and information, whose growth rate is increasing. In this context, managers realize the potential and relevance of information in decision-making processes. Ie, the information has consolidated its role as organizational asset, like the technology resources. However, for the information generate competitive advantage and be effective, it is necessary to establish roles and responsibilities as well as rules and policies related to data governance. This study falls within that scope of research and aims to propose an instrument to investigate and understand the decision-making data governance in organizations, identifying the profile of decision-makers and the main types of decisions in this area. The investigation led to a matrix of arrays in data governance, which structured five key decisions (data principles, data quality, metadata and architecture, data security and data lifecycle) and six archetypes (Business monarchy, IT monarchy, feudalism, federalism, duopoly and anarchy), which enable the mapping of decision making data.
As organiza????es investem continuamente em tecnologias para o processamento de dados, cujo ritmo de crescimento ?? cada vez maior. Nesse contexto, os gestores percebem o potencial e a relev??ncia das informa????es nos processos de tomada de decis??o. Ou seja, a informa????o tem consolidado o seu papel de ativo organizacional, a exemplo dos recursos de tecnologia. Contudo, para que as informa????es gerem vantagem competitiva e sejam efetivas, ?? necess??rio estabelecer papeis e responsabilidades, bem como regras e pol??ticas relativas ?? governan??a de dados. Este estudo se insere nesse escopo de investiga????o e tem como objetivo propor um instrumento para investigar e compreender o processo decis??rio de governan??a de dados nas organiza????es, identificando o perfil dos tomadores de decis??es e os principais tipos de decis??es nessa ??rea. A investiga????o conduziu a uma matriz de arranjos em governan??a de dados, que estruturou cinco decis??es-chave (princ??pios de dados, qualidade de dados, arquitetura e meta-dados, seguran??a de dados e ciclo de vida dos dados) e seis arqu??tipos (monarquia de neg??cio, monarquia de TI, feudalismo, federalismo, duop??lio e anarquia), que viabilizam o mapeamento do processo decis??rio sobre dados.
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Books on the topic "Governing process"

1

Cole, Alistair. Governing and governance in France. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Governing and governance in France. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Governing race: Policy, process, and the politics of race. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2000.

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Richardson, J. J. Governing under pressure: The policy process in a post-parliamentary democracy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.

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1960-, Jeffreys Elaine, ed. China's governmentalities: Governing change, changing government. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2009.

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Weaver, Kenneth L. Governing Montana at the grass roots: Local government structure, process and politics. Bozeman, Mont: MSU-Bozeman Local Government Center, 2002.

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Accountability in crises and public trust in governing institutions. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Aspatore, Inc. ADR client strategies in Asia: Leading lawyers on navigating the negotiation process, advising multinational clients, and understanding the key laws governing ADR in this region. [Boston, Mass.]: Aspatore, 2009.

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United States. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, ed. Working with section 106: 36 CFR part 800 : protection of historic properties : regulations of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation governing the section 106 review process. [Washington, D.C.?]: The Council, 1986.

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Wirick, David W. The creation of dynamic regulatory institutions: Essays on emergent and self-governing regulatory systems, the information ecology of the regulatory process, conflict transformation, and regulatory convergence : with a guide to implementation. Columbus, Ohio (1080 Carmack Rd., Columbus 43210-1002): National Regulatory Research Institute, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Governing process"

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Kumar Bhandari, Ram. "Governing Conflict Victims in Nepal." In Nepal’s Peace Process, 72–84. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003289876-6.

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Duggan, Niall. "Hegemonic Political Discourse in the Chinese Foreign-Policy Process." In Governing China in the 21st Century, 149–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8813-2_7.

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Frosio, Giancarlo. "Algorithmic Enforcement Tools: Governing Opacity with Due Process." In Driving Forensic Innovation in the 21st Century, 195–218. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56556-4_9.

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Jakobi, Anja P. "Governing War Economies: Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberley Process." In The Transnational Governance of Violence and Crime, 84–105. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137334428_5.

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Ye, Lin. "Governing City Regions in China: Process, Policies, and Politics." In Urban and Regional Governance in China, 19–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45040-6_2.

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Acker, Sandra, and Michelle Webber. "Discipline and Publish: The Tenure Review Process in Ontario Universities." In Assembling and Governing the Higher Education Institution, 233–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52261-0_13.

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Wang, Hannah M., Beril Bulat, Stephen Fujimoto, and Seth Frey. "Governing for Free: Rule Process Effects on Reddit Moderator Motivations." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 97–105. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19682-9_14.

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Brøgger, Katja. "The Bologna Process: From Hard Government to Soft Governance." In Governing through Standards: the Faceless Masters of Higher Education, 51–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00886-4_3.

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Brøgger, Katja. "The Infrastructure of the Bologna Process: Standards as Technology." In Governing through Standards: the Faceless Masters of Higher Education, 87–138. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00886-4_5.

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Selg, Peeter, Georg Sootla, and Benjamin Klasche. "From De-Problematized Expert Knowledge to Politics of Critical Dialogue: Toward Process-Relational Policy Theories." In A Relational Approach to Governing Wicked Problems, 223–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24034-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Governing process"

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Mouhib, Nora, Slimane Bah, and Abdelaziz Berrado. "Governing the Generic System Development Process Using Cybernetic Principles." In 2019 4th World Conference on Complex Systems (WCCS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icocs.2019.8930755.

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Beydina, Tatiana E. "Governing Characteristics Of Interaction With Russia, China, Mongolia As A Political Process." In International Scientific Conference. European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.06.14.

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Ji Gao, Hexin Lv, and Zhiyong Jing. "CPGASDEN: Cooperation process governing architecture based on social dependence evolusion networks." In 2013 International Conference on Mechatronic Sciences, Electric Engineering and Computer (MEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mec.2013.6885325.

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Торосьянц, Надежда, Nadezhda Toros'yanc, Татьяна Сушкова, and Tatiana Sushkova. "THE PROCESS AND STAGES OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTING." In Modern problems of an economic safety, accounting and the right in the Russian Federation. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conferencearticle_5c5061686747c5.23840457.

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This article discusses the essence of forensic accounting expertise, describes the main legal documents governing its conduct. Disputes on which the SBE is appointed and the main stages of its carrying out are revealed are considered.
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Yu, Chan, Kishore Pochiraju, and Souran Manoochehri. "Pultrusion Process Analysis Using Knowledge-Based System." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49895.

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This paper describes the development and validation of analytical and numerical procedures for the simulation of temperature and cure profiles for the pultrusion process. The governing equations for heat transfer and the resin cure reaction during pultrusion are presented and finite-difference procedure is developed to solve the governing equations. Then analytical and numerical procedures are integrated into the ACES (Automated Concurrent Engineering System) software environment. It is shown that the procedures are numerically stable and predict the temperature and cure profiles, which are in good agreement with those published by other researchers. This analysis leads to the prediction of the temperature and cure distribution along the length and through the thickness of the composite. The prediction of the temperature and cure distribution enables proper selection of process variables, which affects the production rate and quality of the parts.
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Subramanian, Vijayasarathy, and Suresh Dayakar. "Self-Governing Commute for People with Disability in Autonomous/Shared Mobility by Universal Design Process." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-26-0122.

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Konkovs, Karlis Aleksandrs, Rasa Ikstena, Ilze Zvera, Maris Ozolins, and Raimonds Ernsteins. "Lake governance developments in Latvia: lake Lubans governing process studies applying governance system framing model." In 23rd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2022”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2022.56.019.

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The overall frame of this research was the governance process of surface water resources in Latvia, particularly, public lakes, to be studied by applying triple dimensional governance framing model of complementary dimensions of governance stakeholders, governance content and governance instruments. Studies were realized in the area of Lake Lubans, administratively located on the border areas between two municipalities of Madona and Rezekne in the eastern part of the country. Lake Lubans is the largest lake in Latvia, as well as the largest dammed lake in Europe, included in surrounding NATURA 2000 nature reserve territory as also nationally largest inland protected wetland complex (Lubana Wetland/Ramsar site, 2009). Case Study Research methodology was applied by approaching the study area not only as a nature protection area but especially as a socio-ecological territorial and human system, using indepth semi-structured interviews in the surrounding areas/administrative territories with all main local-regional and also national stakeholder groups, as well as, applying document studies and territorial/objects’ observations. The National Nature Protection Agency’s Latgale region branch as the legal administrator supervises all nature protection territories in the region and also the Lubana Wetland, which is still lacking statutory Nature Protection Plan for the area; and, due to very limited administrative capacities, Agency is to be oriented more towards c ooperation with various other national and regional institutions from very different sectors, being organized under mainly two ministries involved – Environmental and Regional Development Ministry (nature, environmental, municipal and regional development sectors) and Agriculture Ministry (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, water infrastructure sectors), as well as, particularly, with many municipalities in the wetland area. But municipalities have to take into account also interests of local communities, the basic socio-economic development situation and possibilities, having also limited capacities, sometimes also approaches, which all is to be combined with strong nature protection requirements and limitations. This governance landscape requires co-relation of various and diverse interests and creates a rather fragmented and underdeveloped management of the lake. Lake water levels are fully regulated by the national Water infrastructure agency using dams and other hydro-technical systems, while water areas are used not only for highly popular angling, but also for active commercial fishing and various recreational activities, tourism, esp. bird watching etc., thus also keeping strong nature protection status in the same time, which all represent a unique challenge for to be developed multi-stakeholders and socioecological system (SES) approach for lake governance (assessment, planning, collaborative management, monitoring, and communication) developments in Latvia and alike.
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Yang, Jing, and Yogesh Jaluria. "Transport Processes Governing the Drawing of a Hollow Optical Fiber." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56124.

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This paper presents a mathematical model to simulate the silica hollow optical fiber drawing process. Two neck-down profiles, which represent the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber, are generated by using an iterative numerical scheme. The zonal method is applied to calculate the radiative transport within the glass. The effects of variable properties for air and buoyancy are investigated and results indicate that these can be neglected for simulating the draw process. The validation of the model is carried out by comparing the results with those obtained by using the optical thick method as well as those for a solid-core fiber. The effect of drawing parameters like the temperature of the furnace, feeding speed and drawing speed on the temperature and velocity distributions and on the draw tension are studied. It is found that the geometry and qualities of the final hollow optical fiber are highly dependent on the drawing parameters, especially the drawing temperature and the feeding speed.
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Wang, Yunfeng, and Gregory S. Chirikjian. "Workspace Generation As a Diffusion Process." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/mech-14063.

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Abstract In this paper we show that the workspace of a highly articulated manipulator can be found by solving a partial differential equation. This diffusion-type equation describes the evolution of the workspace density function depending on manipulator length and kinematic properties. The support of the workspace density function is the workspace of the manipulator. The PDE governing workspace density evolution is solvable in closed form using the Fourier transform on the group of rigid-body motions. We present numerical results that use this technique.
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KIM, JANETTE. "Rules of the Game: Tools for Governing Climate Justice." In 2021 AIA/ACSA Intersections Research Conference. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.inter.21.20.

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Public engagement in climate adaptation planning is often described as a matter of urgency. Global, atmospheric change indeed amplifies the need to build trust, transparency, and consensus. However, rushing to action can preclude a deeper interrogation of the very political and economic systems that framed climate insecurity in the first place. This paper reflects on a public decision-making tool that navigates this tension between pragmatic action and structural reform. In It Together is a tabletop board game that engages urban stakeholders in a probing deliberative process over sea level rise adaptation and social equity. Originally designed by the author to facilitate public engagement in the 2017-8 San Francisco Bay Resilient by Design Challenge, this game has been revised for publication and widespread release to designers, community-based organizations and city agencies. The revised version of the game invites players to challenge rules of fair play and rewrite common protocols of urban development. This paper will unpack the rule sets, logics, and opportunities for resistance orchestrated by this game to both ready pragmatic opportunities for action and unearth more enduring strategies for sharing power and resources.
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Reports on the topic "Governing process"

1

Chambers, S. A., and G. E. Brown. Molecular-level process governing the interaction of contaminants with iron and manganese oxides. 1998 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13525.

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Usai, Jannet, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Herbal Medicines Registration Process for Zimbabwe Overview of the Process. Purdue University, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317434.

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Unregistered traditional medicines pose a huge public health threat as the safety and efficacy of these products is unknown. The issue this study addresses is the inadequate regulatory measures for herbal medicines in Zimbabwe. This project was done to describe the current registration process of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, and to identify the gaps and opportunities they present to improve the regulatory landscape. Regulations and laws governing the registration of herbal medicines in the country and published research on legislation of herbal medicines were reviewed. Two parallel regulatory bodies both registering and controlling the sale of herbal medicines were identified. The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) and the Traditional Medical Practitioners Association (TMPA) both derive their authority to regulate from the ministry of health and were established through the act of parliament which gives these authorities power to regulate the quality and sale of traditional medicines without giving a prescriptive way of doing it. The registration process, and product evaluations for the two authorities are different. While the MCAZ has a clearly defined registration process, the TMPA does not. However, MCAZ has not been very successful in registering local products with the majority of the registered herbal products being imports and only 2% of total registered products being local herbs. As a recommendation, there is need for collaboration between the regulatory bodies for consistence in quality of herbal products on the market and to improve registration of local herbal products. Developing monographs for local herbs commonly used in the country will also assist local manufacturer to fulfill the quality requirements and successful compilation of dossiers for product registration.
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Ríos, Germán, Abelardo Daza, José Manuel Puente, and Alesia Rodríguez. The Political Economy of the Budget Process: The Case of Venezuela. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008746.

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This study seeks to provide an analysis based on positive and empirical approaches to the budget-making process in Venezuela from 1974 to 2004 in order to understand budget expenditure decisions and to analyze the actors and forces which affect the outcome. It will tackle the following tasks: Analyze the main actors (formal and informal) involved in the budget-making process and explain how they shape this process. Three different actors will be analyzed: the Executive, the Congress, and the different economic and political interest groups that influence budget allocations in the Executive-Legislative process. Also presents econometric evidence about the main political and economic determinants of fiscal performance, discuss whether different political and institutional arrangements governing the budget process affect incentives for the composition of the budget, and how this occurs.
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Araujo, María Caridad, Andrés Mejía Acosta, and Vicente Albornoz. The political economy of the budget process: The case of Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009198.

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This study describes the main actors (formal and informal) involved in the budget-making process in Ecuador, and presents evidence regarding the main political and economic determinants of fiscal performance. It also discusses whether different political and institutional arrangements governing the budget process affect incentives for the composition of the budget. This paper seeks to fill a gap in the scholarly literature by analyzing the formal rules, incentives, and coalition dynamics of the relevant budget players behind the process of design, approval, execution, and oversight of budgets. The current research agenda requires a systematic analysis of the different arenas and stages in which budgets are made. The variable of interest is the quality of budget outcomes, a composite notion that seeks to evaluate four dimensions of budget performance: whether budgets allocations are representative of the interests of the majority, are sustainable over time, are efficiently allocated, and can be adaptable to changing economic circumstances. The paper tests the validity of the proposed analysis of budget dynamics in Ecuador, a country where major political and economic transformations of recent years, including the adoption of considerable constitutional reforms in 1998 and the move to dollarization in 2000 should have altered the representative, efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability of budget outcomes.
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Tkachenko, Tatyana, Evgeny Silchuk, Lidiya Neupokoeva, Anastasia Shestakova, Natalia Berthold, Olesya Pasko, Igor Koloman, Anastasia Shaforostova, Dmitry Syskov, and Svetlana Tuzlukova. Information technologies in pedagogy: the information educational environment of the Medical University. SIB-Expertise, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0787.29012024.

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The electronic educational resource is designed for teachers to master the theoretical foundations and practical skills of using information technology in the educational process and education management, as well as the application of various models of e-learning (EE) and distance learning technologies (DOT) in teaching practice. The electronic educational resource provides for the study of the regulatory framework governing the use of information and distance learning technologies in the education system. Formation and improvement of skills in using the tools of the digital educational environment of the medical university in the context of the transformation of distance learning. The course contains 2 modules MODULE 1. Information technology in education management. MODULE 2. Information technology in the educational process
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Brink, Malia, Jiacheng Yu, and Pamela Metzger. Grading Injustice: Initial Appearance Report Cards. SMU Dedman School of Law, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25172/dc.9.

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Arrested people across the United States often wait in jail for days, weeks, or even months before seeing a judge or meeting an attorney. In November 2021, the Deason Criminal Justice Reform Center published Ending Injustice: Solving the Initial Appearance Crisis, a comprehensive report about this ongoing crisis in pre-trial due process. That report described the devastating consequences of delayed and uncounseled initial appearances. Now, these Initial Appearance Report Cards offer a closer look at the laws governing post-arrest procedures in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. While the Deason Center’s previous report provided an overview of the initial appearance crisis nationwide, the Initial Appearance Report Cards are a rigorous assessment of the laws in almost every jurisdiction in the country. These report cards reveal enormous gaps in the legal protections accorded to people accused of crimes, illuminating both the scope of the initial appearance crisis and our urgent need to solve it.
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Schelsky, Wendy, Kimberly Burkwald, Dusty Swedberg, and Mason Dillard. Endangered Species Mitigation Needs Assessment. Illinois Center for Transportation, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/24-004.

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The Illinois Department of Transportation, like most other state transportation agencies, must undergo an environmental review for each transportation project. IDOT identified several challenges that involve regulatory and implementation of federal and state laws protecting threatened and endangered species. We evaluated each state’s environmental review process as it pertained to statutes governing state imperiled species (i.e., threatened, and endangered, rare, or otherwise imperiled). Our recommendations from this review of what other state transportation and natural resource agencies have done to improve environmental review processes at the state level include establishing liaison agents with outside regulatory agencies. We also suggest that IDOT, after establishing a liaison, work with each agency to evaluate species or habitats that repeatedly cause issues to project timelines and budgets. Conservation banking and advanced mitigation frameworks are often built upon state legislation that would require conservation banks to be established or a series of programmatic agreements and other instruments into a comprehensive plan, respectively. Lastly, research funding, often a favorite of state agencies because it is easy to implement, often does not prevent species loss from occurring. Our research has identified successful examples from other state transportation agencies that have improved upon the efficiency and predictability of compensatory mitigation for the incidental take of threatened and endangered species.
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Chen, Weixing. PR-378-083601-R02 Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011010.

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This report summarizes the work completed in Phase 1 and Phase 2 of PRCI SCC-2-12 project: Effect of Pressure Fluctuations on Growth Rate of Near-Neutral pH SCC. The following two insights from the two-phase PRCI SCC 2-12 project can be proven to be the most important: 1) The identification of three types of pressure fluctuations and their different susceptibility to crack growth; 2) The importance of load interaction effects during variable amplitude pressure fluctuations in the prediction of crack growth rate. The work has enabled us to divide near-neutral pH SCC cracking into the following two governing processes: the dissolution growth process for crack initiation and early stage crack growth and the hydrogen facilitated fatigue growth after crack initiation and dormancy. The first process features very high rate of dissolution at the pipe surface caused by various forms of galvanic processes and reduced crack growth in the depth direction leading to crack dormancy. The hydrogen facilitated fatigue growth process has been determined to be predominant for the crack growth after crack initiation and dormancy. Depending on the location of pipeline sections, the pressure fluctuations could be characterized into three types based on the relative pressure levels of the large loading events and the minor cycles. It has been determined from extensive experimental investigations that crack growth under Type I pressure fluctuations with frequent underload cycles, which is often found within 30 km downstream of a compressor station, can be enhanced significantly because of effects of load interactions of variable amplitude of cyclic loading. The load-interactions during SCC of pipeline steels in near-neutral pH environments are complex, which include both the time independent load-history interactions and the time dependent load interactions related to the rate of diffusion of hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement in response to various scenarios of pressure fluctuations. Based on the experimental findings obtained, strategies for mitigating near-neutral pH crack initiation and crack growth during field operations have been proposed. The experimental findings have also been integrated into a software, namely the Pipe-Online, for making crack growth and remaining life prediction. For the purpose of capturing all the crack-growth contributing events of pressure fluctuations for life predictions, a method of recording pressure fluctuations has also been developed.
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Letcher, Theodore, Kent Sparrow, and Sandra LeGrand. Establishing a series of dust event case studies for East Asia. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47824.

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Dust aerosols have a wide range of effects on air quality, health, land-management decisions, aircraft operations, and sensor data interpretations. Therefore, the accurate simulation of dust plume initiation and transport is a priority for operational weather centers. Recent advancements have improved the performance of dust prediction models, but substantial capability gaps remain when forecasting the specific location and timing of individual dust events, especially extreme dust outbreaks. Operational weather forecasters and US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) researchers established a series of reference case study events to enhance dust transport model evaluation. These reference case studies support research to improve modeled dust simulations, including efforts to increase simulation accuracy on when and where dust is lofted off the ground, dust aerosols transport, and dust-induced adverse air quality issues create hazardous conditions downstream. Here, we provide detailed assessments of four dust events for Central and East Asia. We describe the dust-event lifecycle from onset to end (or when dust transports beyond the area of interest) and the synoptic and mesoscale environ-mental conditions governing the process. Analyses of hourly reanalysis data, spaceborne lidar and aerosol optical depth retrievals, upper-air soundings, true-color satellite imagery, and dust-enhanced false-color imagery supplement the discussions.
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Chambers, S. A., and Jr G. E. Brown. Molecular-Level Processes Governing the Interaction of Contaminants with Iron and Manganese Oxides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/825969.

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