Academic literature on the topic 'Governance territoriale comunitaria'

La presente analisi, unitamente alle principali innovazioni concernenti la politica comunitaria di coesione nel periodo 2007-2013, ne evidenzia la stretta connessione con le altre politiche comunitarie e le politiche nazionali di sviluppo socio-economico. La complementaritŕ, orizzontale e verticale, tra le stesse č chiamata a dispiegarsi nell'ambito di una necessaria governance multilivello proceduralmente integrata, cooperativamente caratterizzata ed alla costante ricerca di efficacia rispetto all'obiettivo di ridurre i divari nei livelli di sviluppo tra i diversi territori europei. Alla luce di ciň, l'analisi mira a dimostrare che l'integrazione negli aspetti procedimentali ed organizzativi ed il metodo del partenariato/ cooperativo si presentano quali condizioni di realizzabilitŕ e prioritŕ strumentali per la convergenza nelle scelte di fondo della politica unitaria regionale.

L'articolo sottolinea le novitŕ piů importanti introdotte dal Trattato di Lisbona a difesa del ruolo delle autonomie territoriali a livello europeo. Riprendendo il corpus di disposizioni giŕ proposte dalla Convenzione europea, il Trattato presenta un articolato disegno volto al coinvolgimento delle regioni e degli enti locali nel sistema europeo di governance multilivello. Questo disegno č riconducibile a tre nuclei principali: il riconoscimento delle autonomie territoriali come attori dell'ordinamento giuridico, l'attribuzione, all'interno del nuovo meccanismo di controllo del principio di sussidiarietŕ, di strumenti di partecipazione al processo decisionale comunitario e di tutela delle sfere di competenze e, infine, la garanzia di tali strumenti attraverso il riconoscimento del diritto di ricorso del Comitato delle Regioni alla Corte di giustizia.

A partir de considerar el consenso que existe sobre la necesidad de asumir un enfoque territorial para la construcción de la paz y de las diferentes maneras de concebirlo, el presente artículo explora los aportes extraídos del análisis realizado sobre las organizaciones sociales y comunitarias de los municipios de San Vicente del Caguán, La Macarena y Tumaco, útiles para concretar ese concepto. De este modo, partiendo del reconocimiento de la necesidad de combinar las interpretaciones de las tensiones del orden nacional con las dinámicas locales y regionales, se afirma que precariedad o ausencia de las instituciones del Estado, no implica la inexistencia de regulación social en los territorios estudiados. Prestando especial atención a las complejas relaciones que existen entre comunidades y grupos armados en los contextos estudiados, la mirada aquí provista triangula los acumulados de las investigaciones del CINEP-ODECOFI, con el estudio de los procesos de configuración territorial de los municipios en cuestión, explicando las diferencias en la inserción de los territorios en el conflicto armado, y el papel de las organizaciones sociales y comunitarias en la regulación de la vida en estos territorios. Se hace visible, entonces, la necesidad de diseñar e implementar políticas diferenciadas según los contextos regionales y el estilo de presencia guerrillera, reconociendo y abordando de manera diferenciada a los órdenes sociales no estatales, con diferentes grados de autonomía y dependencia de los actores armados. La consideración de estos órdenes y sus diferencias, invita a proponer un ajuste secuencial a la institucionalidad estatal en la localidad: lo que implica emprender una transición gradual de estas formas de regulación hacia el fortalecimiento de la administración de las instituciones del Estado en la localidad. El reconocimiento de las Gobernabilidades híbridas sería el primer paso a dar en una estrategia de integración de los poderes existentes para el fortalecimiento del Estado en el nivel local y sublocal.Palabras Clave: San Vicente del Caguán, La Macarena y Tumaco, Paz territorial, Gobernabilidades híbridas, Conflicto armado, Organizaciones sociales. ABSTRACTHYBRID GOVERNANCE OR INSTITUTIONALIZED GOVERNANCE IN COLOMBIA? ELEMENTS FOR THINKING OF TERRITORIAL PEACE IN A TRANSITION SCENARIOConsidering the consensus that exists on the need to take a territorial approach to the construction of peace and the different ways of conceiving it, this article explores the contributions extracted from the analysis carried out on the social and community organizations of the municipalities of San Vicente del Caguán, La Macarena and Tumaco, useful to specify this concept. Thus, based on the recognition of the need to combine the interpretations of the tensions of the national order with the local and regional dynamics, it is affirmed that precariousness or absence of the State institutions does not imply the absence of social regulation in the territories studied . With special attention to the complex relationships between communities and armed groups in the contexts studied, the view provided here triangulates the accumulated research of CINEP-ODECOFI, with the study of the processes of territorial configuration of the municipalities in question, explaining The differences in the insertion of the territories in the armed conflict, and the role of social and community organizations in the regulation of life in these territories.The need to design and implement differentiated policies according to the regional contexts and the style of guerrilla presence is thus visible, recognizing and addressing in a differentiated way the non-state social orders, with different degrees of autonomy and dependence on the armed actors. The consideration of these orders and their differences invites us to propose a sequential adjustment to state institutionality in the locality, which implies a gradual transition of these forms of regulation towards the strengthening of the administration of state institutions in the locality. Recognition of hybrid Governance would be the first step in a strategy of integrating existing powers for the strengthening of the State at the local and sub-local levels.Key Words: San Vicente del Caguán, La Macarena and Tumaco, territorial peace, hybrid governance, armed conflict, social organizations

<p align="justify">La Administración local está llamada a convertirse en un actor básico en la adopción de decisiones a todos los niveles institucionales. Las novedades que esta realidad presenta en el panorama administrativo permiten abordar el estudio de dos de los aspectos básicos de los futuros entes locales: su activa participación en la gobernanza multinivel y la perspectiva exterior de su actividad, a través de la cooperación y la colaboración con entes locales vecinos o de otros Estados. La diversidad de nuestras sociedades y la consecución de la cohesión económica, social y territorial a nivel comunitario determinan el sentido de los Entes locales y las funciones que deberán asumir. >strong>The local authority is called to be a core actor in the decision-making at all institutional levels. These developments in the administrative context can approach the study of two basic aspects of future local authorities: their active participation in multi-level governance and the external perspective of its activities, through cooperation and collaboration with neighboring local governments or from other States. The diversity of our societies and the attainment of economic, social and territorial cohesion at EU level determine the meaning of local organizations and the roles they will assume.</strong></p>

The European integration process has been characterized by a growing interest for the territorial dimension of community policies. During the last 20 years, the EU elaborated several attempts to correct the growing territorial disequilibria caused by its achievements in terms of economic integration. The discourse underlying EU territorial interventions and the set of tools and actions explicitly or implicitly focusing on territorial goals is usually referred at as European spatial planning. At the same time, the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 produced a radical change in the perspective of future European integration. The European Council held in Copenhagen in 1993 officially opened a process that in some ten years would have granted the EU membership to ten post-socialist Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia Bulgaria e Romania). Whereas the simultaneous accession of such an heterogeneous group of nations represents a new chance in terms of widening and deepening of European integration, it also represent the hardest challenge faced by the EU throughout its history. The territorial impact of the enlargement appears particularly relevant, with 92% of the population of the new member states leaving in regions with a GDP per capita lower than the 75% of EU average. The described emergencies represented as many potential threat for the process of European integration, leading the European Commission to produce a set of document analyzing the territorial impact of the future enlargement, and to introduce specific tools to support candidate countries’ road towards EU membership. For similar reasons, also the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), by the most defined the proudest achievement of European spatial planning, highlighted the importance to consider CEECs’ peculiar reality within the future cohesion policy. The same is true for EU’s latest document of territorial guidance, the Territorial Agenda. While at the supranational level the described confrontation was going on, the candidate countries were busy with the complex transition from central economic planning to market economy, having at the same time to deal with the completion of accession requirements and the transposition of the acquis communautaire. Within such a highly fluid institutional environment, new spatial planning systems had to be built, in order to deal with the challenges of the new market-friendly reality. This PhD thesis elaborates on the above considerations, building on the assumptions that the process of European integration under way has led to the development of peculiar institutions and functioning mechanism that involve the different territorial layers within a complex framework of multi-level governance, generating processes of reciprocal contamination and adaptation going under the label Europeanization. Said that, the work explores the characteristic of European territorial governance in the eastward enlargement of the EU. The scientific community is still looking for a shared definition of European territorial governance, mainly due to the different impact of the European dimension on member states’ spatial planning systems. In this light, the present dissertation contributes to the debate analyzing, on the one hand, the role of the EU in the evolution of spatial planning systems in the four candidate country of the Visegrad group, on the other hand, the influence of the new challenges of the enlarged European Union on the redefinition of European spatial planning. Looking at European territorial governance from the eastwards enlargement led to interesting findings on the mechanism that stands behind Europeanization. It suggests how the process of reciprocal contamination between European and domestic context were shaped, on the one hand, by CEECs’ specific starting conditions, on the other hand, by the highly asymmetric power relations between the different actors attending the accession negotiations. As the candidate countries undertook a radical process of internal restructuring in order to satisfy accession requirements, at the same time the EU had to face its future enlarged configuration and the important territorial challenges coming along with it. The different dimensions of European spatial planning were challenged by the enlargement perspective, and revisited through a process of combined economic rationality and political decision-making. The findings of the research shows how the enlargement influenced the evolution of European territorial policy, leading to the introduction of specific pre-accession instruments directly tackling territorial challenges in candidate countries and to the extension of existing structural programming to Central and eastern Europe. The evolution of European spatial planning tools notwithstanding, several studies shows how, whereas EU interventions produced economic convergence between the different member states, at the same time they led to a widening of internal disparities, especially within the new member states, that may eventually lead to the consolidation of a two-speeds European scenario. This may be explained if one considers that present European spatial policy is still underpinned by approached and metaphors developed during the 1980s and 1990s by a north-western rooted epistemic community, that have become outdated and require to be revised taking account the new European reality. Within the scarcely institutionalized scenario of European spatial planning, an important role in developing new spatial ideas and planning approaches is played by the European spatial planning epistemic community. In this concern, EU eastward enlargement constitute an un-precedent opportunity towards the integration of western- and eastern-European actors, whose successful seizing is a crucial step in the perspective of integrating both old and new member states’ challenges and priorities within a coherent framework for future action. The above considerations suggest how European territorial governance has been strongly embedded in the characteristics of the enlargement. This outstanding political event opened several windows of opportunity, leading to the evolution of several policy fields at both EU and domestic levels as a result of the interaction between member states, candidate countries and European institutions. Whereas this appears immediate for those policy fields where the EU detains legitimate competences, the present thesis shows that also spatial planning hasn’t been immune to the described Europeanization process. Hence, one can say that the enlargement process led to specific mechanism of Europeanization of spatial planning, on the one hand, laying down the pace of the reforms through a tight sequence of deadline and, on the other hand, embedding the interaction of the different actors in a complex network of power relations. Within the described framework, European territorial governance in the eastwards enlargement appears as a highly asymmetric field, reflecting the roles and power of member states, candidate countries and European institutions in the accession negotiation. The EU could count on candidates’ will to obtain EU membership and to benefit from financial incentives in order to apply a “systematic pressure” on domestic reforms, promoting the adoption of specific rules and priorities through conditionality mechanisms. On the other hand the candidate countries exercised almost no influence on European spatial planning, the evolution of the latter being the result of a process occurred within decision-making arenas where they had few or no contractual power vis-à-vis existing member states.