Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gouvernance du sport'
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Bouchard, Donald. "Politiques du sport, mondialisation, régionalisation et gouvernance: Une étude comparative de quatre pays du Commonwealth." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26451.
Full textLopez, Clément. "L'articulation entre les politiques sportives fédérales et locales : une analyse des enjeux de pouvoir par la sociologie de l'action publique dans le contexte de "réforme" de la gouvernance du sport en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASW002.
Full textThis work questions the articulation between federal and local sport policies, considered as a component of sport’ multi-level governance. It seeks to identify the topics, scales and factors which characterize federal-local relations. To do so, this doctoral thesis strongly draws from inductive methods, insofar as it aims to “dive into the heart” of these relations, in different contexts and levels.A first part takes place in a context of reform of the French governance of sport, instituted in 2018. It justifies to analyze the role played by the groups which represent federal and local sporting interests in this process. A second part questions national sports federations and local authorities’ bilateral relations: notably the determinants of their collaborations and conflicts. It develops a framework which suggests to analyze these relationships as an interactive process operating in a specific local context. It identifies the collaboration’s leveraging factors, e.g. the hosting of major events or the social profile of political leaders. The results have been confronted with a case study of the SaintQuentin-en-Yvelines Agglomeration’ sport policy, because of its partnerships contracted with the French federations of Cycling and Golf. The study treats the partnerships as a “product” of the local sport policy. With the cases of the Olympic Games and the Ryder Cup, this work puts in light the paradoxical role of major sporting event on local sport development. It leverages – opening a policy window – the ability for a national federation and a local authority to collaborate, while it opens new constraints for the structuration of these partnerships in the long run
Alem, Amr. "Globalisation de l'écosystème sportif : les parties prenantes entre héritages politiques, régulations juridiques et enjeux économiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMC019.
Full textFrom ancient times, Greek cities saw their heroes, between two editions of the Olympic Games, move from one city to another. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the emergence of the Sport Movement, specific questions were raised about nationality, as one of the fundamental elements in the construction of the sports system. These questions have become all the more recurrent over the last two decades, in the wake of a general globalization of the world economy and the rise in political, legal and economic issues surrounding sport. How does the globalized ecosystem of sport reexamine the concept of nationality? Does it confirm its propensity to erase it, like other market sectors? In order to examine this question, this thesis considers nationality as both a unit of measurement of the globalization of the sports ecosystem and one of its strategic resources. Each stakeholder tries to capture it for its own benefit, around two main functions: the representativeness of national teams through the eligibility criteria adopted by the international federations; the implementation of quotas of foreign players in the club teams -notably with a view to protecting local teams- although largely defeated by the Bosman ruling. Using a dual quantitative and qualitative methodology, this question has been cleared up in order to study the political legacies, legal regulations and economic stakes that have traced its lineaments to the present day. Thus, the first part of this work deals with the institutional aspect through the evolution of sport and the governance of its authorities and states on this issue, while the second part looks at the strategies for capturing the value of nationality by national teams and clubs. Finally, a prospective reading of what the sport-nationality relationship would be tomorrow was provided, reinforced by an original proposal for a regulation supporting the establishment of an autonomous and universal sports nationality
Feuillet, Antoine. "Fondements et conséquences de l'action collective entre contributeurs et bénéficiaires : modalités de génération, de répartition et d'utilisation des revenus dans le sport professionnel." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC234.
Full textThe distribution of revenue in professional sport is most often associated in the literature on sports economics with the measure of its impact on competitive balance (Késenne, 2000; Szymanski & Késenne, 2004; Peeters, 2012). This thesis considers the distribution of revenue in relation to collective action beyond its impact as a regulatory tool. The problematic of the thesis relates to the importance of revenue distribution at the organisational network level in the case of professional sports leagues (PSL). Our approach characterises the revenue process in the PSL: mutualisation, generation, negotiation, distribution and utilisation. Our quantitative results are supported by interviews with stakeholders show: the strategic nature of the sports rights market (winner’s curse); the political dimension of income distribution through the study of governance and conflicts but also a study in individual sports (Superstars take all); the contingency of strategic choices to resources that illustrates networks of actors engaged in both competitive and cooperative relationships (coopetition)
Huiszoon, Paul. "La fidélité des spectateurs envers les organisations sportives : la création d'un nouveau système de gestion des relations avec les spectateurs." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1061/document.
Full textThe rationale of the study is to broaden the knowledge on the contemporary sport spectator’s relationships with sports teams and sport governing bodies. By including the spectator, the team, and the governing body in a holistic Fan-Relationship- Management-Model, this study gives insights in the formation of loyalty within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. A structural equation modelling approach is used to test, refine and validate the model among samples of four hundred fifty-five and five hundred five football spectators from France and Germany. Further, a latent profile analysis is implemented to uncover spectator profiles based on a two- dimensional loyalty conceptualisation. Additional latent profile analyses with covariates from the model, allow identifying variables that facilitate profile belongingness. The final model revealed major country-specific differences in the relationships within the spectator-team-governing body-triad. In both samples we found non-loyal, latent loyal, and loyal spectators. For France, however, satisfaction and trust do not contribute to loyalty; a notable contradiction to the established marketing literature. This study is useful to appreciate a sport governing body’s role in the spectator-team relationship. Also, it offers new perspectives on spectator profiles and encourages the implementation of a credibility variable when investigating relationship management in sports. Overall, the study’s holistic approach in analysing relationships and loyalty is unique in the sport marketing literature
Allogho-Nze, Célestin. "Etude de l’organisation et du fonctionnement des institutions sportives au Gabon : genèse et analyse prospective d'une politique publique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21838/document.
Full textPhysical activities and games are part of universal culture, and mostly of humanity. African populations had to give up theirs with the creation of modern sports during the settlement era. Physical activities and traditional games in Gabon had mostly a practical aim, going from physical training for teenagers to community service, to leisure activities for all, just like dances during memorial events or initiatory and ritual ceremonies. These activities have disappeared because the colonial policy was to depreciate native practices, by promoting western culture that included sports.We have presented some traditional games in Gabon on the basis of a study we started a few years ago, because we may have found though this study a suggestion we would make, to revitalize and diversify Sport and Physical Activities (SPA) in the school area in Gabon. Indeed, contrary to western sports, traditional games in Gabon have a fewer equipment needs. Moreover, equipment and instruments needed for their practice are located around the area of practice. And we have demonstrated that if SPA disappear from schedules in Gabonese schools, this is mainly due to a high cost for sport didactic equipment as today, sport is the main part of the SPA schedules.We have also presented Gabon traditional games to draw Gabonese Authorities attention to the risk that this category of national cultural patrimony may disappear. We did it as we think that in a globalization context in which each entity promotes its cultural identity and aims at making durable its traditions, Gabon could have its own identity thanks to its traditional physical activities. And it could also use it as a reference for a part of its history.After we informed the existence of traditional games in Gabon, we found it appropriate to mention the sport that replaced them, its meaning, its expansion and its international organization.But what is sport exactly, if we refer to many definitions suggested by different authors? We can order these definitions through specialties. This shows how complicated it is to evaluate this phenomenon. Besides, nowadays we can find sport practices and their corollaries nearly everywhere in social life.Gabon, such as many African countries being former colonies from France, is going to inherit practices and sport structures from its colonizer. However, Gabon is short of sport executives and technicians, equipment and facilities are precarious and insufficient. Realistic sport policies have to be set up, and a long-term projection has to be considered. On the contrary, Gabonese authorities may choose high-level sport to the detriment of school and leisure sport, which are, according to us, real basis of sport policies to guarantee continuous and lasting results.The main issue of this study is about the functioning and productivity of sport institutions introduced by the State to bring prestige and Gabon influence at an international level. To realize this study, we had to notice insufficient results, generally speaking, in Gabonese sport. So, studies were made around the three groups of institutions dealing with public policies and sport destiny.They led us to the State central administration, and we studied the organization and functioning of the Sport Department, its external services and trust organs. Then we studied the second public actor in the sport management in Gabon, which are territory collectivities, and we noticed that their role remains really symbolic, in their failure to enforce the law on decentralization. The third actor or group of actors we studied in this research is the Gabonese Olympic movement, which organization is recommended by the international sport institutions. And we reminded this global sport hierarchy.Gabon that became independent on the 17th of August 1960, and that tries out multipartite democracy since 1990, is a politically stable and wealth country. These two assets could have helped to develop sport. On the contrary, some sport federations only exist thanks to their name; school sport and the SPE are to disappear from schedules. Sport equipment is insufficient. Training and research are wasted. During official events, Gabonese teams performances are quite below-average.Some political scientists claim that if society has to be transformed, it has to start with the institutions, authorities for negotiation between politic elites and citizens. If the possibility is acceptable, what is the role of sport institutions in this perspective in Gabon? Sport institutions in Gabon do not seem to have reached their targets if we look at the numerous internal frictions, constant irregularities in their functioning, and insufficiencies in their current sport performances in official events. These sport institutions live the democratic experience in order to reestablish State authority, to release creative energies, to protect populations’ rights, and to promote Gabon global development?With regard to the recent political views, a change could get under way
Alkhuzami, Alaa. "Changement du statut du club du football, procédure et effet. Étude comparée entre l'Arabie Saoudite et la France." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ0024.
Full textSport gradually all areas of society to become a real industry: Revolution in the world of sports product companies, new training courses sport management, the explosion of sports tourism, sports advertising, international event organization etc.It suffers from several ills that make the stakes more and more growing. Considering its importance in the socio-economic landscape, sports management seeks to develop itself as a recent scientific discipline. In this way, it seems to us eminently crucial to examine the particularities of the management of sports organizations. Sports law offers certain avenues for confronting the challenges that condition the success of organizations and their performance. This contribution seeks to understand the singularities of management of sports organizations
Vincent, Robert. "Les fédérations sportives françaises. Analyse par la gouvernance." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0059.
Full textThanks to the notions of power and network, an analysis by governance presents the French federations as autonomous sports institutions essential for the development of sport in France. They have their own prerogatives enabling them to carry out their economic and social functions. While they were originally set up to regulate national competitions, today they also act as economic agents by operating their sporting events and participating in the development of professional activities in competitive and consumer sport. To fulfil their functions, federations surprisingly adopt a standardised structure despite the freedom of association they enjoy. All tend to reproduce the same model superposing organs, even if some begin to emancipate themselves by adapting to their realities through responsible actions. But the autonomy of the French federations does not mean that they are independent. Their powers can only really be expressed after accepting the dependence on the powers of other public and private actors organising sport in networks. They accept that the State be presented as their guardian by the issuance of an approval and a delegation of ministerial powers. Nevertheless, this administration criticized because of a state law that has become inadequate, leads to the possibility of another type of relationship. But this new cooperation envisaged will be more relevant if it also integrates the dependence of French sports federations on transnational and national actors of the sports order. Indeed, they have an interest in receiving the power of international federations and the influence of other transnational actors and transferred regulators
Senaux, Benoît. "Gouvernance, identité et changement institutionnel : le cas du football professionnel." Paris 10, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA100055.
Full textProfessional football clubs exhibit characteristics similar of many organisations, only in a more pronounced way. Through their study, this thesis aims to offer an original perspective on issues of corporate governance and organisational identity in a changing institutional environment. Part I analyses the dynamics of clubs' governance and emphasises the importance of urgency, which is accentuated by the strong media coverage of the field. It also underlines the existence of identity-related claims that are caused by a change of institutional logic. Part II shows how some actors made this change possible by actively redefining the boundary of their field both through discourse and the setting up of proto-institutions. Finally, Part III highlights how management tools and a reinterpretation of past failures have allowed organisational identity to adapt to this new logic. It also insists on the importance of 'sameness' which constitutes the core layers of identity
Caprais, Annabelle. "La place et le rôle des femmes dans la gouvernance des fédérations sportives françaises." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0200.
Full textIn 2014, law n°2014-873 “for true equality between women and men” introduced two types of gender quotas on the executive board of national sports federations. These quotas are more constraining than the previous ones and set a minimum of 25% of men and women in the composition of federal governing bodies. This thesis aims to investigate the construction of the mesure and the way how it is implemented in sports federations. It explores, in particular, the claim that there is a dearth of women sports leaders and analyses the electoral competition of governing bodies of French NSFs after the enactment of these quotas (2016-2017). For doing so, it uses the tools of strategic analysis and a renewed perspective which takes into account the contributions of the sociology of gender (Crozier & Friedberg, 1977; Laufer, 2010). The research employs mixed methods. It consists in a quantitative study conducted on 107 NSFs and a qualitative investigation conducted on five federations (basketball, rugby XIII, cycling, UFOLEP and dance). Overall, electoral competition for most executive boards is very limited and most of the candidates were elected. Quantitative figures suggest that there is no voting bias against women and that the lack of female candidates is rare, but the interviews confirmed the a priori role of networks. Some federations elaborate strategies of resistance and/or circumvention of the law. They limit the application of the measure through ex-officio members or the creation of additional boards, and consider quotas as a maximum. Despite these features and sports federations’ resistance, women’s representation in sport governance is increasing significantly - more than in the last twenty years. However, few of them manage to influence the decision-making process of sports federations yet
Arcioni, Sandro. "Modalités de la Gouvernance dans les organisations internationales à but non lucratif : le cas des Fédérations Internationales Sportives." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10219.
Full textObjectives and stakes of the research study : The world of the organisation of sport is a complex universe due to the multiplicity and the diversity of the elements involved, due to the ambiguity of the relationships which are established between them and their environment. A certain number of players share the international arena: the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Sporting Governing bodies (ISGB), etc. The objective of this research work is to explain the sporting world and particularly the functioning of the ISGBs. The purpose of this work is also to propose an explanatory analysis framework of the governance modes of sporting associations, and to propose measuring tools for these modes, as well as evaluation tools measuring “good governance”. Methodology : After an exploratory study, a quantitative analysis of the ISGBs was carried out in order to measure the modes of governance and highlight different types. The quantitative analysis was followed by a qualitative and longitudinal analysis of the three ISGBs which were selected from the extreme results of the quantitative study in order to understand their governance modes and implement Pérez’s framework. Concerning the quantitative analysis, only one questionnaire was sent. Concerning the qualitative analysis, questionnaires were sent, a series of interviews were given, and field observations as well as an in-depth information retrieval were carried out. Results, proposals, interests and limits : The results of the quantitative research enabled us to classify the ISGBs into four groups of Olympic ISGBs according to their governance profile. The four standard profiles are: “good governance”, “weakness of management”, “weakness of management and regulation” and “weakness of governance”. The results of the longitudinal qualitative study are the evolution of the governance modes (governance profile) of the ISGBs from 1999 to 2006, as well as the explanation of their modes. Thanks to the first implementation, the results enabled us to amend Pérez’s analysis framework and use it as a first tool for explaining the governance modes of sporting associations, and as a second tool for measuring the governance modes, and also for creating a standard for measuring “good governance”. The three tools could be used for evaluating any organisation belonging in non-profit organisations and, possibly in the world of economic companies. The aim is to evaluate each organisation in relation to its governance mode and to its sustained development in a global metagoverned system
Pierre, Jérémy. "La politique publique des conditions d’accès à l’encadrement sportif en France. Vers une nouvelle gouvernance au tournant du XXIe siècle." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST0027.
Full textDuring the second half of the 20th century, a public policy takes shape around theconditions of access to professional sports training in the private sector gradually monopolized bythe State. This study aims at comprehending this dynamics and at analyzing the move from apublic policy to a public action at the turn of the 2000s as part of a liberalizing process. Indeed,legislative changes question this state exclusivity and bring about a multiplication of thecertifications and certifiers that make it possible to professionally train, supervise and manage asport. In this new governance, several institutions are represented (the Ministry in charge ofSports, the STAPS university sector, along with the recent professional sports sector) and severalpotentially competitive devices (the "professional certifications" now adapted to three differentregisters). In this architecture, expertises and public action instruments are tested to try and bringmore complementarity and legibility. These political reconfigurations and these certificationrenovations are to be considered in the context of a process aimed at Europeanizing therelationship between employment, training and certification and at opening a social dialog. Thesemovements have to face the explosion of the sports sector within the European Union, but also thereluctance of some actors faced with the mobility of sports trainers in the community space.These three processes (structuring, liberalizing and Europeanizing) bring to light underlyingthemes such as the professionalization of sports training, the entry into the era of professionalcertification and the search for European transparency
Guiltat, Sébastien. "Le rôle des sports côtiers dans le développement territorial de l’Ouest de La Réunion : entre nouvelle maritimité et jeux d’acteurs." Thesis, La Réunion, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LARE0019/document.
Full textAs the world population gets more and more water loving, the coast territories have been organized in order to answer this new request. In this dynamic, coast sports have been constantly expanding massively and in various forms to concern a larger portion of the population today . Reunion Island –in the Indian Ocean- has also taken part in this move. Yet, while the evolution of maritimity between tradition and modernity seems to be taking place in many places all around the world, the West coast of Reunion Island –although full of assets- seems unable to transform its initial resource in a territorial resource. Our work suggests studying the link between a territory –the West coast of Reunion Island- and its coast from a sociogeographic point of view in order to analyze the brakes to the apparition of a new maritimity within this space.Our results show that contrary to the conveyed picture, Reunion island and particularly its West coast is the right place to practice coast sports. In spite of the favorable geographic context, the absence of developments and events able to structure this expansion, together with the domination of the representations conveying the picture of a population “with their backs to the sea” seem to be limiting factors. The different actors concerned are partly responsible and particularly the political actors who do not play their parts as they do not carry a real territory project aimed at coast sports.It remains that the change of maritimity is at work on this coast. Reunion island is building its own model. The use of the coast space is evolving, growing out of its usual uses, the organization of events is developing encouraged by the expansion of Stand Up Paddle and the outlines of new developments are being drawn. On a board or in the sand, the new generation is taking over the coast integrating outside influences
Guiltat, Sébastien. "Le rôle des sports côtiers dans le développement territorial de l'Ouest de La Réunion : entre nouvelle maritimité et jeux d'acteurs." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00836410.
Full textLefebvre-Rangeon, Florence. "L' émergence d'un modèle sportif européen : Contribution à l'étude de la construction juridique européenne." Limoges, 2014. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/fc356dca-111e-4367-bcc5-a58f6702fac9/blobholder:0/2014LIMO1003.pdf.
Full textSports law and European Union law met fortuitously. Their connection remains disordered. Studying the confrontation between sports legal order and European legal order reveals an unsatisfactory "relevance" : each legal order's efficiency comes out impaired. To rectify such an inconsistent legal environment, a legal model should be offered, one wich could provide a clear ditribution of comptences between sports authorities and European Union authorities. A European sports governance could thus arise, arranging the confrontation betwenn sports legal order and European legal order under the notion of "European sports model". Studying how the European Union takes on a new competence also gives the opportunity to draw conclusions regarding the legal constitution of the UE. Especially since the UE sports competence proves unusual in respect to the EU principle of conferral. Indeed it deals with a field not regulated by State authorities but by private, independent, stricly organised sports governing bodies
Achin, Coralie. "La gouvernance de la diversification comme enjeu de l’adaptation des stations de moyenne montagne : l’analyse des stations de la Bresse, du Dévoluy et du Sancy." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH022/document.
Full textSki resorts have to adapt themselves because of the evolution of customers’ expectations, the widely publicized alarmist predictions of climate change, and the reduction of public funding help. Mid-elevation ski resorts, or usually those located at an elevation where snow is not guaranteed, are the most concerned with this adaptation. Their future seems to be, at short or mid-term objective, particularly threatened. Their existence is essential for maintaining the mountain economy: for that, diversification emerges as the preferred solution of adaptation. However, questions still exist today such as how to preserve the dynamic of the mountain economy depending of winter activity.Until now, interrogations about nature of diversification have been undertaken, and numerous good practice guides have been created. Nevertheless, the question of implementation is essential. An evolution of the governance is necessary due to both the inclusion of other activities that involve more professionals and an increased tourism area. We suppose that more than being a uniform process, these different factors lead to a specification of resorts’ trajectories which are impacted both by endogenous and exogenous factors.Constituting a finalized research, this thesis aims to analyze the evolution of the spatial governance and thechange of ski resort governance into diversification governance. For that, we focus on two levels of analyses: an intermediate level has enabled us to question the politics adopted by the different local governments thanks to the mobilization of a theoretical corpus attached to political science. The other led us to focus us on a local level the nature of relationships between actors inside the same territory, based on the work done in Economics proximities.The intersection of these two approaches enriches our understanding of the mechanisms at the heart of the evolution of the tourism trajectory of resorts. This allowed us to identify the options to stimulate such a renewal of the governance, and in particular to highlight the central role of political action in this dynamic.In accordance with an objective of operationalization of the research results, we have also established a framework to analyze the diversification governance, for land actors such as policy makers
Fablet, Gabriel. "Entre performance de l’outil de production et pérennité de l’outil d’aménagement : le dilemme immobilier dans les stations nouvelles d’altitude." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH039.
Full textThe growing concern with issues relating to real estate development in mountain resorts is reflected in their increasing importance in public debate. On the one hand, associations of elected representatives and ski area operators, unable to identify effective levers to ensure resort rehabilitation, have continued to stress the overriding need to pursue real estate development as a cornerstone for maintaining a level of economic activity indispensable to the survival of mountain areas. On the other hand, environmental groups and associations of mountain users have been ardent campaigners against the increasing urbanisation of mountain areas. Given this dilemma, and in a context where legislators wish to be seen to be increasingly assertive in limiting the spread of urbanisation, the question of real estate development in mountain resorts has taken on an increasingly important role, a role that this doctoral thesis seeks to examine in greater depth. Starting from the premise that real estate is a particularly suitable yardstick for understanding the development paths taken by tourist resorts, our research has a two-fold objective: first to identify and describe the different cycles and types of resort development, second to better understand the factors underlying the changes taking place. In the very specific context of French winter sports resorts, the development of which has been characterised by varying levels of public intervention, the question of the impact of the initial development model on the nature of resort development is a key consideration in our approach. Given the diversity and far-reaching effects of the factors in question, an investigation of real estate production in the context of tourism development calls for a cross-disciplinary approach – involving economic, urban and political analyses – conducted at different scales, reconciling global market principles and regulations governing tourism development at the local level. The originality of our research lies in its cross-cutting, multidisciplinary focus on progressively deconstructing the real estate issue in resorts. By adopting a stance that is deliberately distanced from the operational rhetoric so often used by politicians and the media, our study endeavours to break free from the traditional dichotomy that opposes the need for economic development and the preservation of the natural environment. Instead it focuses more on the fundamentals of the “decision to build”, often referred to as the “black box” of urban development. What are the main mechanisms underlying real estate growth in tourist resorts? How have they evolved since they were first introduced? Are some resorts more disposed to growth than others? How do public regulation mechanisms operate with respect to urbanisation? Our research will attempt to answer these questions from an overall perspective that focuses on gaining insights into the workings of real estate construction in the context of tourism
Maes, Arnaud. "Intervention du triptyque communauté virtuelle, multinationales et techniques d'information et de communication sur la communication virtuelle des masses : enjeux et stratégie de gouvernance de l'internet et rôle des TIC dans la co-régulation société civile et multinationales marchandes : étude de cas : sportmalin.com, le site communautaire d'e-commerce des sports et des loisirs en France." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX32026.
Full textThe increasing of ICT accentuates the phenomenon of the virtual communities. Rather privileging the social aspect more than the technological aspect, the aim of this thesis is to understand communication and organization in these communities. The ground problem has been to study this increasing phenomenon in a community context. The investigations then focused on the analysis of a community site of e-business in sports awarded by numerous innovation prizes as model of a community constitution: sportmalin. Com. Therefore from a theoretical point of view, it is necessary to understand the ICT as “communicational actefacts”. The principal interest was to reveal that the community phenomenon mainly results from a mediation between three antinomic objects of the system but nevertheless linked together : the community technical tools, the mercantile stakes and the will of the members to share and exchange their knowledge. The survey led during twenty months teaches us that an adequacy is possible between a mercantile and a community problematics. Just like a cog of a system, every part (virtual communities, community tools, the ICT, marketing initiative and the multinationals) completes the other as well as remaining dependent with the others. The analysis grants that the whole phenomenon of virtual community is the sole result of strategy of actors and rational choices. Although the virtual communities seem to be the product of deliberately coordinated efforts of a set of actors, the human factor is the unstable variable of this community system. The conclusion of this research reveals that the “ virtual commercial community ”, such as we are going to describe it in this study, establishes the universal model of any virtual community artefact