Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gouvernance de la fiscalité internationale'
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Koné, Drissa. "Fiscalité et Européanité : entre Coopération et Fédération : approche ethnosociologique de la gouvernance internationale, de l’identité et des territoires." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN20016.
Full textThe aims of out thesis is to highlight, from the study of German and Swiss federalism, the European Union model of governance which is made up of two ways of thinking: intergovernmentalism and federalism. We have emphasized how, through the financing of Nation-States and the consolidation of its model of governance, the European Union is trying to, on the one hand, transform politically, economically and from the perspective of its identity, its territorial space, and, on the other hand, to legitimate its influence on member States and citizens. Our analysis has confirmed that through interaction between European institutions and member States, through leaders and heads of State and Government’s actions, the impact of an “emerging cooperative federalism” is real; it has a role not only on the creation but also on the transformation of the European Union, shaping it in a particular way (the “Twenty-Seven”). Therefore, trying to bring answers to the “fears” of citizens in relation to the Nations-States inability to face issues and challenges brought by globalization, the European Union gives a new lease of life made up with the rise of a “mutual European identity”. The situation is reinforced by thecurrent context of the economical, financial and social worldwide crisis which has brought the European Union and its member States, despite their different views and perception of the “Europe Object”, to take a quantitative leap toward a “Federal Europe” prior to the emergence of a “Political Europe”
Dreyfus, Laurent. "Le renouveau de la fiscalité des entreprises à l'épreuve de l'internationalisation de l'économie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PAUU2128.
Full textThe economy has become globalized and digitalized, particularly in the digital domain. The apprehension of this change by public and private actors was achieved through the construction of a new legal order which is the result of the permeability of the various national legal systems, of a dialogue of judges which translates a real dialogue Rights. While at the origin of the internal market an objective of efficiency dominated which resulted in negative integration, an objective of equity took place highlighting the problem of the distribution of taxation between the Member States.This new objective has reshuffled the cards of international and European taxation. It leaves room for regulation of which CSR and compliance are obvious manifestations in our law which take shape at the institutional level through control of the AAI (Competition Authority) and through the influence of soft law.The phenomenon of “legal chrysalidation” concerns significant precepts and offers new guarantees for taxpayers: a “metalegal” ethical rule in the process of being incorporated into the legal order. Hence the renewal of sources in tax law, the problem of relations between the tax judge and the new context already mentioned of tax regulation which disturbs the tax legal order, the erosion of the Kelsen pyramid this which leads to a new, murky and more complex tax order.Furthermore, we cannot make a company mobile between two Member States without taking an interest in tax law and company law. The study concerns the renewal of the sources of tax law but also the substantive law of the Union as well as the procedural law resulting from the dialogue of judges made possible thanks to the preliminary question. It should be remembered that the preliminary question makes it possible to discuss the interpretation or validity of the national standard applied to the taxpayer. Many French anti-abuse measures have been called into question when confronted with international tax conventions concluded with France or with European jurisprudence.The harmonization of these matters was carried out by law.Before initiating this reflection, it is necessary to note the competition between the legal systems of the Member States and note the relative attractiveness of the French territory in contract law and arbitration.Thus the process of Europeanization is both material and institutional. The influence of European case law is considerable. It reinforces the positions of the Commission and influences national courts.We are observing a relaxation of the national rule, an adaptation of the latter with business strategy, a necessary condition for revitalizing the market. This reflection is carried out in conjunction with a renewal of sources.Finally, it is a general reflection on the policy of Union law and more particularly on European competition policy
Cormier, Éric. "La fiscalité internationale de l'informatique." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON10043.
Full textAmbivalent taxable matter, the information processing defy the traditional categories of the international fiscal system. Especially, the software is continally at the limits of existing juridicals rules : tangible or intangible property, royaltie or patent right or also technical furnishings and licences fees. However, by reason of the gaining ground of financial costs of research and development the majority of states have, on one hand, chosen to keep up the information processing firms with many fiscal incitements, and in the other hand, define the acconting kind of invention and purchase in the expenses of the year's trading or in capital assets, in the firm's capital account. At the time of the marketing of international software transfers, the income is capable of being explain according two legals definitions : tscnical furnishings and licences fees, and when licences fees hold an another distinction is making by international conventions between the royaltie exempt system and the taxation at source of the patent right. New breach at the fiscal sovereignety, the information processing, through the influence of its multinational firms, and trough its diversity of marketing forms, compels states to work out and develop fiscal rules if not common at least harmonious
Pereira, da Silva-Hubler Daniele. "La fiscalité internationale des intérêts." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010312.
Full textAbessolo, Serge Bertrand. "Eléments de fiscalité internationale des entreprises au Gabon." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020054.
Full textThe characteristic feature of the economy of gabon is the predominance of the subsidiaries companies and similar dependent establishments of multinational firms, which are the most important taxpayers. The volume of import of goods and industrial equipment, and of the export of products from gabonese soil and products mind in gabon also provide important income coming from import duties. This paper will thus consider rules applicable to foreign firms established in gabon. The first set of rules that will be dealt with are those about their imposition of profit. They can be found in local tax law and in double tax treaties. The main principle on which these rules are based is "territoriality". Consequently, gabon uses the technique of "withholding tax", i. E. Tax deducted at source, especially when the foreign firm doesn't have any local permanent establishment. The second set of rules that will be exposed are those dealing with taxation of international trade. They have been modified since 1994 by tax and tariff refoem for members countries of the customs and economic union of central africa (u. D. E. A. C. ), and can be divided in two groups : the customs rules, as well for import as for export trade, and the principles of territoriality and destination with regards to value added tax since april 1995
Hublot, Guillaume. "L' optimisation en matière de fiscalité internationale des successions." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010258.
Full textPerdrizot-Renault, Julien. "La théorie de la performance juridique : une application aux stock-options et aux attributions gratuites d’actions." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090065.
Full textToday’s unstable and unpredictable world, from a financial and a legal point of view, creates a new requirement, the performance. In this context, the company’s legal performance refers to its ability of develop legal resources and to connect it to other resources to reach its goals, especially strategic aims. Through our work, we attempt to extend this theory to individuals and to illustrate its contributions through an application to the stock-options and the free share awards legal schemes. Based on the assumption that the Law constitutes a tool for performance, we see the legal performance as the expression of the companies and individuals’ ability to secure and optimize their legal resources, capabilities and opportunities, in order to satisfy their strategic goals. Then, we convey the idea of a legal performance throughout two cumulative criteria: the legal certainty and the legal optimization
Ossa, Louis René. "Fiscalité des particuliers en Afrique subsaharienne et mobilité internationale des personnes." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D083.
Full textIndividual taxation instruments in SSA are fundamentally premised on the principles o f: (I) territoriality, (II) extraterritoriality and (III) internationality. Despite a lot of radical changes largely driven by globalization these instruments of individual taxation have more or less remained the same. The principal actor in the tax function is the state whose being is based on the full recognition of the legal sovereignty of states. The state evokes an "international society vertebrate", where physical boundaries are both political and economic. They imply that the state has the means to control all economic activities within its territory, but also to effectively control imports and exports of both goods and services. The current international society has become "spineless" economically due to globalization. There is no doubt that this erosion of political and economic boundaries results in an increase in the mobility of individuals, as well as an increase in fraud and higher tax evasion. The principle of territoriality (that anchors the notion of tax residence or domicile for tax purposes) and the availability of income, sale of goods, or performance of a service (constituting the operative event) are not inherently challenged. The notion of taxation will always be linked to a political entity whether it is called a State or not, just as the mobilization of tax revenue will always depend on an event that creates tax obligation. On the one hand, what is at stake is operational incompleteness of territoriality in defining tax residence, and on the other hand the indiscernibility of certain transactions for triggering the calculation of due dates for certain taxes. These principles in face of globalization and societal development have their own challenges. Consequently, there is need to rethink their relevance in modern taxation to adapt them to changing times.In this context, it seems necessary to build a "new income tax system" which incorporates the legitimate aspirations of the political, economic, and social freedom of individuals. This new project begins with empowering the conceptual and administrative framework for individual taxation. Indeed, the unsuitability of individual taxation in the international economic environment is primarily due to the inexplicable alignment of the tax system with the individual companies. The search for efficiency demands a range of standards for taxation and income tax management, principally in the current context of international mobility. In tax policy, developing an autonomous approach to the international tax competition phenomena of tax jurisdiction, the traceability of taxes collected from individuals and which considers the peculiarity of this category of taxpayers, is an urgent necessity. In tax administration, the same concern for efficiency requires the implementation of a new organizational and methodological device to implement the demand for transparency and traceability. This new situation proposes a significant renovation of the taxation framework for individuals that aimed at a better balance between the principles of coercion and fiscal attractiveness
Esmenjaud, Juliette. "L'impact de la mobilité internationale sur la fiscalité des personnes physiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1027.
Full textThe purpose of this Thesis is to identify the applicable rules for mobile workers, defined as individuals who chose to either move to France for work or become expatriates working abroad, and the tax consequences related to such mobility. One of the main points will be to determine the tax residency of such individuals in order to identify the applicable treatments, by taking into account the specificity of each situation. We will examine the rules and special treatments raised by not only our internal law but by tax treaties as well. Indeed, tax treaties set forth special rules in order to avoid tax payers from being taxed several times on the same income. We will identify the particular tax rules’ field of application that applies for these workers in the context of international mobility
Delplanque, Marc Alain. "La gouvernance globale fin de l'Europe juridique internationale." Nice, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NICE0004.
Full textGabrielian, Yvan. "Principes directeurs de la fiscalité internationale des revenus et du patrimoine immobilier." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010297.
Full textKanso, Fadi A. "Corruption et fiscalité : un essai sur le rôle des incitations et de la gouvernance." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX32032.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to the study of factors that decrease corruption in tax administration (the problem of collusions between tax inspectors and taxpayers). First, we studied many theoretical and empirical models proposed by the economic literature in order to understand more the role of incentives in the fight against corruption, then we tried to propose many other methods (like the role of wages and sanctions, staff rotation, external audit, etc…) trying to add new elements on the existing literature, finally we mentioned the role of public governance on reducing corruption in tax administration after discovering the reality of the Lebanese governance (empirical survey) and the necessity to implement a good environment built on a good governance before the establishment of any anti corruption instruments
Belebenie, Pierre. "Les transformations de la fiscalité locale au Cameroun." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010308.
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Buf-Machrafi, Virginie. "Gouvernance et terrorisme." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0302.
Full textThis thesis investigates the role of the State under the rule of law as an answer to terrorism. Therefore it is structured in two parts. The author shows in the first part how terrorism constitutes a new challenge in the governance. She firstly examines the characteristics and the instruments of the terrorist mechanics which form the terrorist strategy by studying the constituent elements of the terrorist violence. It is through the exposure of a panorama of definitions that certain number of paradoxes appears of which the impossibility of a universal and unanimous definition. As a result, terrorism is a subjective notion, a composite, dynamic and multi-form violence. Secondly, this thesis shows how articulates the complex relationship of terrorism with the State. Therefore terrorism can be either an external tool of influence of the State or a threat turned against the latter. However, the threat of terrorism evolved. Currently The Islamist terrorism constitutes the most serious threat (new spirit of terrorism). Of a territorialized threat, terrorism became transnational. The immediate answer of States was the reinforcement of the legislative systems and security. It is a War against Terrorism how is declared. The second part of this thesis deals with levels of the antiterrorist governance. In front of terrorism, the governance constitutes at the same time an action of prevention against terror and repression. The determination of the States to assure their security, finds partly legitimacy in the multilateral organizations. This work underlines also the role of the antiterrorist national legislations, which were profoundly modified following the attacks of September 11th, 2001. The accent is therefore put on the specificities of the French fight model against terrorism. Thus, our approach is based on a comparative analysis (Anglo-Saxon model) and on a study of the interactions between the various levels of the antiterrorist governance. In sum, this work shows that the State under the rule of law is a long-lasting answer to terrorism which must be completed by measures of defense (piece of information, intelligence service, etc.)
Mejdoub, Imène. "Mécanismes institutionnels de gouvernance et valeur actionnariale des entreprises : une comparaison internationale." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ004D.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to test the hypothesis of a relation between mechanisms, organizational and institutional, of governance and the shareholder value of larges companies in the world. The analysis takes support on 775 listed larges companies, distributed on 22 most developed countries. The results indicate a neutrality of the impact of the mechanisms of governance on the shareholder value of larges companies. This is essentially due to the resemblance and the convergence of the systems and the practices of governance for t larges companies in the world and the disappearance, so, of the notion of national system of governance which is contradictory to the multinational character of larges companies
Moura, Olivier. "La fiscalité des "joint-ventures" : essai sur les aspects fiscaux de la coopération internationale inter-entreprises." Paris 10, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA100267.
Full textDhoorah, Marie Sabrina. "L'évolution du droit en matière de sûreté nucléaire après Fukushima et la gouvernance internationale." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020031/document.
Full textOn March 11, 2011, the Japan suffered an earthquake followed by a tsunami to the terrible consequences. In nuclear power plant Fukushima Dai-ichi happened a nuclear accident of level 7 (highest) on the international scale, which marked the spirits such as rivaled that of Chernobyl in 1986. This accident left the world agog with these new forms of threats, especially since the TEPCO operator did not master the situation or learn the lessons of the past. Since Fukushima, the fundamentals in Europe and worldwide has so upset been turned upside-down and this raises the question of safety and security of power plants with renewed acuity, which necessitated. It is imperative to redefine in law and in practice some standards and principles at the national, European and international level in accordance with these new threats to the highest level of safety. But the legal revisions need to be more ambitious. The future of nuclear power suggest therefore: at the European level: a more ambitious revision of the directive on nuclear safety; the establishment of a regulatory body with effective independence de jure ; the definition of a liability law harmonised throughout the EU and the IAEA for victims in the event of an accident. At the international level: the governance is necessary as a vector of a common safety culture and security culture ; although the diversity of national models of management and control of the nuclear industry appears a priori difficult to move towards common rules. As well as at the European level, the writing of a single text entitled to the repair of damages would be necessary for the same reasons already stated. The revision of the Convention on nuclear safety is also as important crucial for the future. For immediate harmonization concerns many fields, for the most part: during and after a nuclear accident crisis management; the implementation of the principles of safety and security at the most efficient and highest level from the conception to the dismantling of an installation; strengthening interaction adapted between nuclear safety and nuclear security ; but also the integration of the population in the decision-making process in the areas of nuclear is mandatory for the acceptance of nuclear energy
Symonides, Michał. "L'Arctique comme enjeu de coopération internationale." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH023/document.
Full textThe interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a region so deeply exposed to fast changes. It is based on a unique structure emphasizing multi-level and multi-stakeholder actions, keeping a balance between hard and soft law. If the Arctic cooperation builds a real Arctic region with a growing importance in the international arena, the ties between the world and the region remains uncertain. The inclusion of extra-Arctic actors is necessary but it is facing resistance from a part of the Arctic actors. Arctic arises as a new object of international relations and may even become a new actor, but it must respond to the dangers that may exist for cooperation in this region, dangers that seem to come especially from exogenous causes. Therefore, Arctic cooperation requires a thorough analysis of the issues it is faced with as well as its contradictions and paradoxes. This thesis aims to study the Arctic cooperation highlighting its mechanisms and particularities as well as to analyze relationships that it can develop with extra-Arctic actors and how it incorporates into international relations
Khadraoui, Wahid. "Société de l'information: genèse, enjeux et défis de la gouvernance mondiale." Paris 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA020050.
Full textChannac-Nadal, Frédérique. "Vers une gouvernance globale des migrations ? : genèse et renouveau du système multilatéral des migrations internationales." Bordeaux 4, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR40052.
Full textMultilateral international organisations have been confronted to internal and external crises and have had to adapt their mandates and activities to deal with environmental changes. Since its genesis the international system of cooperation went through three periods of change. This work tackles the question of change - in each organisational sub-system ; in the system ; and of the system -, and, thus, more generally its ability for adaptability. Thus we are interested in the issue of organisational learning, and the organisations' capacity to learn for change. Another way to deal with organisational learning is the analysis of the instrumentalisation of learning programmes or capacity building programmes to promote change within the system or a change of system. The promotion of multi-level diplomacy and capacity building and research programmes are then turned into tools for strategies of transfer of cooperation models for migration management. Systemic shifts between governance levels are the analysed : first, regarding the genesis and fragmentation of international institutions in the field of migration ; then, analysing their links with regional consultative processes for migration and their instrumentalisation of and by international organisations, promoting a rhetoric of depolitization and technicisation ; and, finally, accounting for the strategies of this regional informal cooperation in influencing present discussions on the reform of the international system and in promoting the concept of global governance for migration
Sidi, Sani Mahamane Laouali. "Gouvernance et mobilisation des ressources fiscales au Niger : appréciation de l'influnce des mutations socio-politiques sur le prélèvement fiscal dans un pays d'Afrique subsaharienne." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0094.
Full textThe role of the relationship between the State and the citizens, in its historical context, namely tax collection, has social and political implications. Indeed, like everywhere in Sub- Saharan Africa countries, mobilizing fiscal resources in Niger is not spared by the changes taking place in contemporary world. In the early 1990s already, these major changes - regarding scale and stakes - have gradually and closely tied tax payment to good governance principles. Ultimately, economic performance and tax reforms are necessary but not enough sufficient to guarantee effectiveness and sustainability in mobilizing fiscal resources; it would still be important for citizens-taxpayers to legitimize public action by voluntarily fulfilling their fiscal duty
Guidara, Alaa. "Trois essais sur la gouvernance du risque systémique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26030.
Full textThis dissertation includes three essays based on weekly observations of 82 listed banks from 22 countries between 1996-Q1 and 2013-Q2. In the first essay, we investigate the effect of capital adjustment speed on financial stability conditional to capital stringency and business cycle dynamic. We show that adjustment shocks to target capital should be avoided particularly during recession period. The adjustment should be smooth and fluid to prevent crisis stretching. We prove that capital buffer's components depend on the stringency of capital regulation. We find that in a flexible regulation, the "poor" quality of capital buffer does not allow containing the contribution to systemic risk increase. In the second essay, we test the diversification effect in the banking business portfolio on financial stability. The study was conducted according to some specific country features such: restrictiveness on banking activities, business cycle (crisis or not) and the sensitivity between interest rate and non interest income. We show that diversification effect is mostly harmful in restrictive countries. Alternatively, in soft jurisdiction, it is especially the massive rely on intermediation activities that might increase the contribution of banks to systemic risk. Finally, we shed the light on the trend of non-traditional activities to reach the pre-crisis level that might require further regulatory carefulness. In the third essay, we analyze the effect of financing structures on the banks' contribution to systemic risk, conditional to some financial system and market discipline characteristics. We find that the high use of wholesale and short-term funding is mostly harmful for stability in countries with small and illiquid capital market. We also show that the use of funding deposits is generally beneficial to the stability except for countries without deposit insurance system. Several policy implications result from the analysis, however, due to sample bias, data quality and attributes of financial and economic metrics, the results could be controversial and contestable.
Castro, Monica. "Au nom de la biodiversité : de la construction d’une norme internationale à son application au niveau local." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0031.
Full textThis thesis, mobilizing Foucauldian theories of governmentality and a political ecology approach, wanted to trace the various itineraries of biodiversity conservation discourses and to elucidate their role in the greening of public policies at different scales and in different contexts. The multi-scale analysis has provided a valuable key to understanding how this ideology has specific spatial and today is hardly politically articulated by ecological governance systems that extend at different scales, from global to local. First we study the history of biodiversity from its origins among preservationists and managers in North America. Then we analyze the texts of international environmental conventions concerning nature. Next we followed the conceptual and textual making of a biodiversity management policy resulting from the Convention on Biological Diversity: the ecosystem approach. We then confronted the overall analysis of the international discourse on biodiversity to its application in the field at two specific places: the Natural Regional of Luberon in France and the duo Território Portal da Amazônia / Biological Corridor of South Amazonian eco-tones in Brazil. Following our results, the governance of biodiversity appears as a complex process of interaction between the international system and local contexts. The study of the genesis of the international system (normative) to govern the living proved to be an appropriate system to validate the concept of governmentality as a concept for studying biodiversity management systems. The study of the implementation at the local level of those global normative frameworks showed that their introduction transforms the relationship between men with their environment, leading them to think and act in new ways. Family farmers become spokespersons of Nature, fazendeiros become conservationists, and conservationists began, through agroecology, to invest in agriculture. However, the link between the integration of biodiversity at international level and its application in local contexts is not direct. International norms do not percolate directly at “lower” scalar levels by transforming the legislative frameworks. Each scalar level, each territory maintains its own logic. Territories are moderately transformed, when they incorporate through action and into local actors’ ideas, the principles of biodiversity management
Diarra, Gaoussou. "La Doctrine de la Gouvernance et l'Agenda des Institutions Multilatérales dans les Pays en Développement: une Approche d'Economie Politique Internationale." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00790219.
Full textVergnet, Nicolas. "La création et la répartition de la valeur en droit fiscal international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020063/document.
Full textThe 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant increase in public debt have put the focus of today's political priorities on the need to tax profits in accordance with value creation. The topicality of this issue must not overshadow the striking similarity of its causes with those that led to the drafting of the first model tax treaties in the 1920s under the aegis of the League of Nations. A study of the organisation's work, built on by the OEEC, and the OECD in the second half of the 20th century, shows that the current international tax system already tends to align jurisdiction to tax with value creation. This observation is surprising when put in perspective with the criticisms of the current international tax order. It invites us more than ever to study the relationship between the international tax system and value creation: their connections, their disconnections, and the attempts to reconnect them
Guilbaud, Auriane. "L'insertion progressive des entreprises dans la gouvernance mondiale de la santé : le cas de la lutte contre le Vih/Sida et les maladies négligées." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0036.
Full textOur doctoral research deals with the integration of business in global health governance in the case of the fight against HIV/AIDS and neglected diseases. We use an approach at the crossroad between a sociology of international relations and a sociology of global public policy. We argue that during the 20th century, business evolves from a position at the periphery of the global health governance system to a position at the center of the system, integrated through relationships with other actors. It is a gradual process, during which businesses play a diverse range of roles. This integration process is also characterized by an institutionalization of business participation, through the creation of new organizational forms and new market-based cooperation mechanisms. The dissertation is divided into six chapters. They follow a global historical development, which is not strictly linear but retraces the integration of business in the international health system and its governance structure. The first three chapters highlight the different roles played by corporations and the beginning of the dynamics of integration with the building of ad hoc collaborations. The last three chapters analyze the structural changes which allow a deepening of the integration of business and the creation of new forms and new mechanisms of cooperation
Vallières, Pascal. "Biocarburants : instruments de la gouvernance internationale de l’environnement : écologie politique des projets de production de jatropha en contexte paysan au Mali." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68345.
Full textPropelled by the energy crisis, the production of jatropha, an oilseed plant cultivated as a biofuel, has benefited from massive investments on a global scale since 2007. This expansion is due to both incentive energy policies, the economic support of various governments and the power of the industrial lobby. The objective of non-oil-producing countries to reduce part of their energy bill through biofuel production is combined with the interest of national and foreign investors in the new profit opportunities offered by offsetting carbon emissions through jatropha plantations. Adopting a multiscalar perspective and an approach derived from political ecology and development anthropology, the case study proposed in this thesis examines the roles and economic and political implications of the various national and transnational actors (state of Mali, transnational institutions, private sector, non-governmental organizations) associated with the promotion and production of jatropha as an energy crop in southern Mali, while providing a critical analysis of the discourses they produce and the developmental configuration on which they rely. The international environmental governance mechanism, which draws on both discursive strategies and normative practices in the fight against climate change, is examined in order to understand how it participates in the construction of public policies in favour of biofuels in general and jatropha in particular. The political and economic mechanisms involved in the establishment of the jatropha sector are also studied in the light of their impacts on local socioeconomic dynamics. Finally, this thesis demonstrates how, faced with the attempt to integrate contract farmers into the market economy in a "participatory" and subsidized manner, the latter, disappointed by the low yields and insignificant incomes associated with jatropha cultivation, are putting up passive resistance by gradually abandoning jatropha plantations or diverting the small quantities harvested in favour of domestic processing into soap by women.
Sinapi, Christine. "Crises financières et gouvernance mondiale : intégration financière des économies émergentes et crises d'illiquidité : une analyse en termes de fragilité financière internationale." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOE006.
Full textThis dissertation offers an analysis of emerging economies financial crises. It aims to explain the following observation: at the end of the 1990’s, the development of international financial integration in emerging economies coincided with an increase of their financial instability, taking the form of systemic liquidity crises with sudden stops. The analysis of this relationship is inspired from Minsky’s financial fragility concept and from the so-called “third generation” crisis models. International financial integration includes two distinctive components: the first is the de facto financial integration (increase in transnational capital flows); the second is the de jure financial integration, which refers to financial liberalization policies. The potential effects of these two elements are examined successively. In emerging economies, de facto integration has been accompanied by an increase in international capital flows (capital surge) and an increase in the part of portfolio investments. The first hypothesis is that this may constitute a form of international financial fragility. In this context, such fragility appears as a necessary condition to a systemic liquidity crisis and may be sufficient to trigger liquidity problems including endogenous sudden stops. The second hypothesis is that de jure financial integration may be the source of an institutional fragility, the effect of which is to encourage the development of financial fragility and thus the risk of a crisis. The concept of institutional fragility is inspired from Minsky's latest researches, of which an interpretation and extension is proposed. The results from this theoretical analysis are illustrated by the cases of 1990’s emerging economies' crises. To conclude, some perspectives regarding international financial governance directly derive from this analysis, which should lead to further research
Marks, Géraldine. "Quelle place pour le droit dans la gestion des urgences sanitaires de portée internationale ? : esquisse d’une gouvernance des risques biologiques par l’échange d’informations." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1108.
Full textPublic health emergencies of international concern are part of those risks that can not be efficiently managed by States on their own to ensure the longstanding well-being of their population. This thesis explores the possibility to supersede the international community's lack of integration for the management of what will be considered as biological risks, by the designing of an international and global governance system based on the exchange of information. For the functionning of this system, information will need to be produced and have the capacity to be exchanged. In this context, information exchanges ought to be organised, in order to take into account the legal specifities of the information involved. The study will thus aim at emphasizing on the essential role of law in the organisation of those exchanges but also on its limitations
Boussac, Tamara. "Retour à Newburgh, New York : assistance sociale, fiscalité et bon gouvernement aux États-Unis (1945-1975)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0113.
Full textThis dissertation looks into the Newburgh, New York affair so as to unfold the existence a strong conservative critique of welfare programs in New York State between 1945 and 1975. It thus purports to write a social and political history of local and grassroots mobilizations against welfare in the liberal Northeast
Amnache, Yahia. "Les conventions fiscales entre la France et les pays du Maghreb." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA111016.
Full textTax treaties between France and the Maghreb countries, aim to eliminate double taxation and tax evasion. They are based largely on two OECD Model Conventions and UN and dedicated the methods of the exemption and imputation. They retain the tax domicile and concepts of permanent establishment for taxation of income of individuals and companies. To allow taxpayers to claim their rights, these agreements provide for the mutual agreement procedure. The principle of non-aggravation of taxation also, lacking in these convention. Administrative assistance and exchange of information is limited by professional secrecy, banking, commercial and public order. The absence of anti-abuse clause also makes it difficult to achieve the goal of eliminating tax evasion. The relative effectiveness is also accentuated by the attenuation of the superiority of tax treaties over domestic
Birckholz, da silva Brenno. "Le point optimal de la fiscalité internationale et son impact économique dans l'internationalisation productive : une étude du rapport coût-bénéfice fiscal sous la perspective des régimes brésilien et français." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0054.
Full textThe scope of this Thesis is to study the economic impact of the taxation of offshore revenue on the competitiveness of the national business class under the Brazilian and French regimes. Foreign laws of the following Jurisdictions will be analyzed: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, South Korea, Spain, United States, France, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Norway,Portugal and the United Kingdom. Topical distribution has occurred based on geo-social guidelines, the root of normative systems (commonlaw and civil law) and also (and above all) as per the preponderance in participation and decision-making influence in global geopolitical orientation. The research content was based on two basic premises: i) assessing in concreto the impact of legal norms on the economic performance of national enterprises and their competitiveness on theinternational market; and ii) from the extraction of empirical statistical data on the gross amount of offshore revenue produced by each tax administration, the impact of the tax burden on these items and the content of the « tax collection » and « fiscal efficiency » indexes, to establish among the fiscal policies analyzed the one(s) with the best « cost-benefit ratio » correlation, and therefore an optimal point to the interface between international tax law and national economic and productive development. Our challenge, eventually, will be to propose a fiscal construction in order to contribute to the improvement of the tax systems analyzed, by providing them with efficiency and rationality, thus contributing to the economic and social development of the two target countries, France and Brazil
Maisetti, Nicolas. "Marseille en Méditerranée : récit politique territorial et sociologie de l'action publique locale internationale." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010278.
Full textArja, Rouba. "Construction des compétences au sein des chaînes globales de valeur et compétitivité des entreprises locales : Le cas des entreprises vitivinicoles du Languedoc-Roussillon." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON10067.
Full textLouis-Jeune, Manès. "La paradiplomatie dans le droit de l’action publique internationale des collectivités infraétatiques : exemple de la Caraïbe." Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0153/document.
Full textParadiplomacy is an innovative concept in international relations. It is the doctrine that tries to define this notion from the conceptual point of view. Thus, its definition varies from one author to another. And the themes that determine its scope are not exactly defined. It encompasses decentralized cooperation, twinning and cross-border cooperation. It occupies a prominent place in the law of local authorities in France, in particular the French departments of America, in their relations with their Caribbean counterparts. The various paradiplomatic actions of these communities contribute to sustainable development in the Caribbean basin. It is a real tool for communities to raise the torch of French diplomacy in the Caribbean. In this perspective, it does not compete with French diplomacy, but complement it. It is heavily regulated from a legal and institutional point of view. Indeed, national legislation, EU law and international law determine its implementation and its limits. Institutions at national and international levels provide an informational framework and possibly financial support. However, paradiplomacy impacts local governance
Roca, Thomas. "La Gouvernance à l’heure du Consensus Post-Washington : les limites théoriques et méthodologiques d'un concept protéiforme." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40005/document.
Full textWith Washington Consensus as leit motiv, we show that governance ultimately reaffirmed its political nature which “whole market” supporters tried to eradicate. Once established the now democratic nature of governance, we study the indicators produced to evaluate it. These indexes are mostly perceptions indicators. Thus, they remain unperfected, sometimes biased.Focusing on corruption measurement, we uncovered a media or reflective bias. Press freedom plays an important role on perceptions. We suggest that the Corruption Perception Index, provided by Transparency International (TI) penalizes young democracies. Media aperture, broadcasting corruption deeds so far unrevealed, likely influences TI experts that consequently deteriorate their notations.Recently, a new tool appears to assess institutional quality. If household surveys are not brand new, their systematization opens new perspectives. Using Gallup Worl Poll, we were able to observe population’s feeling towards corruption at a global scale. Thus, we were able to compare population’s and expert’s perceptions. We then identified this gap determinants and put the light on the influence of press freedom, political organization or leadership approval
Ardinat, Gilles. "Géographie de la compétitivité. Mesure, représentation et gouvernance de la performance économique des nations dans la mondialisation." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30031/document.
Full textCompetitiveness is now a central concept in public discourse. Nations must be competitive as well as businesses. However, constant use of the concept of competitiveness about territories has not to date elicited any specific geographical analysis. Despite a plethora of literature on this topic (official reports, rankings and debates among economists), geographical studies remain quite limited. It is therefore necessary to bridge this gap by conducting a spatial study about the concept of competitiveness : this is the subject of this thesis, which fits in the fields of economic geography (the study offlows of wealth, spatial forms of globalization) and territorial planning (public policies and official statements relating to the territories). This research follows three main lines : First, what lessons can be learned from the existing literature on this subject which has amassed over the past 30 years ? A critical study of the most important documents is thus undertaken to facilitate an understanding of the theoretical foundations and limitations of the competitiveness concept applied to nations. Such a review highlights that the notion of territorial competitiveness, often poorly defined, is highly political. Second, how can national competitiveness be measured and mapped ? Constructed from existing indexes (such as that of the World Economic Forum) and new tools, the maps demonstrate the complexity of performance evaluation in a competitive environment. Competitiveness has many facets that bring about various representations. Finally, This research is a critical and territorialised review of the competitiveness policies. It is a document intended to support development decisions and to place issues of territory at the heart of discussions. This original contribution attempts to clarify some aspects of the globalization process, in an era marked by instability
Bédécarrats, Florent. "La microfinance entre utilité sociale et performances financières : Le rôle des normes dans la gouvernance d'un secteur mondialisé." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866895.
Full textBaratier-Negri, Laurence. "Valéry Giscard d'Estaing et la Grande-Bretagne : le couple franco-britannique sur la scène internationale de 1974 à1981." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040048.
Full textThe 70’s see the emergence of a multipolar world that requires new scales of negotiations. What role can bilateralism play in the reorganization of global relations? The question especially calls out two medium-sized European powers with worldwide ambitions: France and Great Britain.The monetary, economical, and energy crises in a context of accelerated globalization make the coordination between states vital and justify regional solutions. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who sees in the European integration the mean to preserve the weight of Europe and France in the world, has to compose with the British who join the EEC in 1973. To the economic challenges are added political imbalances: the unknowns of Détente, transatlantic divergences, the decline of the American leadership, and the emergence of new key players on the world stage. In order to protect the European balance, the consensus is more necessary than ever. The coming to power, in the mid 70’s, of a new generation of political leaders in France, Great Britain, Germany, and the US promotes the restructuring of dialogue. The creation of the European Council and the G7 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing crystallizes this evolution and offers new perspectives to bilateral relations. These fit more and more into the international relation system by an interplay of scales that allows the coordination of the strategies. The Franco-British summit introduced in 1976 comes into full view as a relay between the European governance and the worldwide governance
Sonhaye, Kondi napo. "Le developpement de l’administration electronique en Afrique : réflexion sur les indicateurs de comparaison internationale à partir de l'exemple du Togo." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30044.
Full textAdministration in Africa has begun to develop information technology tools that facilitate exchange and communication between administrators and citizens. Paperless documentation is being developed in Africa. Sometimes, it is driven by requirements or guidelines of international institutions. E-government is one of the factors of modernization reform of African states. It is defined as the application of new information and communications technology (ITC) in public sector (administration) in order to improve the efficiency of services provided to citizens.In the literature of the subject, there are several e-government models presented and evaluated in the terms of their presence in the states or organizations. Developing countries, like Togo, have taken the road to modernization for ten years, with a variety of objectives. Some countries in Europe, America and Asia have already more than twenty years of experience in this reform. Despite the disparity of e-government programs, their objectives and their advancement (the agendas are not the same in all countries), international assessment procedures in overall ranking of countries are ubiquitous. They suggest that there is a universal model of electronic government which can be apply to measure the progress of any country. But international indicators are used to make decisions that engage in the realization of e-government projects. It is therefore necessary to examine the validity of these methods. This is the subject of this dissertation. The questions of the universality of models lead to investigate whether international ranking indicators in digital development reflect reality and whether they take into account all comparative parameters supposed to define the progress of a state.This dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part discusses the models of e-government and the technological context in Africa, including the statements of places of telecommunication and network infrastructure (facilities and applications, Internet service providers and telephone, etc.), the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and e-government. Then, non-typical successful case studies of West Africa (Cape-Verde), North Africa (Tunisia), and Central Africa (Rwanda) are presented.The second part discusses the case of e-government in Togo. It outlines the foundation for the development of e-government in Togo and presents the state of ICT development and the establishment of administrative records. Advantages, disadvantages and challenges of e-government in Togo are discussed as well. After the presentation of the general context in Togo, the methodology and the results of the field study are discussed. The field study was based on interviews with actors involved in the implementation of the e-government in Togo and on observations. The third part deals with the theoretical framework of this research. It analyzes international comparison of methods of e-government by providing a reflection on the methodology of the construction e-government indicators and international assessments in light of studies carried out in Togo
Ba, El Hadji Dialigue. "Le droit fiscal à l'épreuve de la mondialisation : la règlementation des prix de transfert au Sénégal." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681037.
Full textBardot, Alexandre. "Les transferts de résidence fiscale des personnes physiques entre la France et la Suisse." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010278.
Full textThe beginning of the 21th century witnessed a prodigious acceleration of the movements of capital and persons on a worldwide scale. Transfers of tax residence by High Net Worth lndividuals dramatically increased in particular, from high tax countries to jurisdictions offering attractive levels of taxation. The sheer number of French residents expatriating to Switzerland is a testimony of this trend. The objective of this research work is to cover precisely the issues related to the relocations of High Net Worth Individuals from France to Switzerland and their tax consequences. The French tax system, often perceived as complex, inequitable sometimes motivates decisions of expatriation which are not only related to fiscal reasons. It is the author's belief that it is necessary to confront this perception with the legal and factual reality and to explore i which conditions an expatriation from France can be managed. The transfer of domicile to Switzerland enable wealthy individuals to benefit from an at1ractive tax regime. Nevertheless, moving to Switzerland does not solve all of a wealthy expatriate's tax or patrimonial issues. Relocation entails constraints and limits. For that reason, some French expatriates will decide on a possible return to France or alternatively to jurisdiction even more attractive than Switzerland. We shall examine these rival jurisdictions and compare with a critical eye the French and Swiss tax systems in presence, with proposals for reform or adaptation with a view to restore or preserve their respective competitiveness on an international scale
Anouliès, Lisa. "Trade and environment : policy responses." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0064.
Full textThis dissertation postulates that strategic interactions between governments are a key element to assess the effects of trade on the environment. It adopts a positive approach which is aimed at uncovering new theoretical mechanisms to contribute to the trade and environment literature on the following questions: is the environmental policy used as a substitute for trade barriers, and what are the environmental consequences of such an attitude? What are the effects of the environmental policy on the productive efficiency of an economy? Can a border tax adjustment support an environmental objective? To propose new elements of answer on these fundamental questions, the three independent chapters of this dissertation rely on theoretical models featuring intra-industry trade. The first chapter shows that trade integration influences the incentives of governments to regulate polluting industries, and that these incentives vary according to the geographical scale of pollution. The second chapter concludes that the cost of complying with an environmental objective differs according to the design elements of the cap-and-trade program when firms are heterogeneous and in monopolistic competition. The third chapter predicts that a border tax adjustment induces compliance of countries with the cooperative environmental agreement, a strategic dimension that is crucial for solving competitive distortions and carbon leakage issues
Bebada, Mègnon Didier Ayimonnou. "L'ONU ET LE DEFI POLITIQUE DE LA MONDIALISATION. Critique de la doctrine de la gouvernance globale et l'option des grands ensembles régionaux." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3008/document.
Full textIn the face of the globalization that has profoundly changed the international environment, the United Nations, whose project is fairly globalist on the substance (lasting peace for all mankind), has remained in reaction. It seems to have become aware of the stakes of economic globalization only on the eve of the twenty-first century, setting the lines of its refoundation at the Summits (2000 and 2005) of entry into the Third Millennium. Despite the initiatives, the political progress of the UN remains insignificant. In the absence of a deep political reform, ideology of "Global Governance" and its neo-liberal slogan of "less politics, less state" imposed itself. But the political challenge of globalization is declining in sovereignty of states, weakening of democracy, blurring of identities (citizenship), globalization of insecurity, ecological peril, etc. Faced with these challenges, UN universalism and multilateralism are failing; the overcoming of the nation-state seems as inevitable as the advent of a world state is impossible. The regional perspective thus seems more relevant to address global threats. This thesis defends the hypothesis of a reconfiguration of the world into an oligopolar system of large regional ensembles led by community institutions (EU, AU). It is a logic of "great spaces", inspired by major historical amphictyonic projects (Perpetual Peace Projects), and postulates new regional security communities, articulated by a refounded UN. This refoundation is thought around international law backed by a new global ethic. The future of the United Nations and the international system is less influenced by "global governance" inspired by the market than by the construction of major regional poles in coordination with economic integration
Banik, Katja. "L'Union Européenne et la Chine : visions géopolitiques concurrentes d'un monde globalisé." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030054.
Full textSapere Aude: More than ever the injunction of the Age of Enlightenment applies to our globalised world reaching a crossroads. The internationalisation of China has changed the rules of the geopolitical stakes between China, the European Union and the United States. In addition to the positive effects of the globalisation now appear the harmful consequences of the illicit economy and the non-transparent financial structures. The worldwide opacity is one of the essential vectors of Chinas economic increase and favours not only the economic but the geopolitical repercussions of Chinese investments in the world. Thus China easily pursues its hegemonic strategy. The current geopolitical stake is not only linked to a global shift in powers from West to East or to the world scenarios G1, G2 or G20 but to the increasing political and economic competition between two opposing world scenarios: democracy versus authoritarian regimes. Due to its structure, the EU is an avant-garde and pioneering global actor who is essential in promoting the vision of the world of cooperation. The dare and boldness of the EU leaders, especially those of France and Germany, the surpassing of the national interests and the creation of a profound European identity (according to the vision of Jacques Ancel) are essential vehicles to build a world of cooperation - the unique vision of the new global governance backed by the fundamental values of the EU, a global governance in which freedom, democracy and Human Rights are inviolable values
Achour, Hekma. "La gouvernance du Bassin du Nil entre confrontation et coopération. Contribution à l’étude du droit international fluvial." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR0036/document.
Full textThe governance of the Nile Basin is a challenge as it is to reconcile the interests of the eleven riparian States. Its instability is due to the existence of a plurality of legal regimes on the Nile. The development process of the agreements on the Nile, explains their differences. The riparian States have established a cooperative framework called the Nile Basin Initiative, to try to converge their interests and promote regional development. Nevertheless, the study of the positive law on the Nile, demonstrates a great legal and political instability. Therefore, we have tried to find out a way to overcome these differences in a sustainable governance of the Nile Basin. The harmonization of legal regimes on the Nile could be a viable solution. This is based on the qualification of the Nile waters of Regional Public Good, which requires the rehabilitation of the concept of sovereignty, which led to suggest the establishing of a "common sovereignty on the water."
Jacob, Lauranne. "Gouverner la frontière. Innovations dans la coopération transfrontalière des territoires alpins : espace Mont-Blanc, Alpi-Marittime-Mercantour." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH017/document.
Full textThis thesis examines the links between governance, social innovation and territories with a disciplinaryoverrun context, in Alpine cross-border margins. Mainly related to geography and secondarily to lawdisciplines, this research explores common thematic such us border and space. It tries to find commonground on the governance before working on relatively new topic: social innovation.The Alpi Marittime-Mercantour and Espace Mont-Blanc cross-border governance has been analyzedwith a comparative approach. These cases are poorly investigated by the literature on governance,although they have interesting special topic and issues like sustainable development. They have to findan acceptable balance between protection measures and socio-economic development. Thefunctionalization of border allows for cross-border cooperation but the topography and the pooraccessibility constraint and affect the agreement the of the governance. The analysis of governance isbased on three different forms: institutional governance (formal and informal), project governance(mainly formal) and Interreg program governance relatively complex. This system is obviously multilevelwith vertical (top-down and bottom-up) and horizontal relations.The thesis reviews the definition of innovation especially social innovation with a critical perspective.The ambition isn’t to say “this is an innovation” but to understand and explain how the system ofgovernance implements public policies and finally produces innovations. The goal is also to show andanalyze “almost innovations” and “failed innovation”.Finally, this research considers institutionalization and territorialization processes next to each other.Both of them are continuous on long term and they are dependent on project’s players, their ambitions,but also on national and European, political and legal framework
Narminio, Elisa. "Vulnerabilising the trafficked child: Structural violence of governance practices in the EU and ASEAN." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/315941.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Dubuc, Julien. "Coopération interlocale et gestion des eaux transfrontalières entre le Canada et les États-Unis le cas du site d'enfouissement de Coventry." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5638.
Full textGama, Sa Jeanine. "Le fonds pour l'environnement mondial." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32012/document.
Full textThe Global Environment Facility (GEF) is the most important single source of finance for projects and programs designed to promote global environmental benefits in developing countries and transition countries. The thesis aims at examining the role played by the GEF as a tool for financing environmental conventions and sustainable development, emphasizing its contribution to the enforcement of international environmental law and to the debate concerning international environmental governance