Journal articles: 'Gossypium species'

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Anwar, Muhammad, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Aamir Ali Abro, Shabana Memon, Liaquat Ali Bhutto, Shamim Ara Memon, and Yan Peng. "Inter-Specific Hybridization in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for Crop Improvement." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 13, 2022): 3158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123158.

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Interspecific hybridization has contributed significantly to land diversity, species evolution, and crops’ domestication, including upland cotton, the cultivated form of Gossypium hirsutum. Being the world’s most important fiber crop species, Gossypium hirsutum belongs to the allotetraploid Gossypium consisting of six additional tetraploid species. The lint fiber evolved once in diploid parent A-genome species in the Gossypium’s history and passed on during hybridization of the A-genome with the D-genome and was maintained in subsequent evolution. The domestication history of G. hirsutum involved the collection and use of lint fibers by indigenous people for the purpose of making strings and other textile products; hence, spinnable lint fibers were likely to have evolved under domestication. Crossing with G. barbadense has resulted in the development of multiple genetic lines in contemporary upland cotton. However, in later-generation hybrids between G. hirsutum and other polyploid species, reproductive barriers such as reduced fertility, segregation distortion, and hybrid breakdown are frequently observed, complicating the task of introgressing new, stably inherited allelic variation from inter-specific hybridization. Recent efforts in molecular genetics research have provided insights into the location and effects of QTLs from wild species that are associated with traits important to cotton production. These and future research efforts will undoubtedly provide the tools that can be utilized by plant breeders to access novel genes from wild and domesticated allotetraploid Gossypium for upland cotton improvement.

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Feng, Chunda, Mauricio Ulloa, Claudia Perez-M., and James McD Stewart. "Distribution and molecular diversity of arborescent Gossypium species." Botany 89, no. 9 (September 2011): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-042.

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Mexico is a center of diversity of Gossypium . As currently circumscribed, arborescent Gossypium species (subsection Erioxylum ) are widely distributed in dry deciduous forests located from Sinaloa in the north of its range to Oaxaca in the south of its range. However, extensive morphological variation exists among accessions from these different geographic regions. The objective of this work was to determine whether the observed morphological variation is reflected at the molecular level. Molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships were estimated with 210 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments and 766 amplified fragment length polymorphism fragments among 33 accessions of arborescent Gossypium, including 23 of Gossypium aridum , the most widely distributed of the arborescent Mexican diploid Gossypium species. Over 90% of the fragments were polymorphic; however, each accession contained only between 32% and 46% of the total loci. Two thirds of the loci among the G. aridum accessions had allelic frequencies lower than 80%. The genetic distance between Gossypium gossypioides (subsection Selera ) and species of subsection Erioxylum ranged between 0.64 and 0.84. The genetic distance between two recognized species, Gossypium lobatum and Gossypium schwendimanii , within subsection Erioxylum was 0.32. Most molecular data support the traditional classification of Gossypium species and the geographical ecotypes of the G. aridum accessions. A newly collected accession, US-72, of subsection Erioxylum was genetically distant (range, 0.42–0.54) from the other species of the subsection. Molecular data support the recognition of this taxon as a new species. The molecular diversity among accessions of G. aridum was greater than that among the species of subsection Erioxylum. The results indicate this subsection deserves additional study to establish a defensible taxonomic treatment of the various taxa and to resolve genetically distant geographical ecotypes.

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Sun, Ruibin, Shaohui Wang, Dan Ma, and Chuanliang Liu. "Genome-Wide Analysis of LRR-RLK Gene Family in Four Gossypium Species and Expression Analysis during Cotton Development and Stress Responses." Genes 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9120592.

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Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) have been reported to play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, no comprehensive analysis of this family has been performed in cotton (Gossypium spp.), which is an important economic crop that suffers various stresses in growth and development. Here we conducted a comprehensive analysis of LRR-RLK family in four Gossypium species (Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum, and Gossypium raimondii). A total of 1641 LRR-RLK genes were identified in the four Gossypium species involved in our study. The maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree revealed that all the LRR-RLK genes were divided into 21 subgroups. Exon-intron organization structure of LRR-RLK genes kept relatively conserved within subfamilies and between Arabidopsis and Gossypium genomes. Notably, subfamilies XI and XII were found dramatically expanded in Gossypium species. Tandem duplication acted as an important mechanism in expansion of the Gossypium LRR-RLK gene family. Functional analysis suggested that Gossypium LRR-RLK genes were enriched for plant hormone signaling and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Promoter analysis revealed that Gossypium LRR-RLK genes were extensively regulated by transcription factors (TFs), phytohormonal, and various environmental stimuli. Expression profiling showed that Gossypium LRR-RLK genes were widely involved in stress defense and diverse developmental processes including cotton fiber development and provides insight into potential functional divergence within and among subfamilies. Our study provided valuable information for further functional study of Gossypium LRR-RLK genes.

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Kämpfer, Peter, Karin Martin, John A. McInroy, and Stefanie P. Glaeser. "Novosphingobium gossypii sp. nov., isolated from Gossypium hirsutum." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_9 (September 1, 2015): 2831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.000339.

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A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium (strain JM-1396T) producing a yellow pigment, was isolated from the healthy internal stem tissue of post-harvest cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, cultivar ‘DES-119’) grown at the Plant Breeding Unit at the E. V. Smith Research Center in Tallassee (Macon county), AL, USA. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain JM-1396T showed high sequence similarity values to the type strains of Novosphingobium mathurense, Novosphingobium panipatense (both 98.6 %) and Novosphingobium barchaimii (98.5 %); sequence similarities to all other type strains of species of the genus Novosphingobium were below 98.3 %. DNA–DNA pairing experiments of the DNA of strain JM-1396T and N. mathurense SM117T, N. panipatense SM16T and N. barchaimii DSM 25411T showed low relatedness values of 8 % (reciprocal 7 %), 24 % (reciprocal 26 %) and 19 % (reciprocal 25 %), respectively. Ubiquinone Q-10 was detected as the dominant quinone; the fatty acids C18 : 1ω7c (71.0 %) and the typical 2-hydroxy fatty acid, C14 : 0 2-OH (11.7 %), were detected as typical components. The polar lipid profile contained the diagnostic lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingoglycolipid and phosphatidylcholine. The polyamine pattern contained the major compound spermidine and only minor amounts of other polyamines. All these data revealed that strain JM-1396T represents a novel species of the genus Novosphingobium. For this reason we propose the name Novosphingobium gossypii sp. nov. with the type strain JM-1396T ( = LMG 28605T = CCM 8569T = CIP 110884T).

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Pereira, G. S., R. L. Sousa, R. L. Araújo, L. V. Hoffmann, E. F. Silva, and P. A. V. Barroso. "Selective fertilization in interspecific crosses of allotetraploid species of Gossypium." Botany 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-094.

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The genus Gossypium is composed of both diploid and allotetraploid species. The five allotetraploid species of Gossypium are sexually compatible, and only partial sexual barriers have been described. Natural hybrids among them do not occur or occur in situ with very low frequency in Brazil in the rare places where cultivated upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) occurs in a sympatric range with Gossypium barbadense L. or Gossypium mustelinum Miers. We evaluated the presence of pollen competition as a prezygotic barrier in crosses between upland cotton and G. barbadense and G. mustelinum. We found that G. barbadense pollinated with a mixture of 50% upland cotton and 50% G. barbadense pollen resulted in 17.4%–31.1% interspecific hybrids, depending upon the upland cotton genotype used as pollen donor. Mixtures containing pollen from G. mustelinum and upland cotton, used to pollinate G. mustelinum in proportions of 25%:75%, 50%:50%, and 75%:25%, produced 61.3%, 22.5%, and 3.6% interspecific hybrids, respectively. These low rates of hybrid production demonstrate that pollen competition is present with G. mustelinum and G. barbadense and confirms this mechanism as a sexual barrier.

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Kämpfer, Peter, Hans-Jürgen Busse, John A. McInroy, and Stefanie P. Glaeser. "Variovorax gossypii sp. nov., isolated from Gossypium hirsutum." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_12 (December 1, 2015): 4335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000581.

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A beige-pigmented bacterial strain (JM-310T), isolated from the healthy internal root tissue of 4-week-old cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, cultivar ‘DES-119’) in Tallassee (Macon county), Alabama, USA, was studied taxonomically. The isolate produced small rod-shaped cells, which showed a Gram-negative staining behaviour. A comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the isolate revealed 99.2, 98.8, 98.7, 98.7, 98.1 and 97.6 % similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strains of Variovorax paradoxus, Variovorax boronicumulans, Variovorax ginsengisoli, Variovorax soli, Variovorax defluvii and Variovorax dokdonensis, respectively. In phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain JM-301T was placed within the monophyletic cluster of Variovorax species. The fatty acid profile of strain JM-310T consisted mainly of the major fatty acids C16 : 0, C10 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 4 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH/C16 : 1ω7c/t). The quinone system of strain JM-310T contained predominantly ubiquinone Q-8 and lesser amounts of Q-7 and Q-9. The major polyamine was putrescine and the diagnostic polyamine 2-hydroxyputrescine was detected as well. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major lipids phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphospatidylglycerol and several unidentified lipids. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments with V. paradoxus LMG 1797T, V. boronicumulans 1.22T, V. soli KACC 11579T and V. ginsengisoli 3165T gave levels of relatedness of < 70 %. These DNA–DNA hybridization results in addition to differential biochemical properties indicate clearly that strain JM-310T is a member of a novel species, for which the name Variovorax gossypii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JM-310T ( = LMG 28869T = CIP 110912T = CCM 8614T).

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Jan, Masood, Zhixin Liu, Chenxi Guo, Yaping Zhou, and Xuwu Sun. "An Overview of Cotton Gland Development and Its Transcriptional Regulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 4892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094892.

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Cotton refers to species in the genus Gossypium that bear spinnable seed coat fibers. A total of 50 species in the genus Gossypium have been described to date. Of these, only four species, viz. Gossypium, hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboretum, and G. herbaceum are cultivated; the rest are wild. The black dot-like structures on the surfaces of cotton organs or tissues, such as the leaves, stem, calyx, bracts, and boll surface, are called gossypol glands or pigment glands, which store terpenoid aldehydes, including gossypol. The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) pigment gland is a distinctive structure that stores gossypol and its derivatives. It provides an ideal system for studying cell differentiation and organogenesis. However, only a few genes involved in the process of gland formation have been identified to date, and the molecular mechanisms underlying gland initiation remain unclear. The terpenoid aldehydes in the lysigenous glands of Gossypium species are important secondary phytoalexins (with gossypol being the most important) and one of the main defenses of plants against pests and diseases. Here, we review recent research on the development of gossypol glands in Gossypium species, the regulation of the terpenoid aldehyde biosynthesis pathway, discoveries from genetic engineering studies, and future research directions.

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Udall, Joshua A., Evan Long, Chris Hanson, Daojun Yuan, Thiruvarangan Ramaraj, Justin L. Conover, Lei Gong, et al. "De Novo Genome Sequence Assemblies of Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium turneri." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 9, no. 10 (August 28, 2019): 3079–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400392.

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Cotton is an agriculturally important crop. Because of its importance, a genome sequence of a diploid cotton species (Gossypium raimondii, D-genome) was first assembled using Sanger sequencing data in 2012. Improvements to DNA sequencing technology have improved accuracy and correctness of assembled genome sequences. Here we report a new de novo genome assembly of G. raimondii and its close relative G. turneri. The two genomes were assembled to a chromosome level using PacBio long-read technology, HiC, and Bionano optical mapping. This report corrects some minor assembly errors found in the Sanger assembly of G. raimondii. We also compare the genome sequences of these two species for gene composition, repetitive element composition, and collinearity. Most of the identified structural rearrangements between these two species are due to intra-chromosomal inversions. More inversions were found in the G. turneri genome sequence than the G. raimondii genome sequence. These findings and updates to the D-genome sequence will improve accuracy and translation of genomics to cotton breeding and genetics.

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Fan, Liu, Zhang, Zou, Jiang, Huang, Fan, et al. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Metacaspase Gene Family in Gossypium Species." Genes 10, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070527.

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Metacaspases (MCs) are cysteine proteases that are important for programmed cell death (PCD) in plants. In this study, we identified 89 MC genes in the genomes of four Gossypium species (Gossypium raimondii, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum, and Gossypium arboreum), and classified them as type-I or type-II genes. All of the type-I and type-II MC genes contain a sequence encoding the peptidase C14 domain. During developmentally regulated PCD, type-II MC genes may play an important role related to fiber elongation, while type-I genes may affect the thickening of the secondary wall. Additionally, 13 genes were observed to be differentially expressed between two cotton lines with differing fiber strengths, and four genes (GhMC02, GhMC04, GhMC07, and GhMC08) were predominantly expressed in cotton fibers at 5–30 days post-anthesis (DPA). During environmentally induced PCD, the expression levels of four genes were affected in the root, stem, and leaf tissues within 6 h of an abiotic stress treatment. In general, the MC gene family affects the development of cotton fibers, including fiber elongation and fiber thickening while four prominent fiber- expressed genes were identified. The effects of the abiotic stress and hormone treatments imply that the cotton MC gene family may be important for fiber development. The data presented herein may form the foundation for future investigations of the MC gene family in Gossypium species.

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Kämpfer, Peter, Hans-Jürgen Busse, John A. McInroy, and Stefanie P. Glaeser. "Bacillus gossypii sp. nov., isolated from the stem of Gossypium hirsutum." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65, Pt_11 (November 1, 2015): 4163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000555.

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A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming organism, isolated from the stem of Gossypium hirsutum, was studied to determine its taxonomic position. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain JM-267T was grouped in the genus Bacillus, related most closely to the type strains of Bacillus simplex and Bacillus huizhouensis (both 97.8 %), Bacillus muralis (97.7 %), Bacillus butanolivorans and Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus (both 97.3 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the sequences of the type strains of other Bacillus species was < 97.0 %. The fatty acid profile supported the grouping of the strain to the genus Bacillus. As major fatty acids, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were detected. The polar lipid profile contained the major components diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major quinone was menaquinone 7 (MK-7). DNA–DNA hybridizations with B. simplex DSM 1321T, B. huizhouensis GSS03T, B. muralis LMG 20238T, B. butanolivorans LMG 23974T and B. psychrosaccharolyticus DSM 6T resulted in values clearly below 70 %. In addition, physiological and biochemical test results allowed the clear phenotypic differentiation of strain JM-267T from the most closely related species. Hence, strain JM-267T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus gossypii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JM-267T ( = DSM 100034T = LMG 28742T).

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Grover, C. E., K. K. Grupp, R. J. Wanzek, and J. F. Wendel. "Assessing the monophyly of polyploid Gossypium species." Plant Systematics and Evolution 298, no. 6 (March 11, 2012): 1177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0615-7.

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Cai, X. Y., F. Liu, Z. L. Zhou, X. X. Wang, C. Y. Wang, Y. H. Wang, and K. B. Wang. "Characterization and development of chloroplast microsatellite markers for Gossypium hirsutum, and cross-species amplification in other Gossypium species." Genetics and Molecular Research 14, no. 4 (2015): 11924–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2015.october.5.6.

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Ma, Chenhui, Zibo Zhao, Na Wang, Muhammad Tehseen Azhar, and Xiongming Du. "Genome-Wide Identification and Comparative Analysis of Myosin Gene Family in Four Major Cotton Species." Genes 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070731.

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Myosin protein as a molecular motor, binding with Actin, plays a significant role in various physiological activities such as cell division, movement, migration, and morphology; however, there are only a few studies on plant Myosin gene family, particularly in cotton. A total of 114 Myosin genes were found in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum. All Myosins could be grouped into six groups, and for each group of these genes, similar gene structures are found. Study of evolution suggested that the whole genome duplications event occurring about 13–20 MYA (millions of years ago) is the key explanation for Myosins expanse in cotton. Cis-element and qPCR analysis revealed that plant hormones such as abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid can control the expression of Myosins. This research provides useful information on the function of Myosin genes in regulating plant growth, production, and fiber elongation for further studies.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, Mueen Alam Khan, Waqas Shafqat Chattha, Khalid Abdullah, and Asif Majeed. "Comparative evaluation of Gossypium arboreum L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. genotypes for drought tolerance." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 17, no. 6 (November 15, 2019): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262119000340.

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AbstractDrought stress negatively affects the cotton production all over the world. The negative impact of drought varies for different species due to some morphological and root attributes that help some species to better stand under drought. But the extent of disturbance varies for different cotton species. To find out such variation, two cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium arboreum) were studied under normal and drought conditions for 2 years. Two genotypes for each species were included, i.e. PC-1 and COMILLA (G. arboreum) and IUB-13 and IUB-65 (G. hirsutum). The experiment was laid out under a completely randomized design following factorial arrangement. Genotype × treatment × year interaction of cotton genotypes was studied for different root, morphological, physiological and fibre-related traits. Traits such as above ground dry biomass, above ground fresh biomass, chlorophyll contents, leaf area, seed cotton yield, sympodial branches/plant, fibre strength and ginning out-turn were higher in G. hirsutum genotypes as compared to G. arboreum genotypes. However less reduction under drought in all above mentioned traits was recorded for G. arboreum, than G. hirsutum. Furthermore, root traits; primary root length, lateral root numbers, root fresh weight and root dry weight were enriched under drought condition in G. arboreum genotypes than in G. hirsutum genotypes, which is a clear manifestation of higher drought tolerance ability in G. arboreum genotypes transferrable to G. hirsutum genotypes through interspecific crossing or other means.

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Yin, Xiaomin, Rulin Zhan, Yingdui He, Shun Song, Lixia Wang, Yu Ge, and Di Chen. "Morphological description of a novel synthetic allotetraploid(A1A1G3G3) of Gossypium herbaceum L.and G.nelsonii Fryx. suitable for disease-resistant breeding applications." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): e0242620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242620.

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Wild species of Gossypium ssp. are an important source of traits for improving commercial cotton cultivars. Previous reports show that Gossypium herbaceum L. and Gossypium nelsonii Fryx. have better disease resistance characteristics than commercial cotton varieties. However, chromosome ploidy and biological isolation make it difficult to hybridize diploid species with the tetraploid Gossypium hirsutum L. We developed a new allotetraploid cotton genotype (A1A1G3G3) using a process of distant hybridization within wild cotton species to create new germplasms. First of all, G. herbaceum and G. nelsonii were used for interspecific hybridization to obtain F1 generation. Afterwards, apical meristems of the F1 diploid cotton plants were treated with colchicine to induce chromosome doubling. The new interspecific F1 hybrid and S1 cotton plants originated from chromosome duplication, were tested via morphological and molecular markers and confirmed their tetraploidy through flowrometric and cytological identification. The S1 tetraploid cotton plants was crossed with a TM-1 line and fertile hybrid offspring were obtained. These S2 offsprings were tested for resistance to Verticillium wilt and demonstrated adequate tolerance to this fungi. The results shows that the new S1 cotton line could be used as parental material for hybridization with G. hirsutum to produce pathogen-resistant cotton hybrids. This new S1 allotetraploid genotype will contributes to the enrichment of Gossypium germplasm resources and is expected to be valuable in polyploidy evolutionary studies.

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Wang, Bo, Michael J. Priest, Amy Davidson, Curt L. Brubaker, Matt J. Woods, and Jeremy J. Burdon. "Fungal endophytes of native Gossypium species in Australia." Mycological Research 111, no. 3 (March 2007): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2006.11.004.

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Khan, S. A., D. Hussain, E. Askari, J. McD Stewart, K. A. Malik, and Y. Zafar. "Molecular phylogeny of Gossypium species by DNA fingerprinting." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 101, no. 5-6 (October 2000): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051564.

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Bashan, Yoav, Hanna Levanony, and Reuven Or. "Association between Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata, causal agents of cotton leaf blight." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2603–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-324.

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The association between Alternaria macrospora and Alternaria alternata, responsible for the development of alternaria blight disease in cotton, was evaluated in artificially inoculated greenhouse plants and in naturally infested field plants. When greenhouse plants were inoculated with suboptimal doses of both pathogens (< 1.2 × 104 spores/mL) infection was greater than when separately inoculated by each pathogen at optimal dosage. In field-grown, naturally infected plants (Gossypium barbadense), both pathogens were found together in more than 40% of the plants. A second field-grown cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum) exhibited infection mainly by either A. alternata or both pathogens together. When both cotton species were naturally infected by both pathogens together, the number of A. alternata spores (either airborne or on the leaf surface) was greater than that of A. macrospora. We propose that A. macrospora together with A. alternata create a disease composite responsible for alternaria blight symptoms in cotton. Key words: Alternaria, cotton diseases, Gossypium barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum.

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Lu, Tingting, Gaofeng Zhang, Yibin Wang, Shibin He, Lirong Sun, and Fushun Hao. "Genome-wide characterization and expression analysis of PP2CA family members in response to ABA and osmotic stress in Gossypium." PeerJ 7 (June 14, 2019): e7105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7105.

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Clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2CAs), as central regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, negative control growth, development and responses to multiple stresses in plants. PP2CA gene families have been characterized at genome-wide levels in several diploid plants like Arabidopsis and rice. However, the information about genome organization, phylogenesis and putative functions of PP2CAs in Gossypium is lacking. Here, PP2CA family members were comprehensively analyzed in four Gossypium species including the diploid progenitor Gossypium arboreum, G. raimondii and the tetraploid G. hirsutum and G. barbadense, and 14, 13, 27, and 23 PP2CA genes were identified in the genomic sequences of these plants, respectively. Analysis results showed that most Gossypium PP2CAs were highly conserved in chromosomal locations, structures, and phylogeny among the four cotton species. Segmental duplication might play important roles in the formation of the PP2CAs, and most PP2CAs may be under purifying selection in Gossypium during evolution. The majority of the PP2CAs were expressed specifically in diverse tissues, and highly expressed in flowers in G. hirsutum. The GhPP2CAs displayed diverse expression patterns in responding to ABA and osmotic stress. Yeast-two hybrid assays revealed that many GhPP2CAs were capable of interaction with the cotton ABA receptors pyrabactin resistance1/PYR1-like/regulatory components of ABA receptors (PYR1/PYL/RCAR) GhPYL2-2D (Gh_D08G2587), GhPYL6-2A (Gh_A06G1418), and GhPYL9-2A (Gh_A11G0870) in the presence and/or absence of ABA. These results gave a comprehensive view of the Gossypium PP2CAs and are valuable for further studying the functions of PP2CAs in Gossypium.

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Zhang, Quancheng, Yudong Zhang, and Jungang Wang. "Global Gene Expression in Cotton Fed Upon by Aphis gossypii and Acyrthosiphon gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Journal of Entomological Science 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes22-07.

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Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are key pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., known to induce cotton host plant defense responses. Deep RNA sequencing of the cotton transcriptome followed by differential expression analyses were performed to clarify the molecular mechanisms of cotton defense in response to feeding by these aphid pests. We found 6,565 genes were differentially expressed in cotton in response to feeding by Ac. gossypii and 823 genes that were differentially expressed in response to feeding by A. gossypii, while 2,379 genes were differentially expressed in response to simultaneous feeding by both species. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes associated with Ac. gossypii feeding were enriched for metabolic pathways, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of carotenoids, and the pentose phosphate pathway. The enriched pathways in cotton fed on by A. gossypii were thiamine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, and sesquiterpene and triterpenoid biosynthesis. The differentially expressed genes in cotton induced by simultaneous feeding of both species were primarily related to circadian rhythm regulation, photosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, galactose metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis.

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Liu, Wei, Zhiqiang Zhang, Wei Zhu, Zhongying Ren, Lin Jia, Wei Li, and Zongbin Ma. "Evolutionary Conservation and Divergence of Genes Encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Synthase in the Allotetraploid Cotton Species Gossypium hirsutum." Cells 8, no. 5 (May 3, 2019): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8050412.

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Polyploidization is important for the speciation and subsequent evolution of many plant species. Analyses of the duplicated genes produced via polyploidization events may clarify the origin and evolution of gene families. During terpene biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase (HMGS) functions as a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. In this study, we first identified a total of 53 HMGS genes in 23 land plant species, while no HMGS genes were detected in three green algae species. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that plant HMGS genes may have originated from a common ancestral gene before clustering in different branches during the divergence of plant lineages. Then, we detected six HMGS genes in the allotetraploid cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum), which was twice that of the two diploid cotton species (Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium arboreum). The comparison of gene structures and phylogenetic analysis of HMGS genes revealed conserved evolution during polyploidization in Gossypium. Moreover, the expression patterns indicated that six GhHMGS genes were expressed in all tested tissues, with most genes considerably expressed in the roots, and they were responsive to various phytohormone treatments and abiotic stresses. The sequence and expression divergence of duplicated genes in G. hirsutum implied the sub-functionalization of GhHMGS1A and GhHMGS1D as well as GhHMGS3A and GhHMGS3D, whereas it implied the pseudogenization of GhHMGS2A and GhHMGS2D. Collectively, our study unraveled the evolutionary history of HMGS genes in green plants and from diploid to allotetraploid in cotton and illustrated the different evolutionary fates of duplicated HMGS genes resulting from polyploidization.

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Li, Zhaoguo, Zhen Liu, Yangyang Wei, Yuling Liu, Linxue Xing, Mengjie Liu, Pengtao Li, Quanwei Lu, and Renhai Peng. "Genome-wide identification of the MIOX gene family and their expression profile in cotton development and response to abiotic stress." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): e0254111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254111.

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The enzyme myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) catalyzes the myo-inositol into glucuronic acid. In this study, 6 MIOX genes were identified from all of the three diploid cotton species (Gossypium arboretum, Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium raimondii) and Gossypioides kirkii, 12 MIOX genes were identified from two domesticated tetraploid cottons Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadense, and 11 MIOX genes were identified from three wild tetraploid cottons Gossypium tomentosum, Gossypium mustelinum and Gossypium darwinii. The number of MIOX genes in tetraploid cotton genome is roughly twice that of diploid cotton genome. Members of MIOX family were classified into six groups based on the phylogenetic analysis. Integrated analysis of collinearity events and chromosome locations suggested that both whole genome duplication and segmental duplication events contributed to the expansion of MIOX genes during cotton evolution. The ratios of non-synonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates revealed that purifying selection was the main force driving the evolution of MIOX genes. Numerous cis-acting elements related to light responsive element, defense and stress responsive element were identified in the promoter of the MIOX genes. Expression analyses of MIOX genes based on RNA-seq data and quantitative real time PCR showed that MIOX genes within the same group shared similar expression patterns with each other. All of these results provide the foundation for further study of the biological functions of MIOX genes in cotton environmental adaptability.

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Guo, Yue, Zhen Peng, Jing Liu, Na Yuan, Zhen Wang, and Jianchang Du. "Systematic Comparisons of Positively Selected Genes between Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii Genomes." Current Bioinformatics 14, no. 7 (September 17, 2019): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574893614666190227151013.

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Background: Studies of Positively Selected Genes (PSGs) in microorganisms and mammals have provided insights into the dynamics of genome evolution and the genetic basis of differences between species by using whole genome-wide scans. Systematic investigations and comparisons of PSGs in plants, however, are still limited. Objective: A systematic comparison of PSGs between the genomes of two cotton species, Gossypium arboreum (G. arboreum) and G. raimondii, will give the key answer for revealing molecular evolutionary differences in plants. Methods: Genome sequences of G. arboreum and G. raimondii were compared, including Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) events and genomic features such as gene number, gene length, codon bias index, evolutionary rate, number of expressed genes, and retention of duplicated copies. Results: Unlike the PSGs in G. raimondii, G. arboreum comprised more PSGs, smaller gene size and fewer expressed gene. In addition, the PSGs evolved at a higher rate of synonymous substitutions, but were subjected to lower selection pressure. The PSGs in G. arboreum were also retained with a lower number of duplicate gene copies than G. raimondii after a single WGD event involving Gossypium. Conclusion: These data indicate that PSGs in G. arboreum and G. raimondii differ not only in Ka/Ks, but also in their evolutionary, structural, and expression properties, indicating that divergence of G. arboreum and G. raimondii was associated with differences in PSGs in terms of evolutionary rates, gene length, expression patterns, and WGD retention in Gossypium.

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Lu, Hejun, Xinglei Cui, Yanyan Zhao, Richard Odongo Magwanga, Pengcheng Li, Xiaoyan Cai, Zhongli Zhou, et al. "Identification of a genome-specific repetitive element in the Gossypium D genome." PeerJ 8 (January 3, 2020): e8344. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8344.

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The activity of genome-specific repetitive sequences is the main cause of genome variation between Gossypium A and D genomes. Through comparative analysis of the two genomes, we retrieved a repetitive element termed ICRd motif, which appears frequently in the diploid Gossypium raimondii (D5) genome but rarely in the diploid Gossypium arboreum (A2) genome. We further explored the existence of the ICRd motif in chromosomes of G. raimondii, G. arboreum, and two tetraploid (AADD) cotton species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and observed that the ICRd motif exists in the D5 and D-subgenomes but not in the A2 and A-subgenomes. The ICRd motif comprises two components, a variable tandem repeat (TR) region and a conservative sequence (CS). The two constituents each have hundreds of repeats that evenly distribute across 13 chromosomes of the D5genome. The ICRd motif (and its repeats) was revealed as the common conservative region harbored by ancient Long Terminal Repeat Retrotransposons. Identification and investigation of the ICRd motif promotes the study of A and D genome differences, facilitates research on Gossypium genome evolution, and provides assistance to subgenome identification and genome assembling.

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Stewart, James McD, Lyn A. Craven, Curt Brubaker, and Jonathan F. Wendel. "Gossypium anapoides(Malvaceae), a New Species from Western Australia." Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature 23, no. 4 (January 9, 2015): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3417/2007140.

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Mubin, Muhammad, Arzoo Shabbir, Nazia Nahid, Iram Liaqat, Muhammad Hassan, Nada H. Aljarba, Ahmed Al Qahtani, Claude M. Fauquet, Jian Ye, and Muhammad Shah Nawaz-ul-Rehman. "Patterns of Genetic Diversity among Alphasatellites Infecting Gossypium Species." Pathogens 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070763.

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Alphasatellites are small single-stranded circular DNA molecules associated with geminiviruses and nanoviruses. In this study, a meta-analysis of known alphasatellites isolated from the genus Gossypium (cotton) over the last two decades was performed. The phylogenetic and pairwise sequence identity analysis suggested that cotton-infecting begomoviruses were associated with at least 12 different alphasatellites globally. Three out of twelve alphasatellite were associated with cotton leaf curl geminiviruses but were not isolated from cotton plants. The cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite, which was initially isolated from cotton, has now been reported in several plant species, including monocot plants such as sugarcane. Our recombination analysis suggested that four alphasatellites, namely cotton leaf curl Lucknow alphasatellites, cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellites, Ageratum yellow vein Indian alphasatellites and Ageratum enation alphasatellites, evolved through recombination. Additionally, high genetic variability was detected among the cotton-infecting alphasatellites at the genome level. The nucleotide substitution rate for the replication protein of alphasatellites (alpha-Rep) was estimated to be relatively high (~1.56 × 10−3). However, unlike other begomoviruses and satellites, the first codon position of alpha-Rep rapidly changed compared to the second and third codon positions. This study highlights the biodiversity and recombination of alphasatellites associated with the leaf curl diseases of cotton crops.

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Dhamayanthi, K. P. M. "Karyomorphological Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Gossypium L Species." CYTOLOGIA 70, no. 4 (2005): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.70.421.

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HENDRIX, B. "Estimation of the Nuclear DNA Content of Gossypium Species." Annals of Botany 95, no. 5 (February 8, 2005): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mci078.

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Thengane, Shubhada, S. V. Paranjpe, S. S. Khuspe, and A. F. Mascarenhas. "Hybridization of Gossypium species through in ovulo embryo culture." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 6, no. 3 (1986): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00040006.

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Shazadee, Hamna, Nadeem Khan, Jingjing Wang, Chencan Wang, Jianguo Zeng, Zhongyi Huang, and Xinyu Wang. "Identification and Expression Profiling of Protein Phosphatases (PP2C) Gene Family in Gossypium hirsutum L." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061395.

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The protein phosphatase (PP2C) gene family, known to participate in cellular processes, is one of the momentous and conserved plant-specific gene families that regulate signal transduction in eukaryotic organisms. Recently, PP2Cs were identified in Arabidopsis and various other crop species, but analysis of PP2C in cotton is yet to be reported. In the current research, we found 87 (Gossypium arboreum), 147 (Gossypium barbadense), 181 (Gossypium hirsutum), and 99 (Gossypium raimondii) PP2C-encoding genes in total from the cotton genome. Herein, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the PP2C gene family in cotton, such as gene structure organization, gene duplications, expression profiling, chromosomal mapping, protein motif organization, and phylogenetic relationships of each species. Phylogenetic analysis further categorized PP2C genes into 12 subgroups based on conserved domain composition analysis. Moreover, we observed a strong signature of purifying selection among duplicated pairs (i.e., segmental and dispersed) of Gossypium hirsutum. We also observed the tissue-specific response of GhPP2C genes in organ and fiber development by comparing the RNA-sequence (RNA-seq) data reported on different organs. The qRT-PCR validation of 30 GhPP2C genes suggested their critical role in cotton by exposure to heat, cold, drought, and salt stress treatments. Hence, our findings provide an overview of the PP2C gene family in cotton based on various bioinformatic tools that demonstrated their critical role in organ and fiber development, and abiotic stress tolerance, thereby contributing to the genetic improvement of cotton for the resistant cultivar.

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Brubaker, CL, CG Benson, C. Miller, and DN Leach. "Occurrence of Terpenoid Aldehydes and Lysigenous Cavities in the 'glandless' Seeds of Australian Gossypium Species." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 5 (1996): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960601.

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The presence of lysigenous cavities filled with terpenoid aldehydes (generically termed 'gossypol') in most tissues of cultivated cottons and their relatives imparts natural resistance to a variety of insect, fungal, and bacterial pests. Deposition of terpenoid aldehydes in cultivated cotton seed, however, renders cottonseed oils and protein meals toxic to non-ruminant animals, including humans. Seeds of the so-called 'glandless-seeded' Australian Gossypium L. species (Gossypium subgenus Sturtia (R.Br.) Tod.) reportedly lack terpenoid aldehydes, and thus may represent an important genetic resource in the development of cottonseed oils and protein meals free of these toxins. Information supporting this assertion, however, is fragmentary and contradictory. To resolve this, seeds of all known Australian Gossypium species were surveyed chemically and anatomically. Immature lysigenous cavities were present in seeds of all 18 species. Lysigenous cavities of sect. Sturtia and sect. Hibiscoidea Tod. seeds were unpigmented and invisible to the naked eye, while pigmented, macroscopically visible lysigenous cavities occurred in all the sect. Grandicalyx (Fryxell) Fryxell seeds. HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis revealed that sect. Sturtia and sect. Hibiscoidea seeds did not contain detectable levels of terpenoid aldehydes, but that sect. Grandicalyx seeds contained gossypol.

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Hasan, Md, Fanglu Ma, Zakaria Prodhan, Feng Li, Hao Shen, Yadong Chen, and Xuede Wang. "Molecular and Physio-Biochemical Characterization of Cotton Species for Assessing Drought Stress Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092636.

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Drought stress significantly limits cotton growth and production due to the necessity of water at every stage of crop growth. Hence, it is essential to identify tolerant genetic resources and understand the mechanisms of drought tolerance in economically and socially important plants such as cotton. In this study, molecular and physio-biochemical investigations were conducted by analyzing different parameters by following standard protocols in three different cotton species, namely TM-1 (Gossypium hirsutum), Zhongmian-16 (Gossypium arboreum), and Pima4-S (Gossypium barbadense). Drought stress significantly decreased plant growth, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), and relative water content. TM-1 resulted in more tolerance than the other two species. The accumulation of proline, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide radicals (O2•−) increased significantly in TM-1. In addition, TM-1 maintained the integrity of the chloroplast structure under drought conditions. The relative expression level of drought-responsive genes including coding for transcription factors and other regulatory proteins or enzymes controlling genes (ERF, ERFB, DREB, WRKY6, ZFP1, FeSOD, CuZnSOD, MAPKKK17, P5CR, and PRP5) were higher in TM-1 under drought, conferring a more tolerant status than in Zhongmian-16 and Pima4-S. The findings of this research could be utilized for predicting a tolerant cotton genotype as well as evaluating prospective cotton species in the variety development program.

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Sánchez-Reyes, Uriel Jeshua, Robert W. Jones, Tyler J. Raszick, Raul Ruiz-Arce, and Gregory A. Sword. "Potential Distribution of Wild Host Plants of the Boll Weevil (Anthonomus grandis) in the United States and Mexico." Insects 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040337.

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The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) reproduces on a reported 13 species of wild host plants in North America, two in the United States and 12 in Mexico. The distributions of these plants are of economic importance to pest management and provide insight into the evolutionary history and origin of the BW. However, detailed information regarding the distributions of many of these species is lacking. In this article, we present distribution models for all of the reported significant BW host plants from Mexico and the United States using spatial distribution modelling software. Host plant distributions were divided into two groups: “eastern” and “western.” In Mexico, Hampea nutricia along the Gulf Coast was the most important of the eastern group, and the wild cottons, Gossypium aridum and Gossypium thurberi were most important in the western group. Other species of Hampea, Gossypium, and Cienfuegosia rosei have relatively restricted distributions and are of apparent minimal economic importance. Cienfuegosia drummondii is the only truly wild host in the southern United States, east of New Mexico. Factors determining potential distributions were variable and indicated that species were present in five vegetation types. Ecological and economic considerations of host plant distributions are discussed, as well as threats to host plant conservation.

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Grover, C. E., X. Zhu, K. K. Grupp, J. J. Jareczek, J. P. Gallagher, E. Szadkowski, J. G. Seijo, and J. F. Wendel. "Molecular confirmation of species status for the allopolyploid cotton species, Gossypium ekmanianum Wittmack." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 62, no. 1 (June 19, 2014): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-014-0138-x.

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Lu, Tingting, Gaofeng Zhang, Lirong Sun, Ji Wang, and Fushun Hao. "Genome-wide identification of CBL family and expression analysis of CBLs in response to potassium deficiency in cotton." PeerJ 5 (August 14, 2017): e3653. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3653.

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Calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins, as calcium sensors, play pivotal roles in plant responses to diverse abiotic stresses and in growth and development through interaction with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs). However, knowledge about functions and evolution of CBLs in Gossypium plants is scarce. Here, we conducted a genome-wide survey and identified 13, 13 and 22 CBL genes in the progenitor diploid Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii, and the cultivated allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum, respectively. Analysis of physical properties, chromosomal locations, conserved domains and phylogeny indicated rather conserved nature of CBLs among the three Gossypium species. Moreover, these CBLs have closer genetic evolutionary relationship with the CBLs from cocoa than with those from other plants. Most CBL genes underwent evolution under purifying selection in the three Gossypium plants. Additionally, nearly all G. hirsutum CBL (GhCBL) genes were expressed in the root, stem, leaf, flower and fiber. Many GhCBLs were preferentially expressed in the flower while several GhCBLs were mainly expressed in roots. Expression patterns of GhCBL genes in response to potassium deficiency were also studied. The expression of most GhCBLs were moderately induced in roots after treatments with low-potassium stress. Yeast two-hybrid experiments indicated that GhCBL1-2, GhCBL1-3, GhCBL4-4, GhCBL8, GhCBL9 and GhCBL10-3 interacted with GhCIPK23, respectively. Our results provided a comprehensive view of the CBLs and valuable information for researchers to further investigate the roles and functional mechanisms of the CBLs in Gossypium.

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Shehzad, Muhammad, Zhongli Zhou, Allah Ditta, Xiaoyan Cai, Majid Khan, Yanchao Xu, Yuqing Hou, et al. "Genome-Wide Mining and Identification of Protein Kinase Gene Family Impacts Salinity Stress Tolerance in Highly Dense Genetic Map Developed from Interspecific Cross between G. hirsutum L. and G. darwinii G. Watt." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2019): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090560.

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Abiotic stress is an important limiting factor in crop growth and yield around the world. Owing to the continued genetic erosion of the upland cotton germplasm due to intense selection and inbreeding, attention has shifted towards wild cotton progenitors which offer unique traits that can be introgressed into the cultivated cotton to improve their genetic performance. The purpose of this study was to characterize the Pkinase gene family in a previously developed genetic map of the F2 population derived from a cross between two cotton species: Gossypium hirsutum (CCRI 12-4) and Gossypium darwinii (5-7). Based on phylogenetic analysis, Pkinase (PF00069) was found to be the dominant domain with 151 genes in three cotton species, categorized into 13 subfamilies. Structure analysis of G. hirsutum genes showed that a greater percentage of genes and their exons were highly conserved within the group. Syntenic analysis of gene blocks revealed 99 duplicated genes among G. hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii. Most of the genes were duplicated in segmental pattern. Expression pattern analysis showed that the Pkinase gene family possessed species-level variation in induction to salinity and G. darwinii had higher expression levels as compared to G. hirsutum. Based on RNA sequence analysis and preliminary RT-qPCR verification, we hypothesized that the Pkinase gene family, regulated by transcription factors (TFs) and miRNAs, might play key roles in salt stress tolerance. These findings inferred comprehensive information on possible structure and function of Pkinase gene family in cotton under salt stress.

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Dong, Yating, Guanjing Hu, Jingwen Yu, Sandi Win Thu, Corrinne E. Grover, Shuijin Zhu, and Jonathan F. Wendel. "Salt‐tolerance diversity in diploid and polyploid cotton ( Gossypium ) species." Plant Journal 101, no. 5 (December 8, 2019): 1135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14580.

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Nardeli, Sarah Muniz, Sinara Artico, Gustavo Mitsunori Aoyagi, Stéfanie Menezes de Moura, Tatiane da Franca Silva, Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa, Elisson Romanel, and Marcio Alves-Ferreira. "Genome-wide analysis of the MADS-box gene family in polyploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and in its diploid parental species (Gossypium arboreum and Gossypium raimondii)." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 127 (June 2018): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.03.019.

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Zu, Qian-Li, Yan-Ying Qu, Zhi-Yong Ni, Kai Zheng, Qin Chen, and Quan-Jia Chen. "The Chalcone Isomerase Family in Cotton: Whole-Genome Bioinformatic and Expression Analyses of the Gossypium barbadense L. Response to Fusarium Wilt Infection." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121006.

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Chalcone isomerase (CHI) is a key component of phenylalanine metabolism that can produce a variety of flavonoids. However, little information and no systematic analysis of CHI genes is available for cotton. Here, we identified 33 CHI genes in the complete genome sequences of four cotton species (Gossypium arboretum L., Gossypium raimondii L., Gossypium hirsutum L., and Gossypium barbadense L.). Cotton CHI proteins were classified into two main groups, and whole-genome/segmental and dispersed duplication events were important in CHI gene family expansion. qRT-PCR and semiquantitative RT-PCR results suggest that CHI genes exhibit temporal and spatial variation and respond to infection with Fusarium wilt race 7. A preliminary model of CHI gene involvement in cotton evolution was established. Pairwise comparison revealed that seven CHI genes showed higher expression in cultivar 06-146 than in cultivar Xinhai 14. Overall, this whole-genome identification unlocks a new approach to the comprehensive functional analysis of the CHI gene family, which may be involved in adaptation to plant pathogen stress.

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Li, Jie, Xianyan Zou, Guoquan Chen, Yongming Meng, Qi Ma, Quanjia Chen, Zhi Wang, and Fuguang Li. "Potential Roles of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Synthase Genes in the Response of Gossypium Species to Abiotic Stress by Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis." Plants 11, no. 11 (June 6, 2022): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11111524.

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Ethylene plays a pivotal role in plant stress resistance and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) is the rate-limiting enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the most important natural fiber crop, but the function of ACS in response to abiotic stress has rarely been reported in this plant. We identified 18 GaACS, 18 GrACS, and 35 GhACS genes in Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium raimondii and Gossypium hirsutum, respectively, that were classified as types I, II, III, or IV. Collinearity analysis showed that the GhACS genes were expanded from diploid cotton by the whole-genome-duplication. Multiple alignments showed that the C-terminals of the GhACS proteins were conserved, whereas the N-terminals of GhACS10 and GhACS12 were different from the N-terminals of AtACS10 and AtACS12, probably diverging during evolution. Most type II ACS genes were hardly expressed, whereas GhACS10/GhACS12 were expressed in many tissues and in response to abiotic stress; for example, they were highly and hardly expressed at the early stages of cold and heat exposure, respectively. The GhACS genes showed different expression profiles in response to cold, heat, drought, and salt stress by quantitative PCR analysis, which indicate the potential roles of them when encountering the various adverse conditions, and provide insights into GhACS functions in cotton’s adaptation to abiotic stress.

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Becerra Lopez-Lavalle, L. A., B. Matheson, and C. L. Brubaker. "A genetic map of an Australian wild Gossypium C genome and assignment of homoeologies with tetraploid cultivated cotton." Genome 54, no. 9 (September 2011): 779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-037.

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Genetic diversity for traits such as fibre quality or disease resistance to microorganisms is limited in the elite cotton germplasm; consequently, cotton breeders are looking for novel alleles in the secondary or even in the tertiary gene pools. The wild Australian Gossypium species (tertiary gene pool) represent an alternative source of novel alleles. However, to use these species efficiently, enabling tools are required. Chromosome-specific molecular markers are particularly useful tools to track the transmission of this exotic genetic material into the cultivated cotton during introgression. In this study, we report the construction of a genetic linkage map of the Australian wild C-genome species Gossypium sturtianum. The map, based on an F2 population of 114 individuals, contains 291 AFLP loci. The map spans 1697 cM with an average distance of 5.8 cM between markers. To associate C-genome chromosomes with the A and D subgenomes of cultivated cotton, 29 SSR and RFLP–STS markers were assigned to chromosomes using cultivated cotton mapped marker information. Polymorphisms were revealed by 51 AFLP primer combinations and 38 RFLP–STS and 115 SSR cotton mapped markers. The utility of transferring RFLP–STS and SSR cotton mapped markers to other Gossypium species shows the usefulness of a comparative approach as a source of markers and for aligning the genetic map of G. sturtianum with the cultivated species in the future. This also indicates that the overall structure of the G. sturtianum linkage groups is similar to that of the A and D subgenomes of cotton at the gross structural level. Applications of the map for the Australia wild C-genome species and cotton breeding are discussed.

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Shukla, Ravi P., Gopal J. Tiwari, Babita Joshi, Satya N. Jena, and Sushma Tamta. "Tightly Linked Molecular DNA Markers with High Predictive Trait Value: A Current Increasing Demand in the Breeding Program of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 7, no. 02 (July 15, 2021): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v7i02.01.

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Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is a major cash crop of India and is the second-largest cotton producer in the world after China. Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense are two tetraploid species that are majorly cultivated besides two diploid species (desi cotton). In cotton, fiber quality, drought tolerance, boll weight, boll number, and yield are essential quantitative traits with many components that are controlled by several genes present at different loci. Identifying such genes from different genomic resources of cotton using various molecular markers is necessary to accelerate the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis. In the public domain of cotton, there is a vast number of molecular markers. However, not all are very useful for trait mapping, as most markers are away from the QTL region. Thereby, cotton improvement programs pay more attention to tightly linked markers with high predictive trait values. The present review provides an overview and updates on the comparative studies and the application of various molecular markers, i.e., RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR, EST-SSR, and SNP in the cotton-breeding program. Insights gained from the study may help in successful cotton breeding and improvement.

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Li, Xiao, Yuanlong Wu, Huabin Chi, Hengling Wei, Hantao Wang, and Shuxun Yu. "Genomewide Identification and Characterization of the Genes Involved in the Flowering of Cotton." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 7940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23147940.

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Flowering is a prerequisite for flowering plants to complete reproduction, and flowering time has an important effect on the high and stable yields of crops. However, there are limited reports on flowering-related genes at the genomic level in cotton. In this study, genomewide analysis of the evolutionary relationship of flowering-related genes in different cotton species shows that the numbers of flowering-related genes in the genomes of tetraploid cotton species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense were similar, and that these numbers were approximately twice as much as the number in diploid cotton species Gossypium arboretum. The classification of flowering-related genes shows that most of them belong to the photoperiod and circadian clock flowering pathway. The distribution of flowering-related genes on the chromosomes of the At and Dt subgenomes was similar, with no subgenomic preference detected. In addition, most of the flowering-related core genes in Arabidopsis thaliana had homologs in the cotton genome, but the copy numbers and expression patterns were disparate; moreover, flowering-related genes underwent purifying selection throughout the evolutionary and selection processes. Although the differentiation and reorganization of many key genes of the cotton flowering regulatory network occurred throughout the evolutionary and selection processes, most of them, especially those involved in the important flowering regulatory networks, have been relatively conserved and preferentially selected.

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Ulloa, Mauricio, Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov, Claudia Perez-M., Richard Percy, and James McD Stewart. "Genetic diversity and population structure of cotton (Gossypium spp.) of the New World assessed by SSR markers." Botany 91, no. 4 (April 2013): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2012-0192.

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A global analysis of cotton (Gossypium spp.) genetic diversity is the first step to understanding its geographical distribution, dissemination, genetic relatedness, and population structure. To assess the genetic diversity and population structure in Gossypium species, 111 cotton accessions representing five allotetraploids (AD1–AD5 genomes), 23 Asiatic diploids of the Old World (A1 and A2 genomes), and 82 diploids of the New World subgenus Houzingenia (D1–D11 genomes) species were assessed using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers with wide genome coverage. The mean genetic distance (GD) between the two most important New World tetraploid cottons (Upland (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Pima (Gossypium barbadense L.)) was 0.39. Among the three shrub type sections (Houzingenia, Integrifolia, and Caducibracteolata) and three arborescent sections (Erioxylum, Selera, and Austroamericana), the GD ranged between 0.19 and 0.41. Phylogenetic analyses clustered all species into distinct phylogenetic groups, which were consistent with genomic origin, evolutionary history, and geographic distribution or ecotypes of these accessions, suggesting the existence of clear structured strata. With all of the genomes, the highest statistical analysis of Structure test through measurements of ad hoc (ΔK) occurred at K = 2, with group Q1 with the Old World diploid A genomes and with group Q2 with all the New World diploids of the D genome. AD genome accessions shared nearly equal alleles from both Q1 and Q2 groups. With all of the diploids of the New World D genomes, the highest value of ΔK occurred at K = 5. These results are consistent with the fundamental knowledge of tetraploid AD-genome formation and the rapid radiation of the American diploid cotton linage that took place somewhere in southwestern Mexico, followed by a differentiation–speciation during angiosperm evolution. In addition, SSR markers provide an alternative solution for distinguishing phylogenetic relationships between accessions of different ecotypes and for elucidating population structure of cottons of the New World.

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Long, Yilei, Quanjia Chen, Yanying Qu, Pengfei Liu, Yang Jiao, Yongsheng Cai, Xiaojuan Deng, and Kai Zheng. "Identification and functional analysis of PIN family genes in Gossypium barbadense." PeerJ 10 (October 18, 2022): e14236. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14236.

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Background PIN proteins are an important class of auxin polar transport proteins that play an important regulatory role in plant growth and development. However, their characteristics and functions have not been identified in Gossypium barbadense. Methods PIN family genes were identified in the cotton species G. barbadense, Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium raimondii, and Gossypium arboreum, and detailed bioinformatics analyses were conducted to explore the roles of these genes in G. barbadense using transcriptome data and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) technology. Functional verification of the genes was performed using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. Results A total of 138 PIN family genes were identified in the four cotton species; the genes were divided into seven subgroups. GbPIN gene family members were widely distributed on 20 different chromosomes, and most had repeated duplication events. Transcriptome analysis showed that some genes had differential expression patterns in different stages of fiber development. According to ‘PimaS-7’ and ‘5917’ transcript component association analysis, the transcription of five genes was directly related to endogenous auxin content in cotton fibers. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the GbPIN7 gene was routinely expressed during fiber development, and there were significant differences among materials. Transient silencing of the GbPIN7 gene by VIGS led to significantly higher cotton plant growth rates and significantly lower endogenous auxin content in leaves and stems. This study provides comprehensive analyses of the roles of PIN family genes in G. barbadense and their expression during cotton fiber development. Our results will form a basis for further PIN auxin transporter research.

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Pérez-Mendoza, C., M. R. Tovar-Gómez, G. García de los Santos, and J. Suárez-Espinosa. "Physical Characterization of Cottonseeds in Native Species (Gossypium spp.) From Mexico." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 10 (July 15, 2019): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n10p80.

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The objective of this research was to do the physical characterization of cotton species (Gossypium spp.) based on the attributes of the seed. The experiment was performed at the Forage Biochemistry Laboratory of the Valle of Mexico Experiment Station, using seed of four cotton species (G. hirsutum, G. aridum, G. lobatum and G. shwendimanii). This research was carried out in two phases: in the first one, the weight of 1000 seeds and the hectolitre weight were determined. In the second one, seed dimensions were obtained by digital images and analysis process. The four cotton species were tested under a completely random experimental design. The data analysis was made by the variance analysis method, Tukey multiple comparison tests of means, principal components and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences (0.01%) in all the physical characters of the seeds. Based on the grouping analyzes, three groups with contrasting characteristics among the cotton species were identified, being G. hirsutum, the species that presented the highest value in the vector magnitude of the physical characters of the cottonseed. The area, width and weight of 1000 seeds were the main variables that explained 98.6% of the variability existing in the characteristics of the seed, so these physical attributes play an important role in the characterization of the Gossypium native species of Mexico.

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Hasan, Md Mosfeq-Ul, Fanglu Ma, Faisal Islam, Muhammad Sajid, Zakaria H. Prodhan, Feng Li, Hao Shen, Yadong Chen, and Xuede Wang. "Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Biological Process and Key Pathway in Three Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Species Under Drought Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092076.

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Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that seriously affects cotton growth, development, and production worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism, key pathway, and responsible genes for drought tolerance incotton have not been stated clearly. In this research, high-throughput next generation sequencing technique was utilized to investigate gene expression profiles of three cotton species (Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum, and Gossypium barbadense L.) under drought stress. A total of 6968 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, where 2053, 742, and 4173 genes were tested as statistically significant; 648, 320, and 1998 genes were up-regulated, and 1405, 422, and 2175 were down-regulated in TM-1, Zhongmian-16, and Pima4-S, respectively. Total DEGs were annotated and classified into functional groups under gene ontology analysis. The biological process was present only in tolerant species(TM-1), indicating drought tolerance condition. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes showed the involvement of plant hormone signal transduction and metabolic pathways enrichment under drought stress. Several transcription factors associated with ethylene-responsive genes (ICE1, MYB44, FAMA, etc.) were identified as playing key roles in acclimatizing to drought stress. Drought also caused significant changes in the expression of certain functional genes linked to abscisic acid (ABA) responses (NCED, PYL, PP2C, and SRK2E), reactive oxygen species (ROS) related in small heat shock protein and 18.1 kDa I heat shock protein, YLS3, and ODORANT1 genes. These results will provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of drought stress adaptation in cotton.

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Guo, Wangzhen, Wei Wang, Baoliang Zhou, and Tianzhen Zhang. "Cross-species transferability of G. arboreum-derived EST-SSRs in the diploid species of Gossypium." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112, no. 8 (April 5, 2006): 1573–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0261-y.

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Small, Randall L., and Jonathan F. Wendel. "Copy Number Lability and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Adh Gene Family in Diploid and Tetraploid Cotton (Gossypium)." Genetics 155, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 1913–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.4.1913.

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Abstract Nuclear-encoded genes exist in families of various sizes. To further our understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of nuclear gene families we present a characterization of the structure and evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) gene family in diploid and tetraploid members of the cotton genus (Gossypium, Malvaceae). A PCR-based approach was employed to isolate and sequence multiple Adh gene family members, and Southern hybridization analyses were used to document variation in gene copy number. Adh gene copy number varies among Gossypium species, with diploids containing at least seven Adh loci in two primary gene lineages. Allotetraploid Gossypium species are inferred to contain at least 14 loci. Intron lengths vary markedly between loci, and one locus has lost two introns usually found in other plant Adh genes. Multiple examples of apparent gene duplication events were observed and at least one case of pseudogenization and one case of gene elimination were also found. Thus, Adh gene family structure is dynamic within this single plant genus. Evolutionary rate estimates differ between loci and in some cases between organismal lineages at the same locus. We suggest that dynamic fluctuation in copy number will prove common for nuclear genes, and we discuss the implications of this perspective for inferences of orthology and functional evolution.

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Wendel, Jonathan F., James McD Stewart, and J. H. Rettig. "Molecular Evidence for Homoploid Reticulate Evolution among Australian Species of Gossypium." Evolution 45, no. 3 (May 1991): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2409921.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Gossypium species'

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