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1
Thomas, V. G., and H. C. Peach Brown. "Relationships among egg size, energy reserves, growth rate, and fasting resistance of Canada Goose goslings from southern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 957–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-142.
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Eggs of wild giant Canada Geese (Branta canadensis maxima) breeding in southern Ontario were collected and incubated artificially. Components of the total nutrient reserve of goslings were measured at hatch to test whether relationships existed between egg size, gosling weight, and weight of reserves in goslings. The growth rate of fed goslings of different weights at hatch was measured for 25 days. The nutrient reserves remaining in goslings of different hatch weights were measured after 2, 4, and 6 days of starvation. Egg size and gosling weight were not highly correlated in this population (r = 0.63). Larger goslings generally contained more reserves than small goslings (P < 0.05), but much variability occurred in this relationship. Gain in weight over 25 days was not related to the weight at hatch. Starved goslings with higher body fat levels had significantly higher dry carcass weights than goslings with low body fat levels (P < 0.01), suggesting a sparing action of fat on body tissues. The apparent survival of small goslings and goslings with small reserves, combined with the great variability in egg size, gosling weight, and extent of metabolic reserves, suggests relaxed selection in the southern Ontario environment where this population breeds.
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Marshall, Ann P., and Jeffrey M. Black. "The effect of rearing experience on subsequent behavioural traits in Hawaiian GeeseBranta sandvicensis: implications for the recovery programme." Bird Conservation International 2, no. 2 (June 1992): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900002367.
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SummaryThe risk of the NeneBranta sandvicensisbecoming extinct has been minimized by the release of over 2,000 captive-reared geese, but the population (now at 500) is yet to achieve a self-sustaining status. The majority of birds released have been reared in gosling-only groups, thus missing out on the opportunity to learn social and feeding skills from adults. In this paper we test the hypothesis that rearing experience affects the subsequent behavioural traits of Nene goslings. We raised 42 goslings under four conditions: a gosling group not exposed to adults, a gosling group exposed to adults from 16 days onward, three groups in view of “foster” adults for 14 days, and four groups reared continuously by parents. All birds were eventually released into an 8 ha pen where a flock of adult Nene roamed. The method by which Nene goslings were raised had a significant effect on dominance, flock integration, and vigilance. Parent-reared birds were dominant to and more vigilant than goslings raised without parents or goslings reared in sight of adults. Parent-reared birds also integrated into the adult flock sooner than other goslings. Growth rate and final body size were not affected by rearing regime (with or without parents or foster parents). In future, managers should provide goslings with as much “parental” experience as possible in order to equip them with appropriate skills to cope once released in the wild.
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Komdeur, Jan, Ellen Kalmbach, and Pascal van der Aa. "Adoption as a gosling strategy to obtain better parental care? Experimental evidence for gosling choice and age-dependency of adoption in greylag geese." Behaviour 142, no. 11-12 (2005): 1515–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853905774831909.
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AbstractAdoptions of unrelated young by successful breeders are a form of alloparental care which has been observed in many species of geese. Depending on costs and benefits to the parents, adoptions might represent an inter-generational conflict or a mutually beneficial strategy. Although most studies of wild populations suggest benefits of large brood sizes, incidental observations mostly report aggressive behaviour of parents towards lone goslings. No studies have investigated mechanisms and behaviour during adoptions in order to test whether adoptions are driven by parents or goslings. To test whether goslings might use adoption as a strategy to obtain better parental care, we carried out an experiment where lone greylag goose (Anser anser) goslings could choose between a dominant and a subordinate foster family. In a second experiment we also tested whether adoption was age-dependent. Except for one case, all lone goslings (N = 16) chose the dominant family. Parents showed very little aggression towards lone goslings at three days after hatch, but aggression increased until 9 days and remained high thereafter. At the same time as aggression increased, the chance of successful adoption decreased. In the first five weeks of life, goslings which had been adopted were no further away from parents than original goslings during grazing. These results show that goslings might choose foster families according to dominance. The fact that with increasing gosling age parents are less willing to adopt could be due to improved individual recognition and reflect decreasing benefits of gaining an additional family member. More detailed studies on state-dependent costs and benefits of adoptions are required to determine whether adoptions in geese represent conflict or mutualism, and why this changes with gosling age.
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Herzog, Mark P., and James S. Sedinger. "Dynamics of Foraging Behavior Associated With Variation in Habitat and Forage Availability in Captive Black Brant (Branta Bernicla Nigricans) Goslings in Alaska." Auk 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.1.210.
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Abstract We conducted an experiment to study the effect of gosling density on food abundance and feeding behavior of Black Brant (Branta bernicla) goslings in two habitat types important to Black Brant on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: (1) Carex subspathacea grazing lawns and (2) slough levees that contain Triglochin palustris. Within each habitat, we manipulated grazing pressure by allowing goslings to graze specific plots every 6, 9, or 12 days. We randomly assigned six goslings to one of six treatment groups (three grazing frequencies × two habitats). Biomass of C. subspathacea was higher in lightly grazed plots (grazed every 12 days) than in the heavily grazed plots (grazed every 6 days). Offtake in C. subspathacea was also greater in the lightly grazed plots. Within C. subspathacea stands, proportion of time spent feeding varied among grazing intensities. Goslings within heavily grazed plots spent more time feeding than goslings in lightly grazed plots. Within slough levee habitat, there were no differences between heavily and lightly grazed plots in either biomass or offtake of T. palustris. Whereas overall percentage of time feeding did not vary between the two habitats, percentage of time feeding declined as gosling mass increased in all treatments and habitats. Although the trend in peck rate over time varied among treatments and between habitats, during trials very early in the season we observed a reduced peck rate in the heavily grazed treatment, but only within the C. subspathacea grazing lawns. There was no variation in peck rate among treatments within slough levee habitat; however, peck rates for goslings fed on C. subspathacea was double the rate of goslings in slough levee. Thus, the varied growth responses of plants between habitats to variation in grazing pressure that we observed during this experiment suggest the importance of density-dependent effects on brood-rearing habitat and the resulting variation in gosling growth.
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Audet, Benoît, Gilles Gauthier, and Esther LÉVESQUE. "Feeding Ecology of Greater Snow Goose Goslings in Mesic Tundra on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada." Condor 109, no. 2 (May 1, 2007): 361–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.2.361.
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AbstractAlthough mesic tundra is a habitat commonly used by arctic-nesting geese, their feeding ecology in this habitat is little known compared to wetlands. Our objectives were to determine the diet and food selection of Greater Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) goslings in relation to the nutritional quality of plants growing in mesic tundra habitats on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada. We used two different but complementary approaches: examination of esophageal contents of sacrificed wild goslings, and direct observation of the feeding activity of captive, human-imprinted goslings. The latter method was innovative and provided a reliable description of the diet, with results comparable to those obtained from wild goslings. Although mesic habitats have a more diverse floristic composition than wetlands and sparse graminoid cover, Gramineae were preferentially selected and dominated the diet (~50%). The rest of the diet consisted mainly of members of the Juncaceae, Polygonaceae, and Leguminosae families. The diet of very young goslings was diverse, but as they aged and gained efficiency, they concentrated on a few taxa. Goslings ate mostly leaves (~80%), but flowers (~20%) were also important. Food selection was influenced by nitrogen and total phenolic compounds content of plants, but the ratio of phenolic compounds to nitrogen in plant organs was most determinative of food choice. Neutral detergent fiber content of plants did not influence plant selection. Both plant nutritional quality and availability determined gosling diet across different mesic habitats and growing goslings appeared to maximize their intake of metabolizable proteins.
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Mainguy, Julien, Gilles Gauthier, Jean-François Giroux, and Joël Bêty. "Gosling Growth and Survival in Relation to Brood Movements in Greater Snow Geese (Chen Caerulescens Atlantica)." Auk 123, no. 4 (October 1, 2006): 1077–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.4.1077.
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Abstract Post-hatch brood movements to high-quality foraging sites are common in precocial birds but may entail costs for young. We assessed effects of overland movements of broods between the nesting and rearing areas in Greater Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens atlantica) breeding on Bylot Island, Nunavut, Canada, to determine whether these movements affected gosling survival and growth. We monitored 51 radiomarked females over five years to quantify movement distance, movement duration, and gosling survival. Gosling growth was compared over four years using a sample of web-tagged broods recaptured shortly before fledging among adults that (1) nested and reared their young in a dense colony, (2) left the colony and moved ≈30 km to reach the main brood-rearing area, or (3) nested and reared their young in the main brood-rearing area. Brood movements by radio-marked birds were highly variable (2.6-52.5 km, depending on rearing areas used) and fairly rapid (≤6 days after hatch for 72% of the females). Gosling survival was not related to distance moved between nesting and brood-rearing areas. However, gosling growth was influenced by areas used and whether or not they had to move to reach their brood-rearing area. Geese nesting at the main brood-rearing area generally reared heavier and larger goslings than those that moved ≈30 km from the main nesting colony to rear their brood at the main brood-rearing area. On the other hand, goslings leaving the nesting colony after hatch were heavier and larger than those that stayed there throughout brood rearing in one of two years. Although brood movements allow goslings access to high-quality habitats, they entail some costs. Thus, minimizing such movements through nest-site selection should provide a selective advantage by allowing goslings to maximize their growth. Croissance et Survie des Oisons en Relation avec les Déplacements des Familles chez Chen caerulescens atlantica
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Yang, Haiming, Jingru Liang, Hang Dai, Xiaoli Wan, and Zhiyue Wang. "Effects of vitamin A supplementation in the diet of breeding geese on offspring intestinal tissue morphology and immune performance." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 1463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0890.
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Objective: The effects of maternal and offspring dietary vitamin A (VA) supplementation on early body weight, digestive tract function and immune function in goslings were studied.Methods: Yangzhou geese (180 d old) were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups of 15 females and 3 males (the males were kept until slaughter). Eggs were collected for hatching during the peak laying period. A total of 96 goslings were selected from each treatment group (each fed a basic diet supplemented with 0, 4,000, 8,000, 12,000 or 16,000 IU/kg VA) and randomly divided into 2 groups, with 6 replicates in each group and 8 goslings in each replicate. The gosling diet was supplemented with 0 or 9,000 IU/kg VA.Results: i) Villus length, villus width and the muscle thickness of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were increased and the crypt depth was reduced after adding 12,000 IU/kg VA to the goslings’ diet (p<0.05). Adding 9,000 IU/kg VA to the offspring diet increased the length of the duodenal villi and width of the ileum and decreased the crypt depth of the ileum (p<0.05). ii) Supplementing the maternal diet with 12,000 IU/kg VA increased immune organ weight, the immune organ index and immunoglobulin content in goslings (p<0.05). The bursa weight and immunoglobulin G content of offspring were higher in the 9,000 IU/kg VA supplementation group than in the group with no supplementation (p<0.05).Conclusion: Offspring growth and development were affected by the amount of VA added into maternal diet. The negative effect of maternal VA deficiency on offspring can be compensated by adding VA to the offspring diet. Continued VA supplementation in the offspring diet after excessive VA supplementation in the maternal diet is unfavorable for gosling growth and development.
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Xi, Yumeng, Yuanpi Huang, Ying Li, Junshu Yan, and Zhendan Shi. "Fermented Feed Supplement Relieves Caecal Microbiota Dysbiosis and Kidney Injury Caused by High-Protein Diet in the Development of Gosling Gout." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 2139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112139.
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Firstly, forty-eight 1-day-old goslings were randomly allocated to four groups and were fed diets containing crude protein (CP) at different concentrations: 160, 180, 200, and 220 g/kg in Experiment One. We found a dose-dependent relationship between the dietary protein levels and morbidity of gosling gout. The concentration of serum uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), and urea nitrogen (UN), and the activity of xanthine oxidase in the 220CP groups were significantly higher than those in the low-protein diet groups. Beneficial microbes, including Akkermansia, Lactococcus, and Butyricicoccus were enriched in the ceca of healthy goslings, while the microbes Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Bacteroides were enriched in those with gout. Then, we explored the effects of fermented feed on gosling gout caused by high-protein diets in Experiment Two. A total of 720 1-day-old goslings were randomly allotted to four experimental groups: CN (162.9 g/kg CP), CNF (167.5 g/kg CP, replacing 50 g/kg of the basal diet with fermented feed), HP (229.7 g/kg CP, a high-protein diet), and HPF (230.7 g/kg CP, replacing 50 g/kg of the high-protein diet with fermented feed). We found that the cumulative incidence of gout increased in the HP group compared with that in the control, but decreased in the HPF group compared to that in the HP group. Similarly, the concentration of serum UA in the HP group was higher than that in the CN group, but decreased in the HPF group. Meanwhile, compared with the HP group, using fermented feed in diets decreased the abundance of Enterococcus in the ceca of goslings, while increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus. These results suggest that appropriate dietary protein levels and the fermented feed supplement might relieve the kidney injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by high-protein diets in the development of gosling gout.
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Brook, Rodney W., James O. Leafloor, Kenneth F. Abraham, C. Davison Ankney, and Keith A. Patton. "Canada Goose Gosling Mortality During Prefledging and Early Migration on Akimiski Island, Nunavut." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/102018-jfwm-098.
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Abstract Mortality rates for precocial avian species are highest during their first year of life. For harvested species, including waterfowl, it is particularly difficult to determine causes of mortality using standard mark–recapture techniques. The timing and cause of nonhunting mortality is difficult for researchers to distinguish, and therefore, difficult to incorporate into management decisions. We marked flightless Canada goose Branta canadensis interior goslings with radio transmitters to determine the timing of mortality prior to harvest during the fall migration. We tracked survival of 206 goslings for 2 mo from an average of 50 d of age to just prior to the fall migration departure from the breeding grounds in 1999 and 2000. The most parsimonious model from a set of candidate models describing probability of survival showed clear differences between years and suggested that survival was affected by gosling size (largest survived better) and hatch timing disparity. We indexed hatch timing disparity by measuring the difference between gosling hatch date and the date of the estimated peak in forage quality as determined by the normalized difference vegetation index. The latest hatched goslings presumably had the lowest quality forage available to them. Both size and hatch timing disparity concur with a mortality cause that is most likely from complications due to malnutrition. The estimated survival probability of goslings to 51 d post marking was 0.31 (95% confidence limit = 0.22 to 0.44) in 1999 and 0.69 (95% confidence limit = 0.57 to 0.83) in 2000. Managers can make better informed decisions concerning the utility of harvest regulation in the conservation of juvenile Canada geese by better understanding the timing, causes, and annual variation of their mortality.
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Lamprecht, Jürg. "Distance Regulation of Hand-Reared Goslings (Anser Indicus) To an Unresponsive Parent: a Study of the Short-Term Dynamics of Attachment." Behaviour 108, no. 3-4 (1989): 209–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853989x00312.
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AbstractThis study investigated the ways in which young goslings contribute to the proximity between parent and offspring in geese. It sought to detect the rules governing excursions of hand-reared goslings (Anser indicus) from a stationary and non-responding human 'parent' on a large lawn. Distance to the parent and behaviours (distress calling, feeding and others) were monitored during 149 30-min-sessions of 28 goslings (7-19 days old), most of which were accompanied in some sessions by a sibling. Of two additional experiments, one demonstrated the positive effect of sibling group size on maximum distance from the parent, the other showed that distress calling induced by forced separation from the (human) parent was reduced by the presence of siblings. Excursion analysis revealed that the probability of returning to the parent was independent of time and distance. This allowed rejection of some earlier models of excursion control. Only sudden disturbances in the environment (occurring at random with respect to the start of an excursion), forced separation from the parent, and-similarly-the parent's walking away were found to elicit approach to the parent. The speed of leaving the parent was also independent of time and distance. Thus distance was not limited by an increasing locomotor tendency to return. But rate of distress calling increased with distance. Two causes for the goslings' departures were identified: 1) parental non-signalling (by the "mute" parent), which aroused a tendency "to go home", and 2) hunger combined with the tendency to forage in a fixed direction. Return probability, speed of leaving and distress call rate at any given distance were lower when a gosling was accompanied by a sibling, apparently because the social feedback received from the sibling compensated for the parent's non-signalling. In spite of behavioural tendencies which lead a gosling to potentially unlimited distances from its parents, it will not normally get lost, as it returns whenever alarmed or when the parents walk away, and because goose parents tend to join a gosling distress calling at a distance.
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Sedinger, James S., Mark P. Herzog, Brian T. Person, Morgan T. Kirk, Tim Obritchkewitch, Philip P. Martin, Alice A. Stickney, and C. Bosque. "Large-Scale Variation in Growth of Black Brant Goslings Related to Food Availability." Auk 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.1088.
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AbstractWe examined variation in growth of Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) goslings among two colonies on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in southwestern Alaska and the Colville River Delta on Alaska's Arctic coast. We simultaneously measured abundance and quality of a key food plant, Carex subspathacea, and grazing pressure on that plant at the three colonies. Our goal was to measure variation in gosling growth in relation to variation in grazing pressure and food abundance because growth of goslings is directly linked to first-year survival, and consequently is the principal mechanism for density-dependent population regulation. Goslings grew substantially faster on the arctic coast and were nearly 30% larger than those on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta at four to five weeks old. Faster growth on the arctic coast was associated with 2× greater standing crop of C. subspathacea during brood rearing than on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Dispersal rates are high enough (Lindberg et al. 1998) to rule out local adaptation and genetic variation as explanations for observed variation in growth. Our results are consistent with lower survival of goslings from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta during their first fall migration and stronger density-dependent regulation on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta than on the Arctic coast.
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Righi, Mohamed, and Gilles Gauthier. "Natural infection by intestinal cestodes: variability and effect on growth in Greater Snow Goose goslings (Chen caerulescens atlantica)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1077–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-089.
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We determined the species of intestinal helminths in Greater Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) goslings and examined annual variability in infection levels over a 5-year period on Bylot Island, Nunavut. The intestines of 112 wild goslings collected when near fledging were examined. We also evaluated the effect of intestinal parasites on growth and behaviour of captive goslings in a controlled experiment. In 2000, one group (n = 11) was treated with anthelmintic drugs (Piperazine 52 for nematodes and Droncit® for cestodes) and the other (n = 14) was used as a control. Four hymenolepidid cestodes were identified: Drepanidotaenia lanceolata, Hymenolepis barrowensis, Microsom acanthus setigera, and Retinometra longivaginata. No nematodes were detected. Prevalence of intestinal cestodes in wild goslings was 100% but their abundance varied among years (from 28.9 ± 2.7 to 175.2 ± 49.7 (mean ± SE) cestodes per host) and individuals. Captive goslings treated with anthelmintic drugs were free of parasites, whereas all control goslings were parasitized when sacrificed at 36 d, although cestode abundance in the latter group was much lower (4.2 ± 0.7) than in wild goslings. There was no difference in growth rates between treated and control captive goslings until they were 36 d of age. However, treated goslings spent more time feeding than control ones, which suggests an effect of cestodes on host behaviour.
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Sedinger, James S., and Nathan D. Chelgren. "Survival and Breeding Advantages of Larger Black Brant (Branta Bernicla Nigricans) Goslings: Within- and Among-Cohort Variation." Auk 124, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 1281–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.4.1281.
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Abstract We examined the relationship between mass late in the first summer and survival and return to the natal breeding colony for 12 cohorts (1986-1997) of female Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans). We used Cormack-Jolly-Seber methods and the program MARK to analyze capture-recapture data. Models included two kinds of residuals from regressions of mass on days after peak of hatch when goslings were measured; one based on the entire sample (12 cohorts) and the other based only on individuals in the same cohort. Some models contained date of peak of hatch (a group covariate related to lateness of nesting in that year) and mean cohort residual mass. Finally, models allowed survival to vary among cohorts. The best model of encounter probability included an effect of residual mass on encounter probability and allowed encounter probability to vary among age classes and across years. All competitive models contained an effect of one of the estimates of residual mass; relatively larger goslings survived their first year at higher rates. Goslings in cohorts from later years in the analysis tended to have lower first-year survival, after controlling for residual mass, which reflected the generally smaller mean masses for these cohorts but was potentially also a result of population-density effects additional to those on growth. Variation among cohorts in mean mass accounted for 56% of variation among cohorts in first-year survival. Encounter probabilities, which were correlated with breeding probability, increased with relative mass, which suggests that larger goslings not only survived at higher rates but also bred at higher rates. Although our findings support the well-established linkage between gosling mass and fitness, they suggest that additional environmental factors also influence first-year survival. Supervivencia y Ventajas Reproductivas de los Pichones de Mayor Tamaño de Branta bernicla nigricans: Variación entre y dentro de las Cohortes
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Li, Wanyan, Xuelian Xiang, Bingxin Li, Yifei Wang, Long Qian, Yunbo Tian, Yunmao Huang, Danning Xu, and Nan Cao. "PAMK Relieves LPS-Induced Enteritis and Improves Intestinal Flora Disorder in Goslings." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (February 22, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9721353.
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Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) is a biologically active component of Atractylodes macrocephala, which has the effect of maintaining the immune homeostasis of the body. Therefore, this study constructed a model of PAMK to relieve LPS-induced gosling enteritis and observed the morphological changes of the small intestine after HE staining. ELISA was used to detect serum CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels; immunohistochemistry was used to detect the positive rate of IgA in the small intestine; TLR4, occludin, ZO-1, cytokines, and immunoglobulin mRNA expression in the small intestine were detected by qPCR; and intestinal flora of gosling excrement was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing to analyze the protective effect of PAMK on goslings enteritis and the impact on intestinal flora. The results showed that PAMK relieves LPS-induced gosling enteritis by maintaining the small intestine morphology, cytokine, tight junctions, and immunoglobulin relatively stable and improving the disorder of intestinal flora.
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Black, Jeffrey M., and Myrfyn Owen. "Determinants of Social Rank in Goose Flocks: Acquisition of Social Rank in Young Geese." Behaviour 102, no. 3-4 (1987): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00081.
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AbstractThe paper describes a study of social rank acquisition in goslings reared from eggs taken from a full-winged flock of barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) at the Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge. Eggs were taken from pairs of known history and the adult's aggressiveness was ranked according to their reaction to humans. This rank was shown to be meaningful intraspecifically both by the outcome of encounters between geese and by the fact that no pairs scored as non-aggressive were able to nest in the preferred colony. A group of goslings reared by their own parents and cross-fostered goslings were also examined. 1. Within a rearing group of goslings (sibling-reared broods), the oldest and heaviest birds ranked highest in the first month and males performed better in encounters than females of the same size in the second month. 2. In encounters between unfamiliar goslings from different sibling-broods in the third month of life, the most important determinants of the new rank were body size, weight and sex. Previous experience also influenced rank; previous success yielded continued success. Goslings lost weight during the test; loss was negatively correlated with rank. The performance of goslings reared without adults bore no relationship to their parent's aggressive score. 3. In the semi-captive flock, parents that scored as "aggressive" reared more and larger goslings than non-aggressive pairs. The rank of these in the third month correlated with their size and sex (independent of size). The cross-fostering experiment suggested that there was a genetic as well as an environmental influence on rank acquisition. 4. In encounters between goslings of similar rank from sibling-broods and parent-reared ones, the latter ranked significantly higher. Parent-reared goslings, though less familiar to the experimental regime, gained weight and goslings from sibling-broods lost weight. 5. Once established, rank order remained stable; the few reversals related either to changes in size or to cooperation between goslings in confrontations. 6. Parental quality clearly affects, through learning and heredity, the physical and social development of goslings, and consequently their chances of survival and reproduction. We suggest that these effects are reinforced by brood size; larger families gain better resources in competitive situations. In wild geese, competitive ability is crucial both to survival in winter and to the acquisition of nesting sites and rearing areas for the young.
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Beasley, B. A., and C. D. Ankney. "Physiological responses of cold-stressed blue and snow phase Lesser Snow Goose goslings." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-082.
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A comparison of cold-stressed Lesser Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) goslings revealed that the metabolic rates of light-colored (snow) and dark-colored (blue) goslings did not differ when they were measured in the dark. Small differences in plumage insulation (higher in snow goslings) and core body temperature (lower in blue goslings) seemed to balance each other so that there was no difference in rates of thermogenesis between morphs. We conclude that physiological thermoregulation does not compensate for potential differential radiative heat loads between the morphs.
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Schmutz, Joel A., and Karen K. Laing. "Variation in Foraging Behavior and Body Mass in Broods of Emperor Geese (Chen Canagica): Evidence for Interspecific Density Dependence." Auk 119, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 996–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.4.996.
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Abstract Broods of geese spend time feeding according to availability and quality of food plants, subject to inherent foraging and digestive constraints. We studied behavioral patterns of broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, and examined how feeding and alert behavior varied in relation to habitat and goose density. During 1994–1996, time spent feeding by Emperor Goose goslings and adult females was positively related to multispecies goose densities near observation blinds, and not to just Emperor Goose density. Similarly, body mass of Emperor Goose goslings was more strongly related (negatively) to multispecies goose densities than intraspecific densities. A grazing experiment in 1995 indicated that most above ground primary production by Carex subspathacea, a preferred food plant, was consumed by grazing geese. Those results demonstrate that interspecific competition for food occurred, with greatest support for goslings whose behavioral repertoire is limited primarily to feeding, digesting, and resting. Although the more abundant Cackling Canada Geese (Branta canadensis minima) differed from Emperor Geese in their preferred use of habitats during brooding rearing (Schmutz 2001), the two species occurred in equal abundance in habitats preferred by Emperor Goose broods. Thus, Cackling Canada Geese were a numerically significant competitor with Emperor Geese. Comparing these results to an earlier study, time spent feeding by goslings, adult females, and adult males were greater during 1993–1996 than during 1985–1986. During the interval between those studies, densities of Cackling Canada Geese increased two to three times whereas Emperor Goose numbers remained approximately stable, which implies that interspecific competition affected foraging behavior over a long time period. These density-dependent changes in foraging behavior and body mass indicate that interspecific competition affects nutrient acquisition and gosling growth, which has a demonstrated effect (Schmutz 1993) on juvenile survival of Emperor Geese. Management of Emperor Geese should consider interspecific relations and densities of all goose species occurring on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska.
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Ding, Rui, Han Huang, Hongyu Wang, Zewen Yi, Siyu Qiu, Yingjun Lv, and Endong Bao. "Goose Nephritic Astrovirus Infection of Goslings Induces Lymphocyte Apoptosis, Reticular Fiber Destruction, and CD8 T-Cell Depletion in Spleen Tissue." Viruses 13, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061108.
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The emergence of a novel goose nephritic astrovirus (GNAstV) has caused economic losses to the Chinese goose industry. High viral load is found in the spleen of goslings infected with GNAstV, but pathological injuries to the spleen due to GNAstV are largely unknown. In this study, 50 two-day-old goslings were infected orally with GNAstV, and 50 goslings were treated with PBS as control. Spleens were collected at different times following infection to assess damage. GNAstV infection caused visceral gout and urate deposition in joints, and resulted in 16% mortality. GNAstV was found in the lymphocytes and macrophages within the spleen. Lymphocyte loss, especially around the white pulp, and destruction and decline in the number of reticular fibers was observed in GNAstV-infected goslings. Moreover, in GNAstV-infected goslings, ultrahistopathological examination found that splenic lymphocytes exhibited condensed chromatin and apoptotic bodies, and reticular cells displayed damage to plasma membrane integrity and swollen mitochondria. Furthermore, TUNEL staining confirmed apoptosis of lymphocytes, and the mRNA levels of Fas and FasL were significantly increased in the GNAstV-infected goslings. In addition, GNAstV infection reduced the number and protein expression of CD8. In conclusion, GNAstV infection causes lymphocyte depletion, reticular cell necrosis, reticular fiber destruction, lymphocyte apoptosis, and reduction in CD8 levels, which contribute to spleen injury.
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Fortin, Daniel, Gilles Gauthier, and Jacques Larochelle. "Body Temperature and Resting Behavior of Greater Snow Goose Goslings in the High Arctic." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.163.
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Abstract We examined the control of body temperature during active and resting behaviors in chicks of a large precocial bird, the Greater Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica), growing in a cold Arctic environment. Imprinted goslings from 4 to 31 days old maintained their mean (± SD) body core temperature within a narrow range around 40.6 ± 0.2°C (range: 38.7–42.2°C), independently of changes in their thermal environment. Average body temperature increased <0.4°C between 4 and 31 days of age. Hypothermia, potentially an energy-saving mechanism, was not used by active goslings. The potential for heat loss to the environment influenced the length of resting bouts in wild goslings. As environmental temperature increased, wild goslings remained sitting alone for longer periods, whereas when it decreased, brooding behavior was prolonged. The time spent huddling increased with the number of goslings involved. Body temperature during huddling bouts measured in imprinted chicks was significantly lower than during periods of activity, showing a rapid decrease averaging 0.8°C at the onset of huddling, followed by a slow recovery before activity was resumed. Thus, huddling behavior was not used as a rewarming mechanism. Greater Snow Goose goslings appear to prioritize metabolic activity by maintaining a high body temperature, despite the high energy costs that may be involved. Social thermoregulation is used to reduce the energy costs entailed by the strict maintenance of homeothermy.
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Diamond, Jared M. "Goslings of gay geese." Nature 340, no. 6229 (July 1989): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340101a0.
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Beasley, Barbara A., and C. Davison Ankney. "The effect of plumage color on the thermoregulatory abilities of Lesser Snow Goose goslings." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 1352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-198.
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A comparison of the reflectance spectra of Lesser Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) goslings revealed that dark-colored goslings (blues) absorbed more visible and near infrared radiation than did light-colored goslings (snows). Thus, we predicted that blues would obtain greater radiative heat loads and expend less energy to thermoregulate in cold, sunny weather but that radiation would be transmitted deeper into light-colored plumages giving snows a thermal advantage under windy conditions. Using doubly labeled water with penned birds at the La Pérouse Bay colony, we found no significant difference in the daily energy expenditures of blues and snows. Blues tended to expend more energy on windy, sunny days and less on calm, cloudy days but the trends were nonsignificant. We conclude that color has a negligible influence on the energy budgets of Lesser Snow Goose goslings relative to the effect of behavioral thermoregulation.
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Piedboeuf, Nathalie, and Gilles Gauthier. "Nutritive quality of forage plants for greater snow goose goslings: when is it advantageous to feed on grazed plants?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 1908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-175.
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Foraging herbivores often face a choice: move to ungrazed sites, where the biomass is high, or use grazed sites, where the biomass is lower but the quality of the regrown plants is often higher. Foraging strategies should therefore depend on the difference in biomass between grazed and ungrazed sites and the food quality in the two types of site, both variables that are likely to vary seasonally. We compared the nutritive quality (in terms of metabolisability of food, nitrogen, and energy, and rate of food intake) of grazed and ungrazed sites for early- and late-hatched greater snow goose (Chen caerulescens atlantica) goslings throughout the summer. We conducted field experiments with captive goslings feeding on grasses and sedges in the Arctic. Plant quality declined seasonally (nitrogen concentration decreased and fibre content increased) but, contrary to our initial expectations, grazed plants were not higher in quality or metabolisability than ungrazed ones. This was possibly a consequence of poor regrowth after grazing because of drought conditions that prevailed during this study. Consequently, rates of intake of food, metabolisable nitrogen, and metabolisable energy were always higher at ungrazed than at grazed sites. Rates of intake of metabolisable nitrogen and energy declined seasonally for both grazed and ungrazed plants, which suggests that goslings were not able to compensate for the seasonal decline in food quality by increasing their rate of food intake. No difference was found between early- and late-hatched goslings in food metabolisability, and both groups were exposed to the same seasonal effects. Weak regrowth after grazing leads to poor feeding conditions for goslings. Under these circumstances, ungrazed sites are of higher nutritive value for goslings than grazed sites.
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Fondell, Thomas F., James B. Grand, David A. Miller, and R. Michael Anthony. "Predators of Dusky Canada Goose goslings and the effect of transmitters on gosling survival." Journal of Field Ornithology 79, no. 4 (December 2008): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00191.x.
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Seddon, Laura M., and Thomas D. Nudds. "The costs of raising nidifugous offspring: brood rearing by giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-071.
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Competing hypotheses that have been advanced to explain the phenomenon of posthatch brood mixing by waterfowl can be distinguished by whether they assume that adults experience costs in rearing nidifugous offspring. To test this, time budget data were collected for giant Canada geese (Branta canadensis maxima) at Cambridge, Ontario, in 1990. Breeding adults with broods devoted more time to vigilance (p = 0.001) and less time to feeding (p = 0.001) than adults that hatched clutches but were without broods, suggesting a cost to rearing nidifugous young. However, as goslings matured, parents allocated less time to vigilance (p < 0.001) and more time to locomotion (p = 0.005), and time spent feeding did not change (p = 0.336). In addition, brood size did not affect the time parents allocated to vigilance (p = 0.543) or feeding (p = 0.727), suggesting that caring for additional young has negligible effects on parents. Goslings were selective about the adult with which they associated (they were positioned closer to females than to males), but neither brood size nor brood age affected the feeding time of goslings (p = 0.94 and 0.76, respectively) or time spent vigilant (p = 0.22 and 0.69, respectively), suggesting that goslings gained no obvious advantage from greater foraging opportunities or better predator detection by congregating in larger broods.
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Glávits, R., Anna Zolnai, Éva Szabó, Éva Ivanics, P. Zarka, T. Mató, and V. Palya. "Comparative pathological studies on domestic geese (Anser anser domestica) and Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) experimentally infected with parvovirus strains of goose and Muscovy duck origin." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.53.2005.1.8.
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Parvovirus infection of Muscovy ducks caused by a genetically and antigenically distinct virus has been reported from Germany, France, Israel, Hungary, some Asian countries and the USA. The pathological changes include those of degenerative skeletal muscle myopathy and myocarditis, hepatitis, sciatic neuritis and polioencephalomyelitis. In the study presented here, day-old and 3-week-old goslings and Muscovy ducks were infected experimentally with three different parvovirus strains (isolates of D-216/4 from the classical form of Derzsy's disease, D-190/3 from the enteric form of Derzsy's disease, and strain FM from the parvovirus disease of Muscovy ducks). All three parvovirus strains caused severe disease in both day-old and 3-week-old Muscovy ducks but in the goslings only the two strains of goose origin (D-216/4 and D-190/3) caused disease with high (90-100%) mortality when infection was performed at day old. Strain FM (of Muscovy duck origin) did not cause any clinical signs or pathological lesions in the goslings. In the day-old goslings and Muscovy ducks the principal pathological lesions were severe enteritis with necrosis of the epithelial cells (enterocytes) of the mucous membrane and the crypts of Lieberkühn, and the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies. Other prominent lesions included hepatitis and atrophy (lymphocyte depletion) of the lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen). In goslings infected with the strain originating from the classical form of Derzsy's disease mild myocarditis was also detected. After infection at three weeks of age, growth retardation, feathering disorders, myocardial lesions (degeneration of cardiac muscle cells, lympho-histiocytic infiltration) and hepatitis were the most prominent lesions in both geese and Muscovy ducks. In addition to the lesions observed in the geese, muscle fibre degeneration, mild sciatic neuritis and polioencephalomyelitis were also observed in the Muscovy ducks infected with any of the three parvovirus strains.
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Scheiber, Isabella B. R., Brigitte M. Weiß, Margje E. de Jong, Anna Braun, Nico W. van den Brink, Maarten J. J. E. Loonen, Eva Millesi, and Jan Komdeur. "Stress behaviour and physiology of developing Arctic barnacle goslings ( Branta leucopsis ) is affected by legacy trace contaminants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1893 (December 12, 2018): 20181866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1866.
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Natural populations are persistently exposed to environmental pollution, which may adversely impact animal physiology and behaviour and even compromise survival. Responding appropriately to any stressor ultimately might tip the scales for survival, as mistimed behaviour and inadequate physiological responses may be detrimental. Yet effects of legacy contamination on immediate physiological and behavioural stress coping abilities during acute stress are virtually unknown. Here, we assessed these effects in barnacle goslings ( Branta leucopsis ) at a historical coal mine site in the Arctic. For three weeks we led human-imprinted goslings, collected from nests in unpolluted areas, to feed in an abandoned coal mining area, where they were exposed to trace metals. As control we led their siblings to feed on clean grounds. After submitting both groups to three well-established stress tests (group isolation, individual isolation, on-back restraint), control goslings behaved calmer and excreted lower levels of corticosterone metabolites. Thus, legacy contamination may decisively change stress physiology and behaviour in long-lived vertebrates exposed at a young age.
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Riddell, C., J. V. den Hurk, S. Copeland, and G. Wobeser. "Viral Tracheitis in Goslings in Saskatchewan." Avian Diseases 36, no. 1 (January 1992): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591732.
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Volovich, V. M. "Incubation qualities of eggs and the level of protein ingredients in the blood of embryos and goslings by optimizing the level of tryptophan in the diet of geese of the parent flock." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 94 (April 7, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9404.
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The results of studies on the effect of synthetic tryptophan supplements to goose feed during the reproductive period on the incubation qualities of eggs, the level of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins in the blood of embryos and newborn goslings are presented. The study was conducted on four groups of geese-analogues of the Obroshyn gray breed group during the 3-month period (January ‒ March). The control group did not receive synthetic tryptophan supplements. The level of this amino acid in this group of geese in accordance with current regulations in Ukraine was 0.16 g per 100 g of feed. To the diet of birds 2, 3 and 4 experimental groups were additionally administered, respectively, 0.04; 0.09 and 0.14 g of synthetic tryptophan per 100 g of feed. As a result of research it was found that increasing the level of tryptophan from 0.16 g to 0.30 g per 100 g of feed due to its synthetic analogue in the diet of geese during egg-laying significantly improves the incubation quality of eggs and has a positive effect on protein levels. daily embryos and 5-day-old goslings. It is shown that the most pronounced effect on improving the quality of hatching eggs and optimizing the effect on the level of protein in the blood of embryos and goslings reveals the content of tryptophan in feed during intensive laying of geese in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of feed. Studies have shown that the quality of hatching eggs and the content of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins in the blood of embryos and newborn goslings has a pronounced positive effect on the level of tryptophan in the diet of geese during intensive laying. In particular, increasing the amount of this essential amino acid in goose feed during the reproductive period from 0.16 to 0.30 g due to its synthetic analogue improves such incubation qualities of eggs as: egg-laying, weight, length, width, egg shape index, strength and thickness eggshells, and increases in the serum of 25-day-old embryos and 5-day-old goslings contents of total protein, albumin and α-, β- and γ-globulins (P < 0.05). It is shown that the most pronounced positive effect on the optimization of protein ingredients in the serum of both embryos and goslings was found for the content of tryptophan in the feed of geese of the parent flock in the amount of 0.25 g per 100 g of feed. The results show that increasing the level of such essential amino acids as tryptophan in goose feed during intensive egg-laying from 0.16 to 0.25 g per 100 g of feed activates the synthesis of egg components in the ovary of birds, improves their quality and has a stimulating effect on the biosynthesis in hepatocytes of embryos and newborn goslings of total protein, its albumin, α-, β-globulin fractions and immune γ-globulins.
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Morklyak, M. I., A. A. Grybanova, and O. I. Sobolev. "Development of digestive organs in goslings raised for meat, depending on lithium level in mixed feeds." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 100 (December 23, 2020): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10022.
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Recently, the vital necessity of lithium for living organisms has been experimentally proven and also it was previously considered as a conditionally essential trace element. Numerous experimental research conducted on various animals and poultry types have revealed quite wide and diverse properties of lithium, in particular, antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-stress and antioxidant. The discovery of biological properties and the disclosure of biochemical mechanisms of lithium action became the basis for its use in veterinary and zootechnical practice. Lithium preparations are successfully used to treat various animal diseases, prevent and correct “technological” stresses in poultry, increase its productive qualities and improve the quality of meat products. Despite the biochemical complexity and practical significance of this trace element, lithium is still insufficiently used during feeding poultry due to the lack of optimal standards for introducing it into mixed feed. During developing optimal standards for lithium introduction into mixed feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only the indicators of poultry productivity and product quality, but also the physiological indicators of its development. The effect of additives of different lithium doses in compound feeds on the development of digestive organs in goslings raised for meat was studied in a scientific-economic experiment. The research was conducted on the breed of goslings “Danish Legart”. The duration of experiment was 70 days. The lithium introduction into compound feeds for goslings, in doses of 0.15 mg/kg, 0.20 and 0.25 mg/kg, had a positive effect on the development of their digestive organs, as evidenced by the tendency to increase the intestine mass (by 2.2–4.8 %) and its total length (by 0.5–1.1 %), as well as an increase in the liver mass (by 2.0–7.0 %) and muscle stomach (by 3.4–7.3 %). Goslings had the best macromorphological indicators of digestive development, whose mixed feed were enriched with lithium at the rate of 0.15 mg/kg during the entire growing period. A comparison of goslings live weight of the experimental groups with indicators of the development of intestines, liver and muscular stomach allows to claim that their digestive organs were better developed and functioned more actively during the growing period.
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Lisiak, Dariusz, Piotr Janiszewski, Eugenia Grześkowiak, Karol Borzuta, Beata Lisiak, Łukasz Samardakiewicz, Tomasz Schwarz, Krzysztof Powałowski, and Krzysztof Andres. "Research on the Effects of Gender and Feeding Geese Oats and Hybrid Rye on Their Slaughter Traits and Meat Quality." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030672.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feeding Zatorska variety geese hybrid rye, oats, or a mixture of both grains (1:1) on slaughter value and meat quality. At 14 weeks old, the birds were separated into three feeding groups (n = 12) and were fed between 15 and 17 weeks of age with hybrid rye, oats, or a mixture of these two grains. The research proved the effect of gender and feeding on some slaughter value traits and meat quality of the goslings’ breast meat. It was found that the ganders had a 10% to 15% higher body and carcass weight than the females. No significant differences were observed between the genders within the majority of the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the sensory traits. The feeding type did not have a significant effect on the goslings’ body weight and carcass element share. The birds fed hybrid rye had a 2 percentage points lower slaughter yield than those birds fed oats which was combined with a lower share of subcutaneous fat (measured as the weight of the tissue coming from dissection) in birds fed hybrid rye. The meat of the birds fed hybrid rye had some better physical, chemical characteristics and, in the female goslings, also better sensory quality. The results indicated that hybrid rye may be used in feeding goslings at the end of the growing period, because it did not cause any negative effects on the pre-slaughter body weight and had a positive effect on some meat quality traits, such as better sensory estimation results, higher protein content, and lower drip losses.
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Wei, Yunan, Hao Zhou, Anqi Wang, Lipei Sun, Mingshu Wang, Renyong Jia, Dekang Zhu, et al. "TRIM25 Identification in the Chinese Goose: Gene Structure, Tissue Expression Profiles, and Antiviral Immune Responses In Vivo and In Vitro." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1403984.
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The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) protein play a critical role in the interferon (IFN) response during RNA virus infection. The tripartite motif containing 25 proteins (TRIM25) was reported to modify caspase activation and RIG-I recruitment domains (CARDs) via ubiquitin. These modifications allow TRIM25 to interact with mitochondrial antiviral signaling molecules (MAVs) and form CARD-CARD tetramers. Goose TRIM25 was cloned from gosling lungs, which possess a 1662 bp open reading flame (ORF). This ORF encodes a predicted 554 amino acid protein consisting of a B-box domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a PRY/SPRY domain. The protein sequence has 89.25% sequence identity withAnas platyrhynchosTRIM25, 78.57% withGallus gallusTRIM25, and 46.92% withHomo sapiensTRIM25. TRIM25 is expressed in all gosling and adult goose tissues examined. QRT-PCR revealed that goose TRIM25 transcription could be induced by goose IFN-α, goose IFN-γ, and goose IFN-λ, as well as a35 s polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), oligodeoxynucleotides 2006 (ODN 2006), and resiquimod (R848) in vitro; however, it is inhibited in H9N2 infected goslings for unknown reasons. These data suggest that goose TRIM25 might play a positive role in the regulation of the antiviral immune response.
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Cadieux, Marie-Christine, Gilles Gauthier, and R. John Hughes. "Feeding Ecology of Canada Geese (Branta Canadensis Interior) in Sub-Arctic Inland Tundra During Brood-Rearing." Auk 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.1.144.
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AbstractThe diet of adult Canada Geese (Branta canadensis interior) and their goslings was determined during the brood-rearing season in a freshwater tundra habitat using esophageal contents from 25 adult females, 27 adult males, and 59 goslings. Habitat use by geese and the availability and quality of aboveground biomass in wet sedge meadows and around ponds in lichen-heath tundra were also evaluated throughout the summer. During the first four weeks of brood-rearing, adult Canada Geese ate primarily graminoids (>65%), especially leaves of the short form of Carex aquatilis and Eriophorum spp., which had the highest nitrogen concentration (2.5–3.5%). Although graminoids were also important for goslings, they consumed a greater variety of other plant species (68%) than adults, especially in the first two weeks, possibly because of their inexperience. Late in the brood-rearing period, as the nitrogen concentration of graminoid plants declined, adults shifted to a diet composed mainly of berries (>40%, mostly Empetrum nigrum). At that time, goslings consumed fewer berries (24%) and maintained a higher proportion of nitrogen-rich plants in their diet (53% leaves, mostly graminoids) than adults, presumably to complete their growth. Plant species consumed by geese over the summer indicated a preference for high-quality plants (i.e. those with a high nitrogen concentration). Consequently, wet sedge meadow, the habitat that offered plant species of highest quality, was the habitat most heavily used throughout the summer, particularly around peak hatch. Goose grazing had no effect on seasonal production of aboveground biomass of graminoids, probably because of the relatively low density of the goose population.Écologie alimentaire de Branta canadensis interior pendant la période d’élevage des jeunes dans un milieu d’eau douce sub-arctique
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Sedinger, James S. "Growth and Development of Canada Goose Goslings." Condor 88, no. 2 (May 1986): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1368912.
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Barnett, J., H. Ainsworth, J. D. Boon, and D. F. Twomey. "Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus septicaemia in goslings." Veterinary Journal 176, no. 2 (May 2008): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.02.011.
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Stipkovits, L., R. Glavits, E. Ivanics, and E. Szabo. "Additional data on Mycoplasma disease of goslings." Avian Pathology 22, no. 1 (March 1993): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03079459308418908.
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Shi, S. R., Z. Y. Wang, H. M. Yang, and Y. Y. Zhang. "Nitrogen requirement for maintenance in Yangzhou goslings." British Poultry Science 48, no. 2 (April 2007): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660701227519.
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Fortin, Daniel, and Gilles Gauthier. "The effect of postural adjustment on the thermal environment of greater snow goose goslings." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-002.
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This study examines how changing from a standing to a sitting posture influences the thermal environment of greater snow goose goslings (Chen caerulescens atlantica). This was investigated by estimating the standard operative temperature of four heated taxidermic mounts (3, 10, 20, and 30 d old) exposed to various wind velocities (0-5 m/s) and ground (16-23°C) and air (0-15°C) temperatures, in three orientations (head, flank, or tail toward the wind) and two postures (sitting and standing). Changes in posture influenced both conductive and convective heat exchanges. At low wind speeds, sitting on the sand reduced the standard operative temperature of goslings, while at high wind speeds sitting enhanced this temperature index. We calculated that a net thermal gain would be obtained by sitting on cold sand at air temperatures of 5, 10, and 15°C when the wind speed exceeded 3 m/s for most orientations toward the incoming wind. However, this critical wind speed would be 23% lower following a 7°C increase in ground temperature. Our study suggests that postural changes can have important consequences on goslings' thermal environment. It also stresses the importance of considering the synergistic impact of conductive and convective heat transfer processes, when studying the impact of postural changes on thermal environments.
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Lushnikov, N. A., and N. M. Kostomakhin. "Increase the productivity of animals and poultry when use non-traditional feed and mineral additives." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2102-01.
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The possibilities of increasing the productivity of animals and poultry when using an additive containing selenium, rapeseed cake and a complex mineral additive have been studied. Adding to the feed of selenium-containing drug “Carasel” enhanced the digestibility of nutrients, increase of erythrocytes, hemoglobin in the blood, yield of certifi ed goslings, and profi tability. The digestibility of dry and organic matter has increased by 0,46–1,14 %, protein – up to 5,15 %. Depending on the dose of the additive the digestibility of raw fi ber, raw fat, and nitrogen-free extractive substances were higher. Certifi ed goslings have been received 19–22 % more. The inclusion of rapeseed cake of Siberian selection in compound feed when rearing goslings had a positive eff ect on the growth of live weight, the output of the gutted carcass. Goslings of the 1st experimental group exceeded the live weight of goslings of the control group by 3,4 %, and the 2nd experimental group by 6,1 %. The weight of the semi-gutted carcass was higher in the experimental groups receiving rapeseed presscake and rapeseed presscake in combination with rapeseed oil, and exceeded the weight of carcasses of the control group by 298,22 and 388,48 g (P ≤ 0,001), respectively. The weight of gutted carcasses was also significantly higher in the experimental groups. A complex mineral additive in the ration of steers of Hereford breed contributed to the increase in their live weight at the age of 15 months, slaughter yield, profitability of production and improvement of beef quality. The pre-slaughter weight of steers in the experimental group was 465,67 kg and was by 19,0 kg or 4,25 % more than that of steers in the control group (P ≤ 0,001). Studies have shown that the carcass weight was higher in the experimental group than in the control group by 12,09 kg or 4,39 % (P ≤ 0,001). The slaughter yield was 1,08 % higher. Economic evaluation of the use of feed additive in the experiment in the steers of Hereford breed has shown that the use of the developed mineral feed additives contributed to the increase in live weight of steers and the profi tability of production. The level of profitability in the group of steers experimental group receiving comprehensive mineral additive amounted to 13,80 % in comparison with the control group where it was equal to 9,40 %.
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Pelsers, Maurice M. A. L., Patrick J. Butler, Charles M. Bishop, and Jan F. C. Glatz. "Fatty acid binding protein in heart and skeletal muscles of the migratory barnacle goose throughout development." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): R637—R643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.3.r637.
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The long-distance migratory flights of birds are predominantly fueled by the oxidation of fatty acids, which are sourced primarily from extracellular adipose stores. These fatty acids have to be transported, via the circulatory system, to the mitochondria of the active muscles. An important facilitator of fatty acid transport within the cytoplasm of muscle cells is fatty acid binding protein (FABP), which serves as an intracellular carrier of long-chain fatty acids. In mammals, the muscular FABP content is related to the fatty acid oxidation capacity of the tissue. The aim of this study was to measure FABP in samples taken from the cardiac, pectoralis, and semimembranosus muscles of a long-distance avian migrant, the barnacle goose ( Branta leucopsis), at various stages of development. Western blot analysis identified a single goose muscle protein of 15 kDa that was able to bind fatty acids and showed a 66% cross-reactivity with antibodies against human heart-type FABP. Captive goslings showed no significant changes in FABP content of either the heart (62.6 ± 10.6 μg/g wet wt) or the semimembranosus muscle (8.4 ± 1.9 μg/g wet wt) during development. However, in both peripheral and deep sites within the pectoralis muscle, FABP content of samples taken from captive goslings were ∼10-fold higher throughout development and reached values of 30–40 μg/g wet wt in fledging goslings at 7 wk of age. A further twofold higher value was seen in wild but not in captive goslings immediately before migration (12 wk of age). Similarly, FABP content was significantly higher in pectoralis samples taken from wild adults (94.3 ± 3.6 μg/g wet wt) compared with those from captive adults (60.5 ± 3.6 μg/g wet wt). These results suggest that the experience of flight activity may be of critical importance in achieving maximal expression of FABP in the pectoralis muscles of postfledging and mature geese immediately before migration.
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Yakovleva, N. S., G. A. Nozdrin, V. Stojkowski, M. S. Yakovleva, E. N. Barsukova, and Ya V. Novik. "Effect of microbial preparations Vetom 1 and Vetom 20.76 on growth intensity of geese." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 51, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2021-2-9.
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The results of the study on the effect of new microbial preparations on the dynamics of the absolute weight and average daily gain of geese are presented. In the scientific experiment, probiotics Vetom 20.76 based on the predatory fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Vetom 1 on the basis of live spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis DSM 32424 strain, which have anthelmintic, antiviral and antifungal effects, were used. One control and four experimental groups of 10 goslings each at the age of 1 month were formed according to the principle of analog pairs. The goslings of the experimental groups received Vetom 20.76 in various dosages: young birds of the 1st experimental group – 0.5 μl/kg of live body weight, the 2nd – 1 μl/kg, the 3rd – 2 μl/kg. Goslings of the 4th experimental group were given Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of live body weight. Both drugs were given in the morning with water, once a day for 30 days. These drugs were not prescribed to geese of the control group. It was established that Preparations Vetom 20.76 in doses of 0.5; 1 and 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight have a growth-stimulating effect when given to goslings for 30 days. The growth rate of the experimental birds depended on the dose of the drugs used. Optimal results were obtained with the use of Vetom 20.76 at a dose of 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 30 days. The average daily gain in live weight of the experimental geese increased in the 3d and 4th experimental groups by 5.24 and 20.60% in the first 15 days of the experiment and by 24.8 and 44.64% during the aftereffect of the drug.
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Sobolieva, S. V., B. V. Gutyj, and O. I. Sobolev. "Changes in goslings’ blood pattern under the influence of different doses additives of selenium in forages." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 92 (May 8, 2020): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9209.
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According to many scientists, the list of trace elements that are currently used in compound feeds for various types of poultry is clearly insufficient. In recent years, applied research has been conducted to determine the physiological needs of poultry for certain mineral elements that perform important biochemical functions in the body. This also applies to such biotic ultramicroelement as selenium. Scientific research of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of physiology, biochemistry, medicine and veterinary medicine has proved that selenium is a trace element with a fairly wide range of physiological and biochemical effects. When developing and theoretically justifying optimal norms for introducing selenium into poultry feed, it is necessary to evaluate not only its productive qualities, but also the blood picture. The question of the influence of selenium on changes in blood parameters in the poultry body is a great theoretical and practical significance because it allows us to expand our knowledge of its biological role and explain the data obtained in experiments. In scientific and economic experience has been studied the influence of additives of different doses of selenium in compound feed on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat. During the experiment, feeding of goslings of all groups were carried out with dry feed mixes in accordance with existing norms. The goslings of the first control group did not receive selenium supplementation. The poultry of the second experimental group were additionally fed selenium at the rate of 0.2 mg/kg, the third of 0.3 and the fourth of 0.4 mg/kg. It is established that the additive in the feed of different doses of selenium stimulate hemocytopoiesis are added to different compound feeds, this is achieved by a homogeneous tendency per day, within physiological values in the goslings' peripheral blood number of red blood cells (by 1.7–3.9 %), white blood cells (by 2.1–3.2 %) and hemoglobin (by 2.4–8.6 %). Immune defense mechanisms are activated, which is manifested in an increase in the level of total protein (by 1.4–3.8 %) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum (by 3.2–9.7 %). It is found changes in the content of total glutathione and its reduced form in the blood indicate a positive effect of selenium on the non-enzymatic element of the antioxidant defense system of the poultry's body. The addition of selenium to compound feed at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg had a significant effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the goslings' blood raised for meat.
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Khaziahmetov, Fail, and Ayrat Khabirov. "PROBIOTIC SUPPLEMENT “BATSISPECIN” IN THE DIET OF GOSLINGS." Russian Electronic Scientific Journal 27, no. 1 (2018): 154–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2018-27-1-154-166.
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Laing, Karen K., and Dennis G. Raveling. "Habitat and Food Selection by Emperor Goose Goslings." Condor 95, no. 4 (November 1993): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1369425.
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Van Furth, R. "W. R. O. Goslings, 1907-1985 A Tribute." Journal of Infectious Diseases 152, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/152.3.654.
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Abdallah, Wagdy, Theresa F. Henry, Athar Murtuza, and Renee E. Weiss. "Great Galway Goslings: Organizational Context of Managerial Accounting*." Accounting Perspectives 8, no. 3 (August 2009): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1506/ap.8.3.3.
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Wang, C. M., T. D. Way, L. R. Chen, Y. C. Chung, C. L. Hu, P. C. Nien, N. T. Yen, Y. S. Jea, and J. Y. Kao. "Large-scale mitochondrial DNA deletions in weak goslings." British Poultry Science 52, no. 1 (February 2011): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2010.537307.
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Ivanics, Éva, Vilmos Palya, Béla Markos, Ádám Dán, Krisztina Ursu, Balázs Harrach, Győző Kaján, and Róbert Glávits. "Hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome associated with adenovirus infection in goslings." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.58.2010.1.5.
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Two outbreaks of severe acute disease characterised by hepatitis and hydropericardium were observed in young goslings on large-scale farms in Hungary. Histological examination revealed multifocal necrotic areas and two types of intranuclear inclusion bodies adjacent to necrotic areas in the liver. The most prominent type of inclusion bodies showed strong basophilic staining and completely filled the enlarged nucleus. The other type was eosinophilic and occupied the centre of the nucleus, which had margination of chromatin. In the heart, haemorrhage was associated with multifocal necrosis in the myocardium. The presence of fowl adenovirus DNA in different organs of the naturally infected goslings was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The virus was isolated, and identified as a goose adenovirus by genomic analysis. This is the first report on the involvement of a goose adenovirus in severe acute disease associated with hepatitis and hydropericardium.
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Dolnik, O. V., and M. J. J. E. Loonen. "First finding of Tyzzeria parvula (Kotlán, 1933) Klimeš, 1963 (Protozoa: Coccidiida) in Barnacle Geese (Branta leucopsis Bechstein, 1803) on Spitsbergen." Zoosystematica Rossica 15, no. 2 (March 2, 2007): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2006.15.2.214.
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This is the first finding of Tyzzeria sp. in Barnacle Geese, as well as the first documentation of Tyzzeria parasites on Spitsbergen. Since goslings were highly infected, it can be concluded that transmission of Tyzzeria parasites takes place on the arctic breeding grounds.
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Jefferies, Robert L., and Kate A. Edwards. "Soluble carbohydrate content of shoots of Arctic wetland plants that are consumed by lesser snow geese." Botany 86, no. 9 (September 2008): 995–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-051.
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We recorded seasonal changes in the total amounts of soluble carbohydrates in shoots of salt- and fresh-water coastal plants at La Pérouse Bay, northern Manitoba, to determine whether adult snow geese and their goslings selected forage rich in soluble carbohydrates during the breeding season. The selection of forage plants in spring and summer by adults and goslings was strongly linked to the presence of high amounts of soluble carbohydrates in tissues: on the order of 100 mg·g–1 dry mass. When the content fell as a result of shoot development or leaf senescence, the geese switched to alternative sources of forage. The extent to which individual shoots rich in soluble carbohydrates of the primary freshwater forage species are grazed depends on the local density of breeding geese at the study site, which has fallen in the last decade as a result of the earlier destruction of much of the coastal vegetation by foraging geese.
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Badzinski, Shannon S., C. Davison Ankney, James O. Leafloor, and Kenneth F. Abraham. "Growth and Development of Prefledging Canada Geese and Lesser Snow Geese: Ecological Adaptation or Physiological Constraint?" Auk 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.221.
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AbstractNeonate, gosling, and adult Canada Geese (Branta canadensis interior) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) were collected to evaluate if growth rates and developmental patterns differed interspecifically and to determine if such differences were better explained by physiology of the growth process or by ecological conditions historically experienced by those two species. Patterns of growth and development of Canada and Lesser Snow goose goslings were similar to those reported for other Arctic geese, but differences in relative growth rates and developmental patterns of external structures, digestive organs, and skeletal muscles were observed between these two species. As compared to Canada Geese, body parts associated with locomotion and acquisition or processing of food generally increased at relatively faster rates and were more developed relative to adult size in Lesser Snow Geese. Relative rates of increase for carcass protein and body mass in these two species did not support a physiological constraint on growth. Rates and patterns of growth and development were better explained as adaptations to ecological factors, such as growing season and nesting or brood rearing conditions, historically experienced by these two species.