Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Goslings'

Geologic mapping, facies analysis, sedimentary petrography, and detrital zircon analyses of undivided eastern Uinta Mountain Group stratigraphy are presented to better understand the depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Uinta Mountain Group basin. Subdivided units have been modified and correlated from previous work and include the Red Pine Shale, Hades Pass, Crouse Canyon, Outlaw Trail, and Diamond Breaks formations. Three lower-order maximum flooding surfaces associated with the lower Outlaw Trail formation, lower Hades Pass formation, and Red Pine Shale are interpreted. The relative magnitude of each lower-order transgression increases up section along with increasing diversity of palynomorph assemblages found in organic shale intervals. Six facies associations exist within the section and are interpreted as braided fluvial conglomerate, braided fluvial sandstone and conglomerate, braided fluvial sandstone, low-energy braided fluvial sandstone, mudflat, and offshore depositional environments. Both marine and non-marine interpretations are plausible for mudflat and offshore environments; however, previous interpretations of correlative Red Pine Shale exposures suggest a marine environment. The coarsest fluvial environments are restricted to the northern half of the study area and likely coincide with proximity to a tectonically-active northern basin margin. Paleocurrent analysis and the restriction of some subaqueous deposits to the north show northward-dipping depositional slopes, which suggest a tectonic control. Provenance work suggests three general sediment sources existed: an eastern source where ~1.1 Ga and lesser ~1.4 Ga detritus dominate, an east-northeastern source where ~1.8 Ga detritus dominate, and a north-northeastern arkosic source where ~2.7 Ga detritus dominate. Results suggest that during lower-order lowstands, sediments derived from eastern sources dominate. Higher concentrations of ~1.8 Ga and ~2.7 Ga detritus is likely coincident with proximity to the northern basin margin. During lower-order highstands, eastern or northern sources may dominate; northern sources appear more prominently within the Outlaw Trail formation, while eastern sources appear more prominently within the Red Pine Shale. Reasons for this may be linked to the magnitude of the transgressive interval sampled. These relationships, in conjunction with observations of previous studies, suggest the eastern Uinta Mountain Group was deposited in a half-graben style rift, a strike-slip basin, or some combination of the two.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
93
The object of this study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary fatty acid composition on lipid metabolism of goslings. Two experiments were designed in this study. In experiment Ⅰ, the saturated fatty acid (SFA)/ unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) ratios in the diets were: (A)1.46; (B) 1.02; (C) 0.78; (D) 0.33. In experiment Ⅱ, the n-3/n-6 fatty acid (FA) ratios in the diets were: (A) 1.16; (B) 0.78; (C) 0.53; (D) 0.02. All experimental diets were formulated to be both isocaloric and isonitrogenous, containing CP 20％, ME 2900 kcal/kg. Goslings were housed in wire cages for a three-week experimental period, feed and water were supplied ad libitum. At the end of the experiment, liver and abdominal fat pad were removed. The concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesteral and total lipid in the plasma and liver, and hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities, and the fatty acid composition in the liver and abdominal fat were analysed. The results of experiment Ⅰ indicated that the USFA levels in dietary fat did not affect body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency (P>0.05). Liver weight (P<0.01) and relative liver weight (P<0.001) decreased with increase of dietary USFA supplementation, but it didn’t affect abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat weight. The activity of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), one of lipogenic related key enzymes in liver, was linearly decreased as the dietary USFA level increased (P<0.01). The content of total cholesterol in the liver tended to decrease while dietary USFA level increased (P<0.01). The increase of dietary USFA level reduced the content of triglyceride in plasma (P<0.01).The concentrations of fatty acids, C14:0 and C18:0, increased as dietary USFA supplementation enhanced (P<0.001). The total SFA content (P<0.01) and the ratio of SFA/USFA (P<0.05) in liver decreased when dietary SFA level reduced. In abdominal fat, C12:0、C14:0 fatty acid concentrations、total saturated fatty acid and the ratio of SFA/USFA decreased while the ratio of SFA/USFAin diets decreased (P<0.001). In experiment Ⅱ, the results indicated that the dietary n-3 FA levels did not affect body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency (P>0.05), and it didn’t affect liver weight and abdominal fat weight (P>0.05) either. The activities of lipogenic related enzyme, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (P<0.05), FAS (P<0.001), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) (P<0.01) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) (P<0.05), decreased with the ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA enhanced. Dietary n-3 FA level increased significantly decreased the contents of triglyceride and total cholestero in the liver (P<0.05), and it also decreased the contents of triglyceride in the plasma (P<0.01). The C18:3n-3 fatty acid and total n-3 FA concentrations in the liver increased as dietary n-3 FA supplementation increased (P<0.05). In abdominal fat, the C18:2n-6 and total n-6 FA concentrations decreased as dietary n-6 FA supplementation decreased (P<0.001). C18:3n-3, total n-3 FA and the ratio of dietary n-3/n-6 FA increased when dietary n-3/n-6 FA ratio increased. Therefore, the composition of dietary fatty acid could affect the lipid metabolism of goslings.

The influence of egg size and brood dispersal on gosling growth and survival was studied in Ross' and Lesser Snow Geese hatched at Karrak Lake, N.W.T. Variation in neonate composition can influence growth, energetics and, possibly, subsequent dispersal patterns of young. Therefore, the relative nutrient profile and physiological development level of neonates in these two dimorphic species were examined by analyzing egg and gosling composition for seasonal, egg size and species-specific effects. Late laid eggs had less yolk protein and, in Ross' Geese, produced goslings with smaller pectoralis muscles. Since skeletal muscles are important for thermogenesis, this seasonal variation in muscle tissue may influence thermoregulatory abilities of late-hatched young. Egg composition varied isometrically with egg size. However, goslings from larger eggs were relatively smaller for their egg size yet contained the same relative nutrient content as goslings from smaller eggs. Because of their higher lipid:body size ratio, goslings from larger eggs were in better condition. Thus larger egg size may give an initial energetic advantage to goslings during periods of nutritional or thermal stress. Although no interspecific variation was observed for egg components, Ross' Goose goslings hatched with more protein for their egg size and larger gizzards for their body size. In addition, Ross' Goose goslings had less water per gram of lean dry mass than did Snow Goose goslings which indicates a greater functional maturity of Ross' Goose neonate tissue. Digestive efficiency, thermoregulatory ability and locomotor capacity may be relatively better in Ross' Geese and these characteristics may represent adaptations to metabolic constraints associated with smaller neonate body size and foraging requirements. Resource depletion around large nesting colonies may influence brood movements and subsequent growth and survival of nidifugous young. If per capita food availability increased with distance from the colony, then I predicted that broods settling farther from natal colonies should produce structurally larger and/or relatively heavier goslings than those broods feeding locally. I used radio telemetry to recapture marked broods and found indirect evidence of a nutrient gradient around the Karrak Lake colony. Broods dispersed 8-59 km away from Karrak Lake with Ross' Geese travelling farther than Snow Geese (19-59 km vs 8-21 km, respectively). These dispersal patterns may be a function of parental behavior, body size, bill morphology and nutrient requirements. For known age Ross' Goose goslings, birds reared farther from the colony were heavier for their body size than were goslings raised nearer to Karrak Lake. Body size varied randomly with distance in this sample. Both body size and condition varied positively with distance for Ross' and Snow Goose goslings of unknown age which were measured at marked brood recapture sites. A similar pattern was observed for body size in unmarked adults and this similarity may reflect common environmental effects during the growth period of adults and goslings. Although I found no distance effect on gosling survival, egg size was a significant determinant of within- (Snow and, possibly, Ross' Geese) and among-brood survival (Ross' Geese). Because goslings raised closer to the colony may fledge in poorer condition and thus may have lower first year survival, female philopatry to brood-rearing areas could indirectly influence parental fitness.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
91
捌、英文摘要 Effect of Diluted Diets on Growth Performance and Digestive Organs in White Roman Goslings. Min-Hui Hsu Summary The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different diet dilution levels on growth performance and digestive organ development in White Roman goslings. Three trails were conducted. The weight or length of digestive organs were measured at the end of each trail. The object of trail one was to determine the diet dilution level effect on growth performance and digestive organs in White Roman goslings during 0 to 4 wk-old. Sixty day old White Roman goslings were divided into five treatments by sex. Goslings were fed a total concentrate diet (2900 kcal ME/kg, 20﹪CP) or diet diluted with 10, 20, 30, 40﹪ nilegrass meal (ME were 2700, 2550, 2380, 2200 kcal/kg, with the ME to CP ratio constant at 145). The results indicated that the weight gain or feed efficiency of the goslings exhibited a negative linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). The weight gain or feed efficiency were not affected when the diet dilution level was up to 20﹪(P < 0.05). The relative weight of gizzard, small intestine and caecum had a positive linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). However, the abdominal fat and liver exhibited a negative linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). The object of trial two was to determine the diet dilution level effect on growth performance and digestive organs in White Roman goslings during 5 to 8 wk-old. Eighty 5 wk-old White Roman gosling were selected (body weight 1990 ± 193 g), and divided into four treatments. Goslings were fed a total concentrate diet (3011 kcal ME/kg, 15﹪CP), or diets diluted with 10, 20, 30﹪ nilegrass meal (2826, 2640, 2455 kcal ME/kg. The ME to CP ratio was constant at 200). The results indicated that the weight gain in goslings fed diluted diets was not different from the control group (P > 0.05). The feed consumption had a negative linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). The relative weight of gizzard had a positive linear relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.001). However, the relative weight of abdominal fat or liver had a negative relation with the diet dilution level (P < 0.01). The object of trail three was to determine the energy to protein ratio effect of diluted diets on growth performance and digestive organs in White Roman goslings during 0 to 4 wk-old. Ninety-six day old White Roman goslings were divided into four treatments by sex. Goslings were fed a total concentrate diet (2900 kcal ME/kg, 20﹪CP), or diluted diets. Each diluted diet was supplied with 20﹪ nilegrass meal. The ME to CP ratios were 135, 145, or 155 (R135, R145, or R155). The results indicated that male or female goslings fed the R135 diet had higher feed consumption and weight gain than those fed the control diet. The relative weights of pancreas and abdominal fat, or relative length of small intestine in goslings fed the diluted diet were not significantly different from those in the control. The relative weight of liver or abdominal fat weight in goslings fed the R145 diet were lower than those in the control group. However, goslings fed the R135 or R155 diet were not significantly different from the control group.

博士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
94
The objective of this study was to investigate the development of digestive tract and effect of dietary protein levels and sources on its development in goslings. The results indicated that the relative weights (g/100g BW) of proventricule and gizzard, liver and pancreas peaked at 3 and 14 days of age, respectively. The relative lengths (cm/100g BW) of small intestine and large intestine peaked at 3 days of age and hatching, respectively. The villus height, width, perimeter, area, crypt depth and muscle layer of small intestine were increased linearly and significantly (P < 0.05) during the first four weeks. From hatching to first week, the villi of duodenum had a small and dense finger-like shape, after which more developed plate or tongue-like ones were observed at 4 wks of age. Meanwhile, jejunum and ileal villi were developed to finger-like villi with a round tip in goslings during the early growth period. Further, the specific activity (SA) of pepsin in mucosa of proventricule increased rapidly after hatching and reached a plateau between 3 to 7 days of age, followed by a substantial decline. The SA of pancreatic amylase and lipase increased with age and peaked at 21 days of age. The activities of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin were highest at 3 and 14 days of age, respectively. The significant (P < 0.05) quadratic regression of the SA of pancreatic enzymes on age of goslings were existed. The SA of amylase, trypsin and cymotrypsin in the mucosa and content of small intestine had a significant (P < 0.01- 0.05) quadratic regression on age, respectively. Moreover, the SA of lipase in small intestine and cellulase in caecal content still increased linearly (P < 0.05) along with age of goslings, Meanwhile, the development of proteases in the intestine of goslings increased faster when compared with those of amylase, lipase and cellulase during the first four weeks after hatching. However, the increase of activities of proteases was less when compared with those of amylase or lipase. Birds fed with 16% CP diet had significantly (P < 0.05) less daily gain and feed conversion ratio. From the daily gain results, the estimated minimum and maximum protein requirements of goslings by broken-line method and quadratic regression assay were 19.88-- 21.10% during the starter period. Furthermore, the average weight and length of small intestine in goslings fed with 22% and 22- 24% CP diets had significantly (P < 0.05) heavier, respectively. There were significantly (P < 0.05) increased linear or quadratic when dietary protein level was increased. The SA of pepsin reached a plateau for goslings receiving the 24% CP diet at 4 weeks of age. The average SA of trypsin and chymotrypsin in pancreas decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to a lowest point when goslings fed with the 16% CP diet. Further, the SA of trypsin and chymotrypsin in duodenum increased (P < 0.05) quadratically as compared to goslings received 18 and 20% CP diets. However, the development of SA of proteases were similar to that of growth performance, with a closely positive correlation among trypsin, chymotrypsin and daily gain of goslings during the experimental period. The goslings fed with soybean meal ( SBM) diet had significantly (P < 0.05) heavier feed intake and daily gain as compared with corn gluten meal (CGM) diet. Moreover, the SBM and fish meal (FM) diets improved feed conversion ratio during experimental period. Further, the goslings received the CGM group had significantly (P < 0.05) lower weights of gizzard, proventriculus, liver and pancreas than other diets at 4 weeks of age. Furthermore, the weight and length of small intestine significantly (P < 0.05) decreased and shortened when goslings fed on CGM diet at 4 weeks of age. The SA of pepsin reached a plateau for goslings received the fermented soybean meal (FSM) or FM diets. The SA of trypsin and chymotrypsin significantly decreased when goslings fed with CGM diet. The goslings received the SBM or FM diets showed increasing and reaching a peak (P < 0.05) on the activity or SA of trypsin and chymotrypsin in duodenum at 4 weeks of age. These results indicated that the digestive tract and activities of proteases developed rapidly through the first two weeks of goslings. When dietary protein content was increased, there were significantly (P < 0.05) increased linear and quadratic during first two weeks and 3 to 4 weeks of age, respectively. There was a close positive correlation among trypsin, chymotrypsin and daily gain of goslings during the experimental period. The growth performance and development of digestive tract significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when goslings fed with the CGM diet. In conclusion, the SBM diet as a vegetable-protein feed could completely replace the animal protein feed such as FM diet during the starter period.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
92
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different sources of dietary non-starch polysaccharides ( NSP ) on the growth performance and intestinal characteristics in goslings. This study includes two trials. In trial 1, one hundred and twenty 1 day old White Roman female goslings were selected and divided randomly into 5 groups. Each group contained 4 replicates with 6 birds and fed one of five isonitrogenous ( 20.5％ crude protein ) and isocaloric ( 2950 kcal/kg ) diets that contained 9％ natural dietary NSP from corn, barley hull, rice bran, wheat bran or pectin, respectively. Goslings were housed in wire cages ( 90 cm × 56 cm × 58 cm ). Feed and water were supplied ad libitum for a 3-wk experimental period. In trial 2, the experimental designs were same as those of trial 1 except 9％ dietary NSP extracted from corn, barley hull, rice bran, wheat bran and pectin were supplemented to experimental diets, respectively. The body weight of goslings and daily feed consumption were recorded at the begin and end of both trials. At the end of both trials, the goslings were killed for measuring the intestinal characteristics. The results indicated that pectin treament diet had higher viscosity and significantly higher viscosity of intestinal digesta （P < 0.05） than the other treatment diets in both trials. However, the daily gain, daily feed consumption, feed efficiency and average body weight in pectin treatment group were significantly lower than those in the other treatments in both trials（P < 0.05）. With respect to the intestinal weight and length, the relative weight and length of goslings fed with pectin treatment diet were significantly higher than those fed with the other treatments in both trials（P < 0.05）. The percentage of SCFA in caecum were no significantly different among treatments in trial 1, and the percentage of acetic acid in rice bran treatment was significantly higher than that in wheat bran treatment in trial 2, but the percentage of butyric acid had a converse result. The crypt cell proliferation of intestinal mucosa were no significantly different among treatments in trial 1. However, the crypt cell proliferation of intestinal mucosa in rice bran treatment was significantly higher than that in wheat bran treatment in trial 2. In trial 1, except the significantly higher jejunal cell size and the significantly lower cell metabolic activity in pectin treatment, no significantly effects were discovered in DNA, RNA and protein contents. In trial 2, the jejunal and ileal cell sizes and cell metabolic activity in pectin treatment were significantly higher, but the protential rate of protein synthesis was significantly lower than those in the other treatments.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
92
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on the growth performance and intestinal characteristics in goslings during 0-3 weeks old. In Trial 1, one hundred and twenty 1 day old of White Roman female goslings were selected and randomly allotted into five groups and housed in wire cages (90 cm × 56 cm × 58cm). Each group of goslings was made four replicates with 6 birds and fed one of five isocaloric、isonitrogenous diets that contained 0、3、6、9 and 12% NSP from barley hull, respectively. Experimental diets containing 20% crude protein and 3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and another 16% NSP from corn. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. In Trial 2, one hundred and twenty 1 day old of White Roman female goslings were used and randomly allotted into five groups and housed in wire cages. Each group of goslings was made four replicates with 6 birds and fed one of five diets that were basal diet (containing 20% crude protein ,3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 18% NSP from corn) supplemented with 0、3、6、9 and 12% alkali extracted NSP from barley hull, respectively. The nutrients were provided the same by modulating fed intake among treatments. Water was supplied ad libitum. The experimental period was 3 weeks for each trial. The results indicated that the total dietary fiber content increased with incorporated levels of NSP in the diet. In trail 1 the viscosity of feed increased as NSP level increased, but there was not significantly different in trail 2. Growth performance was not significantly different among groups in trail 1. In trail 2, average daily gain increased as NSP level increased from 0 to 9% (P＜0.05). However, it has a negative effect on average daily gain and feed conversion when NSP level reached 12%. In relative length of the caecum and colon-rectum significantly increased with increasing dietary NSP level. In trial 1, when dietary NSP level increased, the viscosity of ileal digesta and butyric acid of caecum significantly increased, but same manner was not discovered in trail 2. The crypt cell proliferatin rate (CCPR) of 12% dietary NSP treatment was the fastest among treatments in each trial. The rising CCPR of trail 1 is much fast than that of trail 2. The DNA content of intestine increased with increasing dietary NSP level and cells size was readjusted with DNA content in each trial.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜牧學系
82
Two trials were conducted to study effects of different sources of dietary fiber on the liver and plasma lipid fractions contents, hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes activities and the fecal sterols excretion of white roman goslings. Trial 1, experimental diets for the six groups were supple- mented with alfalfa meal, barley bran, rice hull, purified cellu- lose, lignin and pectin as major fiber source respectively. All of these diets were formulated into 20% crude protein, 2900 Kcal/ Kg ME and 9% of dietary fiber. Trial 2, the experimental diets were the same as trial 1 except 1% cholesterol were added. The results of trial 1, total lipid and triglyceride contents in the liver of pectin group was significantly lower than the others (P<0.05), while there was no significantly difference in the plasma among treatments. The concentration of total cholesterol in the plasma of the lignin group was significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). However, the concentration of free fatty acids had a opposite tendency. The activities of hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes was lower in the barley bran group than the others. In trial 2, dry matter excretion of the groups supplemented with nature fiber source was significantly higher than that of the groups supplemented with purified fiber source (P<0.05). In comparsion with other groups, contents of neutral sterols and acidic sterols per gram of dry matter in feces of pectin group was significantly higher (P<0.05). Lignin and pectin groups had higher cholesterol excretion than other groups.

碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
100
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different levels of dietary tryptophan and niacin on growth performance, bone and blood characteristics of goslings during 0 to 4 weeks of age. One hundred and twenty similar body weight White Roman goslings, one day of age, were used and were randomly divided into 10 dietary treatments. Each treatmental group contained 2 replicates with 6 goslings. Each group gosling was fed one of ten experimental diets. Ten dietary treaments were 2 tryptophan levels (0.16 and 0.26%) and 5 niacin supplemented levels (0、25、50、75 and 100 ppm), respectively. Goslings were housed in individual cage, the experiment period was 28 days. The goslings were weighed individually once a week, and recoreded the feed intake of each treatmental group. At the end of experiment, each treatmental group was sampled 4 goslings (2♂2♀) which body weight were the group average weight. The goslings were slaughtered, then sampled the blood, liver, abdominal fat and tibia, for the determinations of triglyceride, cholesterol and total lipid of serum；and for tibia weight, length, width, force intensity, relative weight and ash percentage. The results indicated that the daily weight gain and daily feed intake of goslings in 0.26% tryptophan group was significantly more than 0.16% tryptophan group (P＜0.05). Feed conversion rate, 0.26% tryptophan group had a better tendency. When dietary niacin levels increased, daily weight gain, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio increased significantly (P＜0.05). The uric acid concentration of serum in basal diet group was significantly higher than that in the other groups；the uric acid concentration of serum in 0.26% tryptophan group was significantly lower than 0.16% tryptophan group (P＜0.05).The concentration of triglyceride in serum of birds fed basal diet was significantly lower than that of birds fed the other diets. In the tibia length, 0.26% tryptophan group was significantly longer than 0.16% tryptophan group (P＜0.05). The weight, length, the percentage of ash, in basal diet treatment was significantly lower than those in the other treatments (P＜0.05). In conclusion, dietary niacin deficiency led to decrease growth performance, induce tibia perosis, scaly dermatitis and chondrodystrophy; basal diet supplemented with 25 ppm niacin could prevent the occurrence of perosis.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
93
Studies on the intestinal development in pre-hatch, and the effects of fasting in early age on the growth performance and intestinal characteristics in gosling Abstract Two experiments were conducted to establish the development of GI tract and villi histology of White Roman geese at 24th to 27th days of incubation, and the effects of different fasting time on the growth performance and intestinal characteristics in post-hatch of goslings. In experiment 1, 40 eggs incubated at 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th day were used to observe the characteristics of GI tracts, and to prepare samples for histological detection and SEM. In experiment 2, 224 1-day-old female White Roman goslings were used and divided into 4 treatments with 8 replicates. The 4 treatments were: goslings were fasted for 0 hr, 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs. After fasting, feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Goslings were housed in wire cages for a three-week experimental period, and fed with commercial diet containing 20% CP and 3000 kcal/kg ME. All goslings were weighted individually, and group daily feed intake was recorded. At the end of experiment, goslings were sacrificed and the intestine was remove immediately for observing intestinal characteristics. The results indicated that the proportion length of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon-rectum to total intestinal length were 15.5, 34.3, 34.6, 8.3 and 7.3%, respectively, among which, ileum was the greatest at 27th day of incubation. The weights of intestine and digestive organs were heavier, and the length of intestine was longer in propotion at 27th day than those at 24th day of incubation. The weight of yolk sac decreased about 47%as age increased. The morphologies of villi of embryo in incubation exhibited a finger-like shape, fold in appearance was clear and arrange in order. The depth of muscle layer, and height, perimeter, area and width of villi increased as age increased. At 27th day of incubation, the villus area of duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased 5.32, 2.61 and 3.34 fold respectively, compared with these in 24th day of incubation. The DNA, RNA and protein contents of the small intestine, and activities and sizes of cell in duodenum and ileum increased as age increased（P＜ 0.05）, but rate of protein synthesis decreased as age increasing. The weight of 4-day-old goslings in 72 hrs of fasting treatment group was only 50.9% in weight compared with no fasting treatment. The proportion of GI tract weight at 3-day-old reached 5.57% of body weight. However, in the treatment of fasted 72 hrs was 3.35%. For all fasting groups , weight and length of GI tract were lower than there with not fasting treatment. The rate of digestive organs were development arrived at peak in 4~7days and then decreased. The relative weights of digestive organs were not significant different among treatments at 7 days of age. In 48 hrs and 72 hrs of fasting treatment, the rate of protein synthesis in GI tract increased at 4th and 7th day. At 7th day, the villus morphology was similar between fasting and feeding treatments. The initial stage of growth was the key stage of GI tract growth in goslings. The feed intake in post-hatch contributed to the development of GI tract in goslings. Delay in feeding not only affected the maturity of GI tract, and the ability of digestion and absorption but also affected the growth of goslings.

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
91
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary non-starch polysaccharides(NSP) level on the lipid contents of the liver and the plasma, and on the activities of hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes in goslings.Three trials were carried out in this study. In Trial 1, two hundred 1 day old of White Roman female goslings were selected and divided at random into five groups of forty goslings each and housed in wire cages(90 cm X 56 cm X 58 cm). Each group of goslings was made four replicates and fed one of five isocaloric、isonitrogenous diets that contained 0、3、6、9 and 12% NSP from barley hull, respectively.Goslings were fed diets containing 20% crude protein and 3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy. In trial 2, one hundred forty 1 day old of White Roman female goslings were used and divided at random into five groups of twenty-eight goslings each and housed in wire cages. Each group of goslings was made four replicates and fed one of five diets that contained basal diet(containing 20% crude protein and 3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy) supplemented with 0、3、6、9 and 12% purified NSP extracted from barley hull, respectively. In trial 3, twenty-seven 1 day old of White Roman female goslings were allocated at random into three groups of nine goslings each and housed in wire cages. Two groups of goslings were fed with basal diet and basal diet supplemented with 9% NSP(purified NSP). Another group was paired feeding, which was fed with basal diet as trial 2. In trial 1 and trial 2, Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. In trial 3, feed was supplied with according to prior day feed intake of pair feeding group multiplied factor of feeding(100% and 109% for none and 9% purified NSP) in order to make same nutrient intake for two experimental group of goslings. Water was supplied ad libitum. Each trial experimental period was three weeks. Results indicated that the total dietary fiber content increased with incorporated levels of NSP in the diet. In trial 1, the viscosity were increased with NSP level increased, but in trial 2 and 3 were not. Growth performance was not significantly different among experimental treatments in each trial except feed conversion ratio, metabolized energy utilization and protein utilization in trial 1, which were improved with NSP level increased and feed intake in trial 3 which were significantly higher in the purified NSP treatment than that in the control diet. The hepatic lipogenic-related enzymes, ie., NADP-malate dehydrogenase(EC1.1.1.40；NADP-MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(EC1.1.1.49；G-6-PDH), fatty acid synthetase(FAS) and ATP-citrate cleavage enzyme(EC 4.1.3.8；CCE) activities were linearly decreased or tended to decrease with increased dietary NSP level. With regard to the liver fractions in trial 1 and 2, the contents of triglyceride, total cholesterol and total lipid in the liver tended to decrease as NSP level were increased. In total lipid, in trial 1, there were significantly lower in 12% NSP treatment than in the control diet；in trial 2 there were significantly lower in 9% NSP treatment than in the 3% NSP treatment；in trial 3 there were significantly lower in the purified NSP treatment than that in the control diet. The concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol and total lipid in the plasma had a linearly decreased when NSP level were increased； In trial 1 and 2, there were significantly lower in 9 or 12% NSP treatment than in the control or 3% NSP treatment. In total cholesterol, in trial 3 there were significantly lower in the purified NSP treatment than in the control treatment. The relative liver and abdominal fat weights(g/100 g B.W.) were not significantly different among experiment groups for three trials, but they trended to decrease as NSP level increased.