Journal articles: 'Goroka Valley'

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PERKINS, PHILIP D. "New species (130) of the hyperdiverse aquatic beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann from Papua New Guinea, and a preliminary analysis of areas of endemism (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)." Zootaxa 2944, no. 1 (June 8, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2944.1.1.

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The Papua New Guinea (PNG) species of the water beetle genus Hydraena Kugelann, 1794, are revised, based on the study of 7,411 databased specimens. The two previously named species are redescribed, and 130 new species are described. The species are placed in 32 species groups. High resolution digital images of all primary types are presented (online version in color), scanning electron micrographs of representative species are given, and geographic distributions are mapped. Male genitalia, representative female terminal abdominal segments and representative spermathecae are illustrated. Papua New Guinea Hydraena species are typically found in sandy/gravelly stream margins, often in association with streamside litter; some species are primarily pond or swamp dwelling, and a few species are usually found in the hygropetric splash zone on stream boulders or on rocks at the margins of waterfalls. The geographic distributions of PNG Hydraena are compared with the Areas of Freshwater Endemism recently proposed by Polhemus and Allen (2007), and found to substantially support those areas. Only one species, H. impercepta Zwick, 1977 is known to be found in both Australia and Papua New Guinea. The probable Australian origins of the PNG hydraenid genera Gymnochthebius and Limnebius are discussed. The origins of just a few species of PNG Hydraena appear to clearly be Australia, and of comparatively recent origin, whereas the origins of the remainder remain problematic because of lack of knowledge of the Hydraena fauna in Papua Province, Indonesia, and islands large and small to the west of New Guinea. No endemic genera of Hydraenidae are currently known for New Guinea, whereas 98% of the known species are endemic. New species of Hydraena are: H. acumena (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River), H. adelbertensis (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., below Keki), H. akameku (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. altapapua (Southern Highlands Province: Sopulkul, 30–35 km NE Mendi), H. ambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ambripes (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. ambroides (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. apertista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Lower Naho Valley, Hinggia), H. apexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. aquila (Madang Province: Simbai area), H. aulaarta (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. austrobesa (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. bacchusi (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. balkei (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. bicarinova (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. bifunda (Morobe Province: c. 7 mi. Lae–Bulolo road), H. biundulata (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. brahman (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. bubulla (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. buloba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. buquintana (Western Highlands Province: Mt. Hagen town area), H. carinocisiva (Eastern Highlands Province: Aiyura), H. carmellita (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. cavifrons (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 4.5 km N Brahman), H. cheesmanae (Central Province: Kokoda), H. clarinis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. colorata (Morobe Province: 5 miles W of Lae, Buins Creek), H. confluenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Kainantu, Onerunka), H. copulata (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. cunicula (Madang Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. decepta (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. diadema (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa), H. dudgeoni (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. einsteini (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. essentia (Eastern Highlands Province: Sepik River Basin, stream beside milestone labelled G-99), H. exhalista (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. fasciata (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. fascinata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, nr. Moro), H. fasciolata (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. fasciopaca (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. fenestella (Morobe Province: Lae-Bulolo road), H. foliobba (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. formosopala (East Sepik Province: Prince Alexander Mts., Wewak), H. funda (Central Province: Moitaka, 7 miles N of Port Moresby), H. fundacta (Madang Province: Adelbert Mts., Sewan–Keki), H. fundapta (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. fundarca (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. fundextra (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap), H. galea (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range, 700 m), H. herzogestella (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Bundun), H. hornabrooki (East Sepik Province: Sepik, main river), H. huonica (Madang Province: Kewensa, Finisterre Range, Yupna, Huon Peninsula), H. ibalimi (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. idema (Eastern Highlands Province: Umg. [=environs of] Onerunka, Ramu River), H. impala (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. incisiva (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. incista (Western Highlands Province: Simbai, Kairong River), H. infoveola (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. inhalista (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. inplacopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Waisa, nr. Okapa), H. insandalia (Eastern Highlands Province: Headwaters of Fio River, 0.5 km downstream of river crossing on Herowana/Oke Lookout path, ca. 4.5 km N of Herowana airstrip), H. intensa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. johncoltranei (National Capital District, Varirata NP), H. jubilata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. koje (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. koma (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, 100 m downstream of rattan bridge crossing, ca. 3.8 km S by E of Herowana airstrip), H. labropaca (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. lassulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. limbobesa (Gulf Province: Marawaka, near Ande), H. maculopala (Madang Province: Madang, Ohu Village), H. manulea (Morobe Province: Lae, Buins Creek), H. manuloides (Central Province: Port Moresby–Brown River road), H. marawaka (Gulf Province: Marawaka, Mala), H. mercuriala (Sandaun Province: May River), H. mianminica (Sandaun Province:May River), H. nanocolorata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nanopala (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. nitidimenta (Eastern Highlands Province: Koma River, tributary of Fio River, at rattan bridge crossing, ca. 2.6 km N by W of Herowana airstrip), H. okapa (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. ollopa (Western Highlands Province: Kundum), H. otiarca (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. owenobesa (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. pacificica (Morobe Province: Huon Pen., Kwapsanek), H. pala (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Gurakor Creek), H. palamita (Central Province: nr. Port Moresby, Sogeri Plateau, Musgrave River), H. paxillipes (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. pectenata (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. pegopyga (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 3 km N Brahman), H. penultimata (Sandaun Province: May River), H. perpunctata (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. pertransversa (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. phainops (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road, Patep Creek), H. photogenica (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Mt. Gahavisuka), H. picula (Eastern Highlands Province: Goroka, Daulo Pass), H. pilulambra (Eastern Highlands Province: Clear stream, summit of Kassem Pass at forest level), H. pluralticola (Morobe Province: c. 7 miles Lae–Bulolo road), H. processa (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. quadriplumipes (Madang Province: Aiome area), H. quintana (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Lae–Kainantu road, Erap R), H. ramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. ramuquintana (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, 6 km N Brahman), H. receptiva (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. remulipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. reticulobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Moro), H. sagatai (Sandaun Province: Abau River), H. saluta (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. sepikramuensis (Madang Province: Ramu Valley, Sare River, 4 km N Brahman), H. sexarcuata (Eastern Highlands Province: Akameku–Brahmin, Bismarck Range), H. sexsuprema (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. spinobesa (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Budemu), H. striolata (Oro Province: Northern District, Tanbugal Afore village), H. supersexa (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. supina (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. tarsotricha (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau, Snake River), H. tetana (Eastern Highlands Province: Okapa), H. thola (Central Province: Port Moresby– Brown River road), H. tholasoris (Morobe Province: Markham Valley, Gusap, c. 90 miles NW of Lae), H. thumbelina (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. thumbelipes (Sandaun Province: Mianmin), H. tibiopaca (Morobe Province: ridge between Aseki–Menyamya), H. torosopala (Madang Province: Keki, Adelbert Mts.), H. torricellica (Morobe Province: Torricelli Mts., village below Sibilanga Stn.), H. transvallis (Madang Province: Finisterre Mts., Naho River Valley, Damanti), H. trichotarsa (Morobe Province: Lae–Bulolo road), H. tricosipes (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. tritropis (Madang Province: Sepik Ramu Basin, Kojé Creek), H. tritutela (Morobe Province: ca. 10 km S Garaina Saureri), H. ulna (Morobe Province: Herzog Mts., Wagau), H. variopaca (Eastern Highlands Province: Wanitabi Valley, nr. Okapa), H. velvetina (Eastern Highlands Province: Purosa Valley, nr. Okapa).

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Adhikari, Sujan Raj, Gopi Baysal, Amod Dixit, Stacey S. Martin, Mattieu Landes, Remy Bossu, and Susan E. Hough. "Toward a Unified Near-Field Intensity Map of the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120716eqs226m.

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We develop a unified near-field shaking intensity map for the 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake by synthesizing intensities derived from macroseismic effects that were determined by independent groups using a variety of approaches. Independent assessments by different groups are generally consistent, with minor differences that are likely due in large part to differences in spatial sampling. Throughout most of the near-field region, European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) intensities were generally close to 7 EMS. In the Kathmandu Valley, intensities were somewhat higher (6.5–7.5) along the periphery of the valley and in the adjacent foothills than in the central valley, where they were ≈6. The results are consistent with instrumental intensity values estimated from available data using a published relationship between peak ground acceleration (PGA) and intensity. Using this relationship to convert intensities to PGA, we estimate strong-motion PGA de-amplification factors of ≈0.7 in the central Kathmandu Valley, with amplification of ≈1.6 in adjacent foothills. The results support the conclusion that the Kathmandu Valley experienced a pervasively nonlinear response during the Gorkha main shock.

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van der Meijde, Mark, Md Ashrafuzzaman, Norman Kerle, Saad Khan, and Harald van der Werff. "The Influence of Surface Topography on the Weak Ground Shaking in Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030678.

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It remains elusive why there was only weak and limited ground shaking in Kathmandu valley during the 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake. Our spectral element numerical simulations show that, during this earthquake, surface topography restricted the propagation of seismic energy into the valley. The mountains diverted the incoming seismic wave mostly to the eastern and western margins of the valley. As a result, we find de-amplification of peak ground displacement in most of the valley interior. Modeling of alternative earthquake scenarios of the same magnitude occurring at different locations shows that these will affect the Kathmandu valley much more strongly, up to 2–3 times more, than the 2015 Gorkha earthquake did. This indicates that surface topography contributed to the reduced seismic shaking for this specific earthquake and lessened the earthquake impact within the valley.

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NIETO, JULIÁN ALEXANDER MENDIVIL, ALFONSO NERI GARCÍA ALDRETE, and RANULFO GONZÁLEZ OBANDO. "Seven new species of Loneura Navás (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’: Ptiloneuridae) from Valle del Cauca, Colombia." Zootaxa 4227, no. 4 (February 6, 2017): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4227.4.2.

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Seven species of Loneura from natural areas of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, are described and illustrated. The female of L. andina is described for the first time. Two additional species, known only from the National Natural Park Gorgona (Cauca), are also recorded in Valle del Cauca. The new species are assigned to the infrageneric groups known in the genus. An identification key to males of Loneura is included.

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Moss, Robb Eric S., Laurie G. Baise, Jing Zhu, and Diwakar Kadkha. "Examining the Discrepancy between Forecast and Observed Liquefaction from the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120316eqs220m.

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Many ground failures resulted from the 2015 Nepal earthquake sequence, including landslides, rockfalls, liquefactions, and cyclic failures. And whereas the amount and extent of landsliding were relatively consistent with predictions for a Mw 7.8 main shock, the amount and extent of liquefaction were not. We present a summary of liquefaction field observations that we made as part of the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) investigations. The liquefaction that did occur in the Kathmandu Valley was limited in its spatial extent, and the postliquefaction deformations were small. Prior earthquakes in this region have been reported to have caused greater liquefaction-related failures, and liquefaction hazard–mapping studies predicted widespread liquefaction hazard from an event of this size. We explore two possible reasons at the regional scale for the limited liquefaction from this earthquake sequence: drawdown of the groundwater table and high near-surface shear wave velocity. Our study finds that pumping has depressed the groundwater table across the Kathmandu Valley by 13–40 m since 1980, thereby decreasing the amount of near-surface liquefiable material and increasing the nonliquefiable “crust” layer. The regional slope-based V S30 for the valley is on average higher than that for liquefaction sites in a global database of observed liquefaction. A global geospatial model for liquefaction occurrence shows low liquefaction potential in the Kathmandu Valley consistent with the observed patterns.

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Asimaki, Domniki, Kami Mohammadi, Henry B. Mason, Rachel K. Adams, Sudhir Rajaure, and Diwakar Khadka. "Observations and Simulations of Basin Effects in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake Sequence." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/013117eqs022m.

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The M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal main shock ruptured a segment of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) directly below Kathmandu Valley, causing strong shaking levels across the valley. Strong-motion data reveal an initial 6 s source pulse that was amplified and reverberated within the basin. One of the striking features of the observed ground motions in the valley was the exceptionally low energy of periods less than 2 s, which likely limited the extent and severity of structural damage in Kathmandu compared with alternative rupture scenarios of the same magnitude in the region. Isolated cases of liquefaction and lateral spreading of unconsolidated sediments were also observed, but have not yet revealed a systematic damage pattern. Initial analysis of available data suggests that several different factors, including source and path as well as site effects, were responsible for the unusual ground motions characteristics. In this paper, we provide a short description of the Kathmandu Valley geology and analyze available strong-motion records from the main shock and three strong aftershocks, with the intent to shed light on earthquake reconnaissance observations from this earthquake.

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Rajaure, Sudhir, Megh Raj Dhital, and Lalu Prasad Paudel. "The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and response of the Kathmandu Valley sediments." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 49, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v49i1.23136.

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The Gorkha Earthquake occurred on the gently dipping part of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT), close to the Main Central Thrust (MCT). This earthquake possibly occurred in the source zone of the 1833 Nepal Earthquake (Mw 7.6), which occurred after 182 years. The region between the 1905 Kangra Earthquake and 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake has not produced any great earthquake since the last 500 years and still remains a potential site for great earthquake(s) in future. The Kathmandu Valley witnessed moderate ground acceleration and comparatively large velocity as recorded at Kantipath during the Mw 7.8, Gorkha Earthquake. The analysis of the records show that high frequencies were damped and low frequencies were dominant over the sedimentary basin, which can be attributed to the response of the sediments underneath. Because of damping of high frequencies, the engineered, low storey buildings were less damaged and resisted the ground shaking comparatively well. However, on the other hand, the historical monument 'Dharahara' collapsed completely and the high rise apartment buildings suffered more because of the dominance of low frequencies.

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ALDRETE, ALFONSO N. GARCÍA, RANULFO GONZÁLEZ OBANDO, and FABIO A. SARRIA SARRIA. "Three new species of Loneura (Psocodea:’Psocoptera’:Ptiloneuridae) from Gorgona Island, Cauca, Colombia, with a new infrageneric classification." Zootaxa 3050, no. 1 (October 6, 2011): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3050.1.3.

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Three related species of Loneura Navás, from Gorgona Island (Cauca, Colombia), are here described and illustrated. The types are deposited in the Entomological Museum of the Universidad del Valle (MUSENUV). A set of infrageneric groups within Loneura is proposed based on the structure of the male hypandrium and phallosome. The species of the genus are assigned to the groups recognized in this classification.

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Mclver, Bruce. "Hemingway in the Soča vally." Acta Neophilologica 21 (December 15, 1988): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.21.0.17-19.

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Hemingway is a very popular writer in Slovenia. One of my students in Ljubljana pointed out a very well known passage lin A Farewell to Arms about two refugee girls Frederic Henry and his driver, Aymo, pick up in Gorizia (Gorica) during the retreat from Caporetto (Kobarid). What interested many of my students about the episode was that the two girls seem to speak a dialect that neither Aymo, who is Italian, nor Frederic, who is fluent in Italian,' understands. My students belived that these girls are speaking Slovenian. The only Italian they seem to understand are the words in Italian for sexual intercourse, which makes them very upset, and virgin and sister, which calm them down. It is very likely that two Slovenian girls would know a little Italian, particularly if they came from Gorizia, which at the time of the first world war was predominantly Slovene.

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Mclver, Bruce. "Hemingway in the Soča vally." Acta Neophilologica 21 (December 15, 1988): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.21.1.17-19.

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Hemingway is a very popular writer in Slovenia. One of my students in Ljubljana pointed out a very well known passage lin A Farewell to Arms about two refugee girls Frederic Henry and his driver, Aymo, pick up in Gorizia (Gorica) during the retreat from Caporetto (Kobarid). What interested many of my students about the episode was that the two girls seem to speak a dialect that neither Aymo, who is Italian, nor Frederic, who is fluent in Italian,' understands. My students belived that these girls are speaking Slovenian. The only Italian they seem to understand are the words in Italian for sexual intercourse, which makes them very upset, and virgin and sister, which calm them down. It is very likely that two Slovenian girls would know a little Italian, particularly if they came from Gorizia, which at the time of the first world war was predominantly Slovene.

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Shrestha, Sujan, Bipin Shrestha, Manjip Shakya, and Prem Nath Maskey. "Damage Assessment of Cultural Heritage Structures after the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake: A Case Study of Jagannath Temple." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/121616eqs241m.

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The Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake and the series of aftershocks that followed have damaged many heritage structures in and around Kathmandu Valley, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHSs). This paper summarizes observed damage to the heritage structures of diverse typologies within the UNESCO WHSs of Kathmandu Valley. As a part of the investigation, inspection survey and damage assessment were carried out for Jagannath Temple, one of the partially damaged monuments in the Kathmandu Durbar Square WHS. Ambient vibration and in-situ tests using the pendulum hammer, the rebound hammer, and in-place push on masonry walls were performed. Finite-element models of the structure were developed, and the results were analyzed and compared with field observations. Based on the observed damages and the results obtained from numerical modeling, the primary causes of the damage are discussed.

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Pickerill, R. K., and T. L. Harland. "Trace fossils from Silurian slope deposits, North Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 137 (December 31, 1988): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v137.8018.

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Nine ichnospecies are recorded from the lower part of the Wulff Land Formation (Early Wenlock) on the east side of the valley north of Apollo Sø in Wulff Land, western North Greenland. There, the formation consists of a siliciclastic slope sequence of dark grey mudstones interbedded with subordinate siltstones and sandstones. The trace fossils are: cf. Chondrites ichnosp., Gordia marina, Helminthopsis ichnosp., Megagrapton irregulare, Muensteria ichnosp., Neonereites multiserialis ichnosp. nov., Nereites jacksoni, Paleodictyon (Glenodictyon) imperfectum and Paleodictyon ichnosp. In addition to containing a new ichnospeciesy the assemblage documents only the second detailed account of trace fossils in Lower Palaeozoic slope sequences; most of the ichnospecies have not been recorded previously in such sequences.

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Tiwari, B. R., J. Xu, B. Adhikari, and N. P. Chapagain. "Multifractal analysis for seismic wave in Kathmandu valley after Gorkha Earthquake-2015, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Physical Society 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnphyssoc.v6i2.34866.

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We applied the multiscale signal processing technique, the Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima (WTMM) to characterize high frequency properties of strong motion waveforms, in particular the temporal distribution and strength of singularities in Gorkha earthquake, 25th April 2015. We first explored their relation to earthquake data source. Then we applied the WTMM analysis to strong motion recordings. These showed that the timing and exponent of singularities measured by the WTMM method on the ground motion wave field are directly related to the position and exponent of assumed initial stress singularities on the fault plane. We found strong motion recordings at near the epicenter site have very high multifractality than far sites. Some differences and similarities among sites were successfully detected.

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Gautam, Dipendra. "Ambient Vibration Measurements in Representative Buildings in Kathmandu Valley Following the Gorkha Earthquake." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 32, no. 3 (June 2018): 04018028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001175.

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Gautam, Dipendra, Filippo Santucci de Magistris, and Giovanni Fabbrocino. "Soil liquefaction in Kathmandu valley due to 25 April 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 97 (June 2017): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.001.

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Tallett-Williams, S., B. Gosh, S. Wilkinson, C. Fenton, P. Burton, M. Whitworth, S. Datla, et al. "Site amplification in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 M7.6 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 14, no. 12 (September 20, 2016): 3301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0003-8.

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Mehrotra, Anjali, and Matthew DeJong. "The Performance of Slender Monuments during the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 321–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120616eqs223m.

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This paper studies damage to a few specific monuments in the Kathmandu Valley that were either partially or completely destroyed during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Three of these structures—namely, the Basantapur Column, the Dharahara Tower, and the Narayan Temple—were modeled both analytically using rocking dynamics and computationally using discrete element modeling (DEM). The results emphasize the importance of large low frequency content within the ground motion, demonstrating that the Dharahara Tower could have collapsed due to the primary long-period ground motion pulse alone. In addition, comparison of analytical and computational modeling to the observed response enables evaluation of structural behavior, including discussion of the importance of elastic amplification and column embedment on performance during the earthquake.

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Bijukchhen, Subeg, Nobuo Takai, Michiko Shigefuji, Masayoshi Ichiyanagi, and Tsutomu Sasatani. "Strong-Motion Characteristics and Visual Damage Assessment Around Seismic Stations in Kathmandu after the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/042916eqs074m.

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A rapid visual damage assessment of buildings around four strong-motion seismic stations in Kathmandu Valley was carried out after the damaging Gorkha, Nepal earthquake (Mw7.8) of 25 April 2015. The waveforms of the main shock recorded at these stations were compared with the damage to buildings around the stations. The damage was found to be related to strong-motion characteristics of the earthquake. A dominance of long-period oscillation could be observed in the records. The damage to low-rise buildings in the valley was less than anticipated from an earthquake of this magnitude given that the majority of buildings were built without proper engineering consideration. The acceleration response spectra of one of the sedimentary sites show high response in the 1–2 s period range, and nearly 10% of the buildings, which were all low-rise, suffered damage around this site.

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Adhikari, Deepti, and Ashmita Gautam. "Structural Failure Analysis of Earthquake Affected Buildings in Gorkha (Nepal) Earthquake 2015 in Kathmandu Valley." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 4 (December 31, 2018): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v4i0.23177.

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The major earthquake in April 25, 2015 of Mw 7.8 and aftershock of intensity Mw 7.3 on May 12, 2015 has caused not only a substantial death toll and huge economic losses, but also heavy damage to many buildings. This paper outlines the common observed damage patterns of different types of buildings in Kathmandu valley induced by the earthquake and their constructional deficiencies..We visited Department Of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) of Nepal Government, and Nepal Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) and got various information regarding structural damages caused by Gorkha earthquake. After acquiring knowledge on this topic through internet and from NSET and DUDBC, the structural failure analysis of buildings affected during the earthquake in Kathmandu Valley was done by photo observation. Both unreinforced masonry buildings and reinforced masonry structures suffered low to heavy destruction. The construction and structural deficiencies were identified to be the major cause of failure, however local soil amplification, foundation problems, liquefaction associated damages and local settlement related damages were also significantly observed during this earthquake and reported in the paper. The Gorkha earthquake sequences delivered unprecedented opportunity to augment the understanding on seismic performance of the buildings. This paper is also motivated to point out the faintness in the past to current constructional practice of buildings, provide preventive measure and convey awareness to stake holders for future safer building construction practice.

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Lizundia, Bret, Rachel A. Davidson, Youssef M. A. Hashash, and Rob Olshansky. "Overview of the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake and the Earthquake Spectra Special Issue." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120817eqs252m.

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On 25 April 2015, a Mw7.8 earthquake struck near Gorka, Nepal. The earth-quake and its aftershocks caused over 8,790 deaths and 22,300 injuries; a half a million homes were destroyed; and hundreds of historical and cultural monuments were destroyed or extensively damaged ( NPC 2015 ). Triggered landslides blocked access to road networks, and other lifelines were significantly impacted. Damage occurred in the capital of Kathmandu and the surrounding valley basin, but the most heavily affected areas were in more rural regions of central Nepal where losses to some towns were severe. Recovery has been slow, but progress is being made in rebuilding and repairing lost and damaged buildings and infrastructure. This Earthquake Spectra special issue provides a compendium of research papers on the Gorkha earthquake. They are organized into five topics: (1) seismology, ground motion, and geotechnical issues; (2) lifelines; (3) buildings; (4) cultural heritage structures; and (5) social science and public policy related topics. This overview summarizes key aspects of the earthquake and highlights findings from the special issue papers.

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Suwal, Rajan. "Structural Engineering/Perspective Damage Pattern of Temples of Kathmandu Valley after Gorkha Earthquake 2015." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 7, no. 01 (August 25, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v7i01.47345.

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Nepal is well known for traditional temples. It is found that most of the temples were built in12th century to 17th Century. Most of the temples, built in 17th century, in Kathmandu valley were constructed in pagoda style. Timber along with bricks were used for construction and mud or surkhi mortar was used as a binding material. The Gorkha earthquake, 2015 caused minor to major damages to number of temples. Pictures highlighting damages in the temple were collected during damage reconnaissance and is used for studying its structural systems. Possible causes of damage pattern of temples are discussed and recommendations for future construction are given.

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Tomita, Hikaru, Alessandra Mayumi Nakata, Kazuo Konagai, Takashi Matsushima, Masataka Shiga, Takaaki Ikeda, and Rama Mohan Pokhrel. "Landslides triggered by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and analysis of their long-lasting impact." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 55, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v55i1.22793.

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The Gorkha earthquake of April 25, 2015 has caused many landslides along the Trishuli River in the Rasuwa District. A numerical approach has been taken to assess the remaining risk of landslides. The debris mass movements are described in simulations with only three parameters, namely, the critical angle if, Gauckler–Manning roughness coefficient n, and angle of repose id. The optimum set of these three parameters, obtained through a batch of numerical simulations to minimize the prediction error, was then used to identify locations of unstable colluvium deposits remaining along gullies on steep valley walls of the Trishuli River.

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OHSUMI, Tsuneo, Fumio KANEKO, Shukyo SEGAWA, and Hideo FUJITANI. "Situation of Damage in and around Kathmandu Valley due to the 2015 Gorkha Nepal Earthquake." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)) 72, no. 4 (2016): I_22—I_32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.72.i_22.

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Sthapit, Nima, and Nisha Sthapit. "Retrofitting of an RC frame building damaged in “April 2015 Gorkha earthquake” in Kathmandu valley." Progress in Disaster Science 11 (October 2021): 100192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100192.

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THAPA, Bhesh Raj, Hiroshi ISHIDAIRA, Vishnu Prasad PANDEY, and Narendra Man SHAKYA. "IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF GORKHA EARTHQUAKE 2015 ON PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY IN KATHMANDU VALLEY: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 72, no. 4 (2016): I_61—I_66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.72.i_61.

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Tallett-Williams, S., B. Gosh, S. Wilkinson, C. Fenton, P. Burton, M. Whitworth, S. Datla, et al. "Correction to: Site amplification in the Kathmandu Valley during the 2015 M7.6 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, no. 13 (August 19, 2020): 6117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00930-z.

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Poudel, Raju, Yasuhiro Hirai, Misuzu Asari, and Shin-ichi Sakai. "Establishment of unit generation rates of building debris in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, after the Gorkha earthquake." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20, no. 3 (April 11, 2018): 1663–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-018-0731-8.

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Rajaure, S., D. Asimaki, E. M. Thompson, S. Hough, S. Martin, J. P. Ampuero, M. R. Dhital, et al. "Characterizing the Kathmandu Valley sediment response through strong motion recordings of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake sequence." Tectonophysics 714-715 (September 2017): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.030.

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MANCHOLA, OSCAR FERNANDO SAENZ, RANULFO GONZÁLEZ OBANDO, and ALFONSO N. GARCÍA ALDRETE. "Ectopsocidae (Psocodea: ‘Psocoptera’) from Valle del Cauca and NNP Gorgona, Colombia." Zootaxa 3786, no. 5 (April 14, 2014): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3786.5.2.

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Poudel, Sameer, Lok Mani Oli, and Lalu P. Paudel. "Structural and microtectonic analyses of Barpak of Gorkha district, west-central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 60 (September 16, 2020): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v60i0.31265.

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Geological mapping was carried out in the Barpak-Bhachchek area of the Daraudi River valley, Gorkha district, West-Central Nepal for structural analysis. The area comprises rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline and the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. Pelitic and psammitic schist, quartzite, calc-quartzite, dolomitic marble, graphitic schist, gneiss are the main rock types within the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, whereas banded gneiss and quartzite form a significant portion of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline in the study area. The area is affected by poly-phase deformation. Lesser Himalayan Sequence has suffered five deformational phases (DL1-DL2, D3-D5) whereas the Higher Himalayan Crystalline has suffered four deformational events (DH1, D3-D5). The Lesser Himalayan Sequence lying to the northern limb of the Gorkha-Kuncha Anticlinorium is contort into doubly plunging to dome-and-basin-like en echelon type of non-cylindrical folds as Baluwa Dome and Pokharatar Basin (DL2 and D4). The direction of shearing as indicated by shear sense indicators (C' Shear band and Mica fish) is top-to-south coinciding with regional sense of shear related to the MCT propagation. The dynamic recrystallization direction, obtained from rock dominant with phyllosilicate minerals is top-to-south and coincides with mineral lineation and indicate the mineral lineation is contemporary with dynamic recrystallization during the MCT propagation.

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Shrestha, S., M. Reina Ortiz, M. Gutland, R. Napolitano, I. M. Morris, M. Santana Quintero, J. Erochko, et al. "DIGITAL RECORDING AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE FOR REHABILITATING HISTORIC STRUCTURES AT THE KATHMANDU VALLEY AFTER GORKHA EARTHQUAKE 2015." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W2 (August 17, 2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w2-243-2017.

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On 25 April 2015, the Gorkha earthquake of magnitude 7.8, severely damaged the cultural heritage sites of Nepal. In particular, the seven monument zones of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site suffered extensive damage. Out of 195 surveyed monuments, 38 have completely collapsed and 157 partially damaged (DoA, 2015). In particular, the world historic city of Bhaktapur was heavily affected by the earthquake. There is, in general, a lack of knowledge regarding the traditional construction technology used in many of the most important temple monuments in Bhaktapur. To address this limitation and to assist in reconstruction and rehabilitation of the area, this study documents the existing condition of different historic structures in the Kathmandu Valley. In particular, the Nyatapola Temple is studied in detail. To record and document the condition of this temple, a combination of laser scanning and terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry are used. By also including evaluation of the temple and its supporting plinth structure using non-destructive evaluation techniques like geo-radar and micro-tremor dynamic analysis, this study will form the basis of a structural analysis study to assess the anticipated future seismic performance of the Nyatapola Temple.

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Gautam, Dipendra. "Seismic Performance of World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu Valley during Gorkha Seismic Sequence of April–May 2015." Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 31, no. 5 (October 2017): 06017003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0001040.

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Ohsumi, Tsuneo, Yoichi Mukai, and Hideo Fujitani. "Investigation of Damage in and Around Kathmandu Valley Related to the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake and Beyond." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 34, no. 4 (May 9, 2016): 1223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-016-0023-9.

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Nagai, Hiroto, Manabu Watanabe, Naoya Tomii, Takeo Tadono, and Shinichi Suzuki. "Multiple remote-sensing assessment of the catastrophic collapse in Langtang Valley induced by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 11 (November 13, 2017): 1907–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1907-2017.

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Abstract. The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal induced numerous avalanches, rockfalls, and landslides in Himalayan mountain regions. A major village in the Langtang Valley was destroyed and numerous people were victims of a catastrophic avalanche event, which consisted of snow, ice, rock, and blast wind. Understanding the hazard process mainly depends on limited witness accounts, interviews, and an in situ survey after a monsoon season. To record the immediate situation and to understand the deposition process, we performed an assessment by means of satellite-based observations carried out no later than 2 weeks after the event. The avalanche-induced sediment deposition was delineated with the calculation of decreasing coherence and visual interpretation of amplitude images acquired from the Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2). These outline areas are highly consistent with that delineated from a high-resolution optical image of WorldView-3 (WV-3). The delineated sediment areas were estimated as 0.63 km2 (PALSAR-2 coherence calculation), 0.73 km2 (PALSAR-2 visual interpretation), and 0.88 km2 (WV-3). In the WV-3 image, surface features were classified into 10 groups. Our analysis suggests that the avalanche event contained a sequence of (1) a fast splashing body with an air blast, (2) a huge, flowing muddy mass, (3) less mass flowing from another source, (4) a smaller amount of splashing and flowing mass, and (5) splashing mass without flowing on the east and west sides. By means of satellite-derived pre- and post-event digital surface models, differences in the surface altitudes of the collapse events estimated the total volume of the sediments as 5.51 ± 0.09 × 106 m3, the largest mass of which are distributed along the river floor and a tributary water stream. These findings contribute to detailed numerical simulation of the avalanche sequences and source identification; furthermore, altitude measurements after ice and snow melting would reveal a contained volume of melting ice and snow.

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Pokharel, Badal, and Prem Bahadur Thapa. "Landslide susceptibility in Rasuwa District of central Nepal after the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 59 (July 25, 2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v59i0.24992.

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The 2015 Gorkha Earthquake (7.8 Mw) triggered several landslides in central Nepal with major damages in 14 districts. Among them, the Rasuwa district at the north of Kathmandu Valley faced severe landslides due to rugged topography, complex geology and improper land use development. The landslides had blocked the Pasang Lhamu Highway and dammed the Trishuli River at many places. A total of 1416 landslide locations were detected in the district from high resolution satellite images in Google Earth. In this study, landslide susceptibility was modeled in the Rasuwa District by considering slope, aspect, elevation, geology, peak ground acceleration (PGA), land use, drainage proximity and thrust proximity as the predictive factors for landslide occurrences. The landslide inventory was split into 70% and 30% portions as the training dataset and testing dataset respectively. The results from modified frequency ratio (FR) suggest that effect of geology with prediction rate 2.52 is the highest among all factors and is followed by elevation (2.38) and drainage proximity (2.12). The results were verified using area under curve (AUC) and the prediction rate was found to be 79.14%. The computed landslide susceptibility map is helpful for land use planning and landslide risk reduction measure in the Rasuwa District.

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Malla, Suraj, Sudip Karanjit, Purushottam Dangol, and Dipendra Gautam. "Seismic Performance of High-Rise Condominium Building during the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake Sequence." Buildings 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020036.

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On 25 April 2015, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.8 struck central Nepal including the capital city, Kathmandu. Several powerful aftershocks of magnitude 6.7, 6.9 and 7.3 together with hundreds of aftershocks of local magnitude greater than 4 hit the same area until May 2015. This earthquake sequence resulted in considerable damage to the reinforced concrete buildings apart from brick and stone masonry constructions. High-rise buildings in Nepal are mainly confined in Kathmandu valley and their performance was found to be in the life safety to collapse prevention level during the Gorkha earthquake sequence. In this paper, seismic performance assessment of a reinforced concrete apartment building with brick infill masonry walls that sustained life safety performance level is presented. Rapid visual assessment performed after the 12 May aftershock (MW 7.3) highlighted the need for detailed assessment, thus, we carried out nonlinear time history analysis using the recorded accelerograms. The building was first simulated for the recorded acceleration time history (PGA = 0.16 g) and the PGA was scaled up to 0.36 g to assess the behaviour of building in the case of the maximum considered earthquake occurrence. The sum of results and observations highlighted that the building sustained minor damage due to low PGA occurrence during the Gorkha earthquake and considerable damage would have occurred in the case of 0.36 g PGA.

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Uprety, Rajesh. "Gorkha Earthquake 2015 and Post Disaster Reconstruction in Nepal: Challenges and Prospects." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2018): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v1i1.26707.

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The Gorkha earthquake of moment magnitude 7.6 hit the central region of Nepal on April 25, 2015; with the epicenter about 77 km northwest of Kathmandu Valley. This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities of reconstruction in earthquake punched areas of Nepal. The Gorkha earthquake on April 25, 2015, has significantly affected the livelihood of people and overall economy in Nepal, causing severe damage and destruction in central Nepal including nation’s capital. A larger part of the earthquake affected area is difficult to access with rough terrain and scattered settlements, which posed unique challenges and efforts on a massive scale reconstruction and rehabilitation. Challenge of reconstruction of thousands houses is tough for Nepal in the background of its uproar political scenario and weak governance. With significant actors involved in the reconstruction process, no appreciable relief has reached to the ground, which is reflected over the frustration of affected people. Although the earthquake negatively influenced the country’s economy, it opened the opportunity to create sustainable economic developments through proper disaster mainstreaming like construction of earthquake resilience infrastructures, new education and training, media-based mass awareness, and coordinated actions in different parts of the society. Disaster is also an opportunity for development. Hence, if we start thinking for the opportunities after the disaster in a constructive way, still there is a flourishing future of development. This paper is prepared by analyzing few literatures and the personal experiences of the author being as a part of rescue and relief operation in Gorkha during the critical flash of earthquake.

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Adhikari, Rabindra, Pratyush Jha, Dipendra Gautam, and Giovanni Fabbrocino. "Seismic Strengthening of the Bagh Durbar Heritage Building in Kathmandu Following the Gorkha Earthquake Sequence." Buildings 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9050128.

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The so-called Greco-Roman monuments, also known as neoclassical monuments, in Nepal represent unique construction systems. Although they are not native to Nepal, they are icons of the early 19th century in the Kathmandu valley. As such structures are located within the heritage sites and historical centers, preservation of Greco-Roman monuments is necessary. Since many buildings are in operation and accommodate public and critical functions, their seismic safety has gained attention in recent times, especially after the Gorkha earthquake. This paper first presents the background of the Bagh Durbar monument, reports the damage observations, and depicts some repair and retrofitting solutions. Attention is paid to the implementation of the different phases of the structural characterization of the building, the definition of reference material parameters, and finally, the structural analysis made by using finite element models. The aim of the contribution consists of comparison of the adequacy of the finite element model with the field observations and design of retrofitting solutions to assure adequate seismic safety for typical Greco-Roman buildings in Nepal. Thus, this paper sets out to provide rational strengthening solutions compatible with the existing guidelines rather than complex numerical analyses.

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Brzev, Svetlana, Bishnu Pandey, Dev Kumar Maharjan, and Carlos Ventura. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings Affected by the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 275–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/120116eqs218m.

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Low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) frames with brick masonry infill walls up to five stories high have been used for housing construction in Nepal since the late 1980s. Many buildings of this type were damaged and/or collapsed in the 25 April 2015 Gorkha earthquake (M 7.8), even in areas characterized with moderate shaking intensity such as Kathmandu Valley. Due to inadequate design and/or construction of RC frame components, these buildings essentially behave like masonry shear wall structures with a shear-dominant failure mechanism. The paper presents the findings of a field survey of 98 RC buildings affected by the 2015 earthquake. The main objective of the study was to correlate the observed damage in the buildings using the modified European macroseismic scale (EMS)-98 and the wall index (defined as the wall area in the direction of shaking divided by the total building plan area above the level of interest). The results can be used to help establish recommendations regarding the required wall index for low-rise RC buildings in Nepal.

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Samardžić, Gligor. "The problem of the location of the Gabuleum and Theranda road stops on the Lissus-Naissus Roman road (Upper Moesia)." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 1 (2021): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-30402.

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The paper presents data on the problem related to the location of Gabuleum and Theranda road stops on the Lisus-Naisus Roman road (Upper Moesia). The Lisus-Naisus Roman road intersected modern-day Kosova and Metohija stretching from the southwest to the northeast. The road, being the main road, connected the seaside to the inland. Not a considerable number of milestones, i.e. their fragments, was found on this part of the road. They are of significant historic value due to the fact that they represent genuine evidence of the existence of the Roman road in Kosovo and Metohija. During the research of ancient road stops and roads in the south of the province of Upper Moesia (Kosovo and Metohija), we used written sources and material remains on the terrain for which the data from Tabula Peutingeriana and Ptolemy's Geography were highly significant. The epigraph statues are equally important, i.e. milestones, road remains, settlements and other material remains.Their more detailed study and research can provide researchers with the opportunity to point to the main road routes, road stops and settlements in this area. The question of the location of Gabuleum road stop stays open due to the fact that the researchers have not reached a consensus till today on its location because, as previously mentioned, there have been many opinions. The prevalent opinion in the contemporary scientific circles, being based on Tabula Peutingeriana, is that Gabulem should be looked for near the place called Kukës in Albania where the White and Black Drim converge. By quoting Tabula Peutingeriana, the traces of the Roman presence as well as the unsafe road route to the North, the location of Therande is linked to the territory of Metohija, near the places such as Suva Reka or Ljubižda, in the valley of the Miruša river, not far from Prizren.

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McGowan, S. M., K. S. Jaiswal, and D. J. Wald. "Using structural damage statistics to derive macroseismic intensity within the Kathmandu valley for the 2015 M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake." Tectonophysics 714-715 (September 2017): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.08.002.

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Shakya, Manjip, and Chandra Kiran Kawan. "Reconnaissance based damage survey of buildings in Kathmandu valley: An aftermath of 7.8Mw, 25 April 2015 Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake." Engineering Failure Analysis 59 (January 2016): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.10.003.

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Barbosa, Andre R., Larry A. Fahnestock, Damon R. Fick, Dipendra Gautam, Rajendra Soti, Richard Wood, Babak Moaveni, Andreas Stavridis, Michael J. Olsen, and Hugo Rodrigues. "Performance of Medium-to-High Rise Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Masonry Infill in the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/051017eqs087m.

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Following the 25 April 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake and subsequent aftershocks, field surveys were conducted on medium-to-high rise reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings with masonry infill located in the Kathmandu Valley. Rapid visual assessment, ambient vibration testing, and ground-based lidar (GBL) showed that these buildings suffered damage ranging from light to severe, where damage occurred in both structural and nonstructural elements, but was most prevalent in nonstructural masonry infills. Finite-element structural analyses of selected buildings corroborate field observations of only modest structural damage. The lack of severe structural damage in this relatively limited class of engineered medium-to-high rise RC infill frame buildings illustrates the impact of modern seismic design standards and stands in stark contrast to the severe damage and collapse observed in low-rise nonengineered RC infill frame buildings. Nonetheless, the nonstructural damage hindered many of these buildings from being occupied for many months following the earthquake and subsequent aftershocks.

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Shrestha, Keshav, Emma Wilson, and Honer Gay. "Ecological and Environmental Study of Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel (Banmara) with Reference to its Gall Formation in Gorkha-Langtang Route, Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 23 (June 5, 2009): 108–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1848.

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Eupatorium adenophorum Sprengel is a forest killer widely spreading as weed in Nepal. A study on its ecology and utilization was carried out in central Nepal with reference to its gall formation. This banmara is attacked by Procecidochares utilis, a gall which causes metabolic and physical damage to the plant. The main field survey was done in Gorkha-Langtang area and compared with the phenomenon with that of Kathmandu Valley. It has been found that the index of exposure has no effect on the plant growth; pH also has no effect where as soil and gall formation has some effect on plant growth. Artemisia vulgaris and Urtica dioca were commonly found in association with Eupatorium adenophorum. Though the plant acts as forest killer, some beneficial phenomena were also recorded.Key words: Correlation coefficient; Gall formation; index of exposure; life cycle; quadratesJournal of Natural History Museum Vol. 23, 2008 Page 108-124

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Shrestha, Sadhana, Yoko Aihara, Arun Prasad Bhattarai, Niranjan Bista, Sudarshan Rajbhandari, Naoki Kondo, Futaba Kazama, Kei Nishida, and Junko Shindo. "Dynamics of Domestic Water Consumption in the Urban Area of the Kathmandu Valley: Situation Analysis Pre and Post 2015 Gorkha Earthquake." Water 9, no. 3 (March 17, 2017): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w9030222.

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Information regarding domestic water consumption is vital, as the Kathmandu Valley will soon be implementing the Melamchi Water Supply Project; however, updated information on the current situation after the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake (GEQ) is still lacking. We investigated the dynamics of domestic water consumption pre- and post-GEQ. The piped water supply was short, and consumption varied widely across the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) branches and altitude. The reduction in piped, ground, and jar water consumption and the increase in tanker water consumption post-GEQ appeared to be due to the impact of the GEQ. However, the impact did not appear to be prominent on per capita water consumption, although it was reduced from 117 to 99 L post-GEQ. Piped, ground, and tanker water use were associated with an increase and jar water use was associated with a decrease in water consumption. Despite improvements in quantity, inequality in water consumption and inequity in affordability across wealth status was well established. This study suggests to KUKL the areas of priority where improvements to supply are required, and recommends an emphasis on resuming performance. Policy planners should consider the existing inequity in affordability, which is a major issue in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

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Mori, Takuho, Michiko Shigefuji, Subeg Bijukchhen, Tatsuo Kanno, and Nobuo Takai. "Ground motion prediction equation for the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal based on strong motion records during the 2015 Gorkha Nepal earthquake sequence." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 135 (August 2020): 106208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106208.

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Gnyawali, Kaushal Raj, Aiguo Xing, and Yu Zhuang. "Dynamic analysis of the multi-staged ice–rock debris avalanche in the Langtang valley triggered by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal." Engineering Geology 265 (February 2020): 105440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105440.

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Mora Collazos, Alexander, and Enrique Bravo Montaño. "Evaluación del potencial electrogénico de sedimentos costeros de la playa La Azufrada, isla Gorgona." Revista de Ciencias 21, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/rc.v21i1.6337.

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El presente trabajo exploratorio, evaluó la respuesta electrogénica de sedimentos costeros colectados en la Playa La Azufrada en la Isla Gorgona; se comparó con la respuesta electrogénica de lodos y aguas provenientes del lago de la microestación del Departamento de Biología del Campus Universitario Meléndez de la Universidad del Valle. Los sustratos fueron evaluados en celdas de combustible microbianas (MFC por su nombre en inglés) mediante curvas de densidad de potencia. Los sustratos ambientales fueron utilizados como inoculo y único sustrato energético. Al finalizar los ensayos, se realizó microscopía electrónica a los ánodos de las MFC. Se reportaron valores de densidad de potencia máximas de 3.1 mW/m2 en el día 19 de operación para el caso de las MFC alimentadas con sedimentos de lago y de 0.67 mW/m2 en el día 15 para el caso de los sedimentos marinos. Las observaciones mediante microscopía electrónica muestran diferencias en la formación de la biopelícula de los dos ambientes. Los ánodos de las MFC alimentadas con sedimentos marinos mostraron una formación de biopelícula insipiente. Los ensayos demuestran que los sedimentos marinos colectados presentan actividad electrogénica, lo cual abre la posibilidad de realizar estudios sobre las poblaciones bacterianas electrogénicas y las aplicaciones que puedan tener las MFC en estos ambientes

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Davis, Christopher, Robin Coningham, Kosh Prasad Acharya, Ram Bahadur Kunwar, Paolo Forlin, Kai Weise, Prem Nath Maskey, et al. "Identifying archaeological evidence of past earthquakes in a contemporary disaster scenario: case studies of damage, resilience and risk reduction from the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake and past seismic events within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property (Nepal)." Journal of Seismology 24, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 729–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10950-019-09890-7.

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AbstractThe 2015 Gorkha Earthquake was a humanitarian disaster but also a cultural catastrophe that damaged and destroyed historic monuments across Nepal, including those within the Kathmandu Valley UNESCO World Heritage Property. In the rush to rebuild, traditionally constructed foundations are being removed and replaced with modern materials without assessments of whether these contributed to the collapse of a monument. Generally undertaken without scientific recording, these interventions have led to the irreversible destruction of earlier subsurface phases of cultural activity and the potential loss of evidence for successful traditional seismic adaptations and risk reduction strategies, with no research into whether modern materials, such as concrete and steel, would offer enhanced resilience. In response to this context, multidisciplinary post-disaster investigations were undertaken between 2015 and 2018, including archaeological excavation, geophysical survey, geoarchaeological analysis, linked to architectural and engineering studies, to begin to evaluate and assess the damage to, and seismic adaptations of, historic structures within Nepal’s Kathmandu Valley. Where possible, we draw on archaeoseismological approaches for the identification and classification of Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAEs) at selected monuments damaged by the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake. Lessons learned from evidence of potential weaknesses, as well as historic ‘risk-sensitive tactics’ of hazard reduction within monuments, are now being incorporated into reconstruction and rehabilitation initiatives alongside the development of methods for the protection of heritage in the face of future earthquakes.

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Liu, Mei, Ningsheng Chen, Yong Zhang, and Mingfeng Deng. "Glacial Lake Inventory and Lake Outburst Flood/Debris Flow Hazard Assessment after the Gorkha Earthquake in the Bhote Koshi Basin." Water 12, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020464.

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Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) evolve into debris flows by erosion and sediment entrainment while propagating down a valley, which highly increases peak discharge and volume and causes destructive damage downstream. This study focuses on GLOF hazard assessment in the Bhote Koshi Basin (BKB), where was highly developed glacial lakes and was intensely affected by the Gorkha earthquake. A new 2016 glacial lake inventory was established, and six unreported GLOF events were identified with geomorphic outburst evidence from GaoFen-1 satellite images and Google Earth. A new method was proposed to assess GLOF hazard, in which large numbers of landslides triggered by earthquake were considered to enter into outburst floods enlarge the discharge and volume of debris flow in the downstream. Four GLOF hazard classes were derived according to glacial lake outburst potential and a flow magnitude assessment matrix, in which 11 glacial lakes were identified to have very high hazard and 24 to have high hazard. The GLOF hazard in BKB increased after the earthquake due to landslide deposits, which increased by 216.03 × 106 m3, and provides abundant deposits for outburst floods to evolve into debris flows. We suggest that in regional GLOF hazard assessment, small glacial lakes should not be overlooked for landslide deposit entrainment along a flood route that would increase the peak discharge, especially in earthquake-affected areas where large numbers of landslides were triggered.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Goroka Valley'

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