Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gonadotrophins

Academic literature on the topic 'Gonadotrophins'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gonadotrophins"

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Tasaka, K., N. Masumoto, J. Mizuki, Y. Ikebuchi, M. Ohmichi, H. Kurachi, A. Miyake, and Y. Murata. "Rab3B is essential for GnRH-induced gonadotrophin release from anterior pituitary cells." Journal of Endocrinology 157, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1570267.

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Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces the release of gonadotrophins via an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]). Rab3B, a member of the small GTP-binding protein Rab family, is known to be involved in Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis in pituitary cells. However, it is not known whether Rab3B functions in the physiological process regulated by GnRH in gonadotrophs. In this study using antisense oligonucleotide against Rab3B (AS-Rab3B) we determined that Rab3B is involved in GnRH-induced gonadotrophin release. Rab3B immunopositive cells were reduced in 24% of pituitary cells by AS-Rab3B. This treatment did not affect the population of gonadotrophs or the intracellular contents of gonadotrophins. However, AS-Rab3B significantly inhibited the total amount of basal and GnRH-induced gonadotrophin released from pituitary cells. These results show that Rab3B is involved in basal and GnRH-induced gonadotrophins release but not the storage of gonadotrophins. Next, the changes in [Ca2+] and exocytosis in gonadotrophs treated with AS-Rab3B were compared among Rab3B-positive and -negative cells. The change in [Ca2+] was not different in the two groups, but exocytosis was significantly inhibited in Rab3B-negative cells. These results suggest that Rab3B is essential for GnRH-regulated exocytosis downstream of cytosolic Ca2+ in gonadotrophs.
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Huhtaniemi, Ilpo, and Maria Alevizaki. "Gonadotrophic Hormones – An Overview of their Involvement in Gonadal and Extragonadal Tumours." European Endocrinology 7, no. 1 (2010): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ee.2011.07.01.8.

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The concept of the direct involvement of gonadotrophins in tumorigenesis has been around for a long time. First, because the gonads are direct targets of gonadotrophin action, their tumours have been proposed to be gonadotrophin-dependent. Second, the recent findings of gonadotrophin receptors in extragonadal tissues has prompted the hypothesis that some extragonadal tumours (e.g. breast, uterus, prostate, pituitary and adrenal) could also be under the direct regulatory action of gonadotrophins. However, although supported by numerousin vitroexperiments and experimental animal models, the clinical evidence for a direct tumorigenic role of gonadotrophins remains weak. The purpose of this brief review is to present a critical evaluation of current information, both clinical and experimental, about the involvement of gonadotrophins in the induction and growth of gonadal and extragonadal tumours.
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Meeran, Dawud, Henryk F. Urbanski, Susan J. Gregory, Julie Townsend, and Domingo J. Tortonese. "Developmental Changes in the Hormonal Identity of Gonadotroph Cells in the Rhesus Monkey Pituitary Gland." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 2934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021001.

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To help elucidate the regulatory mechanism responsible for divergent gonadotrophin secretion during sexual maturation, we examined the gonadotroph population and hormonal identity of gonadotroph subtypes in pituitary glands of juvenile (age, 1.7 ± 0.2 yr) and adult (age, 12.3 ± 0.8 yr) male rhesus monkeys (Macacca mulatta). Serum LH and testosterone concentrations were, respectively, 3 and 7 times lower in juveniles than in adults, thus confirming the different stages of development. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the proportion of LH gonadotrophs in relation to the total pituitary cell population in the juvenile animals was significantly smaller than in the adults. In a subsequent study, double immunofluorescent labeling identified three distinct gonadotroph subtypes in both age groups: ones expressing either LH or FSH and another one expressing a combination of both gonadotrophins. Whereas the number of monohormonal LH cells per unit area was greater in the adults than in the juveniles, the number of monohormonal FSH gonadotrophs was remarkably lower. However, the proportion of FSH cells (whether mono- or bihormonal) within the gonadotroph population was similar between groups. Interestingly, the proportion and number of bihormonal gonadotrophs as well as the LH/FSH gonadotroph ratio were significantly greater in the adults than in the juveniles. Taken together, these data reveal that during the juvenile-adult transition period, not only does the pituitary gonadotroph population increase, but a large number of monohormonal FSH gonadotrophs are likely to become bihormonal. Because this morphological switch occurs when marked changes in plasma gonadotrophins are known to occur, it may represent an intrapituitary mechanism that differentially regulates gonadotrophin secretion during sexual development.
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Rulli, Susana B., and Ilpo Huhtaniemi. "What have gonadotrophin overexpressing transgenic mice taught us about gonadal function?" Reproduction 130, no. 3 (September 2005): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00661.

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The two gonadotrophins, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone, are pivotal regulators of the development and maintenance of normal fertility by maintaining testicular and ovarian endocrine function and gametogenesis. Too low gonadotrophin secretion, i.e. hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, is a common cause of infertility. But there are also physiological and pathophysiological conditions where gonadotrophin secretion and/or action are either transiently or chronically elevated, such as pregnancy, pituitary tumours, polycystic ovarian syndrome, activating gonadotrophin receptor mutations, perimenopause and menopause. These situations can be either the primary or secondary cause of infertility and gonadal pathologies in both sexes. Also the role of gonadotrophins as tumour promoters is possible. Recently, the possibility to combine information from genetically modified mice and human phenotypes in connection with mutations of gonadotrophin or gonadotrophin receptor genes has elucidated many less well known mechanisms involved in dysregulation of gonadotrophin function. Among the genetically modified mouse models, transgenic mice with gonadotrophin hypersecretion have been developed during the last few years. In this review, we describe the key findings on transgenic mouse models overexpressing gonadotrophins and present their possible implications in related human pathologies. In addition, we provide examples of genetic mouse models with secondary effects on gonadotrophin production and, consequently, on gonadal function.
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Kotsuji, F., K. Hosokawa, and T. Tominaga. "Effects of the daily administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone on the anterior pituitary gland of rats with restricted feeding." Journal of Endocrinology 134, no. 2 (August 1992): 177—NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1340177.

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ABSTRACT To investigate the influence of weight reduction on pituitary function and its modulation by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), female rats were restricted to 10 g food/day for 60 days. GnRH (5 μg) or saline (0·2 ml) were administered daily between days 31 and 60 of the period of underfeeding. Underfeeding brought about a decrease in the pituitary gonadotrophin content, serum levels of gonadotrophins and oestradiol, and the number and size of both LH- and FSH-positive pituitary cells. The administration of GnRH to underfed rats produced an increase in the pituitary and serum gonadotrophin levels and the number and size of both LH- and FSH-positive pituitary cells. These observations suggest that underfeeding and/or weight loss diminish the number and activity of the pituitary gonadotrophs, and that daily administration of GnRH both increases the number of gonadotrophs and augments their activity. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 177–182
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Waterhouse, Tracey, Shae-Lee Cox, Melanie Snow, Graham Jenkin, and Jill Shaw. "Offspring produced from heterotopic ovarian allografts in male and female recipient mice." Reproduction 127, no. 6 (June 2004): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00081.

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Studies on human ovarian xenografts and mouse allografts indicate that the male hormonal milieu and exogenous gonadotrophin administration stimulate antral follicle growth. However, it is not known whether oocytes produced under these conditions are developmentally competent. The objective of our study was to evaluate the developmental competence of oocytes produced in heterotopic mouse ovarian grafts placed in male and female recipient mice. Gonadotrophins were 7.5 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) alone or 7.5 IU PMSG and 7.5 IU human chorionic gonadotrophin or were not given prior to oocyte collection. The developmental competence of oocytes was assessed by performing in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer to recipients. When no gonadotrophins were given the cleavage rate was similar for oocytes collected from ovarian grafts in male and female recipients. Gonadotrophin treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased two-cell formation by oocytes grown in female graft recipients but not in male recipients. Implantation rates, fetal development and the birth of live young were unaffected by the sex of the graft recipient or gonadotrophin treatment. Live offspring were produced from oocytes collected from ovarian grafts in male and female recipients treated with or without gonadotrophins. In conclusion, this work has shown that the hormonal environment of male mice can support the growth of oocytes in ovarian allografts and that these oocytes can produce live offspring.
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Jamal Uddin, Md, and S. Bhattacharya. "In-vitro binding of gonadotrophin to fish ovary." Journal of Endocrinology 111, no. 3 (December 1986): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1110407.

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ABSTRACT Binding of piscine and mammalian gonadotrophin to plasma membranes from the ovaries of a fish, the murrel (Channa punctatus), clearly suggests that the fish ovary possesses distinct and specific binding sites for both piscine and mammalian gonadotrophins. Maximum specific binding of 125I-labelled human chorionic gonadotrophin (125I-hCG) and 125I-labelled silver carp gonadotrophin (125I-scG) was obtained at 30 °C and pH 7·5 during 2 h of incubation. In competitive binding studies, binding of radiolabelled scG was effectively inhibited by piscine gonadotrophins while LH and hCG had less effect and FSH showed no inhibition. By using plasma membrane preparations from kidney, skeletal muscle, brain and ovary it could be shown that specific binding of radiolabelled gonadotrophins was restricted to ovarian tissue. Binding characteristics of both 125I-scG and 125I-hCG to a preparation of murrel ovarian plasma membranes showed saturability with high affinity and low capacity. Scatchard plot analysis gave a higher dissociation constant for hCG (Kd = 235 pmol/l) than for scG (Kd= 127 pmol/l). Maximum binding capacity of scG was about twofold higher (6·27 fmol/mg protein) than that of hCG (3·76 fmol/mg protein). An increase in gonadotrophin binding resulted in a greater formation of pregnenolone from cholesterol, indicating functional relevance. At a concentration of 8 mmol/l, Ca2+ markedly inhibited the binding of gonadotrophin. The physiological importance of this inhibition is discussed. J. Endocr. (1986) 111, 407–413
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Miller, D. W., and A. N. Brooks. "Placental steroids are involved in the late-gestation decrease in gonadotrophin secretion in the ovine fetus." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200002210.

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The mid-gestation peak in activity of the fetal gonadotrophic axis is thought to be crucial for normal reproductive development. It is clear that the increase to mid-gestation is a result of the concomitant rise in gonadotrophs (Thomas et al., 1993). The mechanisms responsible for the decrease after mid-gestation are unclear, but may involve feedback from the placental steroids (Challis et al., 1981; Gluckman et al., 1983). The aim was to determine the roles of the placental steroids, progesterone and oestradiol, in the late-gestation decline in fetal gonadotrophins using the oestradiol antagonist ICI 182,780 and the progesterone antagonist RU486.
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Themmen, Axel P. N. "An update of the pathophysiology of human gonadotrophin subunit and receptor gene mutations and polymorphisms." Reproduction 130, no. 3 (September 2005): 263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00663.

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New information about mutations and polymorphisms in the genes for the gonadotrophins and their receptors has become available in the last few years. In this short review mutations and polymorphisms in gonadotrophins, their receptors and their pathophysiological effects and implications are discussed. An increasingly clear picture about the structure–function relationships of gonadotrophin action is emerging from the combining the types and the locations of the mutations with their phenotypic effects and the information about the crystal structure of these molecules.
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Sutton-McDowall, Melanie L., Robert B. Gilchrist, and Jeremy G. Thompson. "Effect of hexoses and gonadotrophin supplementation on bovine oocyte nuclear maturation during in vitro maturation in a synthetic follicle fluid medium." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 4 (2005): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd04135.

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In vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) culture conditions have been relatively unchanged over the past few decades and remain suboptimal. In contrast, studies of the in vivo environment have led to significant improvements to in vitro embryo culture technologies. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of maturing bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) in medium based on the composition of bovine follicular fluid (Bovine VitroMat; Cook Australia, Eight Mile Plain, Qld, Australia). In particular, the effect of different glucose concentrations and glucosamine supplementation on meiotic maturation was determined. Culturing COCs in the presence of gonadotrophins in Bovine VitroMat, containing either physiological glucose concentrations (2.3 mm) or 5.6 mm (equivalent to levels in Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM199)) supplemented with glucosamine resulted in comparable cumulus expansion to COCs cultured in TCM199 plus gonadotrophins. However, nuclear maturation was 1.3-fold lower in Bovine VitroMat cultures containing 2.3 mm glucose compared with 5.6 mm glucose and this effect was independent of glucosamine supplementation. Investigations into the effects of different glucose concentrations and gonadotrophin supplementation during the initial 6 h of maturation demonstrated that COCs cultured in Bovine VitroMat with 5.6 mm glucose without gonadotrophins had a twofold acceleration of the rate of meiotic resumption, yet the rate of polar body formation was decreased by approximately 20% compared with cultures in 2.3 mm glucose and TCM199. However, this effect was not seen when COCs were cultured for the initial 16 h in Bovine VitroMat + 5.6 mm minus gonadotrophins or in Bovine VitroMat + 2.3 mm glucose ± gonadotrophins. These data demonstrate that glucose concentrations and the timing of the introduction of gonadotrophin during IVM have variable effects on nuclear maturation. Manipulation of glucose concentrations may be a mechanism to influence oocyte meiotic progression and may lead to the development of improved IVM systems, allowing for an increased developmental capacity of bovine oocytes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gonadotrophins"

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Latimer, John Alexander. "Gonadotrophins and cytokines in ovarian epithelial cancer /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MD/09mdl357.pdf.

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Harlin, Jonas. "Human gonadotrophins for ovarian stimulation in infertility treatment /." Stockholm : [Karolinska institutets bibl.], 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-086-5/.

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Sheffield, James W. "The effects of gonadotrophins on testicular teroidogenesis during development." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522743.

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Khan, Abu Hadi Noor Ali. "Studies of the mammalian gonadotrophin releasing hormone network and the response of male animals to the withdrawal of the gonadotrophins following active immunisation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273438.

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Lawler, Denise Fionnuala. "Luteolysis in the mare : a role for the immune system and gonadotrophins?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28406.

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We investigated the presence, and changes in numbers, of populations of inflammatory cells in the equine CL at different stages of the oestrous cycle, after exogenous PGF2α administration to artificially induced luteolysis, and in early pregnancy. As found in other species, populations of cells did vary with stage of the cycle, and the selective infiltration of cytotoxic T-cells identified prior to functional luteolysis may indicate a role for them in this process. Changes in MHC class II expression by luteal cells, which could potentially instigate an immune reaction, were not identified in our study. Investigation of the chemoattractant properties of luteal tissue taken at similar time-points, revealed that even by day 12-14 of the cycle leucocytes were attracted to the CL. This increased after functional luteolysis, especially with regard to mononuclear cells, while PGF2α-treated tissue expressed even greater attractant activity. The identity of the chemoattractants was not determined, although collagen or collagenases may play a minor role. Administration of GnRH analogues to cattle in dioestrus has been reported to prolong luteal function, and improve pregnancy rates to the preceding insemination. In attempting to create a model for prolonged luteal function in the mare, a GnRH analogue was administered, and endocrine and ovarian responses monitored. Treatment had no significant effect on oestrous cycle length, progesterone levels, or follicular dynamics. It did however significantly reduce oestradiol levels compared to control systems. This may reflect altered folliculogenesis, which, in turn, could affect luteolysis. This was not detected in our study, and therefore did not provide us with a model for prolonged luteal function. Treatment of mares with a GnRH antagonist during dioestrus has previously been found to attenuate progesterone levels, and cause premature luteolysis in treated animals, indicating a role for LH in supporting equine luteal function. We further investigated the role of gonadotrophins in equine luteal function by identifying and localising LH receptor mRNA expression in equine follicles and CL by in situ hybridisation. Expression was maintained in CL until functional luteolysis, after which it was considerably reduced. mRNA levels also remained high in CL or early pregnancy, while PGF2α treatment had varying results.
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Saeed, Sheikh Abdul. "Studies on steroidogenic, follicular and ovulatory responses to exogenous gonadotrophins in Hereford x Friesian heifers." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1988. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU602259.

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This study was designed to investigate the locus of action of different gonadotrophins on the stimulation of multiple follicular development and superovulation in heifers. In addition follicular populations and steroiodogenic potential of the follicles (>10 mm diameter) at different stages of the superovulatory treatment were studied. Experiment 1 was carried out to investigate the effect of three gonadotrophins (pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, PMSG; human menopausal gonadotrophin, hMG-Pergonal 75 i.u. FSH, 75 i.u. LH per ampoule; and urofollitrophin UF-Metrodin 75 i.u. FSH per ampoule) on multiple follicular development and hormonal profiles. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to study follicular populations and steroiodogenic potential of the follicles in superovulated heifers and to compare these parameters with control heifers.
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McCabe, Mark James, and markmccabe02@hotmail com. "Hormonal regulation of the testicular Sertoli cell tight junction." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081212.100348.

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The Sertoli cell tight junction (TJ) of the seminiferous epithelium is important for the developmental process of spermatogenesis as it separates germ cells in the seminiferous tubules from the general circulation in the testicular interstitium. Absence of the TJ leads to spermatogenic arrest and infertility. TJs form at puberty as circulating gonadotrophins luteinising hormone/testosterone and follicle stimulating hormone increase. Several studies have demonstrated hormonal regulation of the two major TJ proteins, claudin-11 and occludin, and also of TJ function in vitro and in vivo. Men with low levels of circulating gonadotrophins exhibit an immature and dysfunctional TJ phenotype, which is reversed upon the exogenous application of gonadotrophins. This thesis hypothesises that claudin-11 and occludin are the major contributors to TJ function, and that gonadotrophins regulate TJ function and structure via these two proteins in several species including humans. This PhD was divided into four separate studies to address these hypotheses. The first study selectively silenced the genetic expression of claudin-11 and occludin with small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cultured immature rat Sertoli cells to determine their contribution to Sertoli cell TJ function in vitro. siRNA treatment against either protein significantly (p less than 0.01) reduced TJ function by ~50% as assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance. Immunocytochemistry displayed marked reductions in the localisation of these proteins to the TJ after siRNA treatment. It was concluded that both proteins significantly contributed to TJ function in vitro. The second and third studies then aimed to study hormonal regulation of the TJ in vivo. Weekly injections of the gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist acyline were used to suppress circulating gonadotrophins and spermatogenesis in adult rats. Acyline treatment disrupted i) the localisation of occludin to the TJ and ii) TJ function as shown by permeability to a biotin tracer, which was impermeable to TJs in controls. Short-term hormone replacement partially restored the effects of gonadotrophin suppression. It was concluded that gonadotrophins regulate the maintenance of the TJ in rats in vivo. The third study used the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse, which is a naturally occurring model of gonadotrophin deficiency with inactive spermatogenesis. Claudin-11 in hpg mice was not localised at the TJs, and these were dysfunctional as shown by permeability to biotin. Following hormone treatment, TJs were structurally and functionally competent, demonstrating that gonadotrophins also regulate the formation of TJs in vivo. The fourth study subsequently analysed TJs in gonadotrophin suppressed men, and it was found that claudin-11 staining was reduced from continuous bands in control men, to punctate staining in gonadotrophin-suppressed men, demonstrating that gonadotrophins also regulate the localisation of claudin-11 to the TJ in men in vivo. In summary, it is concluded that the Sertoli cell TJ is hormonally regulated, and that the major contributors to TJ function in vivo and in vitro are claudin-11 and occludin. It is hypothesised that the reduction of claudin-11 localisation to the TJ in men may also result in a loss of human Sertoli cell TJ function, suggesting that the TJ may be a potential target of hormonal contraception in men.
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Sorli-Greze, Florence. "Valeur pronostique des hormones gonadotrophines au temps opératoire du cancer du sein." Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11011.

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Pinese, Marcos Eduardo. "Puberdade em marrãs: I - Efeito das gonadotrofinas na indução e sincronização do estro à puberdade. II - Efeito do \"flushing\" alimentar no ciclo anterior à primeira concepção. III - Avaliação da eficiência produtiva e reprodutiva das marrãs até 1º parto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-31082007-133526/.

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O estudo objetivou avaliar num programa biotécnico aplicado a uma granja comercial, os feitos combinados, emprego de gonadotrofinas e aplicação do \"flushing\". As gonadotrofinas empregadas na indução e sincronização do estro à puberdade em marrãs, aliado a ciclicidade até o 4º estro, correspondeu à aplicação ou não da combinação hormonal, 600 UI de eCG (Novormon®, Syntex S. A., Argentina) e após 72 horas, 2,5mg de LH porcino (Lutropin®, Vetrepharm Canadá Inc., Canadá). O \"flushing\" alimentar ou esquema alimentar adotado na granja, foi empregado no ciclo estral que antecedeu a primeira inseminação artificial, ocorrida aos 220 dias de idade das fêmeas. Os parâmetros analisados foram: taxa de concepção (TC), taxa de parto (TP), taxa de aproveitamento (TA) e tamanho de leitegada (TL), sendo esse último representado pelo número de leitões nascidos totais (NT), nascidos vivos (NV), natimortos (NM) e mumificados (MM). Foram utilizadas 119 leitoas híbridas, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2x2. O tratamento com hormônio mostrou percentual significativamente maior de fêmeas que manifestaram estro até o 5° dia de início da indução, em comparação com o tratamento somente com o estímulo do macho, 18,33% vs. 5,08%, respectivamente (P=0,0249). No intervalo seguinte de 18 - 30 dias após a indução, considerando variação do ciclo estral de 18 a 25 dias, a combinação hormonal revelou percentual significativamente maior comparado com o estímulo natural do macho, 48,33% vs. 16,94%, respectivamente (P=0,0003). Nos intervalos subseqüentes as diferenças não foram significativas. Não foi detectada interação significativa para os efeitos combinados gonadotrofinas e \"flushing\". Na análise das características em separado, não houve diferença significativa na taxa de concepção para os tratamentos combinação hormonal e estímulo do macho (96,23% vs. 94,00%, respectivamente), e tratamentos com \"flushing\" e esquema alimentar da granja (95,92% vs. 94,44%, respectivamente). Na taxa de parto, os percentuais embora não tenham revelado significância, mostraram diferenças numéricas, sendo o maior valor numérico representado pelo tratamento com hormônio em comparação com o macho, 92,45% vs. 80,00% respectivamente (P=0,0653). Quanto à taxa de aproveitamento das fêmeas, considerando a indução aos 153 dias de idade das marrãs até o parto, da mesma maneira evidenciou-se diferença numérica mostrando o tratamento com hormônio percentual maior em comparação com macho, 81,67% vs. 67,80%, respectivamente (P=0,0815). Não houve diferença significativa nos tratamentos relacionados à aplicação do \"flushing\" e esquema alimentar da granja, 70,00% vs. 79,66%, respectivamente. Não foi evidenciada diferença significativa quanto ao total de nascidos, nascidos vivos, natimortos e mumificados, para os dois fatores. Destacou-se diferença numérica de 0,75 leitões a mais no total de nascidos para o tratamento com hormônio, não havendo diferença significativa quando considerado o fator \"flushing\". A analise econômica feita pelas observações obtidas no presente estudo, considerando taxa de aproveitamento do parto e total de nascidos, destaca benefício financeiro apresentado através do valor presente líquido (VPL) para a combinação hormonal de $1.862,75, enquanto que o tratamento que utilizou indução somente com o macho, revelou um VPL negativo de $2.845,55. Conclui-se que houve efeito positivo das gonadotrofinas (eCG e LH) na indução e sincronização do estro à puberdade o qual pode ser associado, na menor dispersão da ciclicidade das marrãs até o quarto estro, no menor número de fêmeas descartadas até o primeiro parto e na vantagem econômica com base na taxa de aproveitamento das fêmeas até o parto e total de leitões nascidos.
The objective of the study was to investigate in a biotecnical program applied in a commercial breeding unit, the effects of the gonadotrophins (eCG and LH) on puberty estrus inductions and synchronization in gilts followed by their ciclicity. The investigation included the use of flushing on preceding oestrus cycle to first artificial insemination (IA). The traits analised were: conception rate, farrowing rate, the percentage of animals that started the experimental period and stayied to first farrowing, and litter size. The experiment used 119 hybrid gilts on 153 days of age. The experimental design was entirely random in a factorial arrangement 2x2. One factor corresponding to the gonadotrophin (H) application or the male (M) induction only. The hormonal treatment utilized a combination of 600 UI of eCG (Novormon®, Syntex S. A., Argentina) and 72 hours lates, 2,5 mg of LH (Lutropin®, Vetrepharm Canadá Inc., Canadá). The other factor corresponds to the flushing application in a restriction - ad libitum regimen (R) or a flushing application based on a lactation diet offered in an ad libitum regimen in the breeding unit (B). This factor was applied in the oestrus cycle that preceded first artificial insemination, occurring at 220 days of age. Our results identified,18,33% hormonal treatment of females showing apparent estrus compared to 5% in treatment that used only the male induction. From 18 to 30 days after induction, considering the estrus interval variation about 18-25 days, the hormonal treatment showed significant percentage more than the male induction (48,33% vs. 16,94%, respectively). In the following intervals the differences weren\'t statiscally significant. The cumulative percentuals until 30 days and 90 days periods, the values were 71,67% vs. 69,49% and 91,67% vs. 94,92%, respectively, for hormonal treatment and male induction. There wasn\'t significant interation for reproductive traits. There wasn\'t significant difference on the conception rate, when you considered the factors separately, hormonal treatment (H) and male (M) induction (96,23% vs. 94,00%, respectively) and flushing (R) and the regime adapted in the breeding unit (B) (95,92% vs. 94,44%, respectively). While the farrowing rate hasn\'t showed significance, there was umerical differences in favour of hormonal treatment against male induction (92,45 %vs 80,00%, respectively) (P=0,0653). Considering the period since induction (153 days of age) until parturition, the percentual of hormonal treatment group was superior compared to the male induction group (81,67% vs. 67,80%, respectively) (P=0,0815). However, the percentual was some flushing (R) and the regimen assumed in the breeding unit (G) (70,00% vs. 67,80%, respectively). There wasn\'t significant difference related to total born, born alive, stillborn and mummified fetus on both factors. It is important to emphasize the numerical differences of 0,75 total born piglets in favor of the hormonal groups. There wasn\'t any difference on the flushing factor. The economical analyses, considering the period since induction until parturition and total born piglets suggested a financial benify to the hormonal treatment compared to the male induction.
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Saddick, Salina Yahya. "Effect of the reproductive cycle on morphology and activity of the ovarian surface epithelium in mammals." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4713.

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The layer of cells lining the outer surface of the mammalian ovary, the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE), is a constant feature throughout the dynamic tissue remodeling that occurs throughout the reproductive cycle (follicle growth, ovulation, corpora lutea formation and pregnancy). Abnormal development of these cells is responsible for 90% of all epithelial ovarian cancers in women and epidemiological studies have shown that susceptibility to ovarian cancer is negatively correlated with increasing pregnancy. Little is known about how OSE cells are affected at each stage of the cycle, so the main aim of this study was to determine how the reproductive cycle affected proliferation and degeneration of OSE cells. This study utilised three animal models each with a different type of reproductive cycle: a mono-ovular seasonal breeder (Sheep), a mono-ovular polyoestrous breeder (Cow) and a poly-ovular non human primate (marmoset) to allow comparisons to be made. Comparison of OSE proliferative activity was made in sheep and marmoset at each stage of the cycle including pregnancy and anoestrous. The bovine model was used to investigate apoptotic cell death. Proliferative activity of somatic cells within the sheep ovary was monitored throughout the reproductive cycle by detection of cell cycle markers PCNA and Ki67 using immunohistochemistry. The pattern of OSE proliferation was correlated with the pattern of follicle development at each stage (sheep and marmoset). During pregnancy cell proliferation was significantly lower in OSE and in granulosa cells, reflecting a suppression of mature follicle development during these stages whereas in cycling animals proliferation was increased. Differences in OSE proliferation were observed in relation to the local underlying tissue environment in both sheep and marmoset. Epithelial cell rupture and regeneration enhanced the hormonal mitogenic action on epithelial cells, which showed highest proliferation over corpora lutea in each animal model. To test the hypothesis that these changes are mediated by hormones or growth factors ovine OSE cells were cultured and proliferative activity monitored after treatment with several factors: fetal calf serum (FCS), follicular fluid from follicles of varying sizes, corpora lutea extracts, recombinant human IGF-1, oestradiol and progesterone. IGF alone was demonstrated to have an affect on increasing proliferation of cultured OSE cells. Levels of FSHr and LHr were monitored by quantitative real- time PCR and it was demonstrated that the concentration of gonadotrophin receptors in OSE, increased prior to and after ovulation, at which time the in vivo OSE proliferation also peaked. The in situ apoptosis index was determined in bovine tissue using TUNEL throughout the regular cycle, and at mid and late-pregnancy stages. The results showed that pregnancy induced apoptotic activity in OSE cells and up regulated the tumour suppressor gene p53. Cultured bovine OSE cells also exhibited an increased level of apoptosis following progesterone treatment. Since p53/p53 gene expression in OSE over the corpora lutea producing progesterone also increased, this progesterone-mediated apoptosis may be mediated through an up-regulation of p53 synthesis. The effect of pregnancy and low production of gonadotrophins in the regulation of OSE cell morphology and activity was further investigated in the marmoset monkey (a non-human primate) treated with GnRH antagonist and infused with BrdU to monitor proliferative activity. OSE proliferation was correlated to ovarian events (follicular growth, ovulation and luteinization) and this was suppressed during pregnancy. Inhibition of gonadotrophin secretion by treatment with a GnRH antagonist also markedly inhibited OSE proliferation. Taken together these studies support the hypothesis that pregnancy and periods of anovulation reduce proliferation of OSE cells and alter the pattern of apoptotic cell death and that this effect is independent of species and reproductive pattern. Suppression of gonadotrophins and other growth factors during pregnancy could enhance p53-mediated apoptosis of damaged and mitogenic cells arising from repeated ovulations. This effect may partly explain why increasing number of pregnancies in woman reduces the chance of epithelial ovarian cancers.
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Books on the topic "Gonadotrophins"

1

Wood, Anita Margaret. The control of human granulosa-lutein cell growth and function by gonadotrophins and insulin-like growth factor-1. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1993.

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Emperaire, Jean-Claude. Pratique de la stimulation ovulatoire par les gonadotrophines. Paris: Springer Paris, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0398-2.

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Goodman, Stephanie Robin. Effects of gonadotrophin releasing hormone on growth hormone release in the rat. [New Haven, Conn: s.n.], 1993.

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Saade, Georges. The regulation of luteinizing hormone and prolactin gene expression by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and gonadal steroids in mice. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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Elgendy, Manal. Minimising the dose of gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist [GnRHa] and recombinant follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] used for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in in-vitro fertilisation. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2001.

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The HCG diet book of secrets: Stabilizing after HCG and staying slim forever. Houston, Tex: Harmonious Clarity Group, LLC., 2011.

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Dohle, Gert R. Surgical treatment of male infertility. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0097.

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Surgical treatment of male infertility is indicated in men with obstructive azoospermia due to epididymal and vassal blockage, in infertile men with a varicocele and oligozoospermia, and to harvest spermatozoa for future intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Testis biopsy may be performed in men with normal testis volume and normal gonadotrophins to confirm the diagnosis of obstructive azoospermia. Furthermore, testis biopsies are indicated in men with risk factors for testis cancer, such as infertility and ultrasonograhic abnormalities.Varicocele repair seems effective in case of an infertility duration of at least 2 years, oligozoospermia, and otherwise unexplained infertility in a couple. The advantages of surgery in these couples are a fair chance of spontaneous pregnancies at relative low cost and with less obstetric problems and birth defect compared to pregnancies from IVF procedures.
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Yves, Combarnous, Volland-Nail Patricia, and Institut national de la recherche agronomique (France), eds. Les Gonadotropines. Paris: Institut national de la recherche agronomique, 1997.

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9

EMPERAIRE, Jean-Claude. Pratique de la Stimulation Ovulatoire Par les Gonadotrophines. Springer, 2014.

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Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins. Springer, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gonadotrophins"

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Christin-Maitre, Sophie. "Gonadotrophins." In Infertility in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 153–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45534-1_12.

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Vemer, H. M., and E. H. Houwink. "Safe Gonadotrophins." In Advances in Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 53–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0645-0_6.

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Buckler, John M. H. "Urinary Gonadotrophins." In A Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Growth, 151–58. London: Springer London, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1721-6_12.

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Homburg, Roy. "Gonadotrophins for Ovulation Induction." In Ovulation Induction and Controlled Ovarian Stimulation, 121–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05612-8_13.

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Butt, W. R., and A. C. Crooke. "Chromatography of Urinary Gonadotrophins." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Bioassay of Anterior Pituitary and Adrenocortical Hormones (Colloquia on Endocrinology, Vol. 5), 44–51. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470718834.ch6.

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McNielly, A. S., J. M. Wallace, and D. T. Baird. "Induction of Ovulation in Anoestrous Ewes Using Gonadotrophins." In Endocrine Causes of Seasonal and Lactational Anestrus in Farm Animals, 66–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5026-9_8.

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Moricard, R. "Effects of Chorionic and Equine Gonadotrophins on Hypophysectomized Immature Rats." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Bioassay of Anterior Pituitary and Adrenocortical Hormones (Colloquia on Endocrinology, Vol. 5), 33–43. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470718834.ch5.

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Loraine, J. A. "Clinical Applications of the Assay of Pituitary and Placental Gonadotrophins." In Ciba Foundation Symposium - Bioassay of Anterior Pituitary and Adrenocortical Hormones (Colloquia on Endocrinology, Vol. 5), 58–73. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470718834.ch8.

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Hamburger, Christian. "Gonadotrophins in Cases of Hydatidiform Mole and Chorionepithelioma of the Uterus." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 190–93. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719084.ch13.

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Hamburger, Christian. "Gonadotrophins, Androgens and Oestrogens in Cases of Malignant Tumours of the Testis." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 200–207. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470719084.ch15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gonadotrophins"

1

Liang, Zhe-Hao, and Wei Lu. "Prediction of the basic gonadotrophic hormone levels in girls with precocious puberty using ultrasonic union artificial neural network." In 2011 Seventh International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2011.6022283.

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Cruz, MRS, E. Motta, EMK Silva, SG Bernardo, and AN Atallah. "P5-23-04: Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Analogues for Ovarian Function Preservation in Women with Premenopausal Breast Cancer Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." In Abstracts: Thirty-Fourth Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 6‐10, 2011; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs11-p5-23-04.

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Soni, Abhishek, Nupur Bansal, A. K. Dhull, Vivek Kaushal, and A. K. Chauhan. "Pure primary non gestational choriocarcinoma ovary – diagnostic dilemma and treatment intricacy." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685331.

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Introduction: Germ cell tumors of the ovary include all neoplasm derived from primordial germ cells of the embryonal gonad. Five percent of germ cell tumors are malignant, representing three to five per cent of all ovarian carcinomas of which pure primary non-gestational ovarian choriocarcinoma accounts for less than one per cent of ovarian tumors. Primary choriocarcinoma of ovary could be gestational or nongestational in origin. They pose diagnostic challenges in reproductive age group patients because of elevated human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Non-gestational choriocarcinoma (NGCO) is resistant to single agent chemotherapy, requiring more aggressive combination chemotherapy post surgery. Due to the rarity of the disease, this article reviews the treatment protocol for NGCO. Methods: All the articles related to choriocarcinoma of ovary at Pubmed, Google scholarly article and Scopus were assessed and reviewed and their references were also reviewed and included in this article. Discussion: Clinical diagnosis of NGCO is often challenging because the clinical symptoms are often nonspecific and can mimic other, more common conditions that occur in young women, such as a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, tuboovarian abscess, ovarian torsion, and ectopic pregnancy. The symptoms of vaginal bleeding, elevated hCG level, pelvic pain, and an adnexal mass often lead to incorrect diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, threatened or incomplete abortion, cervical polyp, or other types of malignancy. Non-gestational choriocarcinomas have been found to be resistant to single agent chemotherapy, have a worse prognosis, and therefore require aggressive combination chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy with the EMA (etoposide 100mg/m2, methotrexate 100mg/m2, actinomycin-D 0.5mg) regimen may be given, for six to nine courses at seven days interval. Studies suggest that the disease responds well to the combination of surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. However, long term effects of such therapy should be further studied with more cases. Conclusion: Because of the small number of patients with pure ovarian choriocarcinoma, a consensus on the treatment regimen including surgery and chemotherapy is lacking. Surgery with adjuvant combination chemotherapy is the standard treatment of choice.
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