Academic literature on the topic 'GOMTI RIVER'

The studied section of the river Buriganga besets with urban catchment contained higher values of pH, alkalinity, CO2, conductivity, TDS, SRP, SRS and NO3-N concentration compared to its counterpart, namely a section of the river Gomti having rural catchment characteristics. The mean values for a period of six months for the river Buriganga were 8.34, 1.48 meq/l, 8.49 mg/l, 686 μS/cm, 155.17 mg/l, 493 μg/l, 36.07 mg/l and 810.28 μg/l for pH, alkalinity, CO2, conductivity, TDS, SRP, SRS and NO3-N, respectively. While the same for the river Gomti was 7.86, 1.18 meq/l, 5.42 mg/l, 284.44 μS/cm, 79.91 mg/l, 188.37 μg/l, 26.41 mg/l and 203.99 μg/l, respectively for pH, alkalinity, CO2, conductivity, TDS, SRP, SRS and NO3-N. In the river Gomti, the concentration of DO was better (7.87 mg/l) compared to that of river Buriganga (5.53 mg/l). Because of a hilly origin of the river Gomti and availability of sediments in its water, the underwater light climate was poor compared to the river Buriganga. The Secchi depth recorded for Gomti and Buriganga were 0.26 and 0.54 m, respectively. Both the rivers were found diatom dominant in terms of population but the species prevailed were different. Fragillaria virescens Ralfs was the dominant diatom of the river Buriganga. Its density ranged from 6.5-11.09×105 ind/l which was the highest compared to the population of all other groups of potamoplankton. In Gomti another diatom namely, F. pinnata Ehrenberg was dominant and the density of which ranged from 8.45 - 12.65 × 105 ind/l. Community structure of the potamoplankton revealed 30 species from the river Buriganga and 22 species from Gomti. The study reveals that relatively higher concentration of nutrients prevails in the water of the river course having urban catchment characters compared to the rural ones. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 27(2): 191-200, 2018 (July)

Abstract The variations in pH and Dissolve Oxygen (DO) concentrations were analysed in surface river water samples for three seasons Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Autumn (January to December 2022) for four major rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti and Hindon flowing through Uttar Pradesh, India. For river Ganga pH range varied from 7.65 to 8.47 and DO varied from 6.4mg/l to 9.26mg/l. For river Yamuna pH range varied from 7.31 to 10.5 and DO varied from 0 to 8.1mg/l. Gomti river showed, pH range between 7.2 to 8.48, while DO varied from 0.63mg/l to 8.4mg/l. For, river Hindon, pH varied from 6.8 to 7.66 and DO observed was between 0 to 1.8mg/l. Correlation Matrix showed a significant weak positive correlation between pH and DO for all three seasons for rivers Ganga and Yamuna, while river Gomti showed a significant weak positive correlation in Pre-Monsoon and Monsoon season, and a weak negative correlation in Autumn lastly river Hindon showed weak negative correlation between pH and DO for Pre-Monsoon, and Monsoon and a weak positive significant correlation for Autumn season. Dissolved Oxygen was found in good concentration in river Ganga, and almost nilfor river Hindon. An increasing trend line for DO was observed for rivers Ganga and Yamuna while river Gomti showed a constant trend line lastly river Hindon showed almost nil DO. This study helped to identify the variations of pH and DO, and also to find the correlation between them for Pre-Monsoon, Monsoon and Autumn seasons for the river water samples. The study will prove helpful for designing of water treatment plants accompanying seasonal variations.

Water is very essential for all forms of life. Most of the time our civilizations were generated on the water bank. The Gomati river is located in south of the Himalayan foot hills near Madhogani Tanda village in Pilibhit district in northern Uttar Pradesh. It flows southeastward for almost 940 km through nine districts of Uttar Pradesh. Large amounts of human waste, agricultural and industrial pollutants are discharged in this river as it flows through the highly populated regions of Uttar Pradesh. Lakhimpurkheri, Lucknow, Sultanpur and Jaunpur are major cities located along this river; they are a major source of municipal and domestic waste and sewage water causing pollution in this river. However in recent times, the conditions of water quality are very badly affected. The reasons for this due to increase in population growth, rapid industrialization and agriculture methods resulting deterioration of water quality. The water pollution has many negative consequences such as destruction of marine habitat, development of various fatal human diseases such as cholera, malaria, tuberculosis, etc. Therefore, water pollution is indeed a major and serious global topic of concern. Water Pollution matters because it harms the environment on which we depend. Destroying the environment ultimately reduces the quality of our own lives. Research survey concluded that large number of drains are responsible for pollution in river Gomti that enter directly into the river carrying untreated industrial and domestic waste. In this present article, an attempt is being made to review the various steps should be taken on personal basis to tackle the problem of Gomti river water pollution.

Gomti River is the lifeline for Lucknow and is a major source of water for domestic use. Over the years extensive urbanization in Lucknow city has changed the characteristics of Gomti River due to disposal of untreated wastes, which mainly include sewage, solid sludge and hospital wastes. This has caused the degradation of Gomti River resulting in aquatic pollution. The river water is extensively used for washing, bathing, recreational and religious activities. In the present paper we are presenting the findings pertaining to different physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, which have been assessed to determine the impact of socio-biological activities on the quality of river water. For this sampling of water has been done from six different sites at three points of every site, in the month of June, 2006 from Gomti River. Hardness of water samples ranged from 315.00-643.00 mg/l. the pH values of water ranged from 8.60- 8.90. The total dissolved solids varied from 230.40-530.50 mg/l and the dissolved oxygen of water varied between 0.00-4.80 mg/l. The chloride concentration varied between 99.30- 224.30 mg/l and the alkalinity of water samples ranged between 307.70-480.00 mg/l, the nitrate of water samples varied from 11.8- 18.6 mg/l. The fluoride concentration water sample was 0.58- 1.15 mg/l. The bacteriological examination of water yielded the results that >1600/100 ml of coliform 1600-> 1600/ 100 ml of fecal coliform were present in the water samples. These results have been clearly shown that the water of Gomti River is severely affected by various socio-biological activities around sampling site.

Abstract: Urban waste water generation per day in Lucknow city is 84 MLD and the treatment capacity of this urban waste water is 446 MLD and 445 MLD urban waste water flows in Gomti River and 339 MLD urban waste water partially treated. Some waste water is recycled by Water treatment plant which are treating 560 MLD urban waste water and remaining are polluted to ground and as well as gomti river.to achieve 100% recycling and treatment we need a action plan for it. The formation of Lucknow municipal board took place in 1882, while as the water supply demand is fulfilled by tube wells, river Gomti, Sharda Sahayak feeder canal, aquifers, and so on, the maximum source of intake is Gomti which is geographically distinguished as Cis and Trans Gomti. The Cis Gomti side is comparatively lower than the area on Trans Gomti side. Since the city is located on alluvial aquifers of Indo-Gangetic plain, where due to easy accessibility, private tube well construction activity is going on unchecked, especially in residential colonies and multi-storeyed buildings, and this is the reason why the private tube wells/borings have almost mushroomed in this capital city. This has led to heavy pumpage/continuous abstraction of groundwater resources, widespread depletion of aquifers and as a result, going down of groundwater levels drastically to almost unsustainable levels, from where it seems very difficult that the depleted conditions of ground water could ever improve (6). The water supply network depends on sources like tube wells, river Gomti and the Sharda Sahayak feeder canal. The distribution of water supply has a very vast network and it is reported to be 2884 km. The rate of water supply is assumed to be 150 LPCD and water demand is calculated accordingly, The availability of water, as reported by Jawaharlal Nehru national urban and rural mission (JNNURM) on November 2016, was 619 MLD from various sources, however, it keeps fluctuating as the city is more vulnerable to migration from other parts of state. Keywords: urban waste water, waste water recycling, reuse of waste water, sewage treatment plant

The Gomti originates from Gomat Taal (Fulhaar jheel) near Madho Tanda, Pilibhit, India. It extends 960 km through Uttar Pradesh and meets the Ganges near Saidpur, Kaithi, 27 km from Varanasi district. The Earth is facing issues with a large kind of pollutants. Healthy soil, clean water, and air are very much necessary to live properly. In today’s world, Soil, water, and air are not any longer clean and pure however create human health risks. Gomti receives immense quantities of untreated waste, agricultural runoff, brings heaps of pesticides, fertilizer, street washout's transportation oil, asphalt, sediment, and lots of sorts of serious metals from different sources. The study area covers the Gomti River in part of Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh lies between 80.899893 to 80.968180 N latitude 26.886799 to 26.833321 E longitude. To thoroughly investigate the Physico- Chemical Parameters in the Gomti River of Lucknow city, a total of eight sampling sites were selected between Guaghat upstream and Piparaghat. Samples are collected and analyzed from the proposed locations. The Physico-chemical parameters in the water of river Gomti were assessed to know about the water quality of the river. Parameters like temperature, TSS, TDS, pH, Hardness, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Nitrate, Chlorine, Alkalinity, Calcium, Magnesium, BOD, COD were determined. After analysis of the parameters in the laboratory, variation of the parameters at a different location is analyzed. We present this variation through the graphs. Variation of many of the parameters is within limit according to the standards limit but some parameters show the excess pollution in the river. Dissolved Oxygen is zero at three sites and other three sites it is below 3 PPM which shows the pollution in water. It could be due to the high discharge of water from the catchment area, industries, and various drains. We also analyzed the correlation between the parameters. It will help to know the variation in any parameters by changing the value of other parameters.

Abstract: This study set out to ascertain the degree of contamination in the Kukrail Nala and how much it contributed to the pollution of the Gomti River. The Kukrail Nala begins in the Kukrail Forest and confluences with the Gomti River after travelling approximately 26 kilometres, passing through the centre of the city. As a result, the Kukrail Nala's pollution will have an impact on the health of Citizens, particularly those who live nearby. The Gomti River and Kukral Nala run through Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh. Due to human involvement and the discharge of municipal and industrial trash, Kukrail Nala and Gomti River, located in the centre of the Ganga Plain, suffered severe damage downstream of Lucknow. The nala is extremely contaminated, with high levels of Biochemical oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical oxygen demand(COD), even in the summer. Due to the extremely low and almost negligible flow of the Kukrail Nala, it is likely that the pollution may percolate there and eventually reach the ground water. People who live close to the nala regularly depends upon the groundwater for various activities like drinking, bathing and other household activities ground water, which could have an impact on their health. Speaking of more than just humans, it also harms animals within and outside of water bodies. The way that technological advancements are affecting everyone's lives is having a tremendously negative impact on natural resources. This study focuses on the extent to which Kukrail Nala has been dangerously exploited and how it may have an impact on other larger water sources and as well effect being associated with these water bodies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the current state of water in the Gomti River along the Lucknow stretch. Physio-chemical characteristics, levels of organic materials, various heavy metals and sewage pollution and their variation have been studied from top to bottom over Lucknow, and the study shows that water quality from Gaughat to Gomti barrage has deteriorated due to discharge of untreated waste from about 26 major drains throughout its course. The water of Gomti river of Lucknow i.e. Gaughat showed minimum pH 7.55 and maximum pH 8.58 of mohanmeakin, minimum dissolved oxygen 1.7 mg/lit of Parag factory and maximum 4.0mg/lit of kudiyaghat minimum TDS is 357.5 mg/lit in ghaughat and maximum 620 mg/lit in parag factory, minimum arsenic 0.029 mg/lit kudiyaghat and maximum 0.079 mg/lit in daligaunj and chloride minimum 3.059 mg/lit in Gaughat and maximum 88.157mg/lit in pakkapul. But due to presence of 26 drains the dissolved oxygen level decreases with its stretch and showed minimal DO at Laxmanamela Park.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential impact of human-induced intervention on hydrological regimes of Gomti river, one of the important tributaries of the Ganga Alluvial Plain in India aiming at an overall assessment of the status quo. Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology includes following four components: study of basin morphology, sub-surface geology and sediments profile of Gomti river; a comparison of LANDSAT satellite data of 1978 and IRS-1C/LISS-III satellite data of 2008 to study the changes occurring in the built-up area, forest and water bodies of the basin; study of flow patterns in different stretches of river Gomti from 1978 to 2012; and water quality assessment at different sites from origin of the river to its confluence in the Ganges. Findings – The paper shows that over the years, the water source in the tributaries feeding the river Gomti has shrunk, reducing the flow in the river. A steady increase in developed land area due to rapid urban sprawl has occurred in recent decades, due to which forest cover and wetlands are decreasing, the river and floodplains are getting fragmented, the hydromorphology changed considerably and several tributaries are getting dried as a result of indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater. There is no flow in the initial 57 km stretch of the river with wide encroachment in active floodplains. Groundwater over-extraction to meet the demands of increasing population and intensive agriculture has led to reduction in base-flows and in some reaches even negative. Extensive land-use changes in the Gomti river basin (GRB) severely impact the river and floodplain connectivity, the impacts are already evident as several tributaries are getting dried during the non-monsoon months. Research limitations/implications – The information provided by the paper for GRB is significant for the understanding of the basin and to formulate integrated management and development plan of the basin. Significant changes have taken place in the GRB over the recent past and are still continuing. Because of the chosen river basin and the site-specific research approach, the research results may lack generalization. However, it provides a general framework of analysis which could be applied to other regions. Practical implications – River channels with their floodplains and adjoining ecosystems have to be addressed as interconnected ecological entity in a holistic way. This requires comprehensive observations of the river systems and catchment characteristics using long-term data. The paper could be used as the starting point in the development of management and development strategies for the basin. Originality/value – River and its floodplain offer multiple ecosystem services and deserve an integrated approach for their conservation and restoration. Conservation and protection of ecologically intact river-floodplain systems is extremely important and urgently needs integrated planning and management. This paper has adopted a integrated approach to study the integrity of river ecosystems and the potential pressures on them.

Many large and small rivers in Uttar Pradesh (India) pass through many cities and provide for the needs of their residents. However, the growing industrialization and urbanization in UP have resulted in a rapid deterioration of river conditions. River water quality is continuously declining, which has prompted numerous government agencies, NGOs, and researchers to conduct studies to address the issue. Some of the rivers, including Gomti, in UP, are among the most polluted rivers in India. The Gomti River routinely conveys pollutants from point and nonpoint sources throughout the river basin, including agriculture waste, sewage from households and offices, wastewater from industries, and other sources. Over the past few decades, the river Gomti has witnessed a surge in human activities, leading to a reduction in the flow of the river and a significant deterioration in its water quality. The objective of this study was to formulate a water quality management plan by assessing the existing condition and anticipated future state of water quality of the Gomti River, which flows through Lucknow, UP (India). The research was conducted to manage water quality in relation to assimilative capacity and climate change (effect of rising temperatures) by identifying, quantifying, and characterizing a subset of selected pollutants of river Gomti. This study is based on the physicochemical and biological monthly data from 2013-2017 for seven sampling stations collected from the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board (UPPCB), Lucknow (UP), which monitors the water quality along the Gomti River in Lucknow. The data sets were further investigated using descriptive statistics and multivariate statistical techniques (PCA and CA). One way ANOVA was used to assess seasonal and spatial variation. The Gomti River's water quality was evaluated using four distinct water quality indices (Arithmetic WQI, CPI, SPI, and CPCB-WQI). The results were integrated with GIS to delineate several zones based on the severity of pollution. Four WQIs (Arithmetic WQI, CPI, SPI, and CPCB-WQI) for the river Gomti were forecasted using statistical modeling to help with future water quality conditions and identification of the most appropriate WQI through model performance indicators or metrics. The assimilative capacity of the river was evaluated using DO and BOD, and statistical modeling was used to predict assimilative capacity for future scenarios. IX The assessment of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the river water samples revealed significant parameter ranges exceeding the prescribed limits (BIS, 2012/WHO, 2011), including those for DO, BOD, COD, EC, TA, TC, and FC. It is abundantly apparent from these findings that the water is unsafe for human consumption. It was established that the entire river stretch was severely polluted, and pollution levels increased from upstream to downstream (S1 to S7), demonstrating the impact of Lucknow’s rapid industrialization and urbanization. One-way ANOVA analysis concluded all parameters increase from S1 to S7 except for pH and DO, which exhibit steady declines from S1 to S7. All parameters show temporal and spatial variation, although only a few parameters, including EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, and Cl, also show annual variation. The main principal components contributing to the decline in water quality throughout the study were pH, Cl, DO, BOD, COD, TC, and FC, with a total variance of 54.65% in the dataset. These elements reflected sewage contamination and organic pollutants from residential wastewater. To prioritize control efforts concerning different pollution sources, the PCA helped locate the study area's point and nonpoint sources of pollution., Cluster analysis of the river Gomti identified three distinct clusters representing areas with moderate (S1, S2, S3, and S4), high (S5 and S6), and very high (S7) levels of pollution. This categorization can reduce monitoring stations, with one per cluster, cutting river sampling costs in resource-limited countries like India. To help policymakers and stakeholders understand how various policy initiatives affect the water quality of a water body, WQIs simplify complex data. All of the water samples fell into category E (>100), which is unsuitable for drinking and fish culture except at S1, S2, and S3 during the monsoon season, which falls under category D (75- 100), according to the results of the Arithmetic WQIs. At all sampling sites, the SPI value indicated very poor (1-3) status and could only be used for irrigation. The CPI value was found in three categories: qualified (0.41-0.8), basically qualified (0.81-1.0), and polluted (1.01-2.0) at different locations and months. The mean values of CPCB WQI at S1 and S2 lie under the category medium to good, Class - B (50-63), S3 and S4 under the category bad, Class - C (38-50), S5, S6, and S7 under category bad to very bad, Class - D & E (<38). It was also noticed that the river Gomti water was found in all categories classified by CPCB-WQI for different sampling stations. Station S7 recorded the highest value for all estimated WQIs. Statistical analysis further X corroborated that the WQIs increased from S1 to S7. PCA investigation further confirms that anthropogenic activities primarily contribute to the deterioration of this region's water quality. As a result, it can be argued that apart from S1 and S2, WQIs are high at all sampling stations. Statistical modeling for the period of 10 years (2018-2027) based on calculated data of WQIs (Arithmetic WQI, SPI, CPI and CPCB-WQI) reveals similar results as the baseline period (2013-2017). In the case of all four projected WQIs, the maximum value was observed at station S7, followed by the minimum value at S1, and it rose from S1 to S7. RMSE, MAPE, MAE, MaxAPE, and MaxAE were employed as model performance indicators or metrics to track the model's effectiveness. SPI and CPI were determined to be the most appropriate WQIs out of the four based on model performance indicators or metrics values. Gomti River has an average daily flow of 1,500 MLD, rising to 55,000 MLD after rains and dropping to 500 MLD during the summer, resulting in a reduction of assimilative capacity. The minimum DO concentration at all sampling stations was below the reference limit (4 mg/l), while the maximum DO concentration was well above it. The sampling station S7 had a lower minimum and maximum DO concentration than the reference limit. According to the CPCB’s best-use criteria (IS 2296: 1992), river water at selected sampling stations was inappropriate for all purposes in respect of BOD. DO concentrations at S5, S6, and S7 are excessively low for the predicted period (2018- 2027). At S1, DO concentrations are higher than the reference limit for the predicted period, whereas at S2, S3, and S4, higher in the wet season and lower in the dry season. BOD exceeds the reference level (2 mg/l) at all sample locations over the predicted period. The water quality profile of BWQI for the four different climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 (2040-2069), RCP 4.5 (2070-2099), RCP 8.5 (2040-2069), and RCP 8.5 (2070- 2099) are 38.79, 37.90, 37.75, and 34.83 respectively. It reveals that the BWQI is not significantly different from the previous scenario (2014-2017) as it lies in the bad (26- 50) category in the water quality classification; however, a slight decrease in BWQI is expected in the future under all scenarios. The selected WQIs have been studied through the GIS method. The maps of WQIs showed that 28 drains highly polluted the study area, discharging approximately 461.33 XI MLD wastewater. Therefore, the Gomti River water should not be used due to its high physicochemical and biological load. Prior treatment should be considered to meet water quality regulations, public expectations, environmental and public health concerns. Direct discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater into river through drains is the leading cause of the significantly polluted water quality. As a result, management alternatives are suggested to lessen pollution. A sufficient sewage treatment facility should be set up between S2 and S7. It is imperative to remove solid waste and to maintain adequate discharge at all times, particularly during the dry or non-monsoon seasons, to maintain its self-purification capacity.

This analysis was aimed to determine the current status of river Gomti along the Lucknow stretch. Physico-chemical characteristics, level of organic matter, various heavy metals and sewage pollution and their variation has been studied from upstream to downstream of Lucknow. Gaughat is upstream region and Pipraghat is downstream of Lucknow. Analysis has been done from upstream to downstream regions of the river. Water samples are subjected to analysis like BOD and DO. Study concluded that large number of drains are responsible for pollution in river Gomti that enter directly into the river carrying untreated industrial and domestic waste. Some other causes are like removal of solid wastes at pumping stations is still manual, sometimes pumping station does not work , so the sewage waste is by passed directly to the river Gomti or when most of the branch and trunk sewers do not function properly. Study indicates that the water quality has been deteriorated from Gaughat to Pipraghat due to discharge of untreated waste water from about 26 major drains in its entire course. Water of the river Gomti at upstream of Lucknow i.e.Gaughat showed minimum BOD and maximum dissolved oxygen. But due to the presence of 26 drains dissolved oxygen level decreases along its stretch and showed minimum DO at Pipraghat.

Este trabalho é o resultado de um estágio realizado em Timor-Leste, na Missão Agrícola Portuguesa (MAPTL), integrado no Projecto de Ermera. Em primeiro lugar é feita uma caracterização geral do território, dando especial ênfase à caracterização do clima. Foi feita uma classificação climática mais completa que as anteriores, visto que é baseada em séries de dados muito mais extensas. Posteriormente é feita uma análise e caracterização da bacia hidrográfica da ribeira Gomai, no suco de Matata (divisão administrativa), onde está em fase de aplicação um projecto de desenvolvimento rural da MAPTL (projecto de Matata). Neste capítulo, foca-se com pormenor a hidrologia desta bacia hidrográfica, com o intuíto de fornecer dados para uma melhor implementação do referido projecto. Por ultimo, é apresentado um relatório de parte do projecto de Matata já concluído. Este relatório diz respeito à reconstrução e melhoria de uma Estação de Benefício do Café (EBC), e de todas as infra-estruturas de apoio à mesma. Faz-se especial referência aos problemas encontrados nesta fase de implementação do projecto, tal como as soluções adoptadas para a sua resolução.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to check the level of surfactants particularly in drinking water, which can lead to toxicity in human body system. In this study, a total of 10 locations were selected to enumerate the concentration of surfactants and other physicochemical parameters with metals in the flowing water of river during pre-monsoon 2019. Analyzed result showed that the concentration of surfactants was significantly high and other parameters were also high. It was also found that river at the vicinity of town areas or midstream in the Lucknow city contained high amount of an anionic surfactants due to the nonpoint sources generated by human activities, low concentration was found in upstream, and average concentration was found in downstream, showing natural degradation of surfactants. The values of other parameters were higher than the prescribed limit, which is the serious problem for human being.

This paper presents an approach to show the water quality of the Gomti River at Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, by using the Qual2k modelling technique. The Gomti River originates in Gomat Taal, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India. In this paper, the Lucknow Gomti River stretch was considered for the water quality assessment. Water samples collected from ten sampling locations between Chhathghat and Mehndighat. The water were analysed on different parameters, namely electrical conductivity, hardness, nitrate, DO, TSS, etc. The results were taken as input in the Qual2k workbook. The analysed data were calibrated with Qual2k calibrated data and compared with Qual2k standard data in graphical form.

CONCORDE is the CONsortium for oil spill exposure pathways in COastal River-Dominated Ecosystems (CONCORDE), and is an interdisciplinary research program funded by the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) to conduct scientific studies of the impacts of oil, dispersed oil and dispersant on the Gulf’s ecosystem (Greer et al. 2018). A CONCORDE goal is to implement a synthesis model containing circulation and biogeochemistry components of the Northern Gulf of Mexico shelf system which can ultimately aid in prediction of oil spill transport and impacts. The CONCORDE Meteorological Analysis (CMA) is an hourly gridded NetCDF dataset which provides atmospheric forcing for the synthesis model. CMA includes a variety of parameters from multiple sources. The Real-Time Mesoscale Analysis (RTMA; De Pondeca et al. 2011) provides the surface momentum and the thermodynamic atmospheric data. The radiation parameters and total cloud cover percentage are from the North American Mesoscale (NAM) Forecast System fields. The hourly precipitation is extracted from the Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) Level-III. Gridded sea surface temperature fields (SST) are computed daily using a 10-day running mean of the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) SST product. The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment flux (COARE) algorithm calculates sensible heat flux and surface momentum stresses (Fairall et al. 2003). CMA’s spatial domain’s lowest west grid point is at 90.13°W, 29°N, and the highest east grid point is at 87.05°W, 30.94°N. The grid spacing is 0.01 degree, and the grid dimension is 309 by 195.