Academic literature on the topic 'Golf swing biomechanics'
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Journal articles on the topic "Golf swing biomechanics"
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Mears, Aimée, Jonathan Roberts, and Stephanie Forrester. "Matching Golfers’ Movement Patterns during a Golf Swing." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122452.
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The golf swing is a multidimensional movement requiring alternative data analysis methods to interpret non-linear relationships in biomechanics data related to golf shot outcomes. The purpose of this study was to use a combined principal component analysis (PCA), fuzzy coding, and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) data analysis approach to visualise associations within key biomechanics movement patterns and impact parameters in a group of low handicap golfers. Biomechanics data was captured and analysed for 22 golfers when hitting shots with their own driver. Relationships between biomechanics variables were firstly achieved by quantifying principal components, followed by fuzzy coding and finally MCA. Clubhead velocity and ball velocity were included as supplementary data in MCA. A total of 35.9% of inertia was explained by the first factor plane of MCA. Dimension one and two, and subsequent visualisation of MCA results, showed a separation of golfers’ biomechanics (i.e., swing techniques). The MCA plot can be used to simply and quickly identify movement patterns of a group of similar handicap golfers if supported with appropriate descriptive interpretation of the data. This technique also has the potential to highlight mismatched golfer biomechanics variables which could be contributing to weaker impact parameters.
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Choi, Sung-Jin, Jong-Jin Park, and Dong-Ho Yang. "Biomechanics analysis by golf drive swing pattern." Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 12, no. 2 (August 30, 2002): 259–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5103/kjsb.2002.12.2.259.
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Adlington, Gregory S. "Proper Swing Technique And Biomechanics Of Golf." Clinics in Sports Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 1996): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0278-5919(20)30155-1.
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Mahadas, Srikrishnaraja, Kausalendra Mahadas, and George K. Hung. "Biomechanics of the golf swing using OpenSim." Computers in Biology and Medicine 105 (February 2019): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.12.002.
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Meister, David W., Amy L. Ladd, Erin E. Butler, Betty Zhao, Andrew P. Rogers, Conrad J. Ray, and Jessica Rose. "Rotational Biomechanics of the Elite Golf Swing: Benchmarks for Amateurs." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 27, no. 3 (August 2011): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.27.3.242.
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The purpose of this study was to determine biomechanical factors that may influence golf swing power generation. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were examined in 10 professional and 5 amateur male golfers. Upper-torso rotation, pelvic rotation, X-factor (relative hip-shoulder rotation), O-factor (pelvic obliquity), S-factor (shoulder obliquity), and normalized free moment were assessed in relation to clubhead speed at impact (CSI). Among professional golfers, results revealed that peak free moment per kilogram, peak X-factor, and peak S-factor were highly consistent, with coefficients of variation of 6.8%, 7.4%, and 8.4%, respectively. Downswing was initiated by reversal of pelvic rotation, followed by reversal of upper-torso rotation. Peak X-factor preceded peak free moment in all swings for all golfers, and occurred during initial downswing. Peak free moment per kilogram, X-factor at impact, peak X-factor, and peak upper-torso rotation were highly correlated to CSI (median correlation coefficients of 0.943, 0.943, 0.900, and 0.900, respectively). Benchmark curves revealed kinematic and kinetic temporal and spatial differences of amateurs compared with professional golfers. For amateurs, the number of factors that fell outside 1–2 standard deviations of professional means increased with handicap. This study identified biomechanical factors highly correlated to golf swing power generation and may provide a basis for strategic training and injury prevention.
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Pearce, B. "Gluteus medius kinesio-taping: the effect on torso-pelvic separation, ball flight distance and accuracy during the golf swing." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 27, no. 4 (May 25, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2015/v27i4a1262.
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Background. The kinesio-taping method, which is becoming increasingly popular, may provide support and stability to joints and muscles without inhibiting range of motion. Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of kinesio-taping of the gluteus medius muscle on x-factor (torsopelvic separation), ball flight distance and accuracy (smash factor ratio). A specific aim was to determine whether a correlation exists between hip abduction strength and x-factor, ball distance and accuracy. Methods. This study is a one group pretest-posttest quasiexperimental design which took place at a golf facility. Twentynine amateur golfers with handicap of scratch ±2, who were between the ages of 18- and 25-years, participated in this study. Biomechanical outcomes were recorded with and without kinesio-tape applied on the gluteus medius muscle of the trail leg. Biomechanical golf swing analysis with the iClub™ Body Motion System determined the x-factor at the top of the backswing. Ball flight distance and accuracy were measured with FlightScope® and dominant hip abduction strength was measured with the MicroFET Hand-held Dynamometer. Results. Kinesio-tape is effective in improving the relative hip abduction strength (p<0.001), although the effect size was small (Cohen’s d=0.24). With regard to the biomechanical outcome measures, namely x-factor (p=0.28), ball flight distance (p=0.53) and accuracy (p=0.1), there was no significant improvement. Conclusion: Even though the relative hip abduction strength was improved, there was no effect on golf swing biomechanics. This can be explained due to the fact that x-factor, ball flight distance and accuracy are dependent on a combination of body movements to produce the golf swing. Keywords. Golf, X-factor, pelvic stability, taping
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Choi, Sung-Jin, and Jong-Jin Park. "Biomechanics analysis by success and failure during golf putting swing." Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics 12, no. 2 (August 30, 2002): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5103/kjsb.2002.12.2.279.
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Morrison, Andrew, Denise McGrath, and Eric S. Wallace. "Analysis of the delivery plane in the golf swing using principal components." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 4 (January 19, 2018): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117751729.
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Although the swing plane has been a popular area of golf biomechanics research, the movement of the club relative to the swing plane has yet to be shown experimentally to have a relationship with performance. This study used principal component and subsequent multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between the movement of the club relative to the delivery plane and clubhead characteristics at ball impact. The principal components reflected deviations from an individual swing plane, and lower values of these components were associated with less variability in the clubface impact location. In the event that a golf coach wants to improve the precision of ball striking, the results from this study suggest that both simplicity of the route and alignment of the club to the final trajectory before impact could be advantageous. However, this does not suggest that the technique should be based on a ‘model’ swing plane.
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Dale, R. Barry, and Jason Brumitt. "Spine biomechanics associated with the shortened, modern one-plane golf swing." Sports Biomechanics 15, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1159723.
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Lindsay, David M., Theo H. Versteegh, and Anthony A. Vandervoort. "Injury Prevention: Avoiding One of Golf's More Painful Hazards." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 4, no. 1_suppl (September 2009): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/174795409789577452.
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Although the sport of golf may be mistakenly perceived as a benign physical activity, there are in fact patterns of problems such as strains to the upper limb and low-back pain that have the potential to interfere with the professional golfer's livelihood and recreational golfer's enjoyment. In this article, a summary of the literature has been provided outlining the nature and extent of common musculoskeletal injuries that golfers deal with as well as some of the risk factors that may increase injury susceptibility. A detailed overview of prevention strategies to minimize the risk of suffering a golf injury has also been provided. Since many injuries arise from poor swing biomechanics, taking instruction with a knowledgeable golf instructor can be an important first step towards injury prevention. However, if a golfing client already has an injury which originated or is aggravated by playing or practicing, then the personalized help of a physician or physiotherapist experienced in golf biomechanics is also warranted. Proper attention to prevention will ensure a lifetime of enjoyable golf “par”ticipation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Golf swing biomechanics"
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Richardson, Ashley Kendall. "Biomechanics of the golf swing and putting stroke." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17194.
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Context: This thesis focused on two main areas of golf performance. Firstly, centre of pressure excursions influence on full golf swing performance, as despite golf coaching literature placing importance on weight transfer, literature into this mechanism is limited. Secondly, the area of the golf putt was examined; few studies have investigated the biomechanics into the putting stroke despite it being identified as the most important performance factor within golf. Areas of investigation were, centre of pressure excursions during the putting stroke, the impact point on golf ball and movement variability on performance outcomes being the ball roll kinematics. Aims: To examine biomechanical factors that influence golf performance. Centre of pressure excursion during the full golf swing and putting stroke were examined. Additionally, body segment kinematics and variability of rotations were correlated with putting performance outcomes. The impact point on the golf ball was considered as a mechanism that can cause variability of the kinematic ball roll. Subjects: All subjects used in this thesis were actively playing golf. Subjects were categorised using the golf handicap system. For studies assessing reliability, validity or isolating putter stroke kinematics a mechanical putting robot was used. Methods: Correlational research whereby no variables were manipulated was predominantly adopted throughout this thesis to establish relationships between biomechanical parameters and golf performance. Biomechanical parameters were assessed using the appropriate data collection and analysis techniques; this included the variability associated with segment rotations. Results: Significant differences were observed for the centre of pressure excursions along the mediolateral axis between three different golf clubs (full swing). For the putting stroke low handicap golfers demonstrated lower centre of pressure excursions along the anteroposterior axis in comparison to high handicap golfers, additionally, a large amount of inter-subject variability was observed for centre of pressure excursions. In regards to the impact point on the golf ball, significant associations were identified between impact variables and the performance measures horizontal launch angle and whether the ball was pushed or pulled, these results were not replicated with human participants. It was identified that the relationship between the centre of mass displacement and centre of pressure excursions is a complex one and that movement variability had a detrimental effect on the horizontal launch angle and therefore performance. Conclusions: The results from the full swing analysis of this thesis suggest that stance width may influence the amount of centre of pressure excursions that occur. For the golf putting stroke, golfers and coaches should reduce the amount of variability associated with the technique to improve performance. Regarding future scientific research, a combination of individual analysis accompanying group-based analysis should be utilised due to the large inter-subject differences observed.
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Bourgain, Maxime. "Analyse biomécanique du swing de golf." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0010/document.
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L'étude de la biomécanique du geste sport a pour double objectif d'améliorer la performance et de minimiser le risque de blessures. De multiples études ont appliqué les principes de la biomécanique au mouvement du swing de golf. Toutefois, des biais méthodologiques et un manque de consensus ont conduit à des résultats parfois contradictoires. Ainsi, l'objectif premier de cette thèse a été d'effectuer une analyse exhaustive de l'état de l'art de la biomécanique appliquée au swing de golf. Le second objectif a été de concevoir et de mettre en place un protocole expérimental qui permette l'analyse du swing de golf. Et le troisième objectif a été de développer les modèles et analyses permettant l'étude du swing de golf. Cette partie a été effectuée à l'aide du développement d'un modèle musculo-squelettique via le logiciel OpenSim.34 joueurs ont été analysés dans le cadre de cette thèse. Les analyses ont porté sur de multiples éléments : géométriques, cinématiques, dynamiques et énergétiques. Différents critères ont été pris en compte, dont certains couramment pris en compte dans l'analyse du swing de golf (e.g. X-factor), dans l'analyse du mouvement (e.g. dynamique articulaire), mais aussi de nouveaux critères tels que le moment moteur ou le moment cinétique moteur.Des perspectives en termes de transferts vers les équipes médicales et les entraîneurs ont été proposéesStudying biomechanics aspects of sport movements is aiming at improving performance and reducing injury risk. Several studies have used biomechanics concepts to study golf swing. However, several methodological biases and the lack of consensus have driven to contradictions. Thus, the first objective of this thesis was to do an exhaustive literature review of the biomechanics applied to golf swing. The second objective was to establish an experimental protocol for studying golf swing. And the third objective was to develop models and analysis to study golf swing. This part was done by a musculoskeletal model developed with OpenSim software.34 golf players have been analyzed for this thesis. Those analyses tackled multiples aspects : geometries, kinematics, kinetics and energetics. Several criteria have been taken into account, some from golf swing analysis (e.g. X-factor), from movement analysis (e.g. articular kinetics) and some new ones such as motor moment and motor kinetic moment.Perspectives for transferring results to medical staff and coaches were proposed
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Hooker, Quenten L. "THE EFFECTS OF GOLF STANCE ON THE PEAK KNEE ADDUCTION MOMENT DURING THE GOLF SWING." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/41.
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INTRODUCTION: The knee joint is one of the most frequently injured structures in the game of golf. The loads experienced by the knee during the golf swing are typically greater than those experienced during walking. In particular, a heightened lead limb peak external knee adduction moment has been linked to the progression of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). Altering movement patterns is a common strategy that can be used to reduce loading on the knee joint but has received little attention during the golf swing. Also, while such manipulations may be beneficial from an injury prevention perspective, they may have implications on golf performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects altering stance has on the peak knee adduction moment and swing speed during the golf swing.
METHODS: Twenty healthy subjects were recruited for a 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis wherein participants hit three golf shots using different stance positions in which either foot angle or stance width was altered. The following stance conditions were used: self-selected, 0º foot angle (perpendicular to target line), 30º foot angle (externally rotated), wide stance width, and narrow stance width
RESULTS: Both the 30º foot angle and the wide stance width significantly decreased (p < 0.001) the lead limb peak external knee adduction moment compared to the self-selected golf stance. In contrast, the narrow stance width significantly increased (p = 0.023) the peak knee adduction moment when compared to the self-selected stance. No significant differences were found in the peak knee adduction moment between the 0º foot angle and self-selected stance. Lastly, no significant differences (p = 0.109) were found in swing speed between any of the stance conditions.
CONCLUSION: The externally rotated foot position and wider stance width decreased the lead limb peak knee adduction moment without hindering performance. Considering the prevalence of injury to the lead limb knee joint, modifying a golfer’s stance could potentially be used to increase the longevity of their playing career.
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Betzler, Nils Florian. "The effect of differing shaft dynamics on the biomechanics of the golf swing." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2010. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/3743.
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The role of the shaft in the golf swing has been the subject of scientific debate for many years but there is little consensus regarding the effects of altering shaft bending stiffness. The aim of this thesis was to determine and explain the effects of changes in shaft stiffness on body kinematics, shaft strain and key performance indicators including club head speed, impact location on the club face and launch conditions. For this purpose, three clubs matched in all properties but shaft bending stiffness (l-flex (217 cpm), r-flex (245 cpm) and x-flex (272 cpm)) were instrumented with strain gauges. In an initial study, seventeen male golfers (handicap 1.8 ±1.9) tested these clubs, but no shaft effects on body kinematics, club head speed and ball launch conditions were identified. A follow-up study involved twenty skilled players (handicap 0.3 ±1.7), testing only the l- and x-flex clubs. Two optical motion capture systems were used to determine wrist angular kinematics, club head presentation and the ball's impact location on the club face. There was an effect of shaft stiffness on ball and club head speed, both of which increased by 0.7 % for the l-flex club (p = 0.008 and < 0.001, respectively). Two factors contributed to these increases: (i) a faster recovery of the l-flex shaft from lag to lead bending just before impact (p < 0.001); (ii) an increase of 0.5 % in angular velocity of the grip of the l-flex club at impact (p = 0.005). A difference in angular wrist kinematics between the two clubs was identified for two swing events and may have contributed to the increase in angular velocity. The face angle (p = 0.176) and the ball's impact location (p = 0.907 and p = 0.774) were unaffected by changes in shaft stiffness. Decreases in shaft stiffness were associated with significantly more shaft bending at the transition from backswing to downswing (p < 0.001), but the amount of lead bending at impact was found to be largely unaffected by shaft stiffness. The test protocol from the follow-up study was repeated using a golf robot, confirming the results for ball speed and wrist kinematics if the impact speed was set to replicate the mean club head speed achieved by the human players. Results from this thesis contradict the conventional view that reducing shaft stiffness leads to an increase in lead bending at impact and, consequently, to an increase in ball launch angle. Overall, these results suggest that it is unlikely that changes in overall shaft stiffness in themselves have a marked effect on driving performance.
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Ramos, Gonçalo de Brito. "Contributo para o desenvolvimento de um protocolo de análise cinemática para estudo e otimização do swing do golfe em contexto laboratorial." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Saúde, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/11116.
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Worsfold, Paul. "Biomechanical assessment of the shoe-surfact interface during the golf swing." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2006. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/837/.
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A successful golf swing is dependent on the performance of a complex sequential action. This movement involves the feet, knees, rotation of the hips and trunk, which result in a transmission of forces and torques between the feet/shoes and the ground (Williams and Sih, 1998). The aim of this thesis was to investigate golf shoe interface aspects relevant to the golf swing process. One flat-soled, one traditional and three alternative spiked golf shoe sole interfaces were evaluated. Using a mechanical traction-testing device, specific linear forces and rotational torques were applied to the forefoot and whole-foot of the five different golf shoe sole interface designs on a grass covered force platform. Greater linear and rotational ground action forces were identified within the traditional sole (whole-foot limiting friction 1.01) and alternative sole conditions (whole-foot limiting friction Blue 1.00, Red 1.02, Yellow 1.01) when compared to a flat-soled shoe (whole-foot limiting friction 0.88). The traditional shoe was also identified to frequently produce greater friction (forefoot limiting friction 0.97) in comparison to the alternative shoe soles (forefoot limiting friction Blue 0.92, Red 0.91, Yellow 0.91). Due to the mechanical nature of the study it was important to gain an understanding of how the golf shoe sole interface interacted with the ground and if between-shoe differences were repeated when subjected to dynamic human movement during the golf swing. Dynamic analysis of the five soles identified two between shoe-sole differences (P = <.OS); Driver back foot Tz range (BW.m) (Traditional shoe (IS.98 ± 1.11) was significantly different to the Blue alternative (12.77 ± .83) and flat-soled shoe (12.73 ± .8S)); and 7iron front foot, Mz maximum time (s) (Flat-soled shoe (1.39 ± .02) was significantly different to Blue (1.72 ± .03) Red (1.71 ± .03) and Yellow (1.72 ± .04) alternative spiked shoes). The low handicap group (0-7) produced significantly slower weight transfer times (s) when compared to the medium (8-14) and high (15+) groups within all club conditions (3iron Low 0.73 ± .03, Medium 0.43 ± .02 and High 0.41 ± .02; 7iron Low 0.76 ± .01 Medium 0.S4 ± .01 and High 0.54 ± .01; Driver Low 0.70 ± .01, Medium 0.48 ± .01 and High 0.43 ± .01). However, no significant differences in forces or torques were identified between handicap groups. The findings contradict the previous mechanical testing results concluding mechanical traction tests are not an appropriate test of between shoe differences when relating the findings to the golf swing. The differences in forces created between the shoe and ground identified between the mechanical and dynamic studies was a result of the adaptation by the golfer to the footwear condition. Dynamic in-shoe pressure analysis identified regional pressures created between the golfer and shoe throughout the swing process. The highest peak pressures (N/cm2 ) were associated with the lateral regions of the front-foot from the point of ball impact (Front foot Traditional (R5) 114.33 ± 6.29 N/cm2 Back foot Traditional (R5) 7.18 ± 1.07 N/cm2) supporting previous kinematic and ground action force findings. The traditional spiked shoe produced greater in-shoe pressures within the front foot lateral mid-foot region however all sole conditions provided significantly higher pressures within specific in-shoe regions at different stages of the swing process. The comparable between shoe findings support the previous dynamic findings. The thesis enhanced current understanding of between shoe-ground and shoe-golfer interactions. Different demands were placed on the front and back shoes during the golf swing highlighting the need for asymmetrical shoe sole designs. Limited differences were identified between the different shoe sole interface designs, concluding that golf shoe interface designs are not effective for the demands of the golf swing, subsequently shoe outsole modifications were suggested.
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Lagatorová, Sendi. "Problematika zranění pohybového aparátu u golfistů." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-330647.
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Title: Issues of the motion apparatus injuries among golf players Objectives: The goal of the work is to find out the most common health problems among golf players and possible preventative measures against their formation. Methods: The work is structured as a research, which has been created on the basis of an analysis of relevant sources. The literature, printed and electronic monographs and periodical were obtained from library catalogues and the Internet. The foreign studies were obtained from databases PubMed and SPORTDiscus. Results: The most common vertebrogenic difficulty among both amateur and professional golf players is low back pain (LBP). It appears more often among men than women. Specific issues are the overload of the paravertebral muscles, occurrence of the osteophytes and degenerative changes in the area of the facet joints and intervertebral disc. Other health problems among golf players are inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons, posterior glenohumeral subluxation, acromioclavicular disfunction, shoulder joint arthritis, stress fracture of the ribs, epicondylitis, and in the area of the wrist and arm of the golf players occur especially fractures, subluxation of the joints and overload of the tendons (especially adductors, flexors and extensors). Almost all the studies...
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Lagatorová, Sendi. "Fyzioterapie u golfistů s vertebrogenními obtížemi." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-310861.
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Title: Physiotherapy with golf players having vertebrogenic disorders Objectives: The goal of the work is to find out and analyze, from selected foreign studies, the causes of the development of the most common pathologies in the lumbar area of the spine in adults, professionals and amateurs and based on the evaluation of the studies suggest appropriate physiotherapeutic procedures to be used as a prevention against low back pain (further LBP). Methods: The work is structured as a research, which has been created on the basis of an analysis of relevant sources. The literature, printed and electronic monographs, textbooks and specialized periodical were obtained from bibliographical databases, library catalogues and the Internet. The work contains foreign studies from USA, Canada, England and Australia. The studies were obtained from specialized medical databases: PubMed, PEDro, EBSCO. Results: The main cause of the development of LBP in golf players is the full golf swing, especially the modern type of swing. The following pathologies mainly develop in the lumbar area of the spine within the golf players: hypertonus paravertebral muscles, prolapses of intervertebral disc, fatigue vertebrae fracture and artrophaty of facet joints. In the prevention of LBP we use physiotherapeutic processes based on...
Books on the topic "Golf swing biomechanics"
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Diovisalvi, Joey. Fix your body, fix your swing: The revolutionary biomechanics workout program used by tour pros. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010.
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Steve, Steinberg, ed. Fix your body, fix your swing: The revolutionary biomechanics workout program used by tour pros. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010.
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Diovisalvi, Joey. Fix your body, fix your swing: Workout secrets from the tour's top strength, conditioning, and biomechanics coach. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010.
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Chasan, Neil. Total conditioning for golfers: The Swing Reaction System, biomechanical golf fitness program. 2nd ed. Bellevue, Wash: Sports Reaction Productions, 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Golf swing biomechanics"
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Wells, Ada. "Kinesiology and Biomechanics of the Golf Swing." In Golf Injuries: Prevention & Management, 1–20. Orthopaedic Section, APTA, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17832/isc.2015.25.2.1.
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"How has biomechanics contributed to the understanding of the golf swing?" In Science and Golf II, 24–33. Taylor & Francis, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203474709-6.
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P. O’Brien, Conor. "Leading Wrist Injuries in a Golfing Population. Golf Swing Biomechanics a Significant Cause of Pathology." In Recent Advances in Sport Science [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96979.
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Golf participation has increased significantly over the past 50 years. Injury rates have mirrored this increase with amateur and elite golfers suffering a similar injury incidence to rugby players. The upper limb is the second most common anatomical site of injury in this population. Wrist injury and specifically the ulnar side of the leading wrist is the most prevalent. Leading wrist injuries affect the tendons, fibrocartilage, bones and neural structures that are located on the ulnar side of the wrist and hand as well as the soft tissue aponeurosis and bony and ligamentous canals that traverse the wrist joint. The most commonly injured lateral wrist structure is the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris tendon. This is particularly liable to injury due to the forces placed on it during the golf swing. Other structures on the medial side of the leading wrist associated with golf related injury and pathology include Triangular Fibro-cartilage, the hamate bone, the bony canals through which the nerves travel, as well as the flexor aponeurosis and Flexor Carpi Ulnaris tendon. Risk injury to the medial aspect of the leading wrist is increased by the newer golfing theories and techniques which endeavour to create increase golf club head speeds by storing greater energy by a phenomenon called “lag”. Lag results in greater speed as the club head releases at impact but results in injury to the medial wrist anatomical structures. Swing biomechanics, and their alteration and augmentation are a major factor in medial wrist injury. Diagnosis of these pathologies requires careful history and examination, as well as the use of radiology and electrodiagnostic medicine to confirm the pathology and degree. Treatment is targeted to the specific disability. Classical treatments are mostly employed and usually involve rest and anti-inflammatory treatments. Newer therapies such as Platelet Rich Plasma injection and Deep Oscillation therapy have proven beneficial. Splinting is often employed on return to play. Early diagnosis and cessation of the offending activity often allays the need for surgery. The rhyme that “minutes to diagnosis means weeks to recovery” is particularly apt for medial wrist golf injuries. Surgery will be required in long standing or chronic cases. Return to play, unlike many sports injuries, will require careful golf biomechanical assessment and alteration in swing dynamics. The objective of this chapter is to identify how the new biomechanical manipulation of the wrist and specifically the leading wrist has resulted in increased injuries to this anatomical structure. The type of injury, diagnosis and treatment is discussed in detail. Club head speed is generated through a combination of improved golf club equipment, golf payer fitness and manipulation of the golf club by the left wrist resulting in increased golf club lag and torque which all contribute to wrist injuries.
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"Estimating Lumbar Spinal Loads During a Golf Swing using an EMG-assisted Optimization Model Approach: Young-Tae Lim and John W. Chow." In International Research in Sports Biomechanics, 195–200. Routledge, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203714843-34.
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"A biomechanical analysis of the respiratory pattern during the golf swing." In Science and Golf II, 76–80. Taylor & Francis, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203474709-12.
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