Academic literature on the topic 'Golf club culture'

The hard, strong, very close-grained wood of common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.; Ebenaceae) is desirable for specialty products such as golf club heads, percussion sticks, billiard cues, and for wood turnery. The edible fruit of cultivated varieties is sold as pulp for use in puddings, cookies, cakes, and custards. Persimmon is usually propagated by grafting. Own-rooted clonal persimmon could offer several advantages to specialty fruit growers such as elimination of grafting, graft incompatibility issues, and improved rootstocks for variety testing. Four mature, grafted (male and female) persimmon genotypes and one hybrid were used for nodal explant culture. Nodal stem explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 10 μM zeatin, 3% (w/v) sucrose, and 0.7% (w/v) Bacto agar. Explants were routinely transferred to fresh medium every 3 weeks until shoot cultures were established. All nodal explants excised from grafted greenhouse plants produced at least one viable shoot. For in vitro rooting of microshoots, half-strength MS medium with 0, 5, 10, or 15 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 0.1 g·L−1 phloroglucinol, 3% (w/v) sucrose, and 0.7% (w/v) Bacto agar were tested with a 10-day dark culture treatment followed by culture in the light. Best rooting (14% to 87%) was achieved on medium containing 5 μM IBA for the common persimmon genotypes with means averaging from 0.5 to 3.9 roots per shoot. Ninety-one percent rooting with 5.3 ± 2.6 roots per shoot was achieved for the hybrid persimmon. Rooted plants were successfully acclimatized to the greenhouse.

The reclamation of Serangan Island in 1995-1998, resulted the physical change of the land that is to change the area of Serangan Island from 111 hectares to 481 hectares or to fourfold from the previous area, and to unite the area of the Serangan Island which on pre-reclamation in the form of island clusters. The first reclamation in Bali is of course due to a reasons, including the incompatibility of the initial planning objectives and the reality of post-reclamation, where most of the land becomes empty land, whereas the original idea was to build megawisata facilities such as golf, resorts, lagoon, yatch club , beach club house, superlot development in the form of villas, other tourism support facilities, and marina / ferry. The reclamation has resulted in changes in the physical condition of the land on a macro (global) and micro (detailed) basis. Based on this phenomenon, will be sought to know the things behind the changing physical condition of land pascareklamasi. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with observation technique, survey and document. Sampling is done by purposive sampling. The results of this study are the factors behind the physical change of land post-reclamation such as : physical conditon of land factors, economic, institutional and other factors such as social factors, culture, and belief or faith. Keywords: Influencing factors in physical changes of land, pre-reclamation, post-reclamation.

This article examines how class and gender hierarchies are reproduced through spatial dynamics among affluent golfers in contemporary Mexico City, using the concepts of collective visibility and invisibility. The analysis focuses on how class and gender principles make some sites and actions visible while reducing the perceptibility of other spaces and acts. To do so, the article addresses three questions: to what extent and in what ways are privileged social spaces, like golf clubs, exclusively organized by class principles? How do Mexican golfers understand the class and gender principles operating in golf clubs? And, how do multiple axes of differences inform space and spatial practices? The study is based on an ethnography of three up-scale golf clubs and 58 in-depth interviews with members of the golfing community, including club members, instructors, caddies, and golf journalists in Mexico City.

During August 2003, a golf course putting green sample composed of Poa annua from the Buffalo Hill Country Club in Kalispell, MT exhibiting symptoms of general decline, wilting, and necrosis was submitted to the University of Rhode Island Turfgrass Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. No pathogenic fungi were observed or cultured from affected plants. Bacterial streaming was observed from cut leaves. Cut leaves were surface disinfested for 5 min in a 0.6% sodium hypochlorite solution and plated on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate (YDC) agar media. A single yellow, mucoid colony type composed of rod-shaped bacteria was isolated from all leaves. Bacteria were gram negative, lacked anaerobic growth, did not fluorescence on King's medium B, and were able to grow at 33°C on YDC. Colonies were transferred to YDC for 10 days, DNA was extracted and a 2,190-bp region encompassing the 16S rRNA, ITS, and 5′ end of the 23S rRNA was amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using previously published protocols (1). Sequence comparisons of the resulting 2,190-bp PCR product revealed a 99.7% sequence similarity with X. translucens pv. poae (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] no. 33804) and a 99.8% sequence similarity with X. translucens pv. poae M-1 (Torrington, CT). No higher sequence similarity could be identified from a BLAST search. The Montana isolate and the previously described M-1 isolate were inoculated onto four replicates of 5-month-old P. annua var. annua plants by dipping cut leaves into a bacterial suspension adjusted to 109 CFU/ml in 0.9% NaCl. Control plants were dipped into 0.9% NaCl without the presence of the bacteria. All plants were placed in the greenhouse at an average daytime temperature of approximately 24°C and 12 h of sunlight. After 8 weeks, the plants were assessed for disease and checked for bacterial streaming. This experiment was repeated once. The Montana isolate caused approximately 68 and 70% leaf death and the M-1 isolate caused 21 and 25% leaf death in the two experiments. Bacterial streaming was observed in approximately 50 and 80% of the examined leaves inoculated with the M-1 and Montana isolates, respectively. Control plants showed no leaf mortality or bacterial streaming. Although this pathogen was originally identified in the United States in Michigan (2) and has been prevalent in the northeastern United States for the past 10 to 15 years, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in the northwestern United States. References: (1) N. A. Mitkowski et al. Plant Dis. 89:469, 2005. (2) D. L. Roberts et al. Phytopathology 75:1289, 1985.

Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) is a newly cultivated C4 turfgrass that has exceptional salinity tolerance and is highly suited for use on golf courses in coastal areas. In October 2008 and June 2009, circular patches of blighted seashore paspalum ranging from 30 cm to >3 m in diameter were observed in fairways, tees, and roughs established with ‘Supreme’ seashore paspalum at Roco Ki Golf Club in Macao, Dominican Republic. Affected patches were initially chlorotic followed by reddish brown necrosis of leaves and leaf sheaths. Reddish brown-to-gray lesions were also observed on leaf sheaths during the early stages of necrosis. During periods of wet or humid weather from June through October, basidiocarps were produced on necrotic plant tissue and identified as Marasmiellus mesosporus Singer (2). Three isolates were obtained by plating symptomatic leaf sheaths that were surface sterilized with a 0.5% NaOCl solution on potato dextrose agar amended with 50 ppm each of streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline (PDA+++). Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA, obtained from these three isolates and three stipes of basidiocarps, were identical to each other and 99% similar to a M. mesosporus sequence deposited in the NCBI database (Accession No. AB517375). To confirm pathogenicity, a M. mesosporus isolate obtained from symptomatic plant tissue was inoculated onto 6-week-old P. vaginatum (‘Seaspray’) planted (0.5 mg seed/cm2) in 10-cm-diameter pots containing a mixture of 80% sand and 20% reed sedge peat. Two weeks prior to inoculation, the isolate was grown on a sterilized mixture of 100 cm3 of rye grain, 4.9 ml of CaCO3, and 100 ml of water. Infested grains were placed 0.5 cm below the soil surface for inoculation. Pots were inoculated with five infested grains or five sterilized, uninfested grains with three replications of each treatment. After inoculation, pots were placed in a growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod set to 30°C during the day and 26°C at night. Approximately 20% of plants in inoculated pots were necrotic 7 days postinoculation and this increased to 75% by 21 days postinoculation. Diseased plants in inoculated pots exhibited symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Leaves were initially chlorotic with brown lesions on lower leaf sheaths and eventually turned necrotic, reddish brown, and collapsed. Pots receiving uninfested grains were healthy and showed no symptoms on all rating dates. At 21 days postinoculation, basidiocarps were observed emerging from three colonized plants at the base of the oldest leaf sheath near the crown. Three reisolations were made on PDA+++ from stem lesions surface sterilized with a 0.5% NaOCl solution. All reisolations were confirmed as M. mesosporus by culture morphology and ITS sequence data. M. mesosporus was previously reported causing disease on American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata Fernald) in North Carolina (1) and recently in Japan (3). The pathogen was initially placed in the genus Marasmius and reported as the cause of the disease Marasmius blight (1). Subsequent morphological observation found that the pathogen belonged in the genus Marasmiellus (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. mesosporus causing Marasmiellus blight on seashore paspalum, a high-amenity turfgrass. References: (1) L. Lucas et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 55:582, 1971. (2) R. Singer et al. Mycologia 65:468, 1973. (3) S. Takehashi et al. Mycoscience 48:407, 2007.

Based on literature review and logic analysis, we sorts out golf equipment including golf apparel, golf clubs and golf balls in this paper. We also describe the detailed evolution process of the related golf equipments, which will give people a comprehensive understanding of golf development. Another objective of this paper is to popularize golf culture, and give a guideline for the development of the domestic golf equipment market.

Abstract Golf took the concept of the club from traditional voluntary organizations along with the ideas of committee structures, mechanisms for ensuring exclusivity, and a place, both geographically and socially, for communal conviviality. It became one of the fastest growing recreational activities of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain and the first participant sport to expend and invest large sums of money. By means of a model constructed around the development of the British golf club before 1914, this paper offers a new approach to examining the history of associativity in sport. It uses five concepts of capital—physical, financial, cultural, social, and human—and argues that their formation in the context of club development should not be explored in isolation of each other.

When the Soviet Union collapsed, Russia and the other successor states lost much of their collective strategic significance for the international community. Russia's role as a new member of the nuclear club is potentially destabilizing but does not present the overriding nuclear threat once posed by the USSR. Although Russia is attempting to reestablish its traditional roles in Eurasia, the Balkans and eastern Europe, its political importance has generally decreased commensurate with the collapse of the Soviet military machine; Russia is important economically only insofar as it is a powerful magnet for western aid and investment. While this perception of gradual marginalization, apparently shared by western diplomats, academics and journalists, may be largely accurate, it is incomplete. It overlooks Russia's potential role as a source of natural resources.

Chapter 3 turns to political theory to explore the normative foundations of the state’s power over immigration. It examines theories based on (1) the value of cultural and national identity, (2) the right to property, (3) freedom of association, and (4) freedom from unwanted obligations. The first three appeal to the value of collective self-determination. On the nationalist view, the fundamental imperative of immigration control is the preservation of culturally distinctive nations. The property argument derives the right of immigration control from the labor of citizens. The freedom-of-association argument regards citizens as parties to associations, such as marriage or a golf club, which have the right to refuse association with nonassociates. The freedom-from unwanted-obligations-argument does not directly engage with the idea of collective self-determination. I argue that each of these theories falls short of providing a convincing theory of state authority over immigration.

The new elite—young, flashy, and wealthy—tend to favor the newer Karnataka Golf Association (KGA) in Bangalore, leaving the colonial-era Bangalore Golf Club (BGC) to older members, many of whom live on pensions. The caddies at the BGC are also older, poorer, and more religiously diverse than other caddies in the city. This combination results in a culture of servility and deference that yields distinct social mobility trajectories. In some cases, for example, and often with the support of prior advantages in the home, caddies are able to leverage relationships with members to propel themselves and their families forward—a form of social mobility referred to here as upward servility. In rarer cases, though, caddies can refuse the demands of servility and deference, carving out a more traditional path to social mobility that is more independent of members. In still other cases, servility and deference result in more servility and deference without much material benefit or anything approaching social mobility.

This chapter attempts to use the “fever” for luxury housing in post-Mao Guangdong to highlight a historically specific circulation of cultural meanings in the making of a regional landscape. Many regions of China experienced a building boom in the 1990s. Overseas Chinese capital, particularly that from Hong Kong developers, has partially shaped the skyline of coastal metropolitan areas such as Beijing and Shanghai—luxury housing estates, shopping malls, five-star hotels, golf courses, and clubs. Private housing markets in these cities have grown with remarkable speed and intensity, and a large portion of this growth is fueled by government danwei providing units for employees to purchase at subsidized prices. Where private developers enter the market to offer affordable choices, families have explored the “one family two systems” strategy in housing as they have in jobs. One member may explore entrepreneurial ventures while another holds onto state sector allocations for basic security. In pursing their own intimate spaces in a more mobile housing situation that allows residents to straddle state and market, are they redefining social hierarchies that have previously been shaped by bureaucratic agenda and political privilege? Have their notions of place-based identities and loyalties changed by the new housing choices?

This essay explores the ways Europeans in interwar Bombay sustained their cultural identity as a distinct ethnic group despite the impermanent character of their residence in the city, their dispersed settlement patterns over much of southern Bombay, and the decline of their political dominance in the context of Indian nationalism. The essay particularly points to the creation of an intense sociality centered around social clubs, parties, and jazz performances. It also stresses the role of European associational life and the role of sports (for instance, cricket, hunting, yachting and golf) to the production of a continued sense of community and identity. By suggesting that the context of declining European power was critical to the ways Europeans reproduced their community, this essay contributes to the emergence of a new perspective on South Asian urban history that suggests that historians must abandon the concept of the colonial city during the post- World War I period. Europeans were now just one community in a city of communities that were undergoing parallel processes of making and remaking.