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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Osmonbetov, E. "Geology and Goldness Deposits Shambesai." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/54/31.

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The specificity of the location and the degree of field search are shown. The characteristic of ore zones (bodies), the mineral composition of ores and reserves are given. The deposit is similar to the gold deposits of the Karlinsky type. Two main technological types of ores have been distinguished: easily miscible oxidized ores that do not contain harmful impurities, suitable for heap leaching, and refractory sulfide gold-arsenic ores, requiring special complex processing methods. These ores are planned to be mined together with oxidized and temporarily stored separately. It is necessary to organize a public hearing and involve professional experts in the examination of projects.

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2

Mamaev, Yu A., N. G. Yatlukova, T. N. Aleksandrova, and N. M. Litvinova. "On gold extraction from rebellious ores." Journal of Mining Science 45, no. 2 (March 2009): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-009-0024-7.

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3

Vikentyev, Ilya, Olga Vikent’eva, Eugenia Tyukova, Maximilian Nikolsky, Julia Ivanova, Nina Sidorova, Dmitry Tonkacheev, et al. "Noble Metal Speciations in Hydrothermal Sulphides." Minerals 11, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050488.

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A significant part of the primary gold reserves in the world is contained in sulphide ores, many types of which are refractory in gold processing. The deposits of refractory sulphide ores will be the main potential source of gold production in the future. The refractory gold and silver in sulphide ores can be associated with micro- and nano-sized inclusions of Au and Ag minerals as well as isomorphous, adsorbed and other species of noble metals (NM) not thoroughly investigated. For gold and gold-bearing deposits of the Urals, distribution and forms of NM were studied in base metal sulphides by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and by neutron activation analysis. Composition of arsenopyrite and As-pyrite, proper Au and Ag minerals were identified using electron probe microanalysis. The ratio of various forms of invisible gold—which includes nanoparticles and chemically bound gold—in sulphides is discussed. Observations were also performed on about 120 synthetic crystals of NM-doped sphalerite and greenockite. In VMS ores with increasing metamorphism, CAu and CAg in the major sulphides (sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrite) generally decrease. A portion of invisible gold also decreases —from ~65–85% to ~35–60% of the total Au. As a result of recrystallisation of ores, the invisible gold is enlarged and passes into the visible state as native gold, Au-Ag tellurides and sulphides. In the gold deposits of the Urals, the portion of invisible gold is usually <30% of the bulk Au.

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4

Silyanov, Sergey A., Anatoly M. Sazonov, Yelena A. Zvyagina, Andrey A. Savichev, and Boris M. Lobastov. "Gold in the Oxidized Ores of the Olympiada Deposit (Eastern Siberia, Russia)." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020190.

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Native gold and its satellite minerals were studied throughout the 300 m section of oxidized ores of the Olympiada deposit (Eastern Siberia, Russia). Three zones are identified in the studied section: Upper Zone ~60 g/t Au; Middle Zone ~3 g/t Au; Lower Zone ~20 g/t Au. Supergene and hypogene native gold have been found in these zones. Supergene gold crystals (~1 μm), their aggregates and their globules (100 nm to 1 μm) predominate in the Upper and less in Middle Zone. Relic hypogene gold particles (flattened, fracture and irregular morphology) are sporadically distributed throughout the section. Spongiform gold occurs in the Lower Zone at the boundary with the bedrock, as well as in the bedrock. This gold formed in the process of oxidation of aurostibite, leaching of impurities and its further dissolution. Hypogene gold is commonly isolated but for supergene gold typically associated with ferric (hydr)oxides. New formation of gold occurred due to oxidation of sulfide ores and release of “invisible” gold, as well as dissolution, mobilization and re-deposition of metallic hypogene gold. A model for the formation of oxidized ores with the participation of meteoric and low-temperature hydrothermal waters has been proposed.

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5

Zalesov, M. V., V. A. Grigoreva, V. S. Trubilov, and A. Ya Boduen. "Designing of engineering solutions to enhance efficiency of high-copper gold-bearing ore processing." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 5/2021 (November 12, 2021): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-5-51-56.

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The modern metals industry is characterised by a downward trend in the quality of ores involved in processing, and conventional methods of extracting useful components are inefficient for raw materials with complex composition. To maintain the growing level of metal production it is required to introduce new efficient technologies for processing of low-grade and refractory ores as well as man-made deposits. The article describes processing methods of refractory raw materials with high cyanide content using copper-gold ores as an example, where gold is the primary commodity, and copper is the accompanying useful component. The most common method of processing copper-gold ores is preconcentration followed by selective leaching of copper and gold. In some cases, technologies involving copper by-products and cyanide recovery from the cyanide leaching solutions offer equally effective options for processing of the copper-gold ores and concentrates. Copper-gold ores are processed at gold mines using the cyanide procedures, supplemented if required by gravity and flotation concentration. In all variations of the cyanide treatment, most of copper minerals actively react with cyanides of alkali metals, binding the CN– ions into the copper complex of [Cu(CN3)]2–. This reaction results in an increased solvent consumption, as well as in number of challenges related to cleaning tailings and slurries from highly toxic cyanide compounds and dissolved copper. In addition to technological complications associated with the need to meet strict requirements for the maximum permissible concentrations, copper accumulated in the cycling solutions also causes a decrease in gold extraction from the processed ores.

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6

Fraser, K. S., R. H. Walton, and J. A. Wells. "Processing of refractory gold ores." Minerals Engineering 4, no. 7-11 (January 1991): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(91)90081-6.

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7

HAQUE, K. E. "Gold Leaching from Refractory Ores—Literature Survey." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 2, no. 3 (March 1987): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827508708952607.

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8

D’yachkov, Boris A., Ainel Y. Bissatova, Marina A. Mizernaya, Sergey V. Khromykh, Tatiana A. Oitseva, Oxana N. Kuzmina, Natalya A. Zimanovskaya, and Saltanat S. Aitbayeva. "Mineralogical Tracers of Gold and Rare-Metal Mineralization in Eastern Kazakhstan." Minerals 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030253.

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Replenishment of mineral resources, especially gold and rare metals, is critical for progress in the mining and metallurgical industry of Eastern Kazakhstan. To substantiate the scientific background for mineral exploration, we study microinclusions in minerals from gold and rare-metal fields, as well as trace-element patterns in ores and their hosts that may mark gold and rare-metal mineralization. The revealed compositions of gold-bearing sulfide ores and a number of typical minerals (magnetite, goethite, arsenopyrite, antimonite, gold and silver) and elements (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Sb) can serve as exploration guides. The analyzed samples contain rare micrometer lead (alamosite, kentrolite, melanotekite, cotunnite) and nickel (bunsenite, trevorite, gersdorffite) phases and accessory cassiterite, wolframite, scheelite, and microlite. The ores bear native gold (with Ag and Pt impurities) amenable to concentration by gravity and flotation methods. Multistage rare-metal pegmatite mineralization can be predicted from the presence of mineral assemblages including cleavelandite, muscovite, lepidolite, spodumene, pollucite, tantalite, microlite, etc. and such elements as Ta, Nb, Be, Li, Cs, and Sn. Pegmatite veins bear diverse Ta minerals (columbite, tantalite-columbite, manganotantalite, ixiolite, and microlite) that accumulated rare metals late during the evolution of the pegmatite magmatic system. The discovered mineralogical and geochemical criteria are useful for exploration purposes.

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9

Kalinin, Yu A., R. V. Kuzhuget, A. Sh Khusainova, O. L. Gaskova, and Yu V. Butanaev. "Evolution of Gold in the Oxidation Zone of the Kopto Deposit (the Republic of Tuva, Russia)." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20214386.

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Abstract —The Kopto deposit (northeastern Tuva) is assigned to gold ore objects with a combination of the Au–Cu–skarn and superposed quartz–gold–sulfide stockwork types of mineralization. From the surface, the ores underwent intense oxidation, which formed a zone of secondary gold enrichment, containing a supergene paragenesis with gold and silver chalcogenides and newly formed gold. The depth of distribution of oxidized ores from the surface is 80–90 m. The Au content varies from fractions of ppm to 150 ppm (on average, 30.8 ppm). Using computer thermodynamic modeling, it is shown how the ore gold–sulfide–quartz association transformed under oxidizing conditions with a decrease in the pH of solutions. Gold becomes more and more high-grade; acanthite appears and disappears; limonite prevails (pH = 1.65; Eh = 0.69 V). The conditions for the stability of pyrite, iron hydroxides, and gold and silver chalcogenides (petrovskaite (AgAuS) and uytenbogaardtite (Ag3AuS2)) have been estimated. It requires weakly acidic solutions with pH = 5–6 and Eh values close to zero, which ensures the stability of thiosulfate and hydrosulfide complexes of noble metals. The main difference between solutions in equilibrium with petrovskaite and uytenbogaardtite is the Ag/Au ratios, which are maximum in the first case and approximately equal in the second. The paper is concerned with a comparative analysis of the morphologic features of gold from primary and oxidized ores of the Kopto gold deposit. The aim of this work is to identify a set of signs of the supergene nature of gold and to assess the extent of its redistribution.

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10

Santos-Munguía, P. C., F. Nava-Alonso, V. M. Rodríguez-Chávez, and O. Alonso-González. "Hidden gold in fire assay of gold telluride ores." Minerals Engineering 141 (September 2019): 105844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.105844.

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11

Malyutina, A. V., Yu O. Redin, A. S. Gibsher, and V. P. Mokrushnikov. "SPATIOTEMPORAL AND GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF GOLD ORE AND MERCURY-ANTIMONY MINERALIZATION AT THE HG-SB-GOLD-BEARINGCHAUVAI DEPOSIT (KIRGHIZIA): GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY OF ORES AND FEATURES OF HYDROTHERMAL-METASOMATIC PROCESSES." Geology and mineral resources of Siberia, no. 3 (2021): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20403/2078-0575-2021-3-61-82.

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The Chauvai Hg-Sb deposit is a striking example of combining two contrasting types of mineralization in space: mercury-antimony and gold ones. The article studies the spatial-temporal and genetic relationships of goldore and mercury-antimony mineralization based on a complex of both traditional geological and mineralogicalgeochemical methods, as well as modern instrumental methods for analyzing the mineral composition. Two types of ores with clear structural confinedness have been found at the deposit: a) mercury-antimonic (cinnabarantimonite) ores, associated with jasperoid breccias and manifested exclusively along the tectonic contact of limestone of the Alai section and terrigenous rocks of the Tolubai Formation, and b) gold- sulphide (arsenopyritepyritic) ores, localized in slightly modified carbonate-terrigenous rocks of the Tolubai Formation, overlying the plane of tectonic contact. Ore formation occurred during the following stages: in the late diagenetic, without interruption passing into the catagenetic-hydrothermal, characterized by the formation of gold mineralization, and then in the later hydrothermal-telethermal, characterized by the development of Hg-Sb mineralization. It is established that the main carrying agent of invisible gold (“invisible gold”) in ores is framboidal and idiomorphic pyrite and, especially, its high-arsenic varieties. A set of conducted studies has shown that the gold ore and mercury-antimony mineralization is broken in time and is genetically associated with various hydrothermalmetasomatic processes, and the Chauvai deposit can be classified as a Carlin-like type.

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12

Sekisov, Arthur, and Anna Rasskazova. "Assessment of the Possibility of Hydrometallurgical Processing of Low-Grade Ores in the Oxidation Zone of the Malmyzh Cu-Au Porphyry Deposit." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010069.

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The geochemical features of the ores present in the oxidation zone of the gold-copper Malmyzh mineral deposit are characterized. This deposit is located in the the Nanaian region of the Khabarovsk Territory in the Russian Federation, and a technological assessment of ores present was carried out. The initial gold content in the oxidized ore is 0.1–1.2 ppm, and the leachability of gold from different size fractions by hot cyanide revealed the fact that the ore is not refractory and characterized by increased cyanide consumption. The results demonstrated a high gold content in fine size fractions. Different leaching reagents were applied for oxidized ore testing. These reagents were used both for oxidative pretreatment and leaching process. Activation of solutions was carried out by electrolysis and UV radiation. Different reagent combinations were tested in laboratory with the highest gold recovery (94%) provided by the chloride system with peroxide-sulfuric pretreatment of the oxidized ore. The same reagent combination resulted in 91–94% gold recovery during the column leaching of crushed (−10 mm) ore.

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13

Channer, Dominic, Elsa Graffe, and Pedro Vielma. "Geology, Mining, and Mineral Potential of Southern Venezuela." SEG Discovery, no. 62 (July 1, 2005): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2005-62.fea.

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ABSTRACT The highly prospective Precambrian Guyana shield south of the Orinoco River in Venezuela can be divided into five main provinces: Imataca, Pastora-Botanamo, Cuchivero, Amazonas, and Roraima. The combination of gold-rich granite-greenstone belts, felsic volcanic and granitic terrains, highly diamondiferous kimberlites, widespread gold and diamond placers, and large unexplored areas makes this region an exciting exploration province. Important mineralization events occurred at different times over a wide range of geologic time, from 3.2 Ga for banded iron formation in Imataca, 2.0 to 1.9 Ga for gold mineralization in Pastora-Botanamo, 0.71 Ga for diamondiferous kimberlite emplacement in Cuchivero, and the Tertiary for formation of enriched iron ores and bauxite ores in Imataca and Amazonas. Iron and aluminum mining is controlled by state mining corporations, with current annual ore production of 23 and 5.2 Mt, respectively. Gold mining is divided between state and private companies and artisanal operations. Total gold production is probably about 750,000 oz per year, including artisanal production. All diamond production is currently artisanal, with total estimated annual production of 500,000 ct. When current project go into production, Venezuela’s gold and diamond production will pass 1.3 Moz/yr and 1 Mct/yr, respectively. Artisanal mining is a key part of the gold and diamond-mining industry in Venezuela, and prospective exploration and mining companies must be aware of this; they should include projects with artisanal miners and local communities in their exploration and development planning.

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14

Lapukhov, A. S., R. D. Mel'nikova, L. K. Pavlova, and V. G. Petrov. "Technology of recovery of associated gold from Siberian iron ores." Journal of Mining Science 34, no. 4 (July 1998): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803698.

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15

TITLEY, S. R. "The crustal heritage of silver and gold ratios in Arizona ores." Geological Society of America Bulletin 99, no. 6 (1987): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<814:tchosa>2.0.co;2.

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16

Shesternev, D. M., V. P. Myazin, and S. B. Tataurov. "Study of cryogenic disintegration of gold-quartz ores to intensify the heap leaching of gold." Journal of Mining Science 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-006-0034-7.

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17

Soto-Uribe, Juan Carlos, Jesus Leobardo Valenzuela-Garcia, Maria Mercedes Salazar-Campoy, Jose Refugio Parga-Torres, Guillermo Tiburcio-Munive, Martin Antonio Encinas-Romero, and Victor Manuel Vazquez-Vazquez. "Gold Extraction from a Refractory Sulfide Concentrate by Simultaneous Pressure Leaching/Oxidation." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010116.

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Most gold deposits occur associated with sulphides like pyrite and arsenopyrite; thus, precious metal dissolution is possible by oxidizing auriferous sulfide concentrate using simultaneous pressure oxidation and cyanidation. The effectiveness of this process of extraction can be influenced by the temperature, cyanide (NaCN) concentration, and oxygen pressure. In this study, we conducted experiments to characterize the effects on gold extraction of ores using a range of sodium cyanide concentrations (1–8 g/L), temperatures (40–75 °C), and oxygen pressures (0.5–1.1 MPa). Characterization of the ores showed that pyrite and quartz were the main minerals present in the concentrate. The best results in terms of the highest extraction of Au were obtained with an oxygen pressure of 0.5 MPa, 6 g/L sodium cyanide, and a temperature of 75 °C, along with a constant stirring speed of 600 rpm. These conditions allowed for approximately 95% gold extraction in 90 min.

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18

Henry, Dermot A., and William D. Birch. "The Occurrence and Origin of Gold Nuggets in Victoria, Australia." Rocks & Minerals 82, no. 3 (January 2007): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/rmin.82.3.188-199.

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19

Xing, Yanlu, Joël Brugger, Andrew Tomkins, and Yuri Shvarov. "Arsenic evolution as a tool for understanding formation of pyritic gold ores." Geology 47, no. 4 (February 26, 2019): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g45708.1.

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20

Borisenko, A. S., I. V. Gas’kov, V. V. Babich, and A. A. Borovikov. "Gold and Porphyry Cu–Mo Mineralization of the Bumbat Ore Cluster and Its Relationship with the Early Paleozoic Magmatism of the Lake Zone (Western Mongolia)." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194042.

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Abstract ––Geological, mineralogical, and geochemical studies of copper and gold mineralization in the Bumbat ore district of Mongolia have shown its association with igneous rocks of different ages formed under different geodynamic, geologic, and geochemical conditions. Copper ore occurrences (site 98 and Altan Gadas site) with an age of 518.0 ± 4.9 Ma have similar mineralogical and geochemical features and seem to be related to plagiogranite-porphyry stocks formed at the late island arc stage (524.5 Ma). The ores were deposited from weakly concentrated solutions with a low content of СО2 at 240–230 °С under subsurface conditions. The association of mineralization with plagiogranites, its localization predominantly in veins, and its essentially copper composition, with high contents of Zn, Mn, Ba, and, in some samples, Ag and Bi, permit us to assign this mineralization to the vein quartz–sulfide type. Its commercial value has yet to be assessed. Gold mineralization of the Three Hills and Darvi sites formed later (455.9 ± 4.3 Ma), during the formation of the final granitoid phases at the accretion–collision stage (511–465 Ma). These sites are mineralized crushing zones composed of hydrothermally altered rocks of sericite–quartz composition with veinlet and disseminated (stockwork) sulfide mineralization and gold-bearing quartz veins. The content of gold in the ores varies from tenths to tens of ppm, and its fineness varies from 700 to 1000‰. The ores of both sites have high contents of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ba, and, in places, Mo. Mineralization formed from hydrothermal solutions with TDS = 9.5–12.0 wt.% NaCl eq. at medium temperatures (230–300 °C) under subsurface conditions. The above specific features of gold mineralization are typical of the flank zones of porphyry Cu–(Mo) deposits.

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21

Murzin, V. V., G. A. Palyanova, E. V. Anikina, and V. P. Moloshag. "Mineralogy of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt) in Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-Ti-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-5-643-659.

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Research subject. The mineral compositions of titanomagnetitic (apatite, titanomagnetite) and copper-titanomagnetitic (bornite, chalcopyrite, apatite, titanomagnetite) ores of the Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-Ti-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia).Methods. The research was carried out using a Jeol JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope and X-ray spectral microanalyzers JXA-5 (Jeol) at the Geoanalitik Collective Use Center of the IGG UB RAS. Results and conclusions.Native gold (with ≤ 0.3 wt % Pd, 0.2–0.4 wt % Cu; fneness 800–914 ‰), tellurides of Pd, Au and Ag (merenskyite, keithconnite, sylvanite, hessite) and Pt arsenide (sperrylite) were found in the copper-titanomagnetitic ores. For the frst time, two generations of native gold (fneness 1000 and 850–860 ‰) and palladium telluride (keithconnite Pd3-xTe) were detected in titanomagnetitic ores. The sequence of ore mineral formation and the features of their genesis were revealed. Native gold (fneness 1000‰) in the form of microinclusions in titanomagnetite was attributed to the magmatic stage. Noble metal minerals, intergrown with copper sulfdes (bornite, chalcopyrite, digenite) and associated with late hydroxyl-bearing minerals (amphibole, epidote, chlorite), are superimposed in relation to the magmatic minerals (pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende, apatite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, etc.) of these ores. Merenskyite, sperrylite, high fneness gold (800–914 ‰), as well as carrolite, cobaltite, copper-cobalt telluride and bismuth tellurium-selenide kawazulite Вi2Te2Se are syngenetic with copper sulfdes. The Au-Ag tellurides were deposited later than these minerals. It is shown that the high fugacity of tellurium, which binds Pd, Au, and Ag into tellurides, prevents the occurrence of native gold containing high concentrations of palladium and silver.

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Manzila, Archippe Ngwey, Thandazile Moyo, and Jochen Petersen. "A Study on the Applicability of Agitated Cyanide Leaching and Thiosulphate Leaching for Gold Extraction in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining." Minerals 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101291.

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Mercury amalgamation is the method of choice to recover gold in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). However, despite the low cost and simplicity of this method, the use of mercury presents serious health and environmental risks, as well as low efficiency in gold extraction. This study investigates the application of cyanide and thiosulphate leaching as alternatives to mercury amalgamation. This investigation was undertaken by conducting leach experiments using cyanide at 1 g/L, 3 g/L, and 5 g/L, and ammonium thiosulphate at 0.1 M and 0.5 M, on three ore samples originating from an artisanal mining area in Zimbabwe. The operating conditions (T = 26 °C, solids loading: 30%, particle size: −300 + 150 µm) were selected to mimic as closely as possible the conditions of artisanal mining processes. It was found that cyanide leaching was the better performing technology compared to thiosulphate leaching, as it achieved gold extractions of 71.6%, 69.7%, and 67.8% for the three ore samples (Sample 1, Sample 2, and Sample 3, respectively), whereas thiosulphate leaching achieved gold extractions of 54.1%, 35.6%, and 38.0% for the three ores, respectively. Both methods outperformed mercury amalgamation, which typically achieves gold recoveries of 30%–50%. Studying the minerology of the ores, using XRF, XRD, QEMSCAN, SEM-EDS, and a diagnostic leach, revealed the presence of sulphide minerals hosting refractory gold which contributed to the low gold extractions observed. Besides achieving higher gold extraction, cyanide leaching proved to be a system that is easier to control compared to thiosulphate leaching, making it much more attractive to artisanal miners.

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Koneev, R. I., R. A. Khalmatov, and Yu S. Mun. "Nanomineralogy and nanogeochemistry of ores from gold deposits of Uzbekistan." Geology of Ore Deposits 52, no. 8 (December 2010): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701510080076.

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24

Matveev, Andrey, Ivan Lebedev, Vasily Vinokurov, and Evgeny Lvov. "Scientific experimental bases for dry beneficiation of mineral ores." Записки Горного института 256 (November 10, 2022): 613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2022.90.

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The article presents the results of research on the development of processes and equipment for ore preparation and pneumatic dry beneficiation of mineral ores. The methods of crushing and grinding before enrichment of minerals have been considered, dry enrichment of geomaterials is investigated. Highly efficient prototypes of beneficiation equipment are developed and tested: crushers of multiple dynamic impact RD-MDV-900, DKD-300, centrifugal grinders CMVU-800 and VCI-12, pneumatic separator POS-2000. Fundamental designs are created, and a number of new ore preparation and pneumatic beneficiation instruments are being designed. The efficiency of approbation of an autonomous dry beneficiation complex with new safe environmental standards for the processing of gold-bearing ores, which makes it possible to fully release and extract free gold with a particle size from 10,000 to 100 µm, is shown. The introduction of the dry beneficiation method is very promising for the mining industry. It will allow to reduce capital costs for the construction of stationary beneficiation plants, completely or partially withdraw from the use of process water, the construction of a water supply system, a traditional tailing dam, etc.

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Vakh, A. S., O. V. Avchenko, V. I. Gvozdev, N. A. Goryachev, А. А. Karabtsov, and E. A. Vakh. "Minerals of the Pb-As-Sb-S и Cu-Pb-As-Sb-S systems in the ores of berezitovoe gold-polymetallic deposit (Upper Amur region, Russia)." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061364-84.

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Composition and genesis of arsenium-antimony sulfosalts of lead from the gold-bearing ores of the Berezitovoe deposit located in the eastern part of Mongol-Okhotsk orogenic belt (Upper Amur Area) were considered. Lead sulfosalts (Cu and Pb) are presented by tsugaruite, dufrenoysite, boulangerite, menehinite, bismuthic menehinite (with Bi up to 11.5 mass%), as well as minerals of jordanite-geocronite and bournonite-seligmannite series. The studies have revealed basic features of the lead sulfosalts relationship with ore and silicate minerals in different mineral association of vain ores and regularities in their composition variations. It was found that the composite arsenium-antimony sulfosalts form quasicontinuous series of solid compounds strongly differing from each other by the rate of semimetals as well as semimetals-Pb ratio in their composition. The suggestion has been made that the main typomorphic features of composition of the arsenium-antimony sulfosalts of lead from ores of the Berezitovoe deposit were determined by the specific processes of partial melting of sulfides under the high temperature metamorphism of primary polymetallic ores.

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Stepanov, Aleksandr S. "Arsenic evolution as a tool for understanding formation of pyritic gold ores: COMMENT." Geology 47, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): e491-e491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46794c.1.

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Xing, Yanlu, Joël Brugger, Andrew Tomkins, and Yuri Shvarov. "Arsenic evolution as a tool for understanding formation of pyritic gold ores: REPLY." Geology 47, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): e492-e492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46938y.1.

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Novakov, Roman, Valentina Kungurova, and Svetlana Moskaleva. "Formation conditions of noble metal mineralization in sulfide cobalt-copper-nickel ores of Kamchatka (on the example of Annabergitovaya Schel ore occurrence)." Journal of Mining Institute 248 (May 25, 2021): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.2.5.

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The authors present research results, the purpose of which is to study the specifics of noble metal mineralization and its genesis in sulfide cobalt-copper-nickel ores of the Kamchatka nickel-bearing province. The paper is dedicated to one of its many ore occurrences called Annabergitovaya Schel (Annabergite Gap). The material composition of platinoid, silver, gold, bismuth and tellurium minerals, as well as sulfarsenides in the ores of this occurrence was investigated. Based on the data of mineral formation sequence and the use of geosensors, conclusions were drawn regarding the genesis of noble metal mineralization. Formation of platinoid minerals, silver and gold at the Annabergitovaya Schel ore occurrence is mainly associated with the epigenetic effect of post-ore granitoids on ore-bearing intrusion rocks of the Dukuk complex of the cortlandite-norite formation and on syngenetic ores. An early association of noble metal minerals is represented by sperrylite, irarsite, and rare unnamed phases of Pt + Ir + Te. Irarsite and Pt + Ir + Te phases were formed at the contact-metasomatic stage. Sperrylite can be assumed to be of magmatic origin. Silver sulfides and tellurides, silver and palladium bismuth tellurides, and native gold were formed at the late, hydrothermal-metasomatic, stage. The occurrence conditions of mineral parageneses, associated with noble metal mineralization, correspond to the formation of shallow-depth metasomatic rocks (5 km). Sub-developed quartz-feldspar metasomatites, associated with the formation of early platinoid arsenides and sulfarsenides, are in equilibrium with circumneutral solutions (pH of 4.5-6.5) at temperatures of 350-600 °C. Late hydrothermal association with Pd, Ag and Au minerals is close to propylites and was formed at pH values of 4.5-6.5 and temperature of 150-350 °C.

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Ofori-Sarpong, G., K. Osseo-Asare, and M. Tien. "Fungal pretreatment of sulfides in refractory gold ores." Minerals Engineering 24, no. 6 (May 2011): 499–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2011.02.020.

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Komnitsas, C., and F. D. Pooley. "Mineralogical characteristics and treatment of refractory gold ores." Minerals Engineering 2, no. 4 (January 1989): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(89)90080-0.

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Holtum, D. A., and D. M. Murray. "Bacterial heap leaching of refractory gold/sulphide ores." Minerals Engineering 7, no. 5-6 (May 1994): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(94)90094-9.

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O'Connor, C. T., and R. C. Dunne. "The flotation of gold bearing ores — A review." Minerals Engineering 7, no. 7 (July 1994): 839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-6875(94)90128-7.

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33

Kaumetova, D. S., I. D. Arystan, H. K. Absalyamov, K. K. Zhusupova, A. D. Zhukenova, and G. S. Abisheva. "Research into heap leaching technology of gold-bearing ores at the Vasilkovsky gold ore deposit (Kazakhstan)." Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-2/017.

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Purpose. To study gold-bearing ores subjected to heap leaching technology to identify both free gold particles, as well as gold in aggregates and adhesions, which makes it possible to obtain data on the distribution of gold by its occurrence forms. Methodolgy. Leaching process studies are conducted at the laboratory setup of the Institute of Metallurgy and Ore Beneficiation of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The gold particles are studied using an AxioScope A1 optical microscope on the polished thin section surface. The sample materials are taken from the heap leaching site of the Vasilkovsky gold ore deposit. Findings. As a result of a microscopic test of a sample taken from the heap leaching site, ultrafine-dispersed and finely-dispersed gold particles have been found both in free form and in aggregates with waste rock and arsenical pyrite, as well as the fact of Au particles adhesions, accumulated on a grain of the host waste rock. The size class of detected Au particles varies from 0.35 to 9.5 m. Originality. For the first time, according to the samples of gold-bearing ores of the Vasilkovsky gold ore deposit, a pattern of the gold distribution according to the forms of its occurrence has been revealed. Practical value. The data obtained as a result of the research make it possible to predict the distribution of the gold form occurrence in other areas of the deposit. This can greatly simplify the conditions for its development, as well as adjust the technological process of leaching the gold-bearing ores and the main technological parameters of the heap leaching process.

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Li, Jie, Nan Li, Meiyun Wang, Yingxin Song, Zongyuan Tang, Pu Zhang, Guang Wang, and Lipeng Zhang. "Formation of the Miaoan Au-Polymetallic Deposit in the Northern Taihang Mountain, North China Craton: Ore Geology, Geochronological and Geochemical Perspectives." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091144.

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Several gold ore-concentrated areas have been recognized in the destruction zone of the North China Craton (NCC). However, the deposits in the western part of the destruction zone have received less attention. Miaoan, a typical Au-polymetallic deposit in the northern Taihang Mountain, provides a good sample for deepening our understanding of the genesis of gold deposits in the western destruction zone. In this study, detailed ore geology, pyrite Rb-Sr age, trace element and S-C-O isotopes of Au-bearing ores were conducted to constrain the source of ore-forming materials and their tectonic setting. The pyrites obtain an Rb-Sr isochron age of 129.5 ± 2.5 Ma, consistent with those of magmatic rocks in this deposit, suggesting their genetic relationship. The δ34S values ranging from −5.5‰ to 1.6‰ and the high Co/Ni and Y/Ho ratios of pyrites indicate the mantle-crust mixing characteristics of ore-forming fluids. The δ13C (−6.3‰ to −2.0‰) and δ18O (9.3‰ to 17.6‰) values of Au-bearing ores and calcites suggest mixing characteristics as well. Geochronologically, the Miaoan Au-polymetallic deposit was formed during the destruction of the NCC. We propose that the Miaoan Au-polymetallic deposit is a decratonic gold deposit and that its ore-forming materials have a mixed source of mantle and crust.

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BOUFFARD, SYLVIE C., and DAVID G. DIXON. "HEAP BIOOXIDATION OF REFRACTORY GOLD ORES: CURRENT STATE OF THE ART." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 25, no. 3 (July 2004): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500490472004.

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LODEITSHIKOV, V. V., A. F. PANTCHENKO, O. D. KHMELNITSKAYA, and V. Y. BYVALTSEV. "Thiocarbamide Leaching of Gold and Silver from Refractory Ores and Concentrates." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 15, no. 1-4 (December 1995): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509508936958.

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37

Filimonova, L. G., and N. V. Trubkin. "Dispersed Gold and Associated Disseminated Mineralization of Leucogranites of the Dukat Ore Field as Indicators of the Generation Conditions of Magmatogene Gold-Bearing Fluids." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194161.

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Abstract —We present data on dispersed gold and associated disseminated mineralization of leucogranites controlling the location of the Dukat epithermal Au–Ag deposit. The data suggest the formation and burial of small portions of oversaturated gold-bearing fluids in hypabyssal magmatic bodies. The lower (relative to silver) contents of gold in the deposit ores and the high Ag/Au ratios (350–550) are due to the limited occurrence of oxidized gold-bearing fractions of magmatogene fluids. This limitation is explained by the active interaction of late magmatic portions of fluids and the material of the host carbonaceous volcanosedimentary unit and by the formation of an environment favorable for the concentration, migration, and deposition of manganese, silver, and nonferrous-metal compounds.

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38

Ramli, Siearra Celastra Sarina, and Ramli Mohd Osman. "Meeting the challenge of Penjom Gold Mine’s geology in the recovery of fine gold in carbonaceous ores." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 61 (December 1, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm61201501.

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39

Xiao, Hanxin, Jianping Jin, Fayu He, Yuexin Han, and Yongsheng Sun. "Strengthening Gold Extraction from Carbonaceous Gold Ore Based on Decarburization by Two-Stage Fluidized Oxidation Roasting." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121620.

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Oxidation roasting is one of the most effective methods to remove carbonaceous matter from carbonaceous gold ore. However, the consolidation of calcine is a common problem caused by a large amount of heat release during the oxidation roasting of gold ore with high carbon and sulfur content. In this study, a two-stage fluidized oxidation roasting method was developed to strengthen gold extraction. Pre-roasting was performed in a low oxygen environment for the mild combustion of carbonaceous matter, and then the pre-roasted product was subjected to secondary roasting followed by leaching. The results show that reducing the carbon content in the ore by pre-roasting can effectively lower the peak temperature inside the material. After the second-stage roasting, many cracks and pores were formed in silicates and carbonates, thus increasing the distribution of exposed gold from 28.95% to 88.01%. Finally, the extraction of gold increased from 4.55% to 86.10%. Overall, this study provides references for an efficient strategy for gold recovery from carbonaceous gold ores.

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40

Feng, D., and J. S. J. van Deventer. "Oxidative pre-treatment in thiosulphate leaching of sulphide gold ores." International Journal of Mineral Processing 94, no. 1-2 (February 2010): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2009.11.002.

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41

Damdinov, Bulat Batuevich, Nikolay Anatolyevich Goryachev, Maria Leonidovna Moskvitina, Ludmila Borisovna Damdinova, Alexandra Dmitrievna Izvekova, Vadim Nikolaevich Reutsky, Victor Fedorovich Posokhov, and Dmitry Alexandrovich Artemyev. "Zun-Kholba Orogenic Gold Deposit, Eastern Sayan, Russia: Geology and Genesis." Minerals 12, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12040395.

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In this paper, we present a new point of view on the deposit geology and genesis of the largest gold deposit in Eastern Sayan, Zun-Kholba. Quartz–sulfide replacement ores and shallow quartz veins are of great economic importance. At the deposit, quartz–pyrite ore bodies are dominant, whereas paragenetically late base metal-bearing quartz veins occur only at shallow levels. The study of the fluid inclusions, stable isotopes (C–O–S), and mineral geothermometry allowed us to determine the P–T conditions of ore deposition. It is established that the temperature of ore formation changed from 380 to 433 °C at the deepest levels of the deposit to 316 °C at the shallowest levels. The pressure estimates for gold deposition at 570–950 bar were calculated for the 1490-m level in the center of the deposit. The determined P–T conditions can help estimate the average depth of deposit formation at about 3.6 km. Ore mineral assemblages were formed from homogeneous fluids of low to moderate salinity (2.4–7.9 wt.% eq. NaCl). The sulfur isotope composition of sulfide minerals (δ34S = 0–4.6‰), as well as pyrite geochemistry, corresponds to that of older volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) occurrences, which are widespread within the Eastern Sayan ophiolitic belts. Lens-like fragments of metamorphosed VMS-type sulfide ores are also present in the Zun-Kholba deposit. The oxygen isotope data indicate a metamorphic origin for the ore-forming fluids. Migrating metamorphic fluids may have become enriched in gold, sulfur, and other metals during the flow through the complex ore-hosting lithologies, including ophiolitic bodies with sulfide-rich VMS fragments that are characterized by a relatively high content of gold and related ore elements. The obtained data allow us to suggest a metamorphic devolatilization model for the genesis of the Zun-Kholba gold deposit.

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42

Saunders, James A. "Colloids and Nanoparticles: Implications for Hydrothermal Precious Metal Ore Formation." SEG Discovery, no. 130 (July 1, 2022): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2022-130.fea-01.

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Abstract Research on nanoscale processes is expanding in many scientific and technical disciplines, and economic geology is no exception. The idea that colloidal gold particles (or nanoparticles) may have played a significant role in ore formation was initially based on textural evidence from high-grade epithermal veins. More recently, the discovery of gold nanoparticles in some present-day geothermal systems and several orogenic gold deposits suggests that their formation could be a common process in gold-supersaturated hydrothermal solutions. Rare laboratory studies indicate that gold nanoparticles typically aggregate to form dendritic clusters. Over time, these dendrites perhaps can evolve to form coarser-grained crystals as subsequent annealing and recrystallization occurs. Due to the ephemeral nature and later recrystallization of dendrites, evidence of their former existence is commonly obscured. However, newer nanoscale imaging technologies have resulted in an increased recognition of their presence in hydrothermal gold ores, and thus their role in ore-forming processes merits further research. In particular, does their nucleation and deposition lead to forming higher-grade ores?

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43

MELNIKOV, ANTON VLADIMIROVICH, PAVEL IVANOVICH ROMANOV, and TATIANA VLADISLAVOVNA ROMANOVA. "NEW DATA ON GEOLOGY AND GOLDENCE OF THE PROSPECTIVE AREAS «TAEZHKA» AND «UTRENNAYA» IN THE DAMBUKINSKY ORE DISTRICT (UPPER AMUR PRIAMURYE)." Messenger AmSU, no. 91 (2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.12.

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Information is given on the gold bearing of the ore-prospective areas «Tayezhka» and «Utrenniya» of the Dambukinsky Оre District of the Upper Priamurye/ Taking into account new data on geology, geochemistry, real composition of ores, description and comparative analysis of gold-ore manifestations are given. The prerequisites for the formation and criteria for the forecast and search of industrial gold deposits in this area of Upper Priamurya are described: geotectonic and structural position, deep structure, formation features, hydrothermal changes of rocks, mineral and geochemical associations, tipomorphism of gold and ore minerals, etc.

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44

Kigai, I. N. "Formation Environments of Metasomatites and Ores of the Epithermal Gold–silver Deposits." Geology of Ore Deposits 62, no. 5 (September 2020): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701520050037.

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45

Turysbekov, Dulatbek, Nessipbay Tussupbayev, Sabira Narbekova, and Zhamikhan Kaldybayeva. "Effect of Water-Air Microemulsion of Flotation Agent Solution on Flotation of Polymetallic Sulfide Ores." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121612.

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The enrichment of polymetallic sulfide ore is a complex task. Fine grinding is carried out to reveal useful minerals, resulting in the formation of microparticles.It is difficult to achieve the floatation of microparticles and fine useful minerals are lost with flotation tailings. The problem of microparticle flotation can be solved by using air bubbles smaller than 50 µmin for the flotation process. Water-air microemulsion (WAME)of a frothersolution obtained using the generator was used as microbubbles. The effect of WAME on flotation was studied on polymetallic ores and gold-bearing ore from Kazakhstan deposits.The use of WAMEin the processing of polymetallic ore allowed for themaintenance of the quality of rougher concentrates, to increase the copper extraction in Cu-Pb rougherconcentrate by 7.41%, of lead by 5.98% in the copper-lead flotation cycle (Cu-Pb-Zn-Fe ore), copper extraction in Cu-Mo rougherconcentrate by 5.2%, and molybdenum by 4.7% in the copper-molybdenum flotation cycle (Cu-Mo ore). The indicators of flotation gold extraction into the gold-containing concentrate significantly improved in comparison with the basic mode when using the generator in rougher and scavenger flotation cycles: the quality increased by 5.3 g/t, and the extraction increased by 4.27%.

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46

Shumilova, L. V. "Experimental testing of the combined oxidation procedure for gold-bearing sulfide ores and concentrates." Journal of Mining Science 45, no. 5 (September 2009): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-009-0063-0.

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47

Nekrasov, E. M., and L. A. Dorozhkina. "Sukhoy log gold deposit and possible prospecting for ores on its flanks." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration 63, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-2-21-34.

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Background. Experimental exploitation of ores from the Sukhoi Log deposit has shown that its geology and structure requires elucidation.Aim. To study the geology and structure of the Sukhoi Log deposit and to determine the main mineralisation patterns in the plan, on the flanks and at depth. This information can be useful when mining gold both directly at the deposit and when prospecting new deposits on its flanks.Materials and methods. The existing maps, diagrams, sketches and block diagrams describing ore bodies and their behaviour in plan and at depth were used. A new structural layout of mineralisation at the Sukhoi Log deposit, both on its flanks and at depth was built.Results. The gold mineralisation in the Sukholozhskaya and Verninsko-Nevskaya ore-bearing areas is controlled by various elements of the fracture structure. At the same time, in the Sukholozhskaya area, the mineralisation is confined to a thick zone of a sublatitudinal shingled thrust-fault zone, in places accommodating a narrow strip of small faults, slip planes and fracturing in the northwestern direction. The fracture strip intersects sub-latitudinally laying Riphean argillaceous-shale rocks of the Khomolkhin formation approximately in the middle part of the field. The shingled thrust-fault zone accommodates the fissure faults, which open during mineralisation of the north-west extension, and flattens out. Its thickness in some places reaches 130 m. In the curved and flattened thrust interval, an ore gold-arsenopyrite-pyrite-quartz formation is localised, morphologically resembling a “thick pillow” with a thickness of 130 m. It bends and gently plunges in the north-north-east direction. The bulk of gold reserves is contained in this ore formation. The ores of the vein-disseminated type, veinlet and vein formations are the richest formations. Between them, the dissemination of gold-bearing pyrite and subordinate arsenopyrite is always manifested. The boundary of industrial mineralisation is determined by the density of the interveinous ore.On the western flank of the deposit, within the bounds of another — Ugakhan — deposit, vein and vein gold-quartz-pyrrhotite ores are found at a deeper level. Here, the search for Sukholozhsky pyrite-quartz ores (if they even existed) is not promising, since they were eroded long time ago, and the liberated gold was concentrated in placers. Prospecting is promising only along the Bezymyanny ore-controlling fault, which directly limits the western flank of the Sukholozhskoye deposit.The mineralisation of the Verninsk-Nevsky area is controlled by the Verninsky Fault of the east–north-east extension and separated by a series of single feathering ore-bearing overthrust zones of the east-west extension. To the east, this mineralisation gradually decreases. The search for the Sukholozhsk type ores is more promising on the eastern side of the Nyrli river, 2 km east of the fault of the same name and 7 km north of the Verninskoye deposit near a small, poorly explored area with commercial gold mineralization, marked on the deposit map with a sign TM.Conclusion. The main geological and structural laws of the localisation of gold ores were determined, which could be useful when conducting exploration works on the flanks of the deposit.

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48

Savva, Natalia E., Raisa G. Kravtsova, Galina S. Anisimova, and Galina A. Palyanova. "Typomorphism of Native Gold (Geological-Industrial Types of Gold Deposits in the North-East of Russia)." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050561.

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This study presents the typomorphic features of native gold grains from three different geological-industrial types (GIT) of gold deposits in the North-East of Russia: (1) gold–arsenic-sulfide in black shale strata (Natalka, Degdekan, Karalveem, Maldyak deposits), (2) gold–quartz veins in granitoids (Dorozhnoye, Butarnoye, Shkolnoye, Maltan deposits), and (3) gold–silver adularia in volcanogenic strata (Kupol, Olcha, Kubaka, Burgali, Primorskoe, Dalnee deposits). The reliability of the geological interpretation is directly related to mineral associations, fineness variations, its internal structure and the content of microimpurities. Native gold is a reliable indicator for identifying various GIT of gold deposits at the early geological-prospecting stages of studying gold-bearing areas. Typomorphic features of native gold for each of the considered GIT are stable and do not depend on the age and scale of mineralization. It is shown that using an integrated approach obtains genetic information about a particular ore object, which makes it possible to predict the vertical range of mineralization and outline the technology for processing ores. The information obtained can also be effectively used in the search for placer deposits in nearby watercourses. Identification of typomorphic features of ore and placer native gold opens up wide opportunities for delineating the distribution areas of placer deposits.

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Kuleshevich, L. V., V. M. Tytyk, and Z. N. Fedyuk. "Gold potential of massive sulfide ores in the Kamennoozero structural unit, Eastern Karelia." Geology of Ore Deposits 49, no. 7 (December 2007): 607–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701507070173.

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50

Lin, Feng, Xia-Ting Feng, Gao-Ming Lu, Xiang-Xin Su, Shi-Ping Li, and Jiu-yu Zhang. "Study on Microwave Heating Order and Electromagnetic Characteristics of Copper and Gold Ores." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 54, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 2129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02376-4.

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