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1
Wittwer, Paul D. "Epithermal Precious Metal Deposits in South Korea—History and Pursuit." SEG Discovery, no. 125 (April 1, 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2021-125.fea-01.
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Abstract The gold and silver endowment of Korea has historically been well known, with records alluding to production as far back as 1122 BC. The main gold production period was from 1925 to 1943 during the Japanese occupation of Korea, with more than 1 Moz recorded in 1939. Muguk was the most productive gold mining operation, located within the central region of South Korea, with a recorded 590 koz of gold produced from 1934 to 1998 (first mined in AD 912). The majority of the historical mining operations were closed by government order in 1943 during the Second World War and never reopened. A number of small mines operated between 1971 and 1998, with limited production during a period of gold prices generally lower than at present (~25–50% of current inflation adjusted prices, apart from a four-year period 1979–83). It is likely that significant resources remain within these historical mining areas. Gold-silver deposit types historically recognized and exploited in Korea include placers and orogenic and intrusion-related vein systems. Only more recently have epithermal vein and breccia systems been recognized. This is not surprising, given that the geologic and tectonic setting of the Southern Korean peninsula is prospective for epithermal precious metal deposits, spatially associated with basin-scale brittle fault systems in Cretaceous volcanic terranes. South Korea is an underexplored jurisdiction, with limited modern exploration and drilling until the mid-1990s, when Ivanhoe Mines Ltd. discovered the Gasado, Eunsan, and Moisan epithermal gold-silver deposits, all of which became mines. Exploration was limited for another 20 years until Southern Gold Ltd., an Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)-listed company, commenced regional-scale exploration for epithermal deposits, using a strategy similar to that successfully employed by Ivanhoe.
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McQUEEN, KENNETH G. "EARLY THEORIES AND PRACTICALITIES ON GOLD OCCURRENCE IN AUSTRALIA." Earth Sciences History 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 409–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-40.2.409.
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The discovery of gold in Australia forced many changes to theory on the occurrence and origin of gold deposits. Initial discoveries appeared to confirm existing ideas on the global distribution of gold-bearing terrains. Later discoveries and research would show that this confirmation was largely coincidental, but nevertheless helpful in early prospecting. Prior to the first Australian gold rush, theoretical predictions of payable gold were made by Sir Roderick Murchison and Rev. W. B. Clarke based on knowledge of accidental gold finds and geological analogy with known areas of significant gold occurrence, particularly the Ural region in Russia. These predictions were overwhelmed when Edward Hargraves, realised he might be able to spark a gold rush that would prove the existence of payable gold. Hargraves travelled to the Bathurst region of New South Wales where numerous gold finds had already been made and with local guides, prospected Lewis Ponds Creek and the Macquarie River. He demonstrated the methods of alluvial mining, to John Lister and William and James Tom enabling them to find sufficient alluvial gold to initiate a gold rush. The crowd of attracted diggers demonstrated the existence of a payable goldfield. The unstoppable first rush resulted in the pragmatic introduction of government regulation and administration to allow alluvial gold mining. Other discoveries of payable goldfields quickly followed. As the local scientific expert on gold, W. B. Clarke was commissioned to conduct two extensive surveys of the goldfields between 1851 and 1853. Clarke also drew on his geological knowledge to provide practical advice to the thousands of prospecting gold diggers. Gold-bearing quartz reefs and lodes were discovered, but it was predicted that these could not be mined economically. Theory also predicted that the reef gold would not continue to depth. Practical observations and mining experience from the numerous discoveries led to revision of the widely held dicta on gold occurrence. Alluvial gold was found in a range of settings, including the recent drainage and ancient and buried leads. A wider variety of rock types was recognised as favourable for gold. Different styles of reef gold were identified and found to be economically mineable to great depth. Evolving ideas on the origin of gold deposits were widely discussed, tested, and refined. Of the many players involved in the early discovery of gold in Australia, Clarke, Hargraves and Murchison probably had the greatest overall influence in terms of theoretical predication and practical outcomes that initiated the Australian gold-mining industry.
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MacLeod, Roy. "Of Men and Mining Education: The School of Mines at the University of Sydney." Earth Sciences History 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 192–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.19.2.r471574657lj2m7h.
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Colonial Australian science grew by a process of transplantation, adaptation, and innovation in response to local conditions. The discovery of gold in 1851, and the location of vast resources of other minerals, transformed the colonies, as it did the imperial economy. In this process, the role of mining engineering and mining education played a significant part. Its history, long neglected by historians, illuminates the ways in which the colonial universities sought to guide and direct this engine of change, conscious both of overseas precedent and local necessity. This paper considers the particular circumstances of New South Wales, and the role of the University of Sydney, in seizing the day—and producing a degree—that lasted nearly a century.
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Mugodzwa, Davidson Mabweazara. "Black Economic Empowerment, Employment Creation and Resilience: The Economic and Social Contribution of Lennox Mine to the Development of Zimbabwe, 1970-2016." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 6, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v6.n3.p6.
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<div><p><em>This research sets out to unravel the history of Lennox Mine from its inception in 1970 tracing the contribution of the mine to the economic development of Zimbabwe from its colonial beginnings up to the current period when the new visionary owner, Honourable Gandiwa Moyo, Deputy Minister of Mines who inherited a dysfunctional mining enterprise set it on course again as a pillar for economic production, under the erstwhile management of the Lennox General Mine Manager, Edgar Mashindi. The research seeks to explore how the mine management, operating under harsh economic conditions prevailing in Zimbabwe has empowered African entrepreneurs and employees and resuscitated life to the dying town of Mashava. Mashava is back on its former footing as a lively booming bedroom town of Masvingo City, forty kilometres away: supermarkets, bars, salons, housing projects, new shops are sprouting up once again as Mashava claims its proud place as a gold producing enclave of the Zimbabwean economy. Hundreds of unemployed youths from all over Zimbabwe have descended on Mashava, seeking employment and investment opportunities resulting in an unprecedented economic boom which is being felt country wide. Only recently hordes of flea female market traders opened shop at Mashava to sell clothes, shoes, household furniture and related paraphernalia to local residents and they reported that business was excellent and confirmed business plans to return every month end to sell their wares. A few years back Mashava was an abandoned mining town with all services shut down after the Capitalist oligarchic organization which owned Mashava ceased all operations and expropriated capital to Australia and Europe and started out new commercial ventures in those respective European countries. The Zimbabwean Electricity Supply Association [ZESA] shut down electricity supplies to Lennox Mine after the mine incurred a debt of close to a quarter of a million. Today, Lennox has agreed on a payment plan and electricity has been reopened triggering high gold productivity as the mine returns to its normal production levels.</em></p></div>
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Wallace, Anthony F. C. "Technology in Culture: The Meaning of Cultural Fit." Science in Context 8, no. 2 (1995): 293–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700002039.
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The ArgumentThe thesis of this paper is that there are three basic processes by which a technological innovation is fitted into an existing culture: (1) Rejection, in situations where all interested groups are satisfied with a traditional technology and reject apparently superior innovations because they would force unwanted changes in technology and ideology; (2) Acceptance, in situations where a new technology is embraced by all because it appears to serve the same social and ideological functions as an inferior, or inoperative, traditional technology; and (3) — most commonly in complex societies — conflict over acceptance or rejection, in situations where a new technology introduced or proposed by one group, who perceive it as advancing their interests, is resisted by another group, who perceive it as threatening their welfare. A traditional tripartite concept of culture is employed, distinguishing technology, social organization, and ideology. Four case studies are introduced to illuminate the issue: the Thonga tribesmen of Mozambique, whose occupation as gold and diamond miners at first suited perfectly the requirements of the Thonga lineage and marriage system; the Yir Yoront of Australia, an aboriginal group who found that the steel axe introduced by whites disrupted the patriarchal status system and confounded their mythology; the Senecas, an American Indian tribe that for generations rejected male plow agriculture because their way of life was organized around female horticulture, but who took up male agriculture at the urging of a prophet when traditional male roles disintegrated on the reservation; and the anthracite miners and mine operators of nineteenth-century Pennsylvania, who discovered that fundamental changes in both social organization and ideology were needed in order to cope with catastrophically high rates of industrial accidents attendant on the new system of deep-shaft mining.
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Redwood, Stewart D. "The history of mining and mineral exploration in Panama: From Pre-Columbian gold mining to modern copper mining." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A180720. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a180720.
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The history of mining and exploration in Panama is a case study of the evolution of mining in a tropical, island arc environment in the New World from prehistoric to modern times over a period of ~1900 years. Panama has a strong mineral endowment of gold (~984 t), and copper (~32 Mt) resulting in a rich mining heritage. The mining history can be divided into five periods. The first was the pre-Columbian period of gold mining from near the start of the Current Era at ~100 CE to 1501, following the introduced of gold metalwork fully fledged from Colombia. Mining of gold took place from placer and vein deposits in the Veraguas, Coclé, Northern Darien and Darien goldfields, together with copper for alloying. Panama was the first country on the mainland of the Americas to be mined by Europeans during the Spanish colonial period from 1501-1821. The pattern of gold rushes, conquest and settlement can be mapped from Spanish records, starting in Northern Darien then moving west to Panama in 1519 and Nata in 1522. From here, expeditions set out throughout Veraguas over the next century to the Veraguas (Concepción), Southern Veraguas, Coclé and Central Veraguas goldfields. Attention returned to Darien in ~1665 and led to the discovery of the Espíritu Santo de Cana gold mine, the most important gold mine to that date in the Americas. The third period was the Republican period following independence from Spain in 1821 to become part of the Gran Colombia alliance, and the formation of the Republic of Panama in 1903. This period up to ~1942 was characterized by mining of gold veins and placers, and manganese mining from 1871. Gold mining ceased during World War Two. The fourth period was the era of porphyry copper discoveries and systematic, regional geochemical exploration programs from 1956 to 1982, carried out mainly by the United Nations and the Panamanian government, as well as private enterprise. This resulted in the discovery of the giant porphyry copper deposits at Cerro Colorado (1957) and Petaquilla (Cobre Panama, 1968), as well as several other porphyry deposits, epithermal gold deposits and bauxite deposits. The exploration techniques for the discovery of copper were stream sediment and soil sampling, followed rapidly by drilling. The only mine developed in this period was marine black sands for iron ore (1971-1972). The fifth and current period is the exploration and development of modern gold and copper mines since 1985 by national and foreign companies, which started in response to the gold price rise. The main discovery methods for gold, which was not analyzed in the stream sediment surveys, were lithogeochemistry of alteration zones and reexamination of old mines. Gold mines were developed at Remance (1990-1998), Santa Rosa (1995-1999 with restart planned in 2020) and Molejon (2009-2014), and the Cobre Panama copper deposit started production in 2019. The level of exploration in the country is still immature and there is high potential for the discovery of new deposits.
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Mainardi, Stefano. "Geological occurrence and economic feasibility in closing decisions by gold mines." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 30, 1999): 240–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v2i2.2576.
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With successful exploration of deposits often lagging behind mineral extraction, and the international price of gold showing no signs of recovery, mining companies are under pressure to reassess their strategies. The decision whether or not to close a mining activity is the outcome of a process of adapting expectations to a changing economic and geological environment. Part of the literature emphasizes the role of the mineral price and operating costs. However, the extent, pace and intertemporal allocation of metal recovery is in practice determined by a complex interaction of both these with other factors. Following a review of theoretical interpretations, and a reformulation of associated hypotheses, binary-response models are applied to a sample of gold mines in mainly three major southern hemisphere producers (Australia, South Africa and Chile).
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WERTHMANN, KATJA. "GOLD MINING AND JULA INFLUENCE IN PRECOLONIAL SOUTHERN BURKINA FASO." Journal of African History 48, no. 3 (November 2007): 395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185370700326x.
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ABSTRACTThe ‘Lobi’ region in what is today southern Burkina Faso is frequently mentioned in historical accounts of gold mining in West Africa. However, little is known about the actual location of the gold mines or about the way gold mining and trade were organized in precolonial times. This article points out that some previous hypotheses about precolonial gold mining, trade and the sociopolitical organization of this region are flawed, partly because ‘Lobi’, as the name for both the region and its inhabitants, is misleading. In fact, the references to ‘Lobi’ merge two distinct gold-producing zones along the Mouhoun river, about 200 km from each other. The present-day populations of southern Burkina who have settled there since the eighteenth century do not know who was mining gold prior to their arrival, and many of them have not been involved in gold mining at all due to conceptions of gold as a dangerous substance.
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Morony, Michael. "The Early Islamic Mining Boom." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 166–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341477.
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AbstractThe present article shows that, according to archaeological and literary evidence, an expansion in mining occurred in the early Islamic world as a result of changes in mining technology at the end of Late Antiquity. The production of gold, silver, copper, iron, and other minerals is shown to have peaked in the eighth and ninth centuries and then to have declined during the tenth and eleventh centuries due to insecurity and/or exhaustion of the mines. Mining development was financed privately, and mines were usually private property.
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Morrell, Robert. "Farmers, Randlords and the South African state: Confrontation in the Witwatersrand Beef Markets, c. 1920–1923." Journal of African History 27, no. 3 (November 1986): 513–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700023306.
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The pervasive importance of gold mining in modern South Africa has become embedded in South African historiography. Despite this, little research has been done to ascertain its impact on the other major sector of the economy, agriculture.The gold mines had a profound effect upon one particular branch of agriculture – beef farming. The mines purchased large amounts of beef and were able to use their buying power to confront beef farmers in the marketplace. In the recession following the First World War, the mines were caught in a profitability crisis that was to lead to the Rand Revolt in 1922. One of the ways in which mining attempted to ease its position was by cutting back on the cost of the meat it supplied to its African labour force. This initially involved co-operation with a powerful cold-storage company, big ranchers and a number of smaller farmers to form a Meat Producers Exchange. This fragile alliance fell apart when farmers, themselves on the verge of bankruptcy, attempted to take control of the Exchange and raise beef prices. The farmers failed and in 1923 the exchange collapsed.The victory of the mining and cold-storage companies rested on a number of factors. Farmers were unable to organize effectively because of the defection of ranchers to the mines. Changing economic conditions in 1922 and 1923 permitted the mines to terminate their co-operation with beef farmers. Finally the mines were able to call upon the state for support. The state ensured the demise of the Exchange and the defeat of the beef farmers. In the process it showed itself capable of intervening decisively to protect the interests of certain sections of capital.
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Elmardi Suleiman Khayal, Dr Osama Mohammed, and Dr Elhassan Bashier Elagab. "A REVIEW STUDY IN MINING INDUSTRY." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.001.
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a comprehensive literature review of mining extraction and industry was made. The review discusses thoroughly mining industry from different viewpoints that includes general introduction, historical background of mining industry, mines development and life cycle, mining extraction techniques, machines used in mining processes, mineral processing, environmental effect on operators and the surrounding area, mining industry, safety precautions in mining industry, human rights abuses occurring within mining sites and communities in close proximity, mines records, metal reserves and recycling, and finally the mining industry in Sudan which includes history, production & impact, legal frame work, commodities, gold extraction and outlook.
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Szychowska-Krąpiec, Elżbieta. "Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)." Geochronometria 26, no. -1 (January 1, 2007): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10003-007-0004-3.
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Dendrochronological Studies of Wood from Mediaeval Mines of Polymetallic Ores in Lower Silesia (Sw Poland)The paper presents results of dendrochronological dating of wood encountered in abandoned mines in the eastern part of Lower Silesia. The research was carried out in gold mines in Złoty Stok, Głuchołazy, and Zlate Hory, a polymetallic-ore mine in Marcinków as well as old mines in the Sowie Mts: the Silberloch adit, an adit on the hillside of Mała Sowa, a graphite mine, and the silver and lead mine Augusta. Altogether 69 samples were taken from timbers of coniferous tree species:Pinus sylvestris, Abies alba, Picea abiesandLarix decidua.The oldest wood, from the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was encountered in the gold mines in Zlate Hory and Głuchołazy. In the gold mine in Złoty Stok, graphite mine in Sowie Mts and in Marcinków there was identified wood from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Generally, timbers from the nineteenth century were prevailing, and in three cases there was even encountered relatively young twentieth-century wood in the gold mine in Złoty Stok and in the Silberloch adit. The analyses carried out were only preliminary. Broader, interdisciplinary investigations, including dendrochronology, archaeology, geology, mining, and palaeobotany, would substantially contribute for learning the history of the mining in the whole region.
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LAITE, JULIA ANN. "HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT, MINING, AND PROSTITUTION." Historical Journal 52, no. 3 (August 4, 2009): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990100.
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ABSTRACTProstitution has been linked by many historians and social commentators to the industrial development and capitalism of the modern age, and there is no better example of this than the prostitution that developed in mining regions from the mid-nineteenth century. Using research on mining-related prostitution, and other social histories of mining communities where prostitution inevitably forms a part, large or small, of the historian's analysis of the mining region, this article will review, contrast, and compare prostitution in various mining contexts, in different national and colonial settings. From the American and Canadian gold rushes in the mid- and late nineteenth century, to the more established mining frontiers of the later North American West, to the corporate mining towns of Chile in the interwar years, to the copper and gold mines of southern Africa and Kenya in the first half of the twentieth century, commercial sex was present and prominent as the mining industry and mining communities developed.1 Challenging the simplistic images and stereotypes of prostitution that are popularly associated with the American mining frontier, historians have shown that prostitution's place in mining communities, and its connection to industrial development, was as complex as it was pervasive and enduring.
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McCutcheon, Steven R., and James A. Walker. "Great Mining Camps of Canada 8. The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Part 2: Mining History and Contributions to Society." Geoscience Canada 47, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.163.
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In the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC), 12 of the 45 known massive sulphide deposits were mined between 1957 and 2013; one was mined for iron prior to 1950, whereas three others had development work but no production. Eleven of the deposits were mined for base metals for a total production of approximately 179 Mt, with an average grade of 3.12% Pb, 7.91% Zn, 0.47% Cu, and 93.9 g/t Ag. The other deposit was solely mined for gold, present in gossan above massive sulphide, producing approximately one million tonnes grading 1.79 g/t Au. Three of the 11 mined base-metal deposits also had a gossan cap, from which gold was extracted. In 2012, the value of production from the Bathurst Mining Camp exceeded $670 million and accounted for 58 percent of total mineral production in New Brunswick.Base-metal production started in the BMC in 1957 from deposits at Heath Steele Mines, followed by Wedge in 1962, Brunswick No. 12 in 1964, Brunswick No. 6 in 1965, Caribou in 1970, Murray Brook, Stratmat Boundary and Stratmat N-5 in 1989, Captain North Extension in 1990, and lastly, Half Mile Lake in 2012. The only mine in continuous production for most of this time was Brunswick No. 12. During its 49-year lifetime (1964–2013), it produced 136,643,367 tonnes of ore grading 3.44% Pb, 8.74% Zn, 0.37% Cu, and 102.2 g/t Ag, making it one of the largest underground base-metal mines in the world.The BMC remains important to New Brunswick and Canada because of its contributions to economic development, environmental measures, infrastructure, mining innovations, and society in general. The economic value of metals recovered from Brunswick No. 12 alone, in today’s prices exceeds $46 billion. Adding to this figure is production from the other mines in the BMC, along with money injected into the local economy from annual exploration expenditures (100s of $1000s per year) over 60 years. Several environmental measures were initiated in the BMC, including the requirement to be clean shaven and carry a portable respirator (now applied to all mines in Canada); ways to treat acid mine drainage and the thiosalt problem that comes from the milling process; and pioneering studies to develop and install streamside-incubation boxes for Atlantic Salmon eggs in the Nepisiguit River, which boosted survival rates to over 90%. Regarding infrastructure, provincial highways 180 and 430 would not exist if not for the discovery of the BMC; nor would the lead smelter and deep-water port at Belledune. Mining innovations are too numerous to list in this summary, so the reader is referred to the main text. Regarding social effects, the new opportunities, new wealth, and training provided by the mineral industry dramatically changed the living standards and social fabric of northern New Brunswick. What had been a largely poor, rural society, mostly dependent upon the fishing and forestry industries, became a thriving modern community. Also, untold numbers of engineers, geologists, miners, and prospectors `cut their teeth’ in the BMC, and many of them have gone on to make their mark in other parts of Canada and the world.
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Kandasamyhariramguptha, Karthikeyan. "Socio-economic Impact of Unsystematic Mine Closure: A case of Kolar Gold Fields." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i2.499.
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This paper aims to study the Socio-Economic impact of un-systematic mine closure on the community and the neighborhood which is completely dependent on the mining. The sudden closure of the mines will affect the community’s entire livelihood and has counter effect on health, employment, environment, population and economy. India as a developing nation with its rich minerals content contributes sufficient towards the economic growth of the mining industry but the livelihood of the mining workers and their family are always kept in high level of risk. The policies and acts to control un-planned mine closure and counter its effects on the community should be made strong by the government. Kolar Gold fields, Karnataka (KGF) which holds an history of 120 years of mining and second deepest mine in the world has been chosen for the study. It is one among of the mines in the country which experienced the un-systematic closure in 2001 and facing its effects due to mill tailings, land contamination and loss of employment till date. These issues and challenges faced by the people of KGF will be addressed and can be improved if the government, mining company and people shows their support and interest for reviving the town.
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Higginson, John. "Privileging the Machines: American Engineers, Indentured Chinese and White Workers in South Africa's Deep-Level Gold Mines, 1902–1907." International Review of Social History 52, no. 1 (March 9, 2007): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859006002768.
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Economists and historians have identified the period between 1870 and 1914 as one marked by the movement of capital and labor across the globe at unprecedented speed. The accompanying spread of the gold standard and industrial techniques contained volatile and ambiguous implications for workers everywhere. Industrial engineers made new machinery and industrial techniques the measure of human effort. The plight of workers in South Africa's deep-level gold mines in the era following the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 provides a powerful example of just how lethal the new benchmarks of human effort could be. When by 1904 close to 50,000 Africans refused to return to the mines, mining policy began to coalesce around solving the “labor shortage” problem and dramatically reducing working costs. Engineers, especially American engineers, rapidly gained the confidence of the companies that had made large investments in the deep-level mines of the Far East Rand by bringing more than 60,000 indentured Chinese workers to the mines to make up for the postwar shortfall in unskilled labor in late 1904. But the dangerous working conditions that drove African workers away from many of the deep-level mines persisted. Three years later, in 1907, their persistence provoked a bitter strike by white drill-men.
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Gibbs, Pat. "Coal, Rail and Victorians in the South African Veld. The Convergence of Colonial Elites and Finance Capital in the Stormberg Mountains of the Eastern Cape, 1880–1910." Britain and the World 11, no. 2 (September 2018): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2018.0298.
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This article investigates an intermediary period in the Cape colony when the largely unknown convergence of British social and industrial capital around coal mining occurred in the Stormberg Mountains of the North Eastern Cape. Within the context of a triangular nexus of mining and its two major clients, the diamond mines at Kimberley and the newly arrived Cape Government Railway, a social coalescence of mainly British immigrants arose in the town of Molteno, exhibiting an distinctly British Victorian culture. This paper also shows how the town became a colonial enclave on the remote periphery of the Cape Colony, utilising a racialised class system, and the ways in which the singularity of Victorian society was emphasised by two surrounding cultures which were alien to the British. After the South African War ended, one of these cultures had begun to take root within the town. When the coal mines were brought to an end by the erratic orders of the Cape Government Railway and its access to superior and cheaper coal from Lewis and Marks at Viljoensdrift in the ZAR and the greater economic pull of the Rand gold mines which diverted labour to the north, this ‘colonial moment’ in the Stormberg was over.
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Leeuwen, Theo van. "Mineral Exploration and Mining in Sumatra, Indonesia—A Historical Overview." SEG Discovery, no. 129 (April 1, 2022): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2022-129.fea-01.
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Abstract Sumatra, Indonesia, has a long and checkered history of mineral exploration and mining that dates back to prehistoric times. These activities have been dominated by gold, involving both the local population and mostly foreign companies. The first documented mining activity was the reopening of the ancient silver-rich Salida gold mine in West Sumatra in 1669 by the VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), a Dutch trading company that for two centuries monopolized trade between Europe and Asia. The government of the Netherlands East Indies initiated geologic investigations and mineral exploration in 1850, and private industry followed 30 years later. Between 1899 and 1940, 14 gold mines were developed, most of which were short-lived and uneconomic. Total production between 1899 and 1940 was 101 t Au and 1.2 Mt Ag. During the Japanese occupation, in its aftermath, and for the first 20 years of Indonesia’s independence, there was very little activity. In 1967, introduction of new foreign investment and mining laws by the New Order government heralded a new era of exploration and mining activity that continues to the present day. Since 1967, there have been several peaks in exploration activity, viz. 1969 to 1973 (porphyry copper), 1985 to 1990 (gold), 1995 to 1999 (gold), and 2006 to 2010 (multi-commodity). A variety of previously unknown mineralization types were discovered, including porphyry Cu, high-sulfidation Au, sediment-hosted Au, and sediment-hosted Pb-Zn. Activity during the modern area has included the reopening of one of the old Dutch mines, development of four new gold discoveries including the giant Martabe district (310 t Au), and exploitation of several small Fe skarn deposits known from the Dutch time. By world standards, to this day Sumatra remains underexplored.
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Baig, M. H., D. Surovtseva, and E. Halawa. "The Potential of Concentrated Solar Power for Remote Mine Sites in the Northern Territory, Australia." Journal of Solar Energy 2015 (November 19, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/617356.
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The Northern Territory (NT) is among the regions in Australia and the world with the highest solar radiation intensities. The NT has many mine sites which consume significant amount of fossil fuel with consequent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The environmental concern related to the fossil fuel consumption and availability of immense solar energy resource in the NT open the possibilities for considering the provision of power to the mining sites using proven solar technologies. Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems are deemed as the potential alternatives to current fossil fuel based generating systems in mining industry in the NT. The finding is based on consideration of the major factors in determining the feasibility of CSP system installation, with particular reference to the NT mine sites. These are plant design requirements, climatic, environmental, and other requirements, and capital and operating costs. Based on these factors, four mine sites have been identified as having the potential for CSP plants installation. These are McArthur River Mine, Ranger Mine, Northern Territory Gold Mines, and Tanami Operations. Each site could be served by one CSP plant to cater for the needs of mining operation and the local communities.
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Ryazantsev, Sergey V., and Alexey V. Smirnov. "Из истории заселения русскими Урянхайского края." Oriental Studies 15, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 979–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-979-992.
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Introduction. The article deals with the Russian colonization of Uryankhay Krai (present-day Tyva Republic) prior to the establishment of Russian protectorate. Goals. The paper aims at analyzing migration flows to have accompanied the peopling of Uryankhay Krai. Materials and methods. The source base for the study was a wide range of materials, among which a significant proportion is occupied by pre-revolutionary publications, including periodicals (Siberia, Minusinsk Territory, Minusinsk Leaf, Yenisei Thought, Krasnoyarsk Voice, etc.), containing information on the topic under study. The methodological basis of the article was the general scientific principle and methods of scientific knowledge. Data on the demographic composition of migrants are limited. Results. A total of three Russian population inflows — gold mining, agricultural, and commercial ones — can be traced. Earliest messages about gold mining in Uryankhay date back to 1837 when Russians started exploiting gold mines in upper reaches of the Sistikema River. Tuvans worked in the mines, panned for gold. By the 1910s, there were 15 operating mines in Uryankhay. Gold mining was hindered not only by roadless terrain but also by the 1903 decree obliging Russian gold miners to leave their mines upon receipt of any restrictive resolution from the Chinese Government. Those were Old Believers who had arrived in Uryankhay earliest (around the 1860s) in search of Belevodye kingdom. Those were first Russians to have started cultivating land in the region. Periodicals were depicting Tuvan-inhabited lands as fertile, and after the expulsion of the Chinese a campaign popularizing ‘rich soils’ was organized among Minusinsk peasants and across territories adjacent to the Siberian railway. By 1914, over 3,000 dessiatins were occupied by Russian crops. Earliest merchants to have arrived in region were delivering ‘goods in their bosom’ exchanging knives, matches, tobacco and other commodities for livestock and furs. The bulk of Russians moved to Uryankhay from nearest provinces and the migration could be characterized as replacement one: bordering peasants suffering from lack of plough-land and aware of Uryankhay’s resources chose to move therein to be replaced by migrant Minusinsk peasants. Ethnic and social structure of immigrants from Russia was not that homogeneous. So, representatives of different ethnic groups — Russians, Tatars, Khakas, Latvians, Poles — came from different social classes, e.g., merchants, Cossacks, peasants. This attests to a high migration mobility in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As of the establishment of Russian protectorate in 1914, over 5,5 thousand Russians were living in the region. Conclusions. Russian colonization — from the arrival of Old Believers and to the official protectorate of Russia — was complete in less than 60 years. The rapid and successful process was facilitated by a number of factors, namely: geographical location, lack of an exact borderline between the two countries, China’s political situation, and economic opportunities for Russian population in the region.
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Rotberg, Robert I., and Allan H. Jeeves. "Migrant Labour in South Africa's Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines' Labour Supply, 1890-1920." American Historical Review 91, no. 3 (June 1986): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1869263.
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Gool, Selim Y., and Allan H. Jeeves. "Migrant Labour in South Africa's Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines' Labour Supply 1890-1920." International Journal of African Historical Studies 19, no. 3 (1986): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219001.
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Chaudhuri, K. N. "Precious metals and mining in the New World: 1500–1800." European Review 2, no. 4 (October 1994): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001186.
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The discovery of large quantities of gold and silver in the New World following the voyage of Christopher Columbus had a major impact on the subsequent history of the world economy. These two precious metals together with copper were regarded as the standard and measure of value in all societies throughout history. The sudden increase in the supply of gold and silver greatly increased the capacity of individual countries such as Spain and Portugal to finance wars and imports of consumer goods. The new Spanish coin, the real of eight, became an international currency for settling trade balances, and large quantities of these coins were exported to the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and China to purchase oriental commodities such as silk piece goods, cotton textiles, industrial raw material such as indigo, and various kinds of spices, later followed by tea, coffee, and porcelain. The trade in New World gold and silver depended on the development of new and adequate mining techniques in Mexico and Peru to extract the ore and refine the metal. South German mining engineers greatly contributed to the transplantation of European technology to the Americas, and the Spanish-American silver mines utilised the new mercury amalgamation method to extract refined silver from the raw ores. Although the techniques used in Mexico and Peru were not particularly advanced by contemporary European standards, the American mine owners remained in business for more than three hundred years, and the supply of American silver came to be the foundation of the newly rising Indian Ocean world economy in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Jorgenson, Mica, and John Sandlos. "Dust versus Dust: Aluminum Therapy and Silicosis in the Canadian and Global Mining Industries." Canadian Historical Review 102, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr-2019-0049.
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By the 1930s, silicosis – a debilitating lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica dust – had reached epidemic proportions among miners in the gold-producing Porcupine region of northern Ontario. In response, industrial doctors at the McIntyre Mine began to test aluminum powder as a possible prophylactic against the effects of silica dust. In 1944, the newly created McIntyre Research Foundation began distributing aluminum powder throughout Canada and exported this new therapy to mines across the globe. The practice continued until the 1980s despite a failure to replicate preventative effects of silicosis and emerging evidence of adverse neurological impacts among long-time recipients of aluminum therapy. Situated at the intersection of labour, health, science, and environmental histories, this article argues that aluminum therapy represents an extreme and important example where industry and health researchers collaborated on quick-fix “miracle cures” rather than the systemic (and more expensive) changes to the underground environment necessary to reduce the risk of silicosis.
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Maruev, V. A. "THE CONGRESSES OF TRANSBAIKAL GOLD INDUSTRY ENTREPRENEURS IN 1898 – 1919." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 2 (June 29, 2017): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-2-58-61.
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The article features an analysis of projects of congresses of gold miners in Transbaikal and correspondence concerning the organization of these congresses in 1898 – 1919. It is the first time a number of documents of the State Archive of Irkutsk region and the State Archive of the Transbaikal region have been examined. The article describes the history of the origin and development of the Congress of prospectors, as an independent institution. It illustrates the evolution of the role of the Congress as a body representing the collective interests of gold industry entrepreneurs. The article reveals contradictions between the gold miners they faced in addressing the issues. The research identifies the key interests and problems of gold miners at the turn of XIX – XX centuries On the basis of documents on the organization of congresses it examines the situation of workers, development of medical Affairs, the condition of routs of communication in the mines. The conclusion is made about the value of the documents of the congresses for the study of issues of social, technical and financial challenges of gold mining. The archival data reveal the effect of Russia's participation in the RussoJapanese and First World wars on its gold production. The obtained results allow a more detailed study of the gold mining past of this region.
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Kostylev, Yuri S. "Prerevolutionary Names of Mining Sites of the Beryozovsky Gold Deposit." Вопросы ономастики 17, no. 3 (2020): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vopr_onom.2020.17.3.041.
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The article deals with the proper names of mines, veins, digging pits, and other natural and artificial mining sites located on the territory of the Beryozovsky Gold Deposit (Middle Urals, Russia). The vast majority of these onomastic units appeared in the 18th–19th centuries, in the course of the mining development (since its start in 1745 and until 1917), and are still in more or less active use today. The study aims to identify the motivation for the toponymic objects in the area and to trace the systemic features of them as a naming system. The analysis comprises 268 units retrieved from specialized works on the history of gold mining, the Middle Urals, and specifically the Beryozovsky Deposit. To meet the goals of the study, these are considered in the motivational aspect and in terms of their systemic relations. It appears that a significant part (up to 50%) of names is the result of formal or semantic derivation and are “inherited” from other sites by metonymic transfer or due to the reorganization of previously existing mining facilities. In the motivational aspect, deanthroponymic derivatives tend to predominate. A large number of these names have a memorial character, and their eponyms are often indirectly related to the territory under consideration. In other cases, the toponyms may refer to work managers or owners of specific sites. The religious vocabulary is another important motivation source. There are relatively few names that are motivated by the essential properties of the named objects. Incidentally, these can point to the estimated gold content of the vein or to its geographical location. All these features clearly demonstrate the artificial nature of the analyzed onomastic system. On the extralinguistic side, its formation is driven by the consistent development of the field territory which required administrative regulation of naming.
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Vail, Leroy, and Alan H. Jeeves. "Migrant Labour in South Africa's Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines' Labour Supply, 1890-1920." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 21, no. 2 (1987): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/484391.
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Mark-Thiesen, Cassandra. "The “Bargain” of Collaboration: African Intermediaries, Indirect Recruitment, and Indigenous Institutions in the Ghanaian Gold Mining Industry, 1900–1906." International Review of Social History 57, S20 (August 30, 2012): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859012000405.
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SummaryThis article argues that during the formative years of the colonial state in Ghana, European employers established new collaborative mechanisms with African intermediaries for the purpose of expanding the modern mining sector. They were forced to do so on account of severe labour-market limitations, resulting primarily from the slow death of slavery and debt bondage. These intermediaries, or “headmen”, were engaged because of their apparent affluence and authority in their home villages, from which they recruited mineworkers. However, allegiances between them and managers in the Tarkwa gold mines considerably slowed the pace towards free labour. Indeed, a system in which managers reinforced economic coercion and repressive relationships of social dependency between Africans, allocating African labour contractors fixed positions of power, resulted from the institutionalization of purportedly traditional processes of labour recruitment into the modern market.
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Herrera, Robinson A. "‘Por que no sabemos firmar’: Black Slaves in Early Guatemala." Americas 57, no. 2 (October 2000): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2000.0008.
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Juan, a literate black slave born and raised in the Spanish town of Cáceres, labored for at least five years during the 1560s in the Honduran gold mines of Guayape. Finally, growing tired of the arduous work of placer mining and taking advantage of his isolation, he made a bid for freedom. Upon hearing of Juan's flight, his owner, a wealthy Santiago-based merchant named Santos de Figueroa, immediately began the process of securing Juan's recovery. Eventually Juan made his way to Santo Domingo where unfortunately he was captured and Figueroa notified of his whereabouts. It remains unknown if Juan was actually returned to Santiago or if Figueroa instead preferred to sell him, a rather common occurrence in cases of runaway slaves.
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Leão, Lucas Pereira, Raphael de Vicq Ferreira da Costa, Mariângela Garcia Praça Leite, Hermínio Arias Nalini Júnior, and Rita Maria Ferreira Fonseca. "Distribution and Assessment of Trace Elements Contamination in Sediments of Conceição River Basin, Brazil." Geosciences 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11060236.
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The Conceição river basin, in Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Iron Quadrangle), Brazil, has a long mining history which dates back to the late 17th century, with large gold and iron mines. These activities may be associated with river sediment contamination by trace elements, which were evaluated in this paper by the enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (CF). Potential ecological risks, assessed by combining sediment quality control guidelines (SQCG) and potential ecological risk indexes (Er and RI), are presented. Anomalous values for As (92.5 mg·kg−1), Cd (22.49 mg·kg−1), Cr (2582 mg·kg−1), Cu (65.9 mg·kg−1), Pb (58.6 mg·kg−1) and Zn (133.4 mg·kg−1) are observed. The EF and CF indexes indicate contamination by Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in at least one site, with the highest values for Fe and Mn downstream of the iron mines, and Cr and Ni close to the gold mines. According to the SQGC and Er, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni are the most probable to result in adverse effects on sediment-dwelling organisms in this study. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) indicate distinct lithological units as sources of the analyzed elements, which, associated with the indexes, made it possible for the first time to delimit and classify the high concentrations of some analyzed elements as contamination in the Conceição river basin.
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Gayar, El Sayed El, and M. P. Jones. "A Possible Source of Copper Ore Fragments Found at the Old Kingdom Town of Buhen." Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 75, no. 1 (August 1989): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030751338907500104.
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An archaeological investigation of the Old Kingdom town of Buhen in 1962 revealed an ancient copper ‘factory’, some copper ore fragments from which have been examined by modern analytical methods. The results show that the main copper-bearing mineral in the ore is malachite but this has been extensively altered (in situ) to the green copper chloride, atacamite. The ore also contains a very high proportion of gold. The mineralogy of the ‘Buhen’ ore has been compared with known copper ores from Egypt and Northern Sudan. These other ores either do not match the Buhen specimens or they occur very long distances from the town. The only mining activity close to Buhen was at the gold mines of Kush, some of which were on the Nile immediately up-stream of the town and were worked in Middle Kingdom times. No mineralogical details of the Kush ores are known but it is possible in view of their location, and also because of the high proportion of gold found in the Buhen specimens, that it was the Kush ores which were used, in the Old Kingdom, for the extraction of copper.
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Hawk, Angela. "Going "Mad" in Gold Country: Migrant Populations and the Problem of Containment in Pacific Mining Boom Regions." Pacific Historical Review 80, no. 1 (February 1, 2011): 64–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2011.80.1.64.
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Based on archival research conducted in California, British Columbia, and eastern Australia, this essay examines the role of mobility in shaping the institutional experiences of individuals committed or arrested for insanity in the major Pacific mining boom regions of the nineteenth century. Through the transnational story of James "Scotty" Brown, a sailor who escaped from the California State Insane Asylum in time to join the 1858 American migration to the Fraser River goldfields in British Columbia, I demonstrate that instability and flux characterized not only the backgrounds of "mad" migrants, but also their frequent encounters with gold country asylums and jails. Specifically, I argue that these institutions often facilitated the mobility of the individuals that, in principle, they were constructed to "contain."
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Huang, Mingwei. "The Chinese Century and the City of Gold: Rethinking Race and Capitalism." Public Culture 33, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08992363-8917178.
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Abstract This article tells a story about the unfolding “Chinese Century” in South Africa centered on China Malls, wholesale shopping centers for Chinese goods that have cropped up along Johannesburg's old mining belt since the early 2000s. Based in ethnographic and historical analysis, the essay takes a palimpsestic approach to imagine how Chinese capital enters into a terrain profoundly shaped by race, labor, and migration and is entangled with the afterlives of gold. Chinese migrant traders in South Africa draw on legacies of migrant mine labor and refashion processes that devalue Black labor. Whereas these histories are lost upon Chinese newcomers, African workers experience working for “the Chinese” through the memory of the mines. With the aim of theorizing emergent formations of race and capital in the Chinese Century, the essay threads this new epoch through the history of colonial and racial capitalism of the City of Gold.
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Kostylev, Yuri S. "Models of Nominating the Mining Objects of the Ural Gold and Rock Crystal Deposits in the Comparative Aspect." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 24, no. 3 (2022): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2022.24.3.049.
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This article discusses the names of mining objects of gold and rock crystal located in the Southern, Middle, and Circumpolar Urals. These include names of mines, placers, veins, and other artificial objects located on the territory of deposits and associated with the extraction of these minerals. The purpose of the study is to identify the main models of object nomination and compare specific cases of using these models depending on the characteristics of the extracted raw materials, methods of their development and the geographical location of the deposit. The author analyses a total of 627 names. The article refers to specialised works on the history of gold mining, mining of rock crystal, and the history of the development of specific deposits. There are three main models of object nomination: anthroponymic, toponymic (according to the origin of the toponym) and object-motivated (according to the nomination situation). In different fields, these models are presented in different proportions and specific implementations. Thus, the anthroponymic model becomes the leading one for the Beryozovsky gold deposit, the toponymic one for the Circumpolar Ural deposits of rock crystal, and the object-motivated units are represented at each of the deposits, quantitatively significantly inferior to the names given based on other nomination models. It is concluded that the leading characteristic for the emergence and development of a particular nomination model for specific deposits is the nature of its development (private prospector / regular state), as well as the number of objects subject to naming. The economic development of the territory of the deposit prior to the start of mining on it also plays a role. At the same time, the nature of the extracted mineral does not matter significantly.
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Quinlan, Michael, and David Walters. "Knowledge Activists on Health and Safety: Workmen-Inspectors in Metalliferous Mining in Australia 1901-25." Labour History: Volume 119, Issue 1 119, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 31–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/jlh.2020.17.
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Worker campaigns for a more direct say in protecting their health and safety are a significant but under-researched subject in labour history. Largely overlooked are the attempts by coalminers in the UK, Australia and Canada to establish mechanisms for representation on health and safety in the 1870s. This push for a voice then spread to New Zealand, France, Belgium and other countries, with unions eventually securing legislative rights to inspect their workplaces a century before workers in other industries gained similar entitlements. In Australia metalliferous miners’ unions followed coalminers in initiating a parallel campaign for the right to appoint their own mine-site and district inspectors (known as “check-inspectors”) from the late nineteenth century. This article examines the struggle for and activities/impact of workmen-inspectors in Australian metalliferous mines, including adoption of the competing UK-Australian and Continental-European models. It finds the development conforms to a resistance rather than mutual-cooperation perspective with check-inspectors performing the role of “knowledge activists.” The article argues this finding is not only relevant to understanding more recent experience of worker involvement in occupational health and safety but also demonstrates the relevance of historical research to contemporary regulatory policy debates and union strategies.
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Witt, W. K. "Porphyry intrusions and albitites in the Bardoc–Kalgoorlie area, Western Australia, and their role in Archean epigenetic gold mineralization." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1609–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-127.
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Minor intrusions in the Menzies – Kambalda greenstone belt of the Archean Eastern Goldfields Province, Western Australia, range from quartz–feldspar porphyry to plagioclase–hornblende porphyry. The porphyries display enrichment of mobile and incompatible elements (K to Zr) and depletion of relatively compatible elements, with negative Nb, P, and Ti anomalies, on mid-ocean-ridge basalt-normalized spidergrams. The composition and timing of emplacement of the porphyries are consistent with a genetic relationship with spatially related granitoids. Porphyries occur in 30% of gold mines in the Menzies–Kambalda belt. The association appears to be largely structural, since both the intrusions and the mineralizing fluids exploit zones of weaknesses, such as lithological contacts and shear zones. Porphyries have been modified to varying degrees by hydrothermal alteration, especially pervasive albitization. Textural evidence indicates that secondary albite and associated sodic amphibole formed late in the deformation history of the greenstones and were broadly contemporaneous with secondary phyllosilicate, carbonate and sulphide minerals related to gold mineralization. Recent studies in the Alleghany district of California suggest the initial rock composition may critically influence the nature of alteration associated with gold mineralization. Therefore, albitization of porphyries may be caused by the same hydrothermal fluids that deposit gold and produce potassic alteration in mafic rocks.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): A250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3a250820.
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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Proenza, Joaquín A., Lisard Torró, and Carl E. Nelson. "Mineral deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean. Preface." Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 72, no. 3 (November 28, 2020): P250820. http://dx.doi.org/10.18268/bsgm2020v72n3p250820.
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The region that encompasses Latin America and the Caribbean is a preferential destination for mining and mineral exploration, according to the Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020 of the US Geological Survey (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/). The region contains important resources of copper, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, iron, niobium, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, lithium, chromium, and other metals. For example, Chile is the world’s largest copper producer and the second largest lithium producer. Brazil is the world’s leading niobium producer, the second largest producer of iron ore, and the third-ranked producer of tantalum. Cuba contains some of the largest reserves of nickel and cobalt in the world, associated with lateritic Ni-Co deposits. Mexico is traditionally the largest silver producer and contains the two largest mines in this commodity and, along with Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina, accounts for more than half of the total amount of global silver production. The region also hosts several world-class gold mines (e.g., Pueblo Viejo in the Dominican Republic, Paracotu in Brazil, Veladero in Argentina, and Yanacocha in Peru). Also, Bolivia and Brazil are among the world’s leading producers of tin. The region hosts a variety of deposit types, among which the most outstanding are porphyry copper and epithermal precious metal, bauxite and lateritic nickel, lateritic iron ore from banded iron-formation, iron-oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), sulfide skarn, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Mississippi Valley type (MVT), primary and weathering-related Nb-bearing minerals associated with alkaline–carbonatite complexes, tin–antimony polymetallic veins, and ophiolitic chromite. This special issue on Mineral Deposits of Latin America and the Caribbean in the Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana contains nineteen papers. Contributions describe mineral deposits from Mexico, Panama, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina. This volume of papers covers four mineral systems (mafic-ultramafic orthomagmatic mineral systems, porphyry-skarn-epithermal mineral systems, iron oxide copper-gold mineral systems, and surficial mineral systems). This special issue also includes papers on industrial minerals, techniques for ore discovery (predictive modelling of mineral exploration using GIS), regional metallogeny and mining history.
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Connell-Variy, Theodore, Björn Berggren, and Tony McGough. "Housing Markets and Resource Sector Fluctuations: A Cross-Border Comparative Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 8918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168918.
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Recent research has sought to better understand resource and housing market cycles longitudinally and define clear phases in order to understand interactions between the two over time. This is a necessary step forward in housing market knowledge for this under researched area, particularly in an economically unique context. This paper expands knowledge by undertaking a comparative study of town housing markets in Queensland’s coal mining Bowen Basin and Sweden’s northern municipalities—specifically Gallivare and Kiruna—where a long history of iron ore mining exists. This paper analyses these housing markets using longitudinal data spanning two decades, which includes two resources cycles in two geographically disparate locations. The results indicate that the housing market in Queensland, Australia, is far more volatile than the housing market in the Swedish municipalities. The regional housing market in Sweden’s municipalities tend to be less dependent on resource price and output from mines than their Australian counterparts. Part of the explanation for this is that the Swedish towns examined are less of the traditional mining town known from previous studies, and more a town with mining. Developing and improving understanding of markets over the duration of a cycle is important. Particular value is apparent in the comparison and contrasting of two separate resource regions encompassing resource reliant communities in two different countries. Importantly, the linkage of research regions through resource relationships leads to groundbreaking research which will have practical benefit to multiple economies, housing markets and for policy-makers alike.
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Langfur, Hal. "The Return of the Bandeira: Economic Calamity, Historical Memory, and Armed Expeditions to the Sertão in Minas Gerais, 1750-1808." Americas 61, no. 3 (January 2005): 429–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2005.0025.
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Historians of colonial Brazil have conventionally located the conclusion of the great era of bandeira-led conquest somewhere near the end of the seventeenth century. The onset of the colony's gold cycle, corresponding with a series of major inland mineral strikes, reoriented those most actively engaged in the bandeira enterprise. Concentrated in the southern coastal captaincy of São Vicente, later, São Paulo, these wilderness adventurers had explored Portuguese America's immense interior and hunted its indigenous inhabitants. When their accompanying search for alluvial riches finally had born fruit, the Paulista backwoodsmen remade themselves into miners and merchants. The bandeirantes had first discovered gold in 1693 in Brazil's southeastern interior, the region that would soon acquire the name Minas Gerais or the General Mines; they made secondary strikes far to the west in Mato Grosso and Goiás in 1718 and 1725. Many then found themselves quickly displaced by the tide of Portuguese fortune-seekers and their African slaves who followed the paths now opened to the mining zones. As gold and then diamonds flooded the Atlantic world in unprecedented quantities, the colony's subsequent historical legacy would accrue not to São Paulo's peripatetic rustics but to those who consolidated control over the flow of riches. During the second half of the eighteenth century, with the mineral washings already in decline, attention would shift still further away from wilderness exploits, supposed to reflect a bygone era, back toward the coastal agricultural export enclaves that had traditionally preoccupied the Portuguese crown. The scholarly concerns of a later era would generally follow suit. As a consequence, the persistence of armed expeditions of exploration and conquest, which continued to roam the unmapped interior of Portuguese America, would go all but unnoticed as a critical feature of the late colonial period.
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Mohuba, Seeke Carol, Tamiru Abiye, and Sifiso Nhleko. "Evaluation of Radionuclide Levels in Drinking Water from Communities near Active and Abandoned Gold Mines and Tailings in the West Rand Region, Gauteng, South Africa." Minerals 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111370.
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The history of gold mining in the Witwatersrand Basin has led to exponential growth in the economy, residential development, and the abundance of radionuclides in the environment, including the water system. This study aimed to evaluate the radionuclide levels in drinking water (municipal water and groundwater) and the health risks associated with the ingestion of the water in the communities of the West Rand region of Gauteng Province. The activity concentrations of uranium, radium, and thorium radioisotopes were established through alpha spectrometry and the activities were subsequently used to assess the health impacts. The results indicated that the groundwaters contain elevated activities of most radionuclides owing to prolonged periods of water–rock interactions. Similarly, the highest annual effective doses were recorded in groundwaters with a range of 0.0237–0.3106 mSv/yr, with most samples exceeding the WHO- and EU-prescribed limits of 0.1 mSv/yr. Cancer morbidity and mortality risks were higher in females than in males due to the higher life expectancy of females. Nonetheless, all morbidity and mortality risks were well below the USEPA radiological risk limit of 0.001. Based on the findings of this study, continuous monitoring is paramount to ensure that the activities remain below recommended regulatory limits.
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Ngai, Mae M. "Trouble on the Rand: The Chinese Question in South Africa and the Apogee of White Settlerism." International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000326.
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The importation of more than 60,000 Chinese laborers to work in the Witwatersrand gold mines in South Africa between 1904 and 1910 remains an obscure episode in the history of Asian indentured labor in European colonies. Yet the experience of the coolies on the Rand reverberated throughout the Anglo-American world and had lasting consequences for global politics of race and labor. At one level, the Chinese laborers themselves resisted their conditions of work to such a degree that the program became untenable and was canceled after a few years. Not only did the South African project fail: Its failure signaled more broadly that at the turn of the twentieth century it had become increasingly difficult to impose upon Chinese workers the coercive and violent exploitation that had marked the global coolie trade in the era of slave emancipation. At another level, the Chinese labor program on the Rand provoked a political crisis in the Transvaal and in metropolitan Britain over the “Chinese Question”—that is, whether Chinese, indentured or free, should be altogether excluded from the settler colonies. Following the passage of laws limiting or excluding Chinese immigration to the United States (1882), Canada (1885), New Zealand (1881), and Australia (1901), Transvaal Colony and then the Union of South Africa, formed in 1910, likewise barred all Chinese from immigration—making Chinese and Asian exclusion, along with white rule, native dispossession, and racial segregation the defining features of the Anglo-American settlerism.
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Dorobantu, Sinziana, Witold J. Henisz, and Lite Nartey. "Not All Sparks Light a Fire: Stakeholder and Shareholder Reactions to Critical Events in Contested Markets." Administrative Science Quarterly 62, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 561–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839216687743.
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This paper examines when and how a critical mass of social and political stakeholders mobilizes against a corporate organization and the impact of such mobilization on the organization’s market value. Our study employs a dataset of more than 51,000 media-reported events describing the interactions among almost 2,300 political, social, and economic stakeholders and 19 gold-mining firms trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange and operating mines in emerging markets around the world. We first examine the conditions and dynamics that explain whether an isolated, stakeholder-initiated negative statement or action—a “spark” or critical event—goes unnoticed or escalates into a cascade of stakeholder reactions targeting the firm. Second, we examine whether such sparks and the ensuing cascades of stakeholder reactions affect shareholders’ valuation of the firm. We argue and show empirically that both stakeholders’ and shareholders’ reactions following critical events are largely influenced by stakeholders’ prior beliefs about the target organization and by peer stakeholders’ reactions to the critical event. Stakeholders with positive beliefs about the firm before the critical event mobilize to defend it, and those with negative prior beliefs reinforce their opposition. Shareholders also take note of the other stakeholders’ prior beliefs and react negatively to critical events if the firm has a history of conflict with its stakeholders. Thus unconnected or loosely connected stakeholders who reveal their beliefs about a firm through public statements and actions influence each other’s reactions to critical events and shareholders’ assessments of the firm’s value.
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Pennell, Beverley. "Allan Baillie’s Secrets of Walden Rising as Critical Dystopia: Problematising National Mythologies." Papers: Explorations into Children's Literature 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/pecl2005vol15no2art1248.
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In lieu of abstract, here is the first paragraph of the article: Allan Baillie’s Secrets of Walden Rising (1996) is a novel about ‘the politics of history’ (Fernandez 2001, p. 42) and an examination of the text’s significant challenges to the dominant historical stories of its time seems appropriate as Australia’s ‘history wars’ continue. In this paper I examine the critical dystopian strategies employed in Secrets of Walden Rising to subvert some of the utopian national mythologies of white settler Australia. Baccolini (2003 p.115) argues that critical dystopias tend to be ‘immediately rooted in history’ and that the critique they carry out exposes the revisionist impulse of historical narratives and the erasures they inevitably sanction. In Secrets of Walden Rising the control of national narratives and its erasures are represented as the underside of utopian national mythologies. In this text, the dystopian discourse opposes the pursuit of agricultural profits where this requires a disregard for the sustainability of the natural landscape, critiquing the pursuit of profit when it depends upon violence and social hierarchies for its continuation. The critical dystopian conventions of the novel set up a dialogue between past and present society, between the contemporary dystopian experience of a despoiled rural Australia and the older national mythologies that construct utopian versions of ‘Australia’ as either a pastoral idyll, or as an exciting frontier gold-mining town where fortunes are made, or as a working man’s paradise. Secrets of Walden Rising is apocryphal in its closure, offering a caution for the present time with regard to environmental sustainability in the face of a society where economic imperatives remain central to its raison d’être. Baccolini and Moylan (2003, p.7) argue that traditional dystopias ‘maintain utopian hope outside their pages, if at all; for it is only if we consider dystopia as a warning that we as readers can hope to escape its pessimistic future’. However in the critical dystopia, Baccolini and Moylan (2003, p.7) argue that hope is offered within the text. Secrets of Walden Rising is bleak in closure and the cognitive engagement outside the reading of the text is part of its pleasure and pain. However insofar as the novel’s closure invites readers to note the warning signs seen by the main protagonist, Brendan, the novel offers a ‘horizon of hope’ (Baccolini and Moylan 2003, p.6) within the text.
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NEST, MICHAEL. "LONG TAKES: MINING AND MANIFESTATIONS OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT - South Africa's Gold Mines & the Politics of Silicosis. By Jock McCulloch. Suffolk, England: James Currey, 2012. Pp. xxiv + 178. £19.99, paperback (isbn978-1-84701-059-9). - From the Pit to the Market: Politics and the Diamond Economy in Sierra Leone. By Diane Frost. Suffolk, England: James Currey, 2012. Pp. xxi + 226. £19.99, paperback (isbn978-1-84701-060-5)." Journal of African History 55, no. 1 (March 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853713000856.
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Mogilatova, M. V., and N. V. Zhilyakova. "Scared “by Novels” Muse: About the Work of the Siberian Poet and Novelist V. V. Kuritsyn (“Ne-Krestovsky”)." Studies in Theory of Literary Plot and Narratology 15, no. 2 (2020): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2410-7883-2020-2-90-105.
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The article examines the literary heritage of the Tomsk poet and fiction writer Valentin Vladimirovich Kuritsyn, the author of adventure novels, satirical works, and poems. Biographical information about Kuritsyn is very scarce. It is known that he was born in the city of Barnaul, Tomsk province on July 28, 1879, was educated at the Barnaul Mining School, then worked in private gold mines, due to health problems he moved to Tomsk for permanent residence, where he began to work in the management of the Siberian Iron roads. On January 18, 1911, he died of consumption at the age of just over 30. In Tomsk, Kuritsyn was published in local newspapers and magazines: “Sibirskii nablyudatel”, “Sibirskie otgoloski”, “Sibirskii Vestnik”, as well as in satirical magazines of the period of the First Russian Revolution. Fame and success brought him adventure novels, which he signed with the pseudonym “Ne-Krestovsky”. This pseudonym and the title of the first novel – “Tomskie trushchoby” – referred the reader to the famous novel “Peterburgskie trushchoby” by Vsevolod Krestovsky. But “Tomskie trushchoby” was not a parody or a continuation: it is an independent work that described the everyday life of the Tomsk criminal world, the life of swindlers, criminals, thieves, and fallen women. Kuritsyn’s novel was published in 1907–1908 in the newspaper “Sibirskie otgoloski”, and then was released as a separate book, the circulation of which was immediately sold out. After that, the same newspaper published novels in which all the same heroes acted: “Chelovek v maske” and “V pogone za millionami.” The novels of “Ne-Krestovsky” opened a new page in the history of Siberian literature. They represented a new kind of Siberian “newspaper novel” – criminal, adventure, adventurous, with elements of mysticism. These novels were extremely popular among the general public. At the same time, the novels were heavily criticized by leading Siberian writers and journalists. modern literary discourse allows one to take a fresh, unbiased look at the novels of Ne-Krestovsky, to open in them a connection with the world literary tradition of the adventure novel, with great success deployed on local Siberian material. Kuritsyn was not appreciated by his contemporaries, but after a century it becomes clear that he can rightfully be attributed to the large-scale literary figures of Siberia, worthy of research attention.
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McNulty, Brian A., Simon M. Jowitt, and Ivan Belousov. "THE IMPORTANCE OF GEOLOGY IN ASSESSING BY- AND COPRODUCT METAL SUPPLY POTENTIAL; A CASE STUDY OF ANTIMONY, BISMUTH, SELENIUM, AND TELLURIUM WITHIN THE COPPER PRODUCTION STREAM." Economic Geology 117, no. 6 (September 1, 2022): 1367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4919.
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Abstract The ongoing global transition to low- and zero-CO2 energy generation and transport will require more raw materials and metals than ever produced before in human history to develop the necessary infrastructure for solar and wind power generation, electric power grid distribution, and electric vehicle componentry, including batteries. In addition to numerous critical elements, this transition will also require increased production of a range of other metals. This includes copper, with increased production of this metal providing the minerals industry with enhanced opportunities to secure the additional supply of associated or potential by-product elements. These include tellurium, selenium, bismuth, and antimony (among others), some of which are already predominantly produced as by-products from copper anode slimes. This study examines the geologic origins of over 240 active copper mines and over 200 electrolytic and electrowinning copper refineries worldwide. Although porphyry copper deposits dominate the copper supply trend, significant amounts of copper are supplied from the mining of sediment-hosted, massive sulfide, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), and iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) mineral deposits. We integrate sources of copper concentrate with publicly available operational data for 32 copper electrorefineries to evaluate the geologic controls on the by-product supply potential of tellurium, selenium, bismuth, and antimony from copper anode slimes. These data represent some 32% of worldwide copper refineries and indicate that electrolytic refining of copper has the potential to supply ~777 t/yr tellurium, ~4,180 t/yr selenium, ~1,497 t/yr antimony, and 1,632 t/yr bismuth if 100% recovery of the by-product critical element proxies outlined in this study could be achieved. This is compared to current global production of ~490, ~2,900, ~153,000, and ~17,000 t/yr from all sources (rather than just copper by-products), respectively. Our analysis shows that there is no correlation between by-product potential and the amount of refined copper cathode production per year, but instead, the geologic origin of the copper concentrates is the key control on refinery by-product potential. This is exemplified by the fact that copper anode slimes derived from concentrates sourced from magmatic sulfide and VMS orebodies have an order of magnitude higher tellurium concentrations than those derived from porphyry deposits, reflecting the different abundances of tellurium within these mineral systems. These results are not surprising but demonstrate the possibilities for the development of robust proxies for by-product critical element supply potential using downstream data from copper (and potentially other base and precious metal) refineries. Equally significant, this study demonstrates the importance of downstream-up assessments of critical element potential as a complement to the more typical upstream-down deportment analyses undertaken to date. Finally, this type of approach allows the more accurate targeting of key parts of the metal supply chain with the capacity to increase by-product critical element production, rather than diluted or scattered approaches that assume that by-product metals are derived from one or two mineral deposit types (e.g., porphyry systems for the copper sector).
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Sari, Dwi Mutia, and Eko Purnomo. "EFEKTIFITAS USABILITY (PENGGUNAAN) SIGN SYSTEM TEMPAT WISATA KOTA SAWAHLUNTO SEBAGAI KOTA TAMBANG BERBUDAYA." Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa 10, no. 2 (October 22, 2021): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/gr.v10i2.24724.
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Sawahlunto City is a tourist city by highlighting two tourism potentials that become its strengths, Mining Tourism and Old Town History Tour, which utilizes former mines and the many Dutch heritage buildings in Sawahlunto City. To support tourism in Sawahlunto City, which is widely known by visitors, communicative information media is needed so that visitors know the identity of an object, information as well as the direction and next location, one of which is the use of a sign system as media. This study aims to examine how effective the use of the sign system has been in tourist areas around the City of Sawahlunto using the Direct Rating Method (DRM), through quantitative research methods. The sub-variables used are attention, readthrough, cognitive effects, affective effects, and behavioral. The result of the research that was processed by 97 respondents was the total value of the G dimension or the total score of the sub-variables, which was 76.96. The next value is converted through the DRM table, so that the sign system is included in the good category as a visual communication media in public spaces, namely in Sawahlunto City tourism.Keywords: sawahlunto city, effective, sign system.AbstrakKota Sawahlunto merupakan kota wisata dengan menonjolkan dua potensi wisata yang menjadi kekuatannya, Wisata Tambang dan Wisata Sejarah Kota Lama, yang memanfaatkan bekas tambang serta peninggalan bangunan Belanda yang banyak di Kota Sawahlunto. Untuk mendukung wisata di Kota Sawahlunto dikenal luas oleh pengunjung, diperlukan media informasi yang komunikatif agar pengunjung mengetahui identitas suatu objek, informasi serta arah dan lokasi yang akan dituju berikutnya, salah satunya dengan penggunaan media sign system. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji seberapa efektifnya penggunaan sign system tersebut yang sudah diterapkan pada area wisata di sekitar kawasan Kota Sawahlunto dengan menggunakan Direct Rating Method (DRM), melalui pendekatan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Adapun sub variabel yang digunakan adalah perhatian (attention), pemahaman (readthrougness), efek kognitif, efek afektif, dan efek sikap terhadap media (behavioral). Hasil dari penelitian yang melalui olahan 97 responden adalah nilai total dimensi G atau skor total keseluruhan sub variabel, yaitu sebesar 76,96. Yang selanjutnya nilai tersebut dikonversikan melalui tabel DRM, sehingga sign system termasuk dalam kategori baik sebagai media komunikasi visual yang berada di ruang publik, yaitu berada di wisata Kota Sawahlunto.Kata Kunci: kota sawahlunto, efektif, sign system. Authors:Dwi Mutia Sari : Universitas Negeri PadangEko Purnomo : Universitas Negeri Padang References:Behance. (2020). Sign System Berupa Petunjuk. https://www.behance.net/gallery/8364147/Redesign-Signage-System-for-Taman-Margasatwa-Ragunan (diakses tanggal 29 Februari 2020).Dumas, Joseph S dan Redish, Janice C. (1999). A Practical Guide to Usability Testing. USA: Intellect.Durianto, Darmadi dkk. (2003). Invasi Pasar dengan Iklan yang Efektif (Strategi, Program, dan teknik Pengukuran). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.Evrinaldi. (2020). Kota Tua Sawahlunto Diajukan Menjadi Warisan Dunia. www.sawahluntotourism.com (diakses tanggal 29 Februari 2020).Follins, John & Hammer, Dave. (1979). Architectural Signing & Graphics. New York: Whitney Library of Design.Ghozali, Imam. (2011). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 19. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.Jeff, Axup. (2004). Usability Professionals Association, About Usability. Australia: The University of Queensland.Kriyantono, Rachmat. (2007). Teknik Praktis Riset Komunikasi. Jakarta: Kencana.Kusrianto, Adi. (2009). Pengantar Desain Komunikasi Visual. Jakarta: Penerbit ANDI.Narny, Yenny. (2015). Sawahlunto Perjalanan ke Masa Lalu. Sawahlunto: CV Celyfa.Portaldekave. (2021). Sign System Berupa Larangan. https://www.portaldekave.com/artikel/pengertian-serta-pemahaman-sign-system-menurut-para-ahli (diakses tanggal 3 Maret 2021).Rama, Kertamukti. (2012). Komunikasi Visual dalam Periklanan. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Galuh Yogyakarta.Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.Sunyoto, Sadjiman Ebdi. (2006). Metode Perancangan Komunikasi Visual. Yogyakarta: Dimensi Press.Tinarbuko, Sumbo. (2009). Semiotika Komunikasi Visual. Yogyakarta: Widyatama Rendra.Yulnita, Novika. (2020). “Sign System”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: 20 Agustus 2020, Kota Sawahlunto.Zuriah, Nuzul. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial Pendidikan Teori-Aplikasi. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara.
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Hogendorn, Jan S. "Africa - West African Diamonds, 1919–1983: An Economic History. By Peter Greenhalgh. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985. Pp. xiii, 306. $32.50. - Migrant Labour in South Africa's Mining Economy: The Struggle for the Gold Mines' Labour Supply, 1890–1920. By Alan H. Jeeves. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985. Pp. xiv, 323. $30.00. - Industrialization and Trade Union Organisation in South Africa, 1924–55: The Rise and Fall of the South African Trades and Labour Council. By Jon Lewis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Pp. x, 246. £25.00." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 3 (September 1987): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700049391.
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Lawrence, Susan, and Peter Davies. "Historical mercury losses from the gold mines of Victoria, Australia." Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 8 (January 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/elementa.432.
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Health and ecological risks associated with the use of mercury in gold mining are well known, with much recent attention focussed on contemporary small-scale artisanal mining. Legacy tailings from historical gold mining may also present ongoing risks, as the industry used large quantities of mercury with minimal environmental regulation to limit its discharge. This occurred in both alluvial (placer) mining and in processing auriferous ores. Analysis of historical data on mercury use in the mining industry in Victoria, Australia, indicates that at least 131 tonnes of elemental mercury were discharged into the environment as mine tailings between 1868–1888, with the total amount lost over the historic mining period likely to be much higher. The processing of pyritic ores also concentrated mercury losses in a small number of mining centres, including Bendigo, Ballarat, Castlemaine, Clunes, Maldon and Walhalla. This analysis provides a basis for further research needed to support improved management of legacy mine tailings.