Relevant bibliographies by topics / Gold electrode

Academic literature on the topic 'Gold electrode'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Gold electrode"

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Watanabe, Toshio, Yohei Yamada, Haruhiko Sakuraba, Mikito Yasuzawa, Toshio Takayanagi, and Tomoki Yabutani. "The Hydrophobic Effect on Electrodeposition of Billirubin Oxidase CotA." Advanced Materials Research 1110 (June 2015): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1110.291.

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The hydrophobic effect on electrodeposition of an enzyme CotA was investigated. The CotA was electrodeposited on a gold disc electrode modified with an alkane thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The CotA immobilized hydrophobic SAM gold electrodes exhibited a larger electrochemical activity compared with the hydrophilic SAM and bare electrodes. In particular, large current responses were observed in an ethanethiol or a 1-butanethiol SAM gold electrode. In addition, effect of addition of non-ionic surfactant Triton X on the electrodeposition was checked using the SAM gold electrode. The addition of Triton X had a positive effect on the electrodeposition.
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van Megen, M. J. J., W. Olthuis, and A. van den Berg. "Submicron Electrode Gaps Fabricated by Gold Electrodeposition at Interdigitated Electrodes." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.107.

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Electrodes with submicron gaps are desired for achieving high amplication redoxcycling sensors. In this contribution we report the use of electrodeposition of gold in order todecrease the inter-electrode spacing at interdigitated electrodes. Using this method submicronspacings can be obtained without expensive techniques such as e-beam lithography or focusedion beam milling. Initially, gold interdigitated electrodes with a nger spacing of 2.5 m wererealized by lift-o processing. Using a commercial gold sulphite bath (ECF64D) and 100 mscurrent pulses of -1.78 A, these gold electrodes were plated with an additional gold layer. Asa result, the inter- electrode spacing, as measured using atomic force microscopy and conven-tional microscopy, was reduced to 0.6 m. The achieved gap spacing is limited by electrodeimperfections resulting from the lift-o process. At these imperfections the electrodes becomeshorted. Additional experiments with wet etched electrodes are expected to yield smaller gapspacings
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Gnapowski, Sebastian, Elżbieta Kalinowska-Ozgowicz, Mariusz Śniadkowski, and Aleksandra Pietraszek. "Investigation of the Condition of the Gold Electrodes Surface in a Plasma Reactor." Materials 12, no. 13 (July 3, 2019): 2137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132137.

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During the long-term operation of a plasma reactor, decreases in plasma concentration were noticed despite the constant maintenance of all parameters. One of the factors was the decrease in the nitrogen content on the electrode surface; in order to eliminate it, the supply voltage was increased up to 11 kV. Another decisive factor in the plasma concentration decrease was the oxidation of the electrode surface. These effects were studied using two electrodes: a gold one and a copper one coated with a 10 μm thick layer of galvanized gold. In the experiment with the gold coated electrode, a large decrease in plasma concentration was observed. High-energy electrons knocked out the gold atoms from the electrode; as a result, the gold atoms evaporated and the raids layers formed. After the electrodes had been in operation for a month, metallographic analyzes were carried out, the results of which are described in this paper.
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Chen, Qiao, Xianhe Huang, Yao Yao, and Kunlei Mao. "Analysis of the Effect of Electrode Materials on the Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Microbalance." Nanomaterials 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12060975.

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This paper investigated the effect of electrode materials on the performance of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors by means of theoretical calculation, experiment, and finite element analysis methods. First, we calculated the particle displacement amplitude and thus obtained the mass sensitivity function distribution of QCMs with gold, silver and aluminum electrodes, and found that the QCM with the gold electrode has the highest mass sensitivity at the center of the electrode. Then, we tested the humidity-sensing performance of QCMs with gold, silver, and aluminum electrodes using graphene oxide (GO) as the sensitive material, and found that the QCM with the gold electrode has higher humidity sensitivity. Finally, we used the finite element analysis software COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the specific electrode material parameters that affect the sensitivity of the QCMs. The simulation results show that the density and Young’s modulus of the electrode material parameters mainly affect the sensitivity. The results of this paper are instructive for optimizing QCM sensor performance and improving the capability of QCM quantitative analysis.
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Vyas, Ritesh Navneetrai, and Dane Brankle. "Trace Level Quantification of Lead in Michigan Lake Water Using Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry: A Comparative Study on the Usage of Mercury Based Electrodes Vs Solid State Gold Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 60 (October 9, 2022): 2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02602548mtgabs.

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The concentration of lead in fresh-water samples from the southern shoreline of Lake Michigan was analysed and compared using two different cell-stands: Controlled Growth Mercury Electrode (CGME) and voltammetry cell stand with disk type gold electrode. Clearly visible Lead (II) peaks at -395 mV and 130 mV were obtained with CGME and Au electrodes respectively using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique. Sensitivity, reproducibility, and ease of usage were differentiated for each method. While the measured lead concentration was 2.4 ppb using CGME set-up a closely similar concentration of 2.7 ppb was obtained with the gold disk electrode set-up and thereby confirms the availability of Hg-free detection of lead. The sensitivity obtained from the standard addition curve using the gold electrode was also over twice that of the CGME. The difference in background currents was attributed to the different electrode materials, bulk diffusion in electrolyte of lead ions, electrode-electrolyte interface and the relative surface areas of the electrode surface. Even after repeated polishing of gold electrodes in each run, its inherent sensitivity makes it an ideal candidate for lead determinations with no further requirement of handling the hazardous mercury wastes.
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Shi, Qiaofang, Guowang Diao, and Shaolin Mu. "Electrochemical oxidation of glucose on gold nanoparticle-modified reduced graphene oxide electrodes in alkaline solutions." Functional Materials Letters 08, no. 03 (June 2015): 1540004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604715400044.

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A given amount of gold is electrodeposited on the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/glassy carbon (GC) electrodes to form Au /RGO/GC electrodes, which are carried out at different potentials. The Au /RGO/GC electrode with Au loading of 250 μg cm-2 prepared at a constant potential of -0.30 V exhibits the best electrocatalytic activity to glucose oxidation in alkaline solutions because of homogeneous dispersion of gold nanoparticles with smaller sizes. This electrode shows long-term stability, rapid charge transfer ability, and higher current density compared to other gold electrodes reported previously.
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Vyas, Ritesh Navneetrai, Dane Brankle, and Jon Howell. "Trace Analysis of Lead in Michigan Lake Water Using Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry: A Comparative Study on the Usage of Controlled Growth Mercury Electrodes Vs Solid State Gold Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 51 (July 7, 2022): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01512439mtgabs.

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The concentration of lead in fresh-water samples from the southern shoreline of Lake Michigan was analyzed and compared using two different cell-stands: Controlled Growth Mercury Electrode (CGME) and voltammetry cell stand with disk type gold electrode. Clearly visible Lead (II) peaks at -395 mV and 130 mV were obtained with CGME and Au electrodes respectively using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) technique [1-4]. Sensitivity, reproducibility, and ease of usage are compared and reported for each method. While the measured lead concentration was 2.4 ppb using CGME set-up a closely similar concentration of 2.7 ppb was obtained with the gold disk electrode set-up. The sensitivity obtained from the standard addition curve using the gold electrode was over twice that of the CGME. The difference in background currents was attributed to the different electrode materials, bulk diffusion in electrolyte of lead ions, electrode-electrolyte interface and the relative surface areas of the electrode surface. The main convenience associated with the CGME was the fresh electrode surface provided by each new drop, so no further electrochemical cleaning was needed. However, even after repeated polishing of gold electrodes in each run, its inherent sensitivity makes it an ideal candidate for lead determinations with no further requirement of handling the hazardous mercury wastes. Figure 1
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Avramov-Ivic, M., V. Kapetanovic, M. Aleksic, and P. Zuman. "Electroreduction of cefetamet on mercury platinum and gold electrodes." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 65, no. 1 (2000): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0001047a.

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The electroreduction of cefetamet (CEF) using gold and platinum electrodes has been investigated in slightly alkaline medium (pH 8.40) where adsorption, previously observed at mercury electrode, was pronounced. This investigation was performed in order to determine whether the adsorption interfers with the reduction process even at solid electrodes and to compare with a mercury electrode.
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Perevezentseva, D. O., and E. V. Gorchakov. "Electrochemical Response of Gold Nanoparticles at a Graphite Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 1040 (September 2014): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1040.297.

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The electrochemical activity of gold nanoparticles at graphite electrodes by the method of cyclic voltammetry is studied. In this article the nature of the supporting electrolyte, modification time of graphite electrode by gold nanoparticles and the potential range on the value of the “inverse” cathodic peak are investigated. The “inverse” cathodic peak of gold nanoparticles formed in the reaction mixture HAuCl4:Na3C6H5O7:NaBH4=1:1:4 is observed on the cathodic branch of cyclic voltamperegram at Ec = 0.05 V at graphite electrode. The mechanism of stepwise electrochemical oxidation and reduction of the phase structure of gold on the surface of the graphite electrode in 0.1 M NaOH is offered. The “inverse” cathodic peak of gold nanoparticles on the cathodic branch of cyclic voltammogram at graphite electrode is caused by oxidation of Au2O to Au2O3.<br /><br />
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Emdadi, Arash, Julie N. Renner, and Lauren F. Greenlee. "Nitrate Reduction By Hydrophobic, Negatively, and Positively Charged Peptide-Coated Au Electrode." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 40 (July 7, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01401800mtgabs.

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Nitrate has been considered as a source of water pollution with harmful effects on human health. Compared to other removal techniques, electrochemical reduction of nitrate is capable of delivering products such as ammonia and nitrogen which are valuable and harmless, respectively. However, it is challenging to control nitrate reduction pathway through catalyst design alone. Our research goal in this work is to understand how peptide chemistry influences nitrate reduction pathway and electrocatalyst activity for a suite of peptide-functionalized electrocatalyst surfaces. To analyze the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate, three types are peptides, including V (hydrophobic), E (negatively charged), and K (positively charged), were coated on the gold electrodes and their performance compared with the bare gold electrode. In all the experiments, the effective area of the Au electrode was 1 cm2. An electrochemical cell with the gold electrode (working electrode), platinum (counter electrode) electrode, and a background solution (0.5 M Na2SO4) were used for electrochemical experiments. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to assess the reduction of nitrate by different peptide-coated Au electrodes in the presence of nitrate ions (0.5 M Na2SO4 +0.1 M NaNO3, pH∼7.1), with a scanning rate of 20 mV/s. Chronoamperometry (CA) was applied to investigate the conversion of nitrate to different products and the pathway of nitrate reduction at different operational conditions. UV–visible spectrophotometry was employed to analyze the conversion of nitrate into nitrite and ammonia in the solution. Results of CV indicate that gold electrodes coated with V and E type peptides have promising responses to the applied voltage in the presence of nitrate ions. Based on the results, reduction of nitrate takes place at the onset potentials of -0.37 V and -0.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) for E and V types of peptide-coated Au electrodes, respectively. To assess the pathway of nitrate reduction, CA experiments were done for 60 minutes on the hydrophobic peptide-coated Au and bare Au electrodes by applying a constant potential of -0.37 V versus RHE. Initial CA results of the V peptide coated-Au electrode indicate the reduction of nitrate into both nitrite and ammonia compared to a bare gold electrode which is only capable of nitrate reduction to ammonia. Based on the initial results, 0.92 mg ammonia, and 0.78 mg nitrite were produced by a V-type coated-Au electrode after 60 minutes CA experiment.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Gold electrode"

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Iranpour, Bahar. "Gold electrode electrochemistry in protein based solar cells." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42218.

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The high quantum efficiency of photosynthetic reaction centers makes them candidates for use in solar energy harvesting devices. A bio-photovoltaic cell can be made by dissolving reaction centers and two mediators, such as quinone and cytochrome c, in the conductive electrolyte of an electrochemical cell. The mediators transfer the photo-generated charges to the electrodes upon illumination. So far such protein-based devices have shown low overall power conversion efficiency. Previously it has been shown that slow charge transfer limits the efficiency of these devices. Moreover, it has been observed that the cell response is dependent on the electrode materials and their interactions with the proteins and the mediators. In this thesis, the importance of the cleanliness of the system, the adsorption of two types of reaction centers: Wild-type and cysteineless, two mediators: quinone and cytochrome c, and detergents (used to make the reaction center water soluble) on a gold electrode are investigated. It is shown that common cleaning methods such as sonication in a mixture of deionized water and ethyl alcohol, sulfuric acid potential cycling, and piranha solution may not be practical and sufficient to remove the reaction centers and mediators from the electrodes and the container. Additionally, it is shown that eliminating oxygen can result in the reduction of unwanted parasitic reactions in the cell, which could lower the generated photocurrent and hence the overall efficiency of the cell. Therefore, new methods for cleaning and a new cell design are proposed and used throughout the experiments. Capacitance measurements, using cyclic voltammetry and AC voltammetry techniques, in the absence and the presence of each of the cell analytes suggest that unmodified reaction centers, detergents, and the mediators bind to the surface of the gold electrode irreversibly. Finally, it is shown that cysteineless reaction centers also adsorb irreversibly on the surface of the gold, demonstrating that cysteine S-Au bonding is not the only irreversible binding mechanism.
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Santana-Aguiar, Francisco Aurelio. "Characterisation of electrode microarrays produced photolithographically and with thiol self-assembled monolayers on gold electrodes." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/45/.

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The macroscale electrochemical theory breaks down with microstructures smaller than the dimensions of the diffusion layer, showing that such electrodes have significant quantitative effects and qualitative advantages. The great advantage of microelectrodes over macroelectrodes is the minimisation of interference, which gives rise to much lower detection limits. Microelectrodes have much reduced ohmic drops and capacitive effects and can be used in the absence of supporting electrolyte. These features have opened a growing interest in the fabrication and application of microelectrodes in various areas. There are different microelectrode geometries, but disc type is the most used. Microelectrode arrays have been proposed as a way of increasing the magnitude of the current (produced for a single microelectrode), while maintaining the advantages of the single microelectrode. Although the inlaid microdisc microelectrode can be considered as one the most popular microelectrode geometry, there is also a need to consider conical recessed, recessed and protruding microdiscs as photolithographic microfabrication techniques often result in non-ideal geometries. It has been proved using surface imaging techniques such as scanning Kelvin nanoprobe (SKN), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and white light interferometer microscopy that conical recessed electrodes with gradient potential along the recessed walls are formed during standard photolithographic methods for producing microelectrode arrays. Microarrays are ubiquitously used for high-throughput measurements using various signal transduction techniques. Ideally each sensor in a microarray platform should perform optimally to ensure an error free response. In this thesis, a simple method for designing a microelectrode array platform (MEA) is described, allowing a ‘defective’ cluster of sensing arrays to be easily identified. It is possible to extend this concept for multiple analyses on a single chip. Molecular electronic is a promising technology which would be an alternative. The concept of molecular electronics is the use of single molecules or arrays, or layers of molecules for the fabrication of electronic components such as wires, switches, and storage elements. Indeed, functionalised thiol monolayer-based microelectrode array may provide unique possibilities, facilitating electrochemical measurements involving electron transfer via electron tunnelling. The conjugated structure of rigid, linear molecule increases greatly the rate of electron transfer across the monolayer. Charge transfer and self-assembly characteristics of novel fully conjugated molecules molecular wires (synthesised at the Department of Chemistry and Centre for Molecular and Nanoscale Electronics, Durham University) assembled on flat gold electrodes are evaluated using Marcus model of electron-transfer and tunnelling theory. The behaviour of these wires is compared with heptanethiol and dodecanethiol SAMs. A preliminary study for application of self-assembled monolayer of molecular wires in microelectrode arrays for multiple analyses on a single chip has been successfully reached.
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Cafe, Peter F. "Towards reliable contacts of molecular electronic devices to gold electrodes." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/3870.

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PhD
SYNOPSIS OF THIS THESIS The aim of this thesis is to more fully understand and explain the binding mechanism of organic molecules to the Au(111) surface and to explore the conduction of such molecules. It consists of five discreet chapters connected to each other by the central theme of “The Single Molecule Device: Conductance and Binding”. There is a deliberate concentration on azine linkers, in particular those with a 1,10-phenanthroline-type bidentate configuration at each end. This linker unit is called a “molecular alligator clip” and is investigated as an alternative to the thiol linker unit more commonly used. Chapter 1 places the work in the broad context of Molecular Electronics and establishes the need for this research. In Chapter 2 the multiple break-junction technique (using a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope or similar device) was used to investigate the conductance of various molecules with azine linkers. A major finding of those experiments is that solvent interactions are a key factor in the conductance signal of particular molecules. Some solvents interfere with the molecule’s interaction with and attachment to the gold electrodes. One indicator of the degree of this interference is the extent of the enhancement or otherwise of the gold quantized conduction peak at 1.0 G0. Below 1.0 G0 a broad range for which the molecule enhances conduction indicates that solvent interactions contribute to a variety of structures which could bridge the electrodes, each with their own specific conductance value. The use of histograms with a Log10 scale for conductance proved useful for observing broad range features. vi Another factor which affects the conductance signal is the geometric alignment of the molecule (or the molecule-solvent structure) to the gold electrode, and the molecular alignment is explored in Chapters 3 for 1,10-phenanthroline (PHEN) and Chapter 4 for thiols. In Chapter 3 STM images, electrochemistry, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) are used to determine 1,10-phenanthroline (PHEN) structures on the Au(111) surface. It is established that PHEN binds in two modes, a physisorbed state and a chemisorbed state. The chemisorbed state is more stable and involves the extraction of gold from the bulk to form adatom-PHEN entities which are highly mobile on the gold surface. Surface pitting is viewed as evidential of the formation of the adatom-molecule entities. DFT calculations in this chapter were performed by Ante Bilic and Jeffery Reimers. The conclusions to Chapter 3 implicate the adatom as a binding mode of thiols to gold and this is explored in Chapter 4 by a timely review of nascent research in the field. The adatom motif is identified as the major binding structure for thiol terminated molecules to gold, using the explanation of surface pitting in Chapter 3 as major evidence and substantiated by emergent literature, both experimental and theoretical. Furthermore, the effect of this binding mode on conductance is explored and structures relevant to the break-junction experiment of Chapter 2 are identified and their conductance values compared. Finally, as a result of researching extensive reports of molecular conductance values, and having attempted the same, a simple method for predicting the conductance of single molecules is presented based upon the tunneling conductance formula.
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Nandhakumar, Iris. "The early stages of CdTe epitaxial growth on gold single crystal electrode surfaces." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242869.

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Santos, Vanessa Nascimento dos. "Gold electrode modified with inorganic complexes applied as electrochemical sensors for nitric oxide." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7264.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
The aim of this work is to study the surface modification of gold electrode with the trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+ (Au/trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+) and trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ (Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+) complexes ion, emplyoing the electrodeposition and self-assembled monolayer techniques, respectively; and evaluate the potentiality of these modified electrodes as electrochemical sensors for detection and quantification of NO. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance results suggest that the deposition of trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+ complex ion on the gold surface. Cyclic voltammetry and surface enhanced raman spectroscopy results confirm the modification of gold electrode surface by the trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ complex ion. Peak current (Ip) observed in cyclic voltammograms for the oxidation of NO on the modified electrodes were higher than that observed for the unmodified gold electrode, and the modified electrode Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ showed the highest Ip for the oxidation of NO. The values of detection limit and quantification limit obtained for the electrode Au/trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+ were 7.73 x 10-8 mol L-1 and 2.58 x 10-7 mol L-1, and for the electrode Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ were 5.15 x 10-8 mol L-1 and 1.72 x 10-7 mol L-1, respectively, being this values smaller by an order of magnitude as the same obtained for the unmodified gold electrode. Computational simulations suggest that the increase in Ip oxidation of NO on the electrode Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ is due to the interaction energy between molecules of NO and the complex trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+, adsorbed on the gold surface, to be stronger than the energy of interaction of NO with the gold surface. The dopamine and serotonin molecules and the nitrite ion interfere in electrochemical detection of NO and dopamine and serotonin showed greater interference in the detection of NO in relation to the nitrite ion. The electrode Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ showed the greatest stability when compared to the electrode Au/trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+. The results obtained in this work showed the potentiality of modified electrodes as sensors for deteccion and quantification of NO, among which stands out the electrode Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ due to the further intensification of the signal current for the oxidation of NO and provided greater stability.
O objetivo deste trabalho à estudar a modificaÃÃo da superfÃcie do eletrodo de ouro com os Ãons complexos trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+ (Au/trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+) e trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ (Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+), empregando as tÃcnicas de eletrodeposiÃÃo e formaÃÃo de camadas auto-organizadas, respectivamente; e avaliar a potencialidade destes eletrodos modificados como sensores eletroquÃmicos para detecÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo de NO. Os resultados de voltametria cÃclica e de microbalanÃa eletroquÃmica a cristal de quartzo sugerem a deposiÃÃo do Ãon complexo trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+ sobre a superfÃcie de ouro. Os resultados de voltametria cÃclica e de espalhamento raman amplificado por superfÃcie comprovam a modificaÃÃo da superfÃcie do eletrodo de ouro pelo Ãon complexo trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+. As correntes de pico (Ip) observadas nos voltamogramas cÃclicos para a oxidaÃÃo do NO sobre os eletrodos modificados foram maiores que as observadas para o eletrodo de ouro sem modificaÃÃo, sendo que o eletrodo modificado Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ apresentou a maior Ip para a oxidaÃÃo de NO. Os valores de limite de detecÃÃo e de quantificaÃÃo obtidos para o eletrodo Au/trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+ foram de 7,73 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 2,58 x 10-7 mol L-1, e para o eletrodo Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ foram de 5,15 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 1,72 x 10-7 mol L-1, respectivamente, sendo estes valores menores em uma ordem de grandeza que os mesmos obtidos para o eletrodo de ouro nÃo modificado. As simulaÃÃes computacionais sugerem que o aumento de Ip da oxidaÃÃo de NO sob o eletrodo Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ à devido à energia de interaÃÃo entre as molÃculas de NO e o complexo trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+, adsorvido na superfÃcie de ouro, ser mais forte que a energia de interaÃÃo do NO com a superfÃcie de ouro. As molÃculas dopamina e serotonina e o Ãon nitrito interferem na detecÃÃo eletroquÃmica de NO e a dopamina e a serotonina apresentaram maior interferÃncia na detecÃÃo de NO em relaÃÃo ao Ãon nitrito. O eletrodo Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+ apresentou maior estabilidade quando comparado ao eletrodo Au/trans-[Ru(NH3)4(tina)(SO4)]+. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho demonstram a potencialidade dos eletrodos modificados como sensores para detecÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo de NO, dentre os quais se destaca o eletrodo Au/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(NCS)2]+, devido à maior intensificaÃÃo no sinal de corrente para a oxidaÃÃo de NO e a maior estabilidade apresentada.
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Young, Samantha. "Designing the Nanoparticle/Electrode Interface for Improved Electrocatalysis." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23723.

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Nanoparticle-functionalized electrodes have attracted attention in areas such as energy production and storage, sensing, and electrosynthesis. The electrochemical properties of these electrodes depend upon the nanoparticle properties, e.g., core size, core morphology, surface chemistry, as well as the structure of the nanoparticle/electrode interface, including the coverage on the electrode surface, choice of electrode support, and the interface between the nanoparticle and the electrode support. Traditionally used methods of producing nanoparticle-functionalized electrodes lack sufficient control over many of these variables, particularly the nanoparticle/electrode interface. Tethering nanoparticles to electrodes with molecular linkers is a strategy to fabricate nanoparticle-functionalized electrodes that provides enhanced control over the nanoparticle/electrode structure. However, many existing tethering methods are done on catalytically active electrode supports, which makes isolating the electrochemical activity of the nanoparticle challenging. Furthermore, previous work has focused on larger nanoparticles, yet smaller nanoparticles with core diameters less than 2.5 nm are of interest due to their unique structural and electronic properties. This dissertation addresses both of these gaps, exploring small nanoparticle electrocatalysts that are molecularly tethered to catalytically inert electrodes. This dissertation first reviews and compares the methods of fabricating nanoparticle-functionalized electrodes with a defined molecular interface in the context of relevant attributes for electrochemical applications. Next, a new platform approach to bind small gold nanoparticles to catalytically inert boron doped diamond electrodes through a defined molecular interface is described, and the influence of the nanoparticle/electrode interface on the electron transfer properties of these materials is evaluated. The next two studies build upon this platform to evaluate molecularly tethered nanoparticles as oxygen electroreduction catalysts. The first of these two describes the systematic study of atomically precise small gold clusters, highlighting the influence of atomic level differences in the core size and the electrode support material on the catalytic properties. The second study extends the platform approach to study small bimetallic silver-gold nanoparticles produced on the electrode surface and highlights the influence of the structural arrangement of the metals on the catalytic activity. Finally, future opportunities for the field of molecularly tethered nanoparticle-functionalized electrodes are discussed. This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
2019-01-27
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Lakbub, Jude. "Fabrication of Chemically Modified Nanometer-sized Gold Electrodes and Their Application in Electrocatalysis at Pt Nanoparticles." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1385.

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Hydrogen evolution via proton reduction occurs at a high rate at the surface of Pt than at Au electrodes. Using cyclic voltammetry, chemically modified nanometer-sized Au electrodes, prepared by the Laser-Assisted Puller Method, were employed to examine current amplification by electrocalysis at Pt nanoparticles adsorbed on the modified Au electrode surfaces. The electrodes were modified with Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of cysteamine and soaked in Pt colloid solutions overnight. Monitoring the decrements of the characteristic steady-state catalytic current for proton reduction indicated that aggregates of Pt nanoparticles are adsorbed on the cysteamine monolayers and desorb from them particle by particle. The results also indicate that some particles are strongly attached to the modified electrode surface and do not deplete even after thorough rinsing.
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Gibbon-Walsh, Kristopher Bryant. "Speciation of trace metals and metalloids in natural waters using the vibrating gold microwire electrode." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569659.

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This work reports the use of the vibrating gold microwire electrode, with new methods developed for the speciation of Zn, Cu, Mn and As at natural levels in waters of neutral pH. Trace metals and metalloids can be distributed as different species in the environment, which can control mobility, toxicity and bioavailability and in turn depends on many complex factors. Analysis of this distribution (speciation) can provide an understanding of the relationship between such elements and their relationship with organisms in marine environments and humans through contaminated drinking water supplies. Such speciation can be analysed using a vibrating gold microwire electrode (VGME), which is easily prepared and maintained at minimal cost. High sensitivity is found for trace metals: Mn; Cu and Zn; and the metalloid As, resulting from a very low diffusion layer (~0.8 urn for a Sum gold wire) means that they can be measured at trace levels in natural waters. This combined with the VGME's portability, reliability and stability for long term measurement (repeated measurements over several days) and its capability to distinguish between distinct forms ofthe above trace elements mean that speciation methods could be successfully developed and validated in natural waters, with no, or minimal sample preparation. Such methods made it possible to analyse speciation on-site, which decreases the potential problems inherent in maintaining sample speciation during storage. Contamination of groundwater with As is a major health risk through contamination of drinking and irrigation water supplies. In geochemically reducing conditions As is mostly present as ASIII, which is why a method that uses cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) to determine reactive AS"I was developed. The ASIII is detected after adsorptive deposition of As(OHho, followed by a potential scan to measure the reduction current from AsIII to Aso. The method is suitable for waters of pH 7-12. The CSV method was successfully applied to groundwaters from Severn Trent, UK, however speciation using this method is severely hampered by high levels of iron and manganese. Experiments showed that the interference is eliminated by addition of EDTA, making it possible to determine the arsenic speciation on-site by CSV in West Bengal, India. The VGME is also used to detect nanomolar levels of dissolved Mn by anodic stripping chronopotentiometry (ASC) and sub-nanomolar levels of dissolved Zn by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) in neutral pH seawater. The limits of detection for Mn (1.4 nM) and for Zn (0.3 nM) in seawater with a 300 s plating time, are better than achieved using other non-mercury based electrodes and nearly as good as a mercury film electrode for Zn. Deposition of Mn at the VGME was further utilised to catalyse the reduction of Asv to ASIII, enabling for the first time the direct electrochemical determination of Asv in natural waters of neutral pH including seawater by ASV using a manganese coated gold microwire electrode. Direct electrochemical determination of Asv in neutral pH waters is impossible due to its electro-inactivity. Therefore Mn is added to excess (~1 JlM Mn) to the water leading to a Mn coating during the deposition of Asv on the electrode, when depositing at -1.3 V. The detection limit was 0.2 nM Asv using a deposition time of 180 s. Speciation of Cu is determined without the need for sample preparation, using scanned stripping techniques for the first time at natural levels in seawater. A desorption potential (-1.2 V) and a conditioning interval between scans make the VG ME suitable for on-site and potentially in-situ copper speciation. The resulting pseudopolarograms are analysed using an experimentally constructed 'chelate scale' to determine the strength of copper ligand interactions in real seawater samples.
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Remes, Daniel. "Biosensor based on a MOS capacitor with an internal reference electrode." Thesis, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19829.

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In this project a new type of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor for biosensing was investigated. With the use of a porous gold film as aninternal reference electrode, measurements of pH were performed in liquid. This new approach for liquid measurements demands new methods andstudies to increase the conductivity and adhesion in liquid of the porous gold film. The films have been deposited, either by sputtering orevaporation. Extensive studies included the investigation of depositions parameters on film structure and investigating the film morphology. Thesurface structure was studied with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). pH measurements were preformed with promising results. The adhesionof the electrode was greatly improved by using grains of titanium underneath the gold film. This new approach could lead to new applications anddevices for MOS sensors and its sensor relatives.

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Zamlynny, Volodymyr. "Electrochemical studies of adsorption of insoluble pyridine surfactants and their mixtures at a gold(111) electrode." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ33292.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Gold electrode"

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Snyder, Trevor James. Visualization and heat transfer study of boiling in microgravity with and applied electric field utilizing single-bubble and surface-boiling semi-transparent gold-film heaters and three electrode geometries: diverging plate, flat plate, and pin electrode. Pullman, WA: School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, 1995.

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J, Verkleij A., and Leunissen J. L. M, eds. Immuno-gold-labeling in cell biology. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1989.

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Carter, D. Electrochemical and electron-microscopical studies of anodically corroded silver-gold alloys. [s.l.]: typescript, 1985.

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Ganter, Barbara E. Thermokraft abschreckend kondensierter Legierungsschichten: Am Beispiel des amorphen Legierungssystems Zinn-Gold und binärer Edelmetall, 3d-Metall Spingläser. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1986.

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Bell, L. D. Evidence of momentum conservation at a nonepitaxial metal/semiconductor interface using ballistic electron emission microscopy. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Bell, L. D. Evidence of momentum conservation at a nonepitaxial metal/semiconductor interface using ballistic electron emission microscopy. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Long, Susan Hill. The amazing Spider-Man: Spider-Man versus Electro. New York: HarperCollins, 2009.

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Seeck, Margitta, and Donald L. Schomer. Intracranial EEG Monitoring. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0029.

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Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) is used to localize the focus of seizures and determine vital adjacent cortex before epilepsy surgery. The two most commonly used electrode types are subdural and depth electrodes. Foramen ovale electrodes are less often used. Combinations of electrode types are possible. The choice depends on the presumed focus site. Careful planning is needed before implantation, taking into account the results of noninvasive studies. While subdural recordings allow better mapping of functional cortex, depth electrodes can reach deep structures. There are no guidelines on how to read ictal intracranial EEG recordings, but a focal onset (<5 contacts) and a high-frequency onset herald a good prognosis. High-frequency oscillations have been described as a potential biomarker of the seizure onset zone. Intracranial recordings provide a focal but magnified view of the brain, which is also exemplified by the use of microelectrodes, which allow the recording of single-unit or multi-unit activity.
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Petersen, Erika A. Spinal Cord Stimulation. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0032.

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Spinal cord stimulation is an effective strategy for managing chronic neuropathic pain that is refractory to other medical treatment. Proper patient selection and fastidious technique are essential to good outcomes. Electrodes can be placed through both percutaneous and laminotomy approaches. Care should be taken to minimize the risks of spinal electrode implantation: infection, neurologic injury, device migration, and device malfunction. Technological innovation and applications continue to improve rapidly, affording more options for treatment.
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D, Hyatt Alexander, and Eaton Bryan T, eds. Immuno-gold electron microscopy in virus diagnosis and research. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Gold electrode"

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Trani, Alessandro, Rita Petrucci, Giancarlo Marrosu, and Antonella Curulli. "Determination of Caffeine @ Gold Nanoparticles Modified Gold (Au) Electrode: A Preliminary Study." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 147–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09617-9_26.

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Kycia, Annia H., ZhangFei Su, Christa L. Brosseau, and Jacek Lipkowski. "In Situ PM-IRRAS Studies of Biomimetic Membranes Supported at Gold Electrode Surfaces." In Vibrational Spectroscopy at Electrified Interfaces, 345–417. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118658871.ch11.

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Nakai, Hidetaka, Hisashi Fujihara, Masakuni Yoshihara, and Toshihisa Maeshima. "Interfacial Redox Behavior of Mono- and Multilayers of Tetrathiafulvalene Terminated Alkane-Tetrathiol on Gold Electrode." In Novel Trends in Electroorganic Synthesis, 89–90. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65924-2_27.

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Shoji, Kan. "De-Insertion Current Analysis of Pore-Forming Peptides and Proteins Using Gold Electrode-Supported Lipid Bilayer." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 93–102. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1843-1_8.

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Kolb, D. M., A. S. Dakkouri, and N. Batina. "The Surface Structure of Gold Single-Crystal Electrodes." In Nanoscale Probes of the Solid/Liquid Interface, 263–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8435-7_15.

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Ducey, M. W., A. M. Smith, R. Smith, C. Duan, and Mark E. Meyerhoff. "Nonseparation Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassay Using Microporous Gold Electrodes." In Biosensors and Their Applications, 113–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4181-3_6.

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Fink, J., C. J. Kiely, D. Bethel, and D. J. Schiffrin. "Self assembly of nanosized gold clusters into regular arrays." In Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1997, 601–4. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003063056-156.

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Ahmadi, Temer S., Stephan L. Logunov, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed. "Size-Dependent Electron Dynamics of Gold Nanoparticles." In ACS Symposium Series, 125–40. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1997-0679.ch010.

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Talebi, Nahid. "Optical Modes of Gold Tapers Probed by Electron Beams." In Near-Field-Mediated Photon–Electron Interactions, 119–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33816-9_6.

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Heinecke, Christine L., and Christopher J. Ackerson. "Preparation of Gold Nanocluster Bioconjugates for Electron Microscopy." In Nanoimaging, 293–311. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-137-0_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Gold electrode"

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Vulcu, A., S. Pruneanu, C. Berghian-Grosan, L. Olenic, L. M. Muresan, and L. Barbu-Tudoran. "Impedimetric investigation of gold nanoparticles - guanine modified electrode." In PROCESSES IN ISOTOPES AND MOLECULES (PIM 2013). AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4833743.

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Bera, Tushar Kanti, and J. Nagaraju. "Gold electrode sensors for electrical impedance tomography (EIT) studies." In 2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sas.2011.5739810.

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Asmatulu, R., S. Kim, F. Papadimitrakopoulos, and H. Marcus. "Dielectrophoretic Force-Induced Assembly Technique for the Fabrication of 2D Colloidal Photonic Crystals." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-69094.

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Dielectrophoretic force-induced assembly technique was used to achieve close-packed 2D colloidal photonic crystals on parallel plate gold electrodes. These gold electrodes were patterned using conventional UV photolithography technique. The width and length of the parallel plates were 280 μm and 3 mm, respectively. The experimental tests conducted with 5.3 μm carboxyl functionalized polystyrene (PS) particles at various AC voltages, frequencies and particle concentrations showed that colloidal photonic crystals were fabricated on the ground electrode, instead of the working electrode, which may be attributed to the electro-osmotic flow and dipole-dipole attractions between the colloidal particles. It is concluded that this study provides promising results for the 2D colloidal photonic fabrication for the photonic industry.
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Chen, Li-Da, and Gou-Jen Wang. "Detection of Electrolytes Based on Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrode." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-67369.

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Abstract This study aimed to develop simple electrochemical electrodes for the fast detection of chlorine, sodium, and potassium ions in human serum. A flat thin-film gold electrode was used as the detection electrode for chloride ions; a solid-state ion-selective electrode (ISE), which was formed by covering a flat thin-film gold electrode with a mixture of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and ion-selective membrane (ISM), was developed for sodium and potassium ions detection. Through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV), the detection data can be obtained within two minutes. The linear detection ranges in the standard samples of chlorine, sodium, and potassium ions were 25–200 mM, 50–200 mM, and 2–10 mM, with the average relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.79%, 1.65%, and 0.47% and the average recovery rates of 101%, 100%, and 96% respectively. Interference experiments using normal concentrations of Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in human blood demonstrated that the proposed detection electrodes have good selectivity. Moreover, the proposed detection electrodes have characteristics such as the ability to be prepared under relatively simple process conditions, excellent detection sensitivity, and low RSD, and the detection linear range is suitable for the Cl−, Na+, and K+ concentrations in human serum.
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Parvez, Mohammad Salman, Md Fazlay Rubby, Sajid Mahfuz Ucchyash, Prosanto Biswas, Hasina Huq, and Nazmul Islam. "Micro Flow Direction Analysis Using Gold Sputtered Planar V-Shaped Electrode Pattern." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20305.

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Abstract Sensing and detecting micro particles require a bulk fluid motion towards the sensing element in order to get a desirable response from the sensing element. Specially for low-concentrated fluid suspension response time is very long. So both for detection and sensing mechanism if the fluid flow is guided at a reasonable speed and at a low voltage and relatively low frequency which is suitable for bio-particles; the sensing mechanism can be enhanced largely. But sometimes it is required to re-accumulate or recombine the fluid. Previously parallel plate configuration was used to concentrate particle, but this is for the first time a V-shaped electrode pattern used to guide the bulk flow for concentration purpose. The V-shaped electrode set-up was made by following an unconventional way using sputtering machine which was cheaper than the conventional Photolithography method. AC-Electroosmosis from planar electrodes is a strong mechanism for creating micro-flows from several hundred microns away from the electrode surface. The mechanism for the AC Electroosmotic fluid flow is based on Capacitive charging which causes due to the generation of counter-ions at the electrode-electrolyte interface and Faradaic charging which is generated by the accumulation of co-ions. These two different methods are responsible for a converging and diverging surface flow of the fluid particles. At lower voltage capacitive charging method plays a significant role and most of the applied voltage drops occur at the electrical double layer but up to a certain voltage level Faradaic charging method takes over and starts dominating. The induced flow velocity by both methods has different relationship with the applied voltage. In this experiment Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine the suitable frequency range for the application & 2.12Vrms was used initially which is a very low voltage. An equivalent circuit for the setup was analyzed. Finally, an analysis was made on this setup using conductive fluid to observe the AC Electrothermal (ACET) effect. In our experiment the goal was to get an optimum velocity for concentration at low voltage and low frequency also to observe the guiding direction of the fluid flow in order to find a way to focus the fluid flow towards the desired direction.
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Xu, Yuanyuan, Shanhong Xia, Chao Bian, and Shaofeng Chen. "A Micro Amperometric Immunosensor Based on Protein A/Gold nanoparticles/Self-assembled Monolayer-Modified Gold Electrode." In 2006 1st IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems.2006.334617.

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She, Xiang, Xiaohe Wang, Pengfei Niu, Menglun Zhang, and Wei Pang. "Robustness of Gold Nanoparticles on Gold Film Electrode for Sweat Analysis with Miniature Sono-electroanalytical Platform." In 2021 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ius52206.2021.9593784.

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Ohmori, T., T. Mizuno, and M. Enyo. "Nuclear transmutation induced by light water electrolysis with gold electrode." In IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Cat. No.97CH6203). IEEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecec.1997.661967.

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Miclielotti, Francesco, Andrea Garofolo, Mario Bertolotli, Eric Toussaere, and Joseph Zyss. "Pulse poling of second order nonlinear optical polymers." In The European Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_europe.1996.ctuk70.

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We report on the investigation the electric field poling of side-chain Disperse Red 1-MMA polymer1. Thin solid films were produced by spin coating on ITO coated glass substrates and then cladded with a gold electrode. The ITO and gold layers were used both as poling and modulating electrodes throughout the measurements2. Electrode poling was performed by applying either cw or pulsed electric fields between the electrodes of the sandwich structure.
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Liu, Xiaojian, Xiuli Wang, Ying Ding, Guangdong Wu, Jiyou Li, Jiangyan Ren, Jiankang Wang, Zhiling Chen, and Kexiang Wang. "Research on Optimization of Gold Wire Bonding Process between Gold-Plated Quartz Glass Electrode and Metal Base." In 2022 23rd International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept56209.2022.9873326.

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Reports on the topic "Gold electrode"

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Bae, I., H. Huang, E. Yeager, and D. A. Scherson. In-Situ Spectroscopic Studies of Redox Active Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Electrode Surfaces. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235564.

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Calam, Tuğba Tabanlıgil, and Erdoğan Hasdemir. Comparative Characterizations of Self-assembled Monolayers of 1,6‑Hexanedithiol and 1-Hexanethiol Formed on Polycrystalline Gold Electrode. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.03.05.

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Rossi, Ruggero, David Jones, Jaewook Myung, Emily Zikmund, Wulin Yang, Yolanda Alvarez Gallego, Deepak Pant, et al. Evaluating a multi-panel air cathode through electrochemical and biotic tests. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46320.

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To scale up microbial fuel cells (MFCs), larger cathodes need to be developed that can use air directly, rather than dissolved oxygen, and have good electrochemical performance. A new type of cathode design was examined here that uses a “window-pane” approach with fifteen smaller cathodes welded to a single conductive metal sheet to maintain good electrical conductivity across the cathode with an increase in total area. Abiotic electrochemical tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of the cathode size (exposed areas of 7 cm², 33 cm², and 6200 cm²) on performance for all cathodes having the same active catalyst material. Increasing the size of the exposed area of the electrodes to the electrolyte from 7 cm² to 33 cm² (a single cathode panel) decreased the cathode potential by 5%, and a further increase in size to 6200 cm² using the multi-panel cathode reduced the electrode potential by 55% (at 0.6 A m⁻²), in a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS). In 85 L MFC tests with the largest cathode using wastewater as a fuel, the maximum power density based on polarization data was 0.083 ± 0.006Wm⁻² using 22 brush anodes to fully cover the cathode, and 0.061 ± 0.003Wm⁻² with 8 brush anodes (40% of cathode projected area) compared to 0.304 ± 0.009Wm⁻² obtained in the 28 mL MFC. Recovering power from large MFCs will therefore be challenging, but several approaches identified in this study can be pursued to maintain performance when increasing the size of the electrodes.
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Woods, Nina Tani. Characterization of organosulfur monolayer formation at gold electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/383576.

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Peggs, S., and D. Trbojevic. Luminosity Scaling of Electron Gold Collisions in the RHIC Rings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1119557.

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COLON-MERCADO, HECTOR, AARON LANDO, and MAXIMILIAN GORENSEK. HIGH TEMPERATURE WATER ELECTROLYSIS TESTING OF GOLD-BASED ELECTRODES FOR H2 PRODUCTION. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1648305.

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Gardner, Christopher J. Notes on adjusting gold ion momentum in RHIC to optimize electron cooling at injection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1494051.

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Corrigan, Dennis S., John K. Foley, Ping Gao, Stanley Pons, and Michael J. Weaver. Comparison Between Surface-Enhanced Raman and Surface Infrared Spectroscopies For Strongly Perturbed Adsorbates: Thiocyanate at Gold Electrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada159954.

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Hershcovitch, A. Single pass electron beam cooling of gold ions between EBIS LINAC and booster is theoretically possible! Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1007884.

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Gao, Ping, and Michael J. Weaver. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy as a Probe or Adsorbate-Surface Bonding: Benzene and Monosubstituted Benzenes Adsorbed at Gold Electrodes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada159978.

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