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Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Maskey, Ujwal Kumar, and Naresh Kazi Tamrakar. "Study on gross streambank sediment erosion from the Godavari Khola, southeast Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 55, no. 1 (June 4, 2018): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v55i1.22787.

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The fifth order Godavari Khola is flowing from the South to the North direction and is one of the major tributaries from the southern part of the Kathmandu Valley. As the urbanization is growing in the Kathmandu Valley the banks of the streams are being targeted for the housing and roads, therefore it is important to know the characteristic of the river behavior, nature of erosion and sediment production along its banks. This study accesses the stream bank erosion characteristics and sediment production by erosion along the Godavari Khola. It was conducted by surveying and accessing hydraulic parameters, Bank Erosion and Lateral Instability status, streambank recession rates and gross sediment erosion from the bank. The Godavari Khola has high bank erodibility and lateral instability as the hazard level of Bank Erosion and Lateral Instability (BELI) and width/depth ratio are quite high. Since the slope and the bankfull depth exceed the critical slope and critical depth values, respectively, the Godavari Khola is competent enough to mobilize its sediments. The apparent recession rate of the banks of the Godavari Khola is 0.66 m per year yielding 85 m3 volume of the displaced material which weighs 141 tonnes. The estimated bank erosion rate is in between 0.02 to 0.235 m/y and the gross erosion is estimated to be 320 tonnes per year. Similar to the other river of the Kathmandu Valley, the Godavari Khola is very disturbed by the anthropogenic activities. Riparian vegetation clearing and bad agricultural practice is one of the major causes for the high bank erosion and instability of the Godavari Khola.

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2

Srivastava, S. C., and Neerja Jha. "Palynology of Kamthi Formation from Chelpur Area, Godavari Graben, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 35, no. (1-3) (December 31, 1986): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1986.1548.

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Palynofossil assemblages recovered from the subsurface sediments of the Chelpur area in the Godavari Graben of Kamthi Formation have been studied. It is deduced that the palynoflora is characterised by the dominance of striate-disaccate pollen. Densipollenites is nearly absent. The palynoflora has been compared with the known Lower Kamthi palynoflora in the Ramagundam area of Godavari Graben and also with Raniganj palynoflora of Damodar Valley coalfields. The recovered palynoflora indicates Late Permian age.

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3

Pande, B. C. "Kamthi - a new concept." Journal of Palaeosciences 36 (December 31, 1987): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1987.1559.

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King has described ‘Kamthi beds’ as the group of rocks disconformably overlapping the Permian coal measures. In an otherwise extremely soil covered areas in the Wardha Godavari Graben. Some of the later workers while projecting on the surface the lithics encountered in the sub-surface drilling in the Godavari Valley Coalfield subdivided these beds into lower, middle and upper horizons, by considering them to have gradational contacts, to account for the biota revealed from these litho-units. A reappraisal of the basic geoscientific database (geological and geophysical) and the interpretations from the surface and the sub-surface lithics have undisputedly shown that the pattern of Gondwana sedimentation in the Godavari Valley, during the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic periods, has been in an oscillating and continental fluvial regime governed by the basin configuration and palaeodrainage interrelated to their development in time and space. The palynofossil content unequivocally proves the presence of the Upper Permian lithics lying buried under the Lower Triassic (Kamthi) sediments. The latter has a widespread expanse in the graben, from the northwest to the southeast which is believed to be due to the further deepening of the basin floor at the time of their sedimentation. The possibility of Kamthi constituting the basal part of the enlarged Maleri sequence of the Triassic lithics is very much indicated thereby defining the base of the Triassic in the Godavari Graben. It is thus, considered undisputed that the Kamthi is nothing more than a concept in the geological history of this part of the Godavari Graben which is defined by its mode of occurrence as governed by the associated tectonism.

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4

Sengupta, Supriya. "Gondwana sedimentation in the Pranhita–Godavari Valley: a review." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 2003): 633–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00052-4.

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5

Sengupta, Supriya M. "Pranhita–Godavari Valley Special Issue (J. Asian Earth Sci.)." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 2003): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00179-7.

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6

Chaudhuri, Asru K. "Stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the Godavari Supergroup in the south-central Pranhita-Godavari Valley, south India." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 2003): 595–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00047-0.

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7

Chauhan, Ananta Bahadur, Usha Budhathoki, and Mahesh Kumar Adhikari. "An Account on Myxomycetes from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Journal of Natural History Museum 26 (December 17, 2015): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v26i0.14143.

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This paper reports on 11 species of myxomycetes (Arcyria pomiformis, Arcyria incarnata, Arcyria cineria, Stemoitis sp., Didymium flexuosum,Physarum viride. Hemitrichia serpula, Tubifera microsperma, Fuligo cinerea, Mucilago crustacea and Didymium iridis) gathered in 2006-2008 from the adjoining hills (Shivapuri and Godavari) around the Kathmandu valley. Further studies on the phytogeographic relationship, frequency and dominance of the taxa need to be carried out in future.J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 26, 2012: 194-197

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8

Singh, Hemant Kumar, D. Chandrasekharam, A. Minissale, N. Janardhana Raju, and A. Baba. "Geothermal potential of Manuguru geothermal field of Godavari valley, India." Geothermics 105 (November 2022): 102545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2022.102545.

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9

Ray, Sanghamitra, and Saswati Bandyopadhyay. "Late Permian vertebrate community of the Pranhita–Godavari valley, India." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 2003): 643–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00050-0.

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10

Saxena, V. K., and Mohan L. Gupta. "Aquifer chemistry of thermal waters of the Godavari Valley, India." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 25, no. 1-2 (June 1985): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90012-5.

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11

Srivastava, S. C., and Neerja Jha. "Palynology of Kamthi Formation in Godavari Graben." Journal of Palaeosciences 36 (December 31, 1987): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1987.1568.

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Five palynological assemblages have been recognized in the Kamthi Formation of Godavari Graben. The assemblages are characterized by overall abundance of striate disaccate pollen. The associated palynofossils, however, distinguish the palynoassemblages at various levels of the formation. The Lower Member containing coal seams shows unequivocal resemblance with the Raniganj palynoflora of Damodar Valley and Son Mahanadi coalfields District change in lithology at the beginning of the Middle member is marked by the appearance of Parasaccites rich assemblage simulating a cooling phase akin to that observed during the Talchir period. The younger sediments of the Middle Member contain Corisaccites Guttulapollenites Assemblage and Densipollenites Assemblage in order of succession representing the uppermost Permian palynoflora in Godavari Graben. The youngest assemblage also indicates close proximity to the Permian Triassic, thus making the Kamthi Formation a time transgressive unit.

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12

Ray, Sanghamitra. "Permian reptilian fauna from the Kundaram Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India." Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, no. 1 (July 1999): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(99)00090-1.

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13

Sarate, Omprakash S. "Petrographic characteristics of coal from Mailaram coalfield, Godavari valley, Andhra Pradesh." Journal of the Geological Society of India 76, no. 6 (December 2010): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-010-0116-7.

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14

Shinde, Vasant. "Craft specialization and social organization in the Chalcolithic Deccan, India." Antiquity 65, no. 249 (December 1991): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00080522.

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The Deccan Chalcolithic and its sitesSystematic archaeological research began in the Deccan after 1950 when a Chalcolithic settlement was discovered at Jorwe near Sangamner in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra state. The Deccan, which includes the present states of Maharashtra, (except for the western coast and some parts of Vidarbha in the east) and northern Karnataka, falls in a semi-arid zone with a precipitation ranging between 400 and 900 mm. There are three major river valleys in the Deccan, the Tapi in the north, the Godavari in the centre and the Bhima in the south. Microecological variations in each valley have considerably affected the settlement patterns of the early farmers. Altogether 150 Chalcolithic settlements have so far been discovered in this part of India. The Tapi valley in the north, considered to be one of the most fertile tracts in the country and well watered by the Tapi and several of its perennial tributaries, was extensively occupied, for over 100 Chalcolithic settlements have so far been discovered there (Shinde in press). It was also observed that there was a general tendency to locate a settlement away from the main river because of the danger posed by the severe monsoon floodings. Most of the settlements were located along the banks of its tributaries, which are safe. In the Godavari and Bhima basins, on the other hand, because of the inadequate perennial water supply and limited availability of fertile soil, there were sporadic settlements (Shinde 1989) (FIGURE1 ). On the basis of environmental studies, surface finds, site location, the extent and thickness of habitation deposits, the Chalcolithic sites in the Deccan have been divided into different categories such as a regional centre, a farming village, a farmstead, a herding unit, and a camp to exploit localized resources (Shinde in press).

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15

Jha, Sanjay Kumar, and N. N. Tripathi. "SOME MACROFUNGI FROM PHULCHOWKI AREA OF KATHMANDU VALLEY, NEPAL." Ecoprint: An International Journal of Ecology 18 (December 20, 2013): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v18i0.9396.

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During present study, a survey was made from Godavari to Phulchowki, Kathmandu valley up to the height of 2250 m. in order to collect macrofungi with special reference to habit, habitat, substrate and ethnobotanical information. The species were brought to laboratory and identified through morphological and microscopic examination. Out of 45 macrofungi species collected, 20 species belonging to 13 families were identified. The major species were Agaricus silvicola, Amanita caesarea, Bovista plumbea, Clavulina cristata, Clavulinopsis fusiformis etc. The detailed measurement of pileus and stipes, colour of pileus, gills and stipes, cap profiles, stem profiles, spore structure were done.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v18i0.9396Ecoprint: An International Journal of EcologyVol. 18, 2011 Page: 33-38 Uploaded date: 12/20/2013

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16

Chaudhuri, Asru K., and Gautam K. Deb. "Proterozoic Rifting in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley: Implication on India-Antarctica Linkage." Gondwana Research 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70785-1.

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17

Prasad, Kodali H. V., Kuppili B. S. Prasad, and Yerramilli V. Subbarao. "Reactivity of a high ash Indian coal (Manuguru, Godavari Valley) towards CO2." Fuel 69, no. 12 (December 1990): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(90)90200-a.

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18

Chaudhuri, Asru K., and Gautam K. Deb. "Proterozoic Rifting in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley: Implication on India-Antarctica Linkage." Gondwana Research 4, no. 4 (October 2001): 592–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70396-8.

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19

Sarate, Omprakash S., Srikanta Murthy, and S. A. Kalkar. "Late Permian palynoassemblage from Borehole No. WG-22 near Sekapur, Wardha District, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 65, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2016): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2016.309.

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The present paper deals with the palynological investigation of the Lower Gondwana sequence intersected in Borehole No. WG–22, drilled near Sekapur Village, in Wardha District, Maharashtra. The study divulges the incidence in significant proportion and with consistency of striate bisaccate palynomorphs, viz. Striatopodocarpites and Faunipollenites and non–striate genus Scheuringipollenites. The associated genera recorded include, Weylandites, Tiwariasporis, Densipollenites, Verticipollenites and Klausipollenites, though with meagre distribution. This palynoassemblage has been dated as Late Permian and affiliate closely with the palynofloral assemblages known from the basal part Raniganj Formation of East and West Bokaro coalfields, Damodar Basin, Makardhokada area of Nagpur District and vast areas of Godavari Valley. The study indicates that almost similar vegetational pattern existed in the Nagpur, Wardha–Godavari and Damodar basins however, there existed regional variations in the generic composition of the vegetation in Satpura Basin as suggested by their palynofloral contents. The mega– and microfloral studies of the Wardha Basin with particular reference to Sekapur area suggests prevalence of warm and temperate climate in this region.

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20

Kutty, T. S., S. L. Jain, and T. R. Chowdhury. "Gondwana Sequence of the northern Pranhita-Godavari Valley: its stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas." Journal of Palaeosciences 36 (December 31, 1987): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1987.1582.

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The Gondwana Sequence in the northern part of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley consists of four formations of the Lower Gondwana and seven formations of the Upper Gondwana. The gross lithological characters and mappability are considered as the major criteria for delineating the formations. The name Kamthi Formation which has been used by different authors in different senses, is here used in the sense of Sengupta (1970). The rocks between the Barakar and this Kamthi are divided into four lithozones for limitations of mappability. Although some of these lithozones have earlier been designated as formations, at present not sufficient information is available to justify this. Only two breaks, both within the Upper Gondwana, are found to be present: there is no recognisable break between the Lower and the Upper Gondwana. A summary of this succession is presented in tabular form taking into account the words of earlier authors. The alternative views that are radically different from the one presented here are also discussed briefly. The usefulness of plant megafossils and fossil vertebrates in understanding the stratigraphy is discussed briefly and their role in determining the possible geological ages of some of the formations is mentioned. The vertebrate fauna from a number of formations is listed. At least seven formations are fossiliferous as far as vertebrates are concerned. Of these, two belonging to the Triassic and one belonging to the Jurassic are quite well-documented. The other four are less well known, but serve as very useful time markers. All these vertebrate-bearing formations can be correlated with co-eval rocks elsewhere in the world. The difficulty of correlating continental deposits is realized and keeping this in view a tentative correlation is presented.

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21

Saha, Dilip. "Internal geometry of a thrust sheet, eastern Proterozoic belt, Godavari Valley, South India." Journal of Earth System Science 99, no. 2 (June 1990): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02839399.

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22

CHAKRABORTY, TAPAN. "Sedimentology of a Proterozoic erg: the Venkatpur Sandstone, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, south India." Sedimentology 38, no. 2 (April 1991): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb01262.x.

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23

Prasad, Guntupalli V. R., and Brijesh K. Manhas. "A new symmetrodont mammalfrom the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India." Geobios 30, no. 4 (January 1997): 563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(97)80122-2.

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24

Vijaya, G. V. R. Prasad, and K. Singh. "Late Triassic palynoflora from the Pranhita–Godavari Valley, India: evidence from vertebrate coprolites." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 33, no. 2 (June 2009): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510902841315.

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25

Venkatasubbaiah, P. C. "PROTOHISTORIC CULTURAL PHASES IN TELANGANA STATE: AN OVERVIEW." JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 2, no. 1 (2022): 11–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jhaa.2022.v02i01.02.

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The present paper is about an overview of Protohistoric cultural phases in the present Telangana state in southern India portraying the settled way of life of early human population practicing agriculture and animal husbandry along with ceramic production.We find permanent settlemens in the form of villages and subsequent development into Iron Age Megalithic culture. Beginning of permanent settlements during Neolithic period was, in a broad socio-cultural point of view, spread across three micro-regions, i.e., the Godavari valley comprising the districts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Medak, Nalgonda, Hyderabad and Khammam; the Tungabhadra valley of Gadwal taluk and Krishna valley in the Alampur and Kalvakurthi taluks of Mahabubnagar districts respectively. However, the sites located in the first micro-region did not show the evidence of ash mound tradition, denoting the middle stage of southern Neolithic culture(e.g., Polakonda C14 1405+-124 BCE or calibration of 1700-1415 BCE),whereas the second micro-region is characterized by the presence of ashmounds,e.g., Utnur,Manchanpalli, Ieeja and Talmari-Kutukunuru,belonged to the early stage of southern Neolithic culture of the period between 2920-2535 BCE(Utnur 2295 +-155, 2555+-113 and 2040+-113 BCE:Allchin 1961), whereas, the sites in the third micro-region located in the Krishna valley belonged to the Neolithic-Chalcolithic stage of both middle and later stages of southern Neolithic culture, and the overall picture of Neolithic culture can be broadly identified as early Neolithic, Neolithic (with stages I to IV) and Neolithic-Chalcolithic culture followed by Iron Age Megalithic culture broadly classified into habitation sites, habitation-cum-burial sites and burial sites based on their location alongside the drainage system of Godavari river 115 (of 6, 15 and 94 respectively), in the Krishna drainage system 396 (of 15, 111 and 270 respectively), etc. The habitations are found away from hills but invariably close to water sources, whereas, the habitation-cum-burial sites can be distinguished as a separate variety. However, those found close to water sources and the cemeteries are connected to habitations lying either at the foot-hill region or on the terrace of low-lying hill or hillocks with numerous large sized burials.

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26

Vaidya, Sunil Ram, and Umakant Roy Yadav. "Ecological Study on Zooplankton of Some Fresh Water Bodies of Kathmandu Valley With Reference to Water Quality." Journal of Natural History Museum 23 (June 4, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1833.

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The present investigation was carried out in Bagmati river (Lotic water body), Taudah lake, Nag pokhari pond, Siddha pokhari pond and Godavari fish pond (Lentic water bodies) of the Kathmandu valley from May 2000 to April 2002. A monthly samples of water and zooplanktons were collected from those sites and analyzed for the entire twenty four months period. Only three groups of zooplankton viz: Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda were collected from the lotic and lentic water bodies. It was observed that Rotifers were found to be more diversified than Cladocerans and Copepods in all water bodies except in Nagpokhari. A total of seventy one species of zooplankton were recorded during that period. The lentic water bodies supported a higher species richness constituting seventy species whereas the lotic water bodies constituted only seven species of zooplankton. All investigated zooplanktons Rotifera, Cladodera and Copepoda were found contagiously distributed in all lentic water bodies. In the Bagmati river, Rotifers were recorded only in the upstream zone. Cladocerans predominated (74 %) in the upstream, Copepods predominated (70 %) in the mid-stream and again Cladocerans predominated (60 %) in the down-stream of the river. Among the investigated water bodies, the species richness was found higher in Godavari fish pond (36 species) than Taudah lake (35 species), Siddha pokhari (34 species) and Nag pokhari (26 species).The water quality of the investigated waterbodies were found to be deteriorated due to discharge of untreated effluents,solid wastes and poor conservation practices.Journal of Natural History Museum Vol. 23, 2008 Page 1-11

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27

Sarate, Omprakash S. "Petrographic appraisal of coals of sub-surface seams from Belampalli Coalfield, Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh." Journal of Palaeosciences 63, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2014): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2014.291.

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The present paper incorporates a detailed information about the maceral composition and the rank (reflectance Ro mean %) assessment of eight sub–surface coal seams, viz. IB, IA, I, IIB, II, III, IV and V encountered in Bore–hole No. 561 from Belampalli Coalfield of the Godavari Valley. The mineral matter free (m.m.f.) maceral study has suggested that the seam IB contain vitrinite rich coal or vitric type of coal whereas, the seam IIB has inertinite affluent or fusic coal. However, the seams IV and V have shown almost similar proportion of vitrinite and inertinite maceral groups, thus their coal is of mixed type. The seams I and III are represented by vitric and mixed coal types, whereas, IA and II seams are marked by the presence of vitric, fusic and mixed coal types. Most of the coal seams in general have reached high volatile bituminous C rank, barring the basal portion of the seams IV and V which have reached high volatile bituminous B stage. Similarly, a wide range of variation in vitrinite reflectance (Ro mean%) 0.53–1.1% has been recorded in seam II and thus the coal is of heterogeneous nature, having reached high volatile bituminous C, B and A stage of rank. The facies model (based upon the maceral and mineral matter association) drawn for these coal seams has indicated that the depositional site has primarily experienced alternate oxic and anoxic moor conditions. Since the seams in Belampalli Coalfield have consistency in thickness, vitrinite and inertinite rich constitution, low mineral matter association and has shown wide range of rank (reflectance) variation, therefore, the study area has potential to emerge as a productive centre of economically viable and commercially exploitable Coalfield of the Godavari Valley in near future.

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28

Sarkar, Soumen, and Asru K. Chaudhuri. "Trace fossils in middle to late triassic fluvial redbeds, pranhita‐godavari valley, south India." Ichnos 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10420949209380071.

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29

Chaudhuri, Asru K., Soumen Sarkar, and S. K. Chanda. "Proterozoic coastal sabkha halite pans: an example from the pranhita-godavari valley, South India." Precambrian Research 37, no. 4 (December 1987): 305–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(87)90080-5.

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30

Chaudhuri, A. K., G. K. Deb, S. Patranabis-Deb, and S. Sarkar. "Paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Central India: a Stratigraphic perspective." American Journal of Science 312, no. 7 (September 1, 2012): 766–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/07.2012.03.

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31

Chinnappa, Chopparapu, and Annamraju Rajanikanth. "Early Cretaceous flora from the Pranhita-Godavari Basin (east coast of India): taxonomic, taphonomic and palaeoecological considerations." Acta Palaeobotanica 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acpa-2017-0005.

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AbstractThe Early Cretaceous flora from the Gangapur Formation (Pranhita-Godavari Basin, east coast of India) was studied. Its plant diversity and abundance patterns were examined, and its palaeoecology and environment were interpreted, based on the micro- and macrofloras and sedimentological inputs. The flora is rich and diverse, and consists of bryophytes, pteridophytes, pteridosperms, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The microflora shows higher taxonomic diversity and abundance than the macroflora. Overall, the study indicated an abundance of conifers, particularly Podocarpaceae. The taphocoenosis of the flora comprises local to regional elements derived from riverbank, floodplain, backswamp and valley settings. Taken together, the data on the flora and sedimentology suggest that warm and humid environments prevailed.

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32

Bharadwaj, D. C., S. C. Srivastava, B. V. Ramanamurthy, and Neerja Jha. "Palynology of Kamthi Formation from Ramagundam-Mantheni Area, Godavari Graben, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 35, no. (1-3) (December 31, 1986): 318–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1986.1546.

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Palynological study of the Kamthi Formation from the Ramagundam-Mantheni area of Godavari Graben reveals that the palynoflora of Kamthi Formation is uniformly dominated by striate-disaccate (about 50%) and the subdominant groups differ. Thus Lower Member of the Kamthi Formation is characterised by the subdominance of nonstriate-disaccates while Middle Member is characterised by the subdominance of Striasulcites in the older part and Densipollenites in the younger part. The palynoflora is by and large comparable with the Raniganj palynoflora of Damodar Valley except a few differences. The palynoflora in the upper part of the cored Middle Member of Kamthi Formation exhibits close proximity towards Permian-Triassic (Panchet) transition. Obviously, only the Lower and partly Middle members of the Kamthi Formation are homotaxial with Raniganj Formation of Damodar Basin.

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33

Sarate, Omprakash S., and M. Basava Chary. "Petrographic evaluation of the coal seams from Gundala area, Godavari Valley Coalfield, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 59, no. (1-3) (December 31, 2010): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2010.191.

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Gundala area represents the north-western extremity of Lingala-Koyagudem Coal Belt, Godavari Valley Coalfield. Andhra Pradesh. The sub-surface explorations from the virgin tracts of Gundala area revealed the existence often coal seams. Representative coal samples collected from seams III A, III (Top), III (Bottom), L-1, IV A, V(Top) and V(Bottom), pertaining to Bore Hole No. SGK-124 and III (Top), III (Bottom), L-1, IV A and V seams of Bore Hole No. SGK-128 have been critically analyzed for their maceral constitution and vitrinite reflectance measurements to understand the quality, rank, depositional environment, besides the economic and coal bed methane potentialities. Based on the ternary mineral matter free (m. m. f.) maceral plotting, it has been inferred that, various coal seams intersected in Gundala area, in general contain mixed type of coal, barring V Top (Bore hole No. SGK-124) and III Top (Bore hole No. SGK-128) seams, which contain vitric type of coal. However, liptinite rich coal has been recorded from III Bottom seam of Bore Hole No. SGK-124. The vitrinite reflectance (Ro max %) has been recorded between 0.47 and 0.60%, which suggests that the coal has attained high volatile bituminous C stage of rank. Existence of low (8 to 21 %) frequency of mineral matter indicates the better quality of coal, which may find its commercial utility. The maceral constitution suggests that the coal deposits of this basin have evolved with prolonged spell of cold climatic condition, besides a few dry oxidizing spells. The slowly sinking basin has received continuous input of vegetal resource. The facies model based on maceral and mineral matter contents of these coals have shown the development of alternate oxic and anoxic moor at the depositional site.

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Yadagiri, P., and B. R. J. Rao. "Contribution to the stratigraphy and vertebrate fauna of Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 36 (December 31, 1987): 230–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1987.1583.

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Gondwana Sequence of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley represents a thick succession of sediments ranging in age from Early Permian to Early Cretaceous. The Mesozoic Gondwana sediments contain a number of vertebrate bearing zones which are important for correlation and for assigning age to different units. New data on the vertebrate fossils of Kota Formation help trace the evolutionary history of early Jurassic mammals and dinosaurs and palaeogeographic configuration. The status of Gangapur Formation, as a unit, overlying Kota Formation and underlying Chikiala Formation is elaborated. Its lithological identity is established in the Yamanpalli area. Measured lithostratigraphic column of the limestone zone of the Kota Formation is described with the lithological variations and fossil contents. The data is useful for the correlation of limestone members in delineating the Kota Formation along its strike. Analysis of the geochemical data and vertebrate fossil community of Mesozoic sediments with particular emphasis on the Kota Formation, provide overwhelming evidences for freshwater environment of deposition of the Kota Formation. The evolutionary status of vertebrate fauna consisting of early mammals, dinosaurs and pholidophorid fishes is described which supports the Jurassic age of the Kota Formation.

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Sharma, Vijay, and Aditya Kumar Verma. "Lithological variations and drainage evolution in a marginal region: A case study from Chandrapur block of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin, Central India." Journal of The Indian Association of Sedimentologists 37, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51710/jias.v37i2.102.

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Field mapping and interpretation of sedimentary structures in Gojoli region of Chandrapur block along the eastern margin of the Pranhita-Godavari valley suggests westward flowing channels during the Neoproterozoic. Present channels in this part of Chandrapur block are south/ southeast flowing and possess clear imprints of the basin-margin faults and lineaments. Drainage parameters in its Neoproterozoic stratigraphic sequence suggest impervious substrates probably due to high degree of consolidation and filling of rock-fractures by hydrothermal solution activities. However, the same for the Gondwana’s friable sandstone (towards western region) and Archaean gneisses (in the eastern part) has been observed consistent probably due to its porous nature and development of thick weathering profile. The affiliation of drainage with tectonism is therefore, from Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic era within contrasting lithology, was out of synchronization intermittently.

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Suthari, Sateesh, and Vatsavaya S. Raju. "Tree Species Composition and Forest Stratification along the Gradients in the Dry Deciduous Forests of Godavari Valley, Telangana, India." European Journal of Ecology 4, no. 1 (August 25, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2018-0001.

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Abstract It is important to understand the tree species composition, abundance, species diversity and stratification in tropical dry deciduous forests that are under threat. A quadrat study was attempted in the dry deciduous forests along the ecological gradients in the Godavari Valley of northern Telangana, India. The study records the presence of 110 flowering plant taxa belonging to 82 genera and 37 families in 120 sampled plots, and there was enumeration of 15,192 individuals of ≥10 cm girth at breast height. Tectona grandis (teak) is the principal forest cover component in the region, which often formed pure stands in Adilabad and, to some extent, in Nizamabad districts. Further down to the Warangal district, teak was gradually replaced by Terminalia alata. Twenty tree species were found dominant at one place to the other, and the top 10 dominant taxa have shared nearly 41% of the total density of the forest cover. The tree relative density ranged from 0.007% to 20.84%. The values of Importance Value Index were between 0.245 (12 spp. including some exotics) and 32.6 (teak). These baseline data help to know the change detection along the gradients in the tropical forest ecosystem of a major river valley in the region and the drivers of change

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Bajracharya, Ramita, Naresh Kazi Tamrakar, Manish Shrestha, and Bimal Bohara. "Status of shallow wells along major rivers of the Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 56, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v56i1.22697.

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Groundwater is one of the important natural resources to which people of the Kathmandu Valley rely on for their daily purpose. The rate of extraction of groundwater from shallow as well as deep aquifers has increased in the river corridor with the increased urbanization towards the major river corridors in the valley. Wells located within 100 m from the rivers of the Kathmandu Valley were focused in the present study. Altogether 237 wells were recorded from the Bagmati, Manahara and the Bishnumati River corridors of the northern Kathmandu basin, and the Dhobi, Hanumante, Godavari, Kodku, Nakhu and the Balkhu Khola corridors of the southern Kathmandu basin. This research was based on field measurements of well dimension (well diameter, well depth and water level depth) and physical parameters (electrical conductivity, dissolve oxygen, pH and temperature) in April and August of year 2017. The lowest water level was measured in the Nakhu Khola and the highest was measured in the Dhobi Khola in dry season. Average EC ranged between 614.2 μS/cm and 1123.9 μS/cm in dry season, and between 613.0 μS/cm and 916.1 μS/cm in wet season. DO also varied from 1.46 mg/L to 2.46 mg/L in dry season and increased to 1.67–2.53 mg/L in wet season. The lower DO and higher EC in the Balkhu Khola corridor indicates the most contaminated wells in the Kathmandu Valley. Average values of pH and temperature increased in wet season compared to dry season. Average high values of EC and low values of DO were recorded within 30 m distance from the rivers, and EC increased and DO decreased as the distance from river channel increased.

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Kalaimani, A., and A. Nath. "The Indian Golden Gecko, Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1870) in Tamil Nadu, India." TAPROBANICA 5, no. 1 (June 15, 2013): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47605/tapro.v5i1.98.

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The gekkonid lizard genus Calodactylodes Strand, 1926 is endemic to peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Calodactylodes aureus (Beddome, 1870), the first described species in the genus, was originally recorded from the Tirupati Hills, Andhra Pradesh state in India. In Andhra Pradesh, in addition to the type locality, it is recorded from the Araku Valley and the Ananthagiri Hills both in the Visakhapatnam District, from Perantalapally in the Khammam District, from Maredumilli in the East Godavari District, the Seshachalam Hills in Chittoor and Kadapa Districts and the Tirumala Hills in Chittoor District. In Orissa state the species has been reported from Rayagada and Kalahandi Districts in the Niyamgiri Hills. Finally, in the state of Tamil Nadu the species has been recorded from the Balamathi, Valli Malai and Sathgar Hills in Vellore District, Nedumkunam Hill in Tiruvannamalai District and Shyed Basha Malai in Krishnagiri District.

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39

Sarate, Omprakash S. "Petrographic analysis and depositional environment of subsurface coal seams of Koyagudem area, Godavari Valley Coalfield, Telangana, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 64, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2015): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2015.110.

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The study area marks the south-eastern extremity of the Mulug Coal Belt of Godavari Valley Coalfield, Telangana. The Bore-hole No. KYG-353, containing Index above Queen and Queen seams, is located in north-western direction from Kothagudem Town of Khammam District. The petrographic analysis has been done to ascertain their rank by random vitrinite reflectance (Ro mean %) measurements and quality estimation through maceral analysis, in order to interpret the environment of deposition as well as economic significance. The Index above Queen Seam has vitrinite group of maceral in dominance therefore, contains vitric type of coal whereas; the top and a band in the middle part of the Queen Seam contain coal which is fusic (inertinite rich) in nature. The bottom part of this seam has shown vitrinite in abundance indicating its vitric nature. The random vitrinite reflectance (Ro mean %) study has revealed that the coals of Index above Queen and the Queen seams have attained high volatile bituminous C stage of rank, except for a coal band located between 161.44 m and 162.44 m depth range, which has reached high volatile bituminous B rank. It is also inferred that the vegetal resource of Index above Queen Seam has been deposited during oxic and anoxic moor conditions; however, a distinct change in the climatic conditions to oxic moor with intermittent moderate to high flood situation occurred in the depositional phase of the Queen Seam. The study also suggests that coal deposits in this region have significantly high economic potentials.

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Singh, P. K., G. P. Singh, and M. P. Singh. "Characterization of Coal of Seams II, III, and IIIA from Ramagundam Coalfield, Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh, India." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 33, no. 20 (July 29, 2011): 1863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567030903468536.

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41

Patranabis Deb, Sarbani. "Proterozoic felsic volcanism in the Pranhita–Godavari valley, India: its implication on the origin of the basin." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 2003): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00049-4.

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42

Ghosh, Gautam, and Dilip Saha. "Deformation of the Proterozoic Somanpalli Group, Pranhita–Godavari valley, South India—implication for a Mesoproterozoic basin inversion." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, no. 6 (March 2003): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1367-9120(02)00066-4.

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43

Thirumali, I. "From Hamlets to Villages: A Note on the Agrarian Conquest of Podu Fields in the Godavari Valley." Indian Historical Review 33, no. 1 (January 2006): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/037698360603300112.

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Sarate, Omprakash S. "Sub-surface coal seams of Bhupalpalli and Golapalli areas of Godavari valley coalfield and their petrographic characteristics." Journal of the Geological Society of India 87, no. 2 (February 2016): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-016-0383-z.

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45

Sarate, Omprakash S. "Coal petrographic characteristics and depositional conditions of the subsurface Barakar Formation (Early Permian) in Belampalli Coalfield, Godavari Valley, Telangana." Journal of Palaeosciences 66, no. (1-2) (December 31, 2017): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.2017.280.

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The coal analytical studies have been taken up, to ascertain the rank on the basis of maceral composition and depositional environment of different seams namely Index, Index below top, Index below bottom, IA, I and the lowermost II (top section) intersected in Bore–hole No. SBS–182, from Sravanapalli area. The random vitrinite reflectance (Ro mean %) study of coal from Index and Index below bottom seams ranges between 0.61% and 0.63%, whereas IA and Seam I have shown lower reflectance which ranges between 0.52% and 0.54%. Thus, all these seams have attained high volatile bituminous C stage of rank. However, III (top section) seam has shown low reflectance (0.45%–0.46%), which indicates attainment of Sub–bituminous B stage. The coal maceral study has revealed that the Index, Index below Top, Index below Bottom seams contain vitric type of coal, whereas IA seam has vitric, fusic and mixed type of coal constitution. The lowermost III top and I seam, however, are represented by both vitric and fusic coal types. The facies study suggests that the vegetal resource of the Index, Index below top and Index below bottom seam has been accumulated during wet moor with intermittent moderate to high flooding. The resource for IA and III Top seam has been deposited during the prevalence of alternate oxic and anoxic moor conditions, which in due course of time changed to wet moor with intermittent moderate to high flooding whereas, I seam has witnessed wet moor with intermittent moderate to high flooding with shift to oxic (dry) moor with sudden high flooding. It has also been noticed that coal quality of III seam has shown deterioration towards the south–western direction of the Belampalli Township.

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46

Chakraborty, Tapan, and A. K. Chaudhuri. "Fluvial-aeolian interactions in a Proterozoic alluvial plain: example from the Mancheral Quartzite, Sullavai Group, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 72, no. 1 (1993): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1993.072.01.12.

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Mukhopadhyay, Joydip, Asru K. Chaudhuri, and S. K. Chanda. "Deep-water manganese deposits in the mid- to late Proterozoic Penganga Group of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, South India." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 119, no. 1 (1997): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1997.119.01.07.

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Boothukuri, Veera Reddy, Ram Madhav Bhattacharjee, Durga Charan Panigrahi, and Gautam Benerjee. "Impact of geo technical factors on strata behavior in longwall panels of Godavari Valley coal field-a case study." International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 29, no. 2 (March 2019): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2018.06.012.

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49

Singh, Prakash K., M. P. Singh, P. K. Prachiti, M. S. Kalpana, C. Manikyamba, G. Lakshminarayana, Alok K. Singh, and A. S. Naik. "Petrographic characteristics and carbon isotopic composition of Permian coal: Implications on depositional environment of Sattupalli coalfield, Godavari Valley, India." International Journal of Coal Geology 90-91 (February 2012): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2011.10.002.

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50

Bhusal, Daya Ram, Sweta Shrestha, and Kishor Chandra Ghimire. "Assemblage of Insects on Medicinal Plants: An Insight from ICIMOD Herbal Garden in Godavari of Lalitpur, Nepal." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v24i1.24626.

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Present study was conducted within the herbal garden of International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Godawari of Kathmandu valley to explore the insect communities in medicinal plants. Five medicinal plants, viz. Rauvolfia serpentina (= Sarpagandha), Urtica dioca (= Sissnu), Zanthoxylum armatum (= Timur), Valeriana jatamansii (= Sungandhawal) and Mentha spicata (= Pudina) were selected for the study. Insects were randomly sampled during four seasons from September 2017 to June 2018 using different collecting techniques, like hand picking, pit-fall traps, net-sweeping and stem beating. A total of 869 insects individuals belonging to 42 different genera were collected and identified. It was found that the abundance of insects was high during spring season (299 insects comprising 35 % of collected species), followed by summer (255 insects comprising 29 % of collected species) and winter (219 insects comprising 25 % of collected species) seasons, and low during autumn season (96 insects comprising 11 % of collected species). It was further found that the abundance of insect species was temperature-dependent, but was independent of relative humidity. The maximum indicator species were present on M. spicata. Taxonomic distinctness (delta+) of insects was high on V. jatamansii, but low on U. dioca.

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