Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Goats'

Orientador : PhD. Rafael F. Costa Vieira
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Defesa: Curitiba, 08/12/2017
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Resumo: Anaplasma marginale é uma bactéria intraeritrocítica obrigatória do gênero Anaplasma, conhecida por causar anaplasmose bovina. Encontra-se distribuída em todo o mundo e causa grandes perdas econômicas nas indústrias de carne bovina e láctea. A. marginale foi descrita em muitas espécies. No entanto, os estudos envolvendo o diagnóstico sorológico de A. marginale em pequenos ruminantes são escassos. Até o presente momento, esta bactéria nunca foi detectada molecularmente em caprinos (Capra hircus). Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de A. marginale e fatores associados à infecção em caprinos do Estado da Paraíba, no Nordeste do Brasil. O DNA de amostras de sangue de caprinos foi extraído e avaliado por uma reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional (cPCR) para a detecção da proteína de superfície 4 (major surface protein 4, msp4) de A. marginale. As amostras positivas foram posteriormente submetidas a cPCR para os genes msp5 e msp1? de A. marginale e sequenciados pelo método de Sanger. Onze de 403 cabras (2,73%; IC 95%: 1,53- 4,82%) foram positivas para o gene msp4 de Anaplasma. O sequenciamento do gene msp5 revelou a presença de A. marginale sensu stricto. Os caprinos infestados por carrapatos foram seis vezes mais propensos a estarem infectados com A. marginale (P = 0,02788). Amblyomma parvum (49/52, 94,23%) e Rhipicephalus microplus (3/52, 5,77%) foram as espécies de carrapatos identificadas parasitando os animais. Todas os caprinos positivos para A. marginale foram encontrados em fazendas com pastagem de múltiplas espécies (P = 0,04). O gene msp1? foi sequenciado encontrando o genótipo F nos animais estudados. Este é o primeiro relato molecular de infecção por A. marginale em caprinos. Além disso, descrevemos pela primeira vez o genótipo F no Brasil. Este estudo fornece a primeira informação sobre a infecção por A. marginale em cabras do Estado da Paraíba, no Nordeste do Brasil. Também demonstra que os caprinos podem desempenhar um papel na epidemiologia desta bactéria como um reservatório ainda não reconhecido. Carrapatos competentes que se alimentam de caprinos e bovinos podem transferir o patógeno entre as duas espécies de ruminantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: anaplasmose bovina, cabras, genotipagem, pequenos ruminantes, PCR
Abstract: Anaplasma marginale é uma bactéria intraeritrocítica obrigatória do gênero Anaplasma, conhecida por causar anaplasmose bovina. Encontra-se distribuída em todo o mundo e causa grandes perdas econômicas nas indústrias de carne bovina e láctea. A. marginale foi descrita em muitas espécies. No entanto, os estudos envolvendo o diagnóstico sorológico de A. marginale em pequenos ruminantes são escassos. Até o presente momento, esta bactéria nunca foi detectada molecularmente em caprinos (Capra hircus). Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de A. marginale e fatores associados à infecção em caprinos do Estado da Paraíba, no Nordeste do Brasil. O DNA de amostras de sangue de caprinos foi extraído e avaliado por uma reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional (cPCR) para a detecção da proteína de superfície 4 (major surface protein 4, msp4) de A. marginale. As amostras positivas foram posteriormente submetidas a cPCR para os genes msp5 e msp1? de A. marginale e sequenciados pelo método de Sanger. Onze de 403 cabras (2,73%; IC 95%: 1,53- 4,82%) foram positivas para o gene msp4 de Anaplasma. O sequenciamento do gene msp5 revelou a presença de A. marginale sensu stricto. Os caprinos infestados por carrapatos foram seis vezes mais propensos a estarem infectados com A. marginale (P = 0,02788). Amblyomma parvum (49/52, 94,23%) e Rhipicephalus microplus (3/52, 5,77%) foram as espécies de carrapatos identificadas parasitando os animais. Todas os caprinos positivos para A. marginale foram encontrados em fazendas com pastagem de múltiplas espécies (P = 0,04). O gene msp1? foi sequenciado encontrando o genótipo F nos animais estudados. Este é o primeiro relato molecular de infecção por A. marginale em caprinos. Além disso, descrevemos pela primeira vez o genótipo F no Brasil. Este estudo fornece a primeira informação sobre a infecção por A. marginale em cabras do Estado da Paraíba, no Nordeste do Brasil. Também demonstra que os caprinos podem desempenhar um papel na epidemiologia desta bactéria como um reservatório ainda não reconhecido. Carrapatos competentes que se alimentam de caprinos e bovinos podem transferir o patógeno entre as duas espécies de ruminantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: anaplasmose bovina, cabras, genotipagem, pequenos ruminantes, PCR
Abstract: Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium in the genus Anaplasma, known for causing bovine anaplasmosis. It is distributed worldwide and causes extensive economic losses in the beef and dairy industries. A. marginale has been described in many species; however, studies involving the diagnosis of A. marginale in small ruminants are scarce. To date, this bacterium has never been molecularly detected in goats (Capra hircus). Thus, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of A. marginale and factors associated with the infection in goats from the State of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. DNA from goat blood samples were extracted and screened by a conventional PCR (cPCR) assay for the detection of A. marginale major surface protein 4 (msp4). Positive samples were further submitted to cPCR assays for A. marginale msp5 and msp1? genes, and sequenced by Sanger method. Eleven out of 403 goats (2.73%; CI 95%: 1.53-4.82%) were positive for the Anaplasma msp4 gene. Sequencing of the msp5 gene revealed the presence of A. marginale sensu stricto. Tick-infested goats were six times more likely to be infected with A. marginale (P = 0.02788). Amblyomma parvum (49/52, 94.23%) and Rhipicephalus microplus (3/52, 5.77%) were the tick species identified feeding on the goats. All A. marginale-positive goats were found on farms with multispecies grazing (P= 0.04). The msp1? gene was sequenced and found the A. marginale genotype F in studied infected goats. This is the first molecular report of A. marginale infection in goats. Additionally, we describe for the first time the genotype F in Brazil. This study gives the first insight into A. marginale infection in goats from Paraíba State, northeastern Brazil and demonstrates that goats may play a role in the epidemiology of this bacterium as a yet unrecognized reservoir. Competent ticks feeding on goats and cattle may transfer the pathogen between the two livestock species. KEY WORDS: bovine anaplasmosis, goats, genotyping, small ruminants, PCR

Thesis (MA. Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014
Body measurements have been used in animals to estimate body weight especially in rural areas where scales are not readily available. The study was conducted in Sekhukhune District of the Limpopo province, South Africa where the goats between the ages of 20 and 30 months were used. Body weight and four morphological traits were taken on each goat in the morning before they were released for grazing in a total of 613 indigenous goats of both sexes (62 male and 551 female). Body weight was measured in kilogram (kg) using a balance scale, hip height and shoulder height measurement (cm) were done using a graduated measuring stick and the body length and heart girth were measured in centimetre (cm) using a tape rule. Means, standard deviations (SD) and coefficients of variation (CV) of body weight and morphological traits were calculated. Pair wise correlations among body weight and morphological traits were also determined and range from 0.81-0.91 for male and 0.72-0.89 for female goats, respectively and were significant (P<0.01). The direct effect of heart girth on body weight was the strongest in both sexes (path coefficient of 0.58 and 0.62 in males and females, respectively). Body length (males) and body length and hip height (females) also positively (P<0.05) influenced body weight. The direct effects of other linear type traits on body weight in both sexes were non-significant as revealed by t-test. These traits were indirectly realized mostly via heart girth. Thus, they were removed from the final regression equations to obtain much more simplified prediction models. The optimum multiple regression equation for male goats included heart girth and body length, In female goats, however, the v variables included in the final prediction model were heart girth, body length and shoulder height. The forecast indices obtained in this study could aid in weight estimation, selection and breeding programmes.

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O objetivo principal foi determinar a contribuição dos diferentes segmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) para a digestão da fibra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, os quais foram determinados o tempo médio de retenção (TMR) de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e pesos dos tecidos nos diferentes segmentos pelo método do abate. O primeiro estudo avaliou TMR de partículas e líquido de cabritos Saanen em crescimento de diferentes sexos e submetidos a diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar. Foram utilizados 54 cabritos da raça Saanen (18 fêmeas, 18 machos castrados e 18 machos inteiros) em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3 que compreendeu os três sexos e três níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum / sem restrição, restrição moderada e severa). Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar o efeito linear e quadrático da restrição alimentar, enquanto o efeito do sexo foi comparado pelo teste de Tukey. Os efeitos do sexo e interação entre sexo e restrição alimentar não foram significativos na maioria das variáveis avaliadas. A restrição alimentar aumentou o TMR de partículas e fluído. O TMR foi um recurso importante para aumentar a oferta de nutrientes, quando os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, como indicado pelo aumento da digestibilidade total. O segundo estudo avaliou aspectos fisiológicos da digestão da fibra, retenção de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e peso dos tecidos em todo o TGI de cabritos da raça Saanen. O total de 58 cabritos da raça Saanen foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3, composto por três sexos (fêmeas, machos castrados, machos inteiros) e três pesos de abate (aproximadamente 16, 23, e 30 kg de peso no abate). Os efeitos do tratamento foram avaliados em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com o sexo como efeito principal e peso de abate como sub parcela. Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos ...
The main objective was to assess the contribution of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the fiber digestion. Two experiments were conducted, which mean retention time (MRT) of particulate and liquid matter, pool size, and tissues weight in different segments were determined by slaughter technique. The study one evaluated MRT of particulate and liquid matter in growing Saanen goats of different sexes and subjected to different levels of feed restriction. Fifty-four Saanen goats (18 each of females, castrated males and intact males) were used in a 3×3 factorial arrangement comprising the three sexes and three levels of feed restriction (unrestricted/ad libitum, moderate and severe restriction). Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effect of feed restriction, while the effect of sex was compared by Tukey test. The effects of sex and the interaction between sex and feed restriction were not significant on most of variables evaluated. In conclusion, the level of feed restriction increased the MRT of particulate and liquid matter. The MRT was an important mechanism to increase nutrient supply when animals were subjected to feed restriction, as indicated by increased total tract digestibility. The second study examined physiological aspects in the digestion of fiber, particulate and liquid matter residence, pool size, and tissues weight in the whole tract of growing Saanen goats. A total of 58 Saanen goats were disposed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement consisting of three sexes (female, castrated males, intact males) and three slaughter weights (target BW 16, 23, and 30 kg at slaughter). Treatment effects were evaluated in a split-plot design, with sex as the main plot and slaughter weight as the subplot. Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of slaughter weight. Thus increased BW at slaughter resulted in greater MRT of particulate and liquid matter in ...

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Banca: Gustavo Rezende Siqueira
Banca: Antonello Cannas
Banca: Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior
Banca: Renata Helena Branco Arnandes
Resumo: O objetivo principal foi determinar a contribuição dos diferentes segmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) para a digestão da fibra. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos, os quais foram determinados o tempo médio de retenção (TMR) de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e pesos dos tecidos nos diferentes segmentos pelo método do abate. O primeiro estudo avaliou TMR de partículas e líquido de cabritos Saanen em crescimento de diferentes sexos e submetidos a diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar. Foram utilizados 54 cabritos da raça Saanen (18 fêmeas, 18 machos castrados e 18 machos inteiros) em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3 que compreendeu os três sexos e três níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum / sem restrição, restrição moderada e severa). Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar o efeito linear e quadrático da restrição alimentar, enquanto o efeito do sexo foi comparado pelo teste de Tukey. Os efeitos do sexo e interação entre sexo e restrição alimentar não foram significativos na maioria das variáveis avaliadas. A restrição alimentar aumentou o TMR de partículas e fluído. O TMR foi um recurso importante para aumentar a oferta de nutrientes, quando os animais foram submetidos à restrição alimentar, como indicado pelo aumento da digestibilidade total. O segundo estudo avaliou aspectos fisiológicos da digestão da fibra, retenção de partículas e líquido, conteúdo e peso dos tecidos em todo o TGI de cabritos da raça Saanen. O total de 58 cabritos da raça Saanen foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um arranjo fatorial 3 × 3, composto por três sexos (fêmeas, machos castrados, machos inteiros) e três pesos de abate (aproximadamente 16, 23, e 30 kg de peso no abate). Os efeitos do tratamento foram avaliados em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com o sexo como efeito principal e peso de abate como sub parcela. Contrastes polinomiais foram utilizados para determinar os efeitos ...
Abstract: The main objective was to assess the contribution of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the fiber digestion. Two experiments were conducted, which mean retention time (MRT) of particulate and liquid matter, pool size, and tissues weight in different segments were determined by slaughter technique. The study one evaluated MRT of particulate and liquid matter in growing Saanen goats of different sexes and subjected to different levels of feed restriction. Fifty-four Saanen goats (18 each of females, castrated males and intact males) were used in a 3×3 factorial arrangement comprising the three sexes and three levels of feed restriction (unrestricted/ad libitum, moderate and severe restriction). Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effect of feed restriction, while the effect of sex was compared by Tukey test. The effects of sex and the interaction between sex and feed restriction were not significant on most of variables evaluated. In conclusion, the level of feed restriction increased the MRT of particulate and liquid matter. The MRT was an important mechanism to increase nutrient supply when animals were subjected to feed restriction, as indicated by increased total tract digestibility. The second study examined physiological aspects in the digestion of fiber, particulate and liquid matter residence, pool size, and tissues weight in the whole tract of growing Saanen goats. A total of 58 Saanen goats were disposed in a 3×3 factorial arrangement consisting of three sexes (female, castrated males, intact males) and three slaughter weights (target BW 16, 23, and 30 kg at slaughter). Treatment effects were evaluated in a split-plot design, with sex as the main plot and slaughter weight as the subplot. Polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of slaughter weight. Thus increased BW at slaughter resulted in greater MRT of particulate and liquid matter in ...
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Different synchronization and superovulation treatments were evaluated in the South African Boer goat (n = 367). Two progestagen implants, Synchro-Mate-B (SMB)/Crestar™ and Controlled Internal Drug Releases (CIDR), containing 3mg norgestomet and 0.33gm of natural progesterone, respectively, were used in the synchronization treatments. A luteolytic agent, Estrumate (Cloprostenol) 125)lg, was administered 12h before progestagen withdrawal. Synchronization treatment groups were: 1) 5MB x 1 (n = 123), one dose of 5MB for 13 to 17 days; 2) 5MB x 2 (n = 32), two doses of 5MB implanted for 10then 17 days; 3) CIDR x 1 (n = 187), one dose of CIDR; 4) CIDR x 2 (n = 25), two doses of CIDR, inserted for 9 to 17 days. On day 1 of the treatment, 0.5mg of estradiol cypionate (ECP) was administered to a group of randomly chosen goats (n = 112). Superovulation treatments consisted of Ovagen ™ or Embryo-STM. An additional single dose (300 UI) of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) was administered to a group of randomly chosen does. Superovulation treatment groups were: 1) OV alone (n = 147), Ovagen 9 mg every 12h, 8 times starting 72h prior to progestagen removal; 2) OV + PMSG (n = 164), same treatment as 1 plus 300 ru ofPMSG once 48h prior to progestagen removal; 3) E-S alone (n=16), Embryo-S 25 units twice a day, 8 times starting 72h before progestagen removal; 4) E-S + PMSG (n=40), same treatment as 3 plus 300 ru of PMSG once 48h prior to progestagen removal. Most does were naturally bred to bucks. Embryos were collected using the surgicallaparascopic procedure on day 6 and corpora lutea counted. Data were not normally distributed and therefore analyzed using a nonparametrie test (Wilcoxon, 1945 and Kruskal- Wallis, 1952) with outcome variable using the Mixed Procedure of SAS and the Tukey test. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Slightly more CL were on the left (52%) than on the right (48%) ovary. Superovulation treatment was significantly associated (pAFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende sinkronisasie en multi-ovulasie behandelings is ge-evalueer in die Suid-Afrikaans Boerbok (n= 367). Twee progestagene, Synchro-Mate-B (SMB)/Crestar™ en Controlled Internal Drug Releases (CIDR), bevattende 3mg norgestomet en 0.33gm natuurlike progesteroon, respektiewelik, is gebruik tydens die sinkronisasiebehandelings. 'n Luteolitiese middel, Estrumate (Cloprostenol) 125J.lg, is toegedien 12 h voor progestageen verwydering. Sinkronisasie behandelings groepe was: 1) 5MB x 1 (n = 123), een dosis 5MB vir 13 tot 17 dae; 2) 5MB x 2 (n = 32), twee dosisse 5MB implante vir 10 tot 17 dae; 3) CIDR x 1 (n = 187), een CIDR vir die hele periode; 4) CIDR x 2 (n = 25), twee CIDRs, vir 9 tot 17 dae. Op dag 1 van die behandeling is 0.5mg estradiol cypionate (ECP) aan 'n willekeurige groep bokooie toegedien (n = 112). Multi-ovulasie behandelings het bestaan uit Ovagen™ of Embryo-S™. 'n Bykomstige dosis (300 UI) Dragtige Merrie Serum Gonadotrofien (PMSG) is toegedien aan 'n willekeurige groep ooie. Multi-ovulasie behandelingsgroepe was: 1) OV alleen (n = 147), Ovagen 9 mg elke 12h, 8 keer beginende 72 h voor progestageen verwydering; 2) OV + PMSG (n = 164), selfde behandeling as in (1) plus 300 IV PMSG eenmalig 48h voor progestageen verwydering; 3) E-S alleen (n=16), Embryo-S 25 eenhede tweemaal per dag, ag inspuitings beginende 72h voor progestageen verwydering; 4) E-S + PMSG (n=40), selfde behandeling as in (3) plus 300 IV PMSG eenmalig 48h voor progestageen verwydering. Die meerderheid ooie is natuurlik deur ramme gedek. Embrio's is gekollekteer deur gebruik te maak van die chirurgieslaparoskopiese metode op dag 6 en die aantal corpora lutea getel en aangeteken. Aangesien die data nie 'n eweredige verspreiding gehad het nie, is dit geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van 'n nie-parametriese toets (Wilcoxon, 1945 en Kruskal-Wallis, 1952) met variërende uitkomste deur die Gemengde Prosedure Toets van SAS en die Tukey toets. Verskille is as beduidend aanvaar met 'n P-waarde van <0.05. Onbeduidend meer CLs is op die linker (52%) as op die regter (48%) ovarium opgemerk. Multi-ovuasie behandelings was beduidend geassosieer (p<0.001) met ovulasietempo, terwyl sinkronisasie behandelings net marginaal geassosieer was (p=0.06) met ovulasietempo. Ovagen alleen en Ovagen + PMSG was beduidend meer effektief (p<0.05) as Embryo-S alleen of Embryo-S + PMSG om ovulasie te beïnvloed. Slegs die sinkronisasie behandeling met 2 dosisse CIDR was beduidend meer (p=0.04) effektief om 'n hoër ovulasietempo te veroorsaak. Multi-ovulasie behandeling was beduidend geassosieer met die aantal oordraagbare embrio's, terwyl sinkronisasie nie dieselfde tendens gewys het nie. Ovagen + PMSG het beduidend meer (p=0.02) oordraagbare embrio's opgelewer as Embryo-S + PMSG. Beide multi-ovulasie en sinkronisasie behandelings was beduidend geassosieer (p<0.05) met onbevrugte oosiete. Die rol van die byvoeging van ECP is getoon in die assosiasie daarvan (p=0.05) met beter kwaliteit embrio's in 'n eenvariante analiese, alhoewel dit nie 'n beduidende effek op die multi-variante model gehad het nie. Alhoewel dit blyk dat CIDR 'n beter reaksie as 5MB gee, kon geen beduidende verskil in die ovulasietempo of embriokwaliteit opgewys word nie. Die groter effektiwiteit van Ovagen oor Embryo-S is gedemonstreer, terwyl die byvoeging van PMSG embriokwaliteit verbeter het.

In vitro production of embryos from oocytes recovered by laparoscopic oocyte pick-up (LOPU) offers great potential for the propagation of genetically valuable animals. In turn, the application of these techniques to prepubertal animals presents added benefits in that prepubertal animals may supply a greater number of oocytes than adult animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the developmental competence of prepubertal and adult goat oocytes cultured in semi-defined media. The follicular response and recovery of oocytes via LOPU from hormonally stimulated prepubertal and adult goats were also assessed.
Oocytes were collected over a 15-wk period from prepubertal goats, ranging in age between 3--7 mo, and adult controls, ranging in age between 2--4 yr, randomly divided into 10 collection groups. Oocytes from six of the ten collections were matured for 26 h. Four collections were not completed due to technical difficulties. Following insemination, zygotes were cultured for 4 d in G1.2 followed by 4 d in G2.2. Morulae and blastocysts were scored via light microscopy on Days 7 and 9, followed by fluorescent staining on Day 9 for cell counts. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

It has been generally accepted that nutrition is one of the most important factors that affects reproductive performance in livestock. The impact of feed-restriction has however rarely been investigated in the goat because of the relative unimportance of the species in the developed countries, and the common assumption of its similarity to sheep and cattle. The recent increase in demand for high quality fibre in the developed countries and for animal protein in the Third World has however awakened interest in the species. The aim of this project was to provide information on the effects of undernutrition on the oestrous cycle and on pregnancy in goats. Restriction of feed intake to only 25% of maintenance requirement from 19 days prior to oestrus reduced the number of goats that exhibited oestrus following synchronisation with intravaginally inserted progestagen-impregnated sponges, reduced ovulation rate and the incidence of twin and triple ovulations and reduced the number of goats that became pregnant. A trial which examined superovulation of goats with porcine FSH suggested no effect of undernutrition on the superovulatory response and early development of goat embryo. Feed restriction for 19 days before and 60 days after mating reduced the size and weight of foetuses and the mass of foetal fluids and tended to reduce the weight of the cotyledonary component of the placenta without affecting the number of placentomes. While length of gestation had a significant influence on foetal and placental measurements, number of foetuses had no effect. Transfer of healthy embryos to does on full or restricted rations before and/or after embryo transfer resulted in poor pregnancy rates and significant reduction in the survival of the transferred embryos irrespective of the timing of feed restriction.

This dissertation draws on recent historical-critical research into ancient Jewish temple theology, the priestly book of Leviticus, and especially the Yom Kippur liturgy of Leviticus 16, to develop a more paradoxical interpretation of Christ?s saving work for modern Christian systematic theology. Prompted by the pioneering research of Jacob Milgrom, there has been a surge in sympathetic interpretations of the priestly theological tradition, which has inspired fresh interpretations of the Levitical Day of Atonement. I argue that an adequate Christian theory of atonement must be attentive to both the overall ?landscape? of Jewish biblical thought, and to the specific rhythm of the Yom Kippur liturgy, which clearly distinguishes the ?work? of two goats?one elected to be a spotless sacrifice, the other called to bear the sins of Israel into the wilderness. Christian theology should observe this distinction within the united saving work of Jesus Christ. Yet modern interpretations of the cross often implicitly emphasize one ?goat? or the other. For example, we find a ?goat for the Lord? soteriology in the Anselmian satisfaction tradition, which has been beautifully rearticulated by David Bentley Hart; here Christ?s spotless sacrificial obedience recapitulates creation done well. In the controversial ?descent to hell? theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar, on the other hand, there is a ?goat for Azazel? soteriology; here Christ as the sin-bearing goat removes impurity to the furthest possible distance from the Father through his saving descent. By seeing Christ as fulfilling the work of both goats in his single act of cruciform love, the Catholic tradition can better draw on the ancient Jewish insight that atonement requires a unifying movement toward the center, to the holy of holies, as well as a removal of sin to the far periphery, the godforsaken exilic wilderness. This work is rooted in the conviction that, first, Christian theology should always honor, and remain in deep conversation with, its Jewish roots, and second, that advances in historical-critical research should be utilized to cultivate a modern theological interpretation of scripture, all in the service of a richer, more ecumenical understanding of the basic paradoxes of Catholic soteriology.

The objective of the present work was to elucidate some of the possible choice determinants involved in diet selection by sheep and goats. The first experiment investigated the ingestive and digestive responses of these two species to a range of forage chemical composition attributes (i.e. nitrogen and fibre content). Forage DM intake was positively associated with their nutritive quality. Goats had higher voluntary DM intakes (P<0.05) and lower apparent digestibility coefficients (P<0.001) for any given forage than sheep, but the intake of digestible DM was similar for the two species. When forages were offered in pairs in a preference trial, the two species ranked forages similarly by favouring those of higher nutritive quality. The second experiment investigated the effects of different staple lengths of a single hay on the ingestive and digestive responses of sheep and goats. Goats had higher voluntary DM intakes (P<0.05) and lower apparent digestibility coefficients (P<0.001) for any given length than sheep, but the intake of digestible DM was similar for the two species. Goats allocated less time (P<0.001) than sheep to chewing the feed consumed and the mean retention time of the undigested residues in the animals' digestive tract was significantly shorter (P<0.01) for goats than sheep. When staple lengths of the grass hay were offered in pairs none of them was favoured and the choices were not significantly different between goats and sheep. In a third experiment a new method of feed presentation was developed and compared with conventional feed-bins. Goats had higher voluntary intakes than sheep (P<0.05), whereas there was no effect of the feed presentation method on DM intake.

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Banca: Marcos Jácome de Araújo
Banca: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida
Resumo: Objetivou-se determinar as exigências de Ca, P, Mg, K e Na em machos inteiros, machos castrados e fêmeas da raça Saanen. Foram realizados dois experimentos: um para determinar as exigências líquidas para mantença (Exp. 1) e outro para determinar as exigências líquidas para crescimento (Exp. 2). Setenta e cinco caprinos (26 machos inteiros, 25 machos castrados e 24 fêmeas) foram utilizados para determinar as exigências líquidas para mantença. Desses, 21 caprinos (8 machos inteiros, 7 machos castrados e 6 fêmeas) foram abatidos com peso médio de 16,6 ± 0,40 kg e foram utilizados como grupo referência para estimar a composição corporal inicial. Os 54 caprinos restantes (18 machos inteiros, 18 machos castrados e 18 fêmeas) foram alocados em seis blocos ao acaso, no quais foram incluídos três caprinos do mesmo sexo distribuídos em um dos três níveis de alimentação: ad libitum e ingestão de 75% ou 50% em relação aos animais alimentados ad libitum. Quando os animais alimentados ad libitum atingiram 30 kg de PC foram abatidos juntamente com os outros caprinos do mesmo grupo. Os dados das categorias sexuais e dos níveis de alimentação foram analisados em parcelas subdivididas. A parcela principal foi composta pelas três categorias sexuais e as subparcelas pelos três níveis de alimentação. Os requerimentos líquidos para mantença não diferiram entre as categorias sexuais (P > 0.05), resultando em valores de: 35,4 mg de Ca; 24,7 mg de P; 2,5 mg de Mg; 5,0 mg de K e 3,3 mg de Na/kg PC·d. ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Our study estimated Ca, P, Mg, K, and Na requirements of intact male, castrated male, and female Saanen goats. Two experiments were performed: one to determine the net macromineral requirements for maintenance (Exp. 1), and another to determine net macromineral requirements for growth (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, 75 goats (26 intact males, 25 castrated males, and 24 females) with initial BW (iBW) of 15.76 ± 0.10 kg were used. These animals were divided in two groups: baseline animals and pair-fed animals. Twenty-one goats (8 intact males, 7 castrated males, and 6 females) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (16.6 ± 0.40 kg BW) to be used as the baseline group. The 54 remaining goats (18 intact males, 18 castrated males, and 18 females) were pair-fed in 6 blocks of 3 goats per sex. The goats within each block were then randomly allocated to one of 3 different levels of intake: ad libitum, restricted-fed to 75% of the ad libitum intake, and restricted-fed to 50% of ad libitum intake. When the animal fed ad libitum reached 31.2 ± 0.58 kg BW, it and the other goats from the same block were slaughtered. The effects of sex and level of intake were evaluated in a split-plot design, where sex was the main plot observation and level of intake was the sub-plot. Daily net macromineral requirements for maintenance did not differ among the sexes (P > 0.05), and the average values obtained were 35.4 mg Ca, 24.7 mg P, 2.5 mg Mg, 5.0 mg K, and 3.30 mg Na per kg BW. The net requiremen... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Effects of Acacia karroo supplementation on meat quality of Xhosa Lop-Eared goats The objective of the study was to determine the effects of A. karroo supplementation on the quality of meat from Xhosa lop-eared goats. Eighteen castrated 4-month-old Xhosa lop-eared male kids were kept at the University of Fort Hare Farm until slaughter. At the beginning of the experiment the goats had a mean body weight of 13.5 ± 0.31 kg (mean ± S.E.) and a mean body condition score (BCS) of 3.3 ± 0.16 (mean ± S.E.). From birth until weaning the kids were kept on natural pastures with their mothers. After weaning the goats were housed in an open sided barn for a period of 60 days, and were fed 500 g/head/day of Medicago sativa hay covering their maintenance and growth needs. For the purpose of the experiment, the goats were randomly divided into two balanced treatment groups of nine goats each, supplemented group (AK) and non-supplemented group (NS). The supplemented group received an additional 200g per head per day of fresh A. karroo leaves collected each day for two months. Supplementary feed was given to the goats individually in feeding troughs. The kids were slaughtered at 60 days old and samples for meat quality assessment were taken from the Longistimus dorsi muscle. The effect of A. karroo supplementation on meat quality measurements such as ultimate pH, colour and cooking losses of meat from indigenous Xhosa lop-eared goats were determined. The effect of A. karroo supplementation on the consumer sensory characteristic scores of the meat from the indigenous Xhosa lop-eared breed was also determined. There was a significant effect of the A. karroo supplementation on the meat quality measurements except for L* and a* colour coordinates. Meat from the A. karroo supplemented goats had lower pH and cooking loss scores than that of the non-supplemented goats. Acacia karroo supplementation improves meat tenderness and juiciness. There were no significant effects of A. karroo supplementation on the flavour and off- iv flavours of the meat from the supplemented goats. However, thermal preparation and consumer background had a significant effect on the meat sensory characteristics. The cooked meat had significantly higher sensory scores than the roasted meat. Female consumers reported higher sensory scores than male consumers. Consumers of different tribes and ages also reported significantly different sensory scores of meat from indigenous Xhosa lop-eared goats. Therefore, this study indicated that A. karroo supplementation can be fed to the Xhosa lop-eared goats to improve their meat quality.

This degree has been obtained at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Medical University of South Africa, now part of the new Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Pretoria Saanen and South African Indigenous goats were bred to kid at twelve months and annually thereafter. Milk production was recorded. Conception rates were generally more than 90 %, except for Indigenous goats in their first year. Few Indigenous goats (12 %) had twins at the first parturition, whereas 45% of Saanens had twins at 12 months of age. Twinning increased with age, and Saanen and Indigenous goats had kidding rates of 182% and 174% respectively in their third year, with Saanens later exceeding 200%. Triplets were infrequent, except in mature Saanens (9% of parturitions), and in Crossbreds (16%). Mean lactation yields were 579, 838, and 758kg for Saanens in first, second and third lactations, respectively. Lactation lengths were 283, 293 and 290 days respectively (excluding milk production beyond 300 days). Mean lactation yields for Crossbreds were 317, 446 and 438kg for first, second and third lactations. Lactation lengths were slightly shorter for Crossbreds than for the Saanens at 236, 248 and 257 days respectively. Indigenous goats were recorded at a mean milk yield of 23kg per lactation, and a mean lactation length of 94 days. Milk composition analyses for Saanens averaged 3.43, 2.88, and 4.49% for milk fat, protein and lactose, respectively. The analyses for Crossbred goats were 5.47, 3.88 and 4.81%, and for Indigenous goats were 9.33, 5.04 and 5.12%, respectively. These results showed that Crossbred goats gave less milk than Saanens, but significantly more than Indigenous goats. Milk production of Crossbred goats was found to be adequate for household requirements (subsistence purposes). In this way, the Crossbred goats were shown to be able to fulfil one of the objectives of the crossbreeding programme. The main disease identified was coccidiosis, acccompanied by pneumonia, which caused unacceptably high mortality among goat kids: 31% of Saanen, 24% of Crossbred, 38% of Three-quarter Saanen and 28% of Indigenous female kids. It is believed that this problem is largely management related, and worsened by overcrowding and the consequent poor hygiene; but the presence of rotavirus might also be significant. These aspects warrant further investigation. The main disease problem identified in mature goats was mastitis, which caused deaths of goats from peracute cases. Another important problem which became apparent after four years of age, was the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma on the udders of Saanens. Reduced exposure to the sun, by the provision of adequate shade should alleviate this problem; but the crossbreeding programme was seen to be of benefit, since no cases occurred in Crossbred goats. The experiment on heartwater aimed to assess resistance to this disease. Saanen, Indigenous and Crossbred goats were reared in a tick-free environment. In Year 1, eight goats of each type at eight months of age were given 5ml virulent heartwater blood of the Ball 3 stock. Temperatures and clinical sign were monitored. All eight Saanens were overcome by the disease, but only one Indigenous goat and two Crossbreds. In Year 2, Phase 1 of the experiment included six males and six females each of Indigenous and Crossbred goats at 11 months of age. Seven Crossbreds, but no Indigenous goats died. In Phase 2, nine Saanens were treated with tetracycline and compared to two untreated Saanens and nine untreated Three-quarter Saanen goats at 12 months of age. Both of the untreated and one of the treated Saanens died, and seven of the Three-quarter Saanens died. There were only small differences in temperature reactions; but Indigenous goats showed less clinical signs than other breeds. No differences of gender or year were apparent. These experiments indicated that Saanen goats show no genetic resistance, but that South African Indigenous goats appear to be genetically resistant to heartwater, and can transmit this resistance to a good proportion of Crossbred progeny. It has been shown therefore that it is feasible to develop a dairy goat resistant to heartwater, which could contribute significantly to the reduction of human malnutrition in rural and peri-urban communities in Southern Africa.
Dissertation (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 1997.
Production Animal Studies
unrestricted

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Coorientador: Carla Joice Härter
Banca: Rafael Fernandes Leite
Banca: Kleber Tomas de Resende
Resumo: Este trabalho foi realizado utilizando informações de 7 estudos, em que foram ajustadas curvas de crescimento ao desenvolvimento dos órgãos do sistema visceral de fêmeas, machos castrados e machos inteiros da raça Saanen de 0,5 a 19,5 meses de idade. Inicialmente, foram avaliados oito modelos: Regressão linear simples; Quadrático; Monomolecular; Brody; Von Bertalanffy; Logística; Gompertz; e Richards. Os dados dos órgãos viscerais (fígado, pâncreas, baço, rúmen-retículo, omaso, abomaso, intestino delgado e intestino grosso) e tecido adiposo mesentérico (TAM), foram ajustados nos modelos usando o procedimento NLMIXED do SAS. O melhor modelo ajustado foi escolhido com base no Critério de Informações Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc) e nos coeficientes de correlação de concordância (CCC). Após a escolha do modelo que melhor ajustou a curva de crescimento dos órgãos viscerais avaliados, modelamos a variância buscando um melhor ajuste. Os parâmetros dos modelos para cada sexo foram comparados utilizando o comando CONTRAST (p < 0,10). Em geral, o modelo que melhor descreveu o crescimento de órgãos do sistema visceral foi o logístico (menor AICc e maior CCC). Quando os órgãos foram expressos em gramas, o sexo não influenciou os parâmetros das equações para predição do crescimento dos órgãos avaliados (p > 0,10), exceto o MAT (p < 0,02); em que as fêmeas apresentaram menor taxa de deposição comparada aos machos inteiros e castrados (0,318 ± 0,034 vs 0,659 ± 0,062), e um ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This work was performed gathering information of 7 studies, in which growth curves were fitted to the visceral organs of female, intact male, and castrated male Saanen goats from 0.5 to 19.5 months old. Initially, eight models were assessed: Monomolecular; Simple linear regression; Quadratic; Monomolecular; Brody; Von Bertalanffy; Logistics; Gompertz; and Richards. Data of the visceral organs (liver, pancreas, spleen, rumen-reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) were fitted in the models using NLMIXED procedure of SAS. The best fitted model was choosing based on the Akaike Corrected Information Criterion for small samples (AICc) and values and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). After choosing the model that best fitted the growth curve of the evaluated visceral organs, we modelled the variance seeking a better fit. Parameters of the models for each sex were compared using the CONTRAST statement (p < 0.10). Overall, the model that best described visceral organ growth was the logistic (i.e., lower AICc and higher CCC). When organs were expressed in grams, the sex did not influence the parameters of equations to predict the growth of the evaluated organs (p > 0.10), except for TAM (p < 0.02); females presented a lower deposition rate compared to intact males and castrated males (0.318 ± 0.034 vs 0.659 ± 0.062), and a inflection point higher than intact males and castrated males (7.65 vs 3.69 months). However, this difference between the sexes is not found when TAM is expressed in % to empty body weight (EBW). Irrespective of sex, at the beginning of growth, liver stood for 2.75 ± 0.113 % of EBW, grew (g) at a maximum rate of 0.531 ± 0.062, and its inflection point of the curve occurred at 1.7 months. The gastrointestinal t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho foi realizado utilizando informações de 7 estudos, em que foram ajustadas curvas de crescimento ao desenvolvimento dos órgãos do sistema visceral de fêmeas, machos castrados e machos inteiros da raça Saanen de 0,5 a 19,5 meses de idade. Inicialmente, foram avaliados oito modelos: Regressão linear simples; Quadrático; Monomolecular; Brody; Von Bertalanffy; Logística; Gompertz; e Richards. Os dados dos órgãos viscerais (fígado, pâncreas, baço, rúmen-retículo, omaso, abomaso, intestino delgado e intestino grosso) e tecido adiposo mesentérico (TAM), foram ajustados nos modelos usando o procedimento NLMIXED do SAS. O melhor modelo ajustado foi escolhido com base no Critério de Informações Akaike corrigido para pequenas amostras (AICc) e nos coeficientes de correlação de concordância (CCC). Após a escolha do modelo que melhor ajustou a curva de crescimento dos órgãos viscerais avaliados, modelamos a variância buscando um melhor ajuste. Os parâmetros dos modelos para cada sexo foram comparados utilizando o comando CONTRAST (p < 0,10). Em geral, o modelo que melhor descreveu o crescimento de órgãos do sistema visceral foi o logístico (menor AICc e maior CCC). Quando os órgãos foram expressos em gramas, o sexo não influenciou os parâmetros das equações para predição do crescimento dos órgãos avaliados (p > 0,10), exceto o MAT (p < 0,02); em que as fêmeas apresentaram menor taxa de deposição comparada aos machos inteiros e castrados (0,318 ± 0,034 vs 0,659 ± 0,062), e um ponto de inflexão superior ao dos machos inteiros e castrados (7,7 vs 3,7 meses). No entanto, essa diferença entre os sexos não é encontrada quando o MAT é expresso em % ao peso do corpo vazio (PCV). Independentemente do sexo, no início do crescimento, o fígado representou 2,75 ± 0,113 % do PCV, cresceu (g) a uma taxa máxima de 0,531 ± 0,062, e o ponto de inflexão de sua curva ocorreu em 1,7 meses. O trato gastrointestinal (TGI) representou 9,14 ± 0,493 % PCV, e à medida que os animais cresceram o TGI diminuiu sua porcentagem em relação ao PCV a uma taxa constante de 0,135 ± 0,046 %. Considerando o período avaliado, em geral, o rúmen-retículo e o intestino grosso aumentaram sua porcentagem em relação ao PCV e TGI, enquanto o abomaso e o intestino delgado diminuíram sua porcentagem em relação ao PCV e TGI, à medida que o animal crescia. O rúmen-retículo e o intestino grosso, que estão diretamente relacionados à digestão de alimentos sólidos, apresentaram maiores taxas de crescimento nos dois primeiros meses de vida. Os resultados evidenciaram que o sexo não afeta o crescimento de órgãos do sistema visceral (g), exceto para MAT, porém, quando olhamos em % PCV alguns órgãos mostram diferenças entre os sexos, como o fígado, abomaso, intestino delgado, intestino grosso e intestinos. O conhecimento da curva de crescimento dos órgãos viscerais pode ser muito útil para melhorar a compreensão de seu impacto sobre as exigências nutricionais desses animais, e ser utilizado para otimizar ou desenvolver um plano nutricional adequado para cada fase de crescimento, como também auxiliar os produtores a desenvolver planos estratégicos em um rebanho de caprinos, como a melhor idade para desmame e abate desses animais.
This work was performed gathering information of 7 studies, in which growth curves were fitted to the visceral organs of female, intact male, and castrated male Saanen goats from 0.5 to 19.5 months old. Initially, eight models were assessed: Monomolecular; Simple linear regression; Quadratic; Monomolecular; Brody; Von Bertalanffy; Logistics; Gompertz; and Richards. Data of the visceral organs (liver, pancreas, spleen, rumen-reticulum, omasum, abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) were fitted in the models using NLMIXED procedure of SAS. The best fitted model was choosing based on the Akaike Corrected Information Criterion for small samples (AICc) and values and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). After choosing the model that best fitted the growth curve of the evaluated visceral organs, we modelled the variance seeking a better fit. Parameters of the models for each sex were compared using the CONTRAST statement (p < 0.10). Overall, the model that best described visceral organ growth was the logistic (i.e., lower AICc and higher CCC). When organs were expressed in grams, the sex did not influence the parameters of equations to predict the growth of the evaluated organs (p > 0.10), except for TAM (p < 0.02); females presented a lower deposition rate compared to intact males and castrated males (0.318 ± 0.034 vs 0.659 ± 0.062), and a inflection point higher than intact males and castrated males (7.65 vs 3.69 months). However, this difference between the sexes is not found when TAM is expressed in % to empty body weight (EBW). Irrespective of sex, at the beginning of growth, liver stood for 2.75 ± 0.113 % of EBW, grew (g) at a maximum rate of 0.531 ± 0.062, and its inflection point of the curve occurred at 1.7 months. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) stood for 9.14 ± 0.493 % EBW, and as the goats grew the GIT decreased its percentage in relation to the EBW at a constant rate of 0.135 ± 0.046 %. Considering the evaluated period, in general rumen-reticulum and large intestine increased their percentage in relation to EBW and GIT, whereas abomasum and small intestine decreased their percentage in relation to EBW and GIT, as animal grew. The rumen-reticulum and large intestine, which are directly related to the digestion of solid foods, presented higher growth rates in the first two months of life. The results highlighted that sex does not affect the growth of visceral organs (g), except for TAM. However, when we look at % EBW, some organs show differences between the sexes, such as the liver, abomasum, small intestine, large intestine and Intestines. Knowledge of the growth curve of the visceral organs can be very useful in improving the understanding of their impact on the nutritional requirements of these animals and can be used to optimize or develop a nutritional plan suitable for each growth phase, but also to help producers develop strategic plans for a herd of goats, such as the best age for weaning and slaughtering these animals.

Milk protein polymorphisms have a significant influence on milk quantity and composition. Kappa-casein is of special interest due to its known relationship with milk quality. In goats, a number of allelic variants have been identified, primarily classified into two groups. Group BIEF alleles (D, E, K, and M) have been shown to have a positive effect on milk yield and technological properties, while group AIEF, the remaining alleles, have a less positive influence on milk composition. The aim of this study was to investigate genetic variation in the kappa-casein genotype of South African goats. PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing were performed on 68 and 77 samples, respectively. In addition, 84 milk samples were analyzed for milk composition. RFLP analysis revealed that the A and/or B alleles were the most frequent in the populations studied. A frequency of 0.00 was observed for the BIEF variants using DNA sequencing. In all goat types included, the B allele was the most common, with frequencies ranging from 60% in SA Boer goats to 100% in Saanens. The B’ allele had lower frequencies of 0.357 and 0.207 in SA Boer goats and local goat types, respectively. The H allele was present at low frequencies in local goat types (10.3%) and in SA Boer goats (3.6%), but was absent in Saanens. AMOVA results indicated that most of the total variation occurred within populations (80.66%) with the remainder of the variation (FST = 0.1934; p < 0.01) occurring due to genetic differences between populations.
Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
unrestricted

Urinary bladder marsupialization has been successful in producing acceptable long-term resolution of clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the six-month outcome of urinary bladder marsupialization in male goats. The urinary bladders of six male goats free from systemic disease were marsupialized following induced urethral obstruction. Renal ultrasonography, complete blood count, and blood chemistry analysis were evaluated preoperatively (day 0), at 7 postoperative days, and at 30-day intervals until 180 postoperative days. Stomal diameter was recorded at each interval. Necropsy examination was performed on day 180 or when stomal stricture or death occurred. Stomal stricture occurred in one goat at 120 days, and another goat was found dead at 150 days. Necropsy of this goat revealed severe, suppurative cystitis. All goats developed mild urine scald dermatitis. All blood chemistry values remained within normal limits. Significant decreases in white blood cell count, serum creatinine, and stomal diameter were observed from day 0 to day 180. Except for the goat that died at 150 days, all urinary bladders were tubular in shape and the mucosa and serosa of all urinary tract organs appeared grossly normal at necropsy examination. Histologic evidence of chronic suppurative cystitis and chronic, mild, lymphoplasmacytic pyelitis was present in all goats. Culture of renal tissue yielded bacterial growth in three of six goats, and culture of a swab of the urinary bladder mucosa yielded bacterial growth in all animals. Although clinical signs of ascending urinary tract infection were not observed in goats with patent stomata, urinary bladder marsupialization may result in ascending inflammation or infection. Based upon the results of this study, urinary bladder marsupialization should be recommended with caution as the primary procedure in clinical cases.
Master of Science

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Coorientador: Amélia Katiane de Almeida
Banca: Nilza Kazue Sakomura
Banca: José Gilson Louzada Regadas Filho
Banca: Carla Joice Härter
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex on the net macromineral requirements for maintenance and growth of Saanen goats from 5 to 45 kg body weight (BW). For this purpose, three dataset were used: the first dataset was assembled to evaluate the effect of sex on the net requirements for maintenance of Ca (NCam), P (NPm), Mg (NMgm), and K (NKm), estimated using the comparative slaughter technique (CST). This dataset was composed by 154 individual records (53 castrated males, 46 females, and 55 intact males) from three comparative slaughter studies. The second dataset, was constructed to evaluate the effect of sex on NCam, NMgm, and NKm, estimated using the minimum endogenous losses method (MEL). This dataset was assembled with 155 individual records (67 castrated males, 40 females, and 48 intact males) from four feeding trials. The third dataset was constructed to evaluate the effect of sex on the net requirements for growth of Ca (NCag), P (NPg), Mg (NMgg), Na (NNag), and K (NKg) considering or not the degree of maturity of the goat on the estimations. This dataset comprised by 209 individual records (69 castrated males, 69 females, and 71 intact males) from six comparative slaughter studies. Mineral requirements for maintenance using CST were calculated from the intercept of the linear regression between mineral retention and the mineral intake. Using the MEL, mineral requirements for maintenance were calculated from the intercept of a linear regression ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do sexo nas exigências liquidas de macrominerais para mantença e crescimento para caprinos Saanen de 5 a 45 kg de peso corporal (PC). Para esse fim, foram utilizados três bancos de dados: o primeiro banco de dados foi construído para avaliar o efeito do sexo sobre as exigências líquidas de Ca (NCam), P (NPm), Mg (NMgm) e K (Nkm) para mantença estimadas pelo método do abate comparativo (CST). O banco de dados foi composto por 154 observações individuais (53 machos castrados, 46 fêmeas e 55 machos inteiros) provenientes de três estudos de abate comparativo. O segundo banco de dados, foi construído para avaliar o efeito do sexo sobre as NCam, NMgm e NKm no corpo de caprinos Saanen, estimadas pelo método das perdas endógenas mínimas (MEL). Este banco de dados foi composto por 155 observações individuais (67 machos castrados, 40 fêmeas e 48 machos inteiros) provenientes de quatro ensaios de alimentação. O terceiro banco de dados foi construído para avaliar o efeito do sexo sobre as exigências líquidas de Ca (NCag), P (NPg), Mg (NMgg), Na (NNag) e K (NKg) para crescimento, considerando e não considerando o grau de maturidade do caprino, na estimativa destas. Este banco de dados foi composto por 209 observações individuais (69 machos castrados, 69 fêmeas e 71 machos inteiros) provenientes de seis estudos de abate comparativo. As exigências de minerais para mantença, obtidas pelo CST foram calculadas como o intercepto da regressão linear e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

Measurements of energy expenditures for domestic animals are used as a basis to determine the total energy requirements for maintenance and for production. Most studies on energy metabolism have been conducted under controlled, confinement conditions, and the results extrapolated to free - ranging animals. Such approaches do not always represent the real energy costs of free existence in the range or pasture environment. This study compared energy expenditures of sheep and goats under free-grazing conditions and assessed the accuracy of the carbon dioxide entry rate technique (CERT) as compared to the oxygen consumption method. In addition, 24-hour activity budgets were used to construct energy budgets for both animal species. These estimates were compared to CERT measurements. Dietary organic matter, crude protein, gross energy, digestible protein, and digestible energy intakes, as well as the apparent digestibility coefficients for crude protein and gross energy were compared for both species in one of the grazing trials. The validation of CERT yielded the linear regression equation: Y = 0.878 + 5.333 ER where Y energy expenditure in Kcal·min-1, and ER is the C02 entry rate in grams of C02 carbon·min-1. The coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.979, and the residual standard deviation of ± 0.12 Kcal·min-1. Daily energy expenditure of goats was higher (P<.OS) than that of sheep in all grazing experiments. The overall means were 127.1 and 88.4 Kcal·Bw-.75.d-1 for goats and sheep, respectively. High ambient temperatures during one of the grazing trials apparently caused heat stress to the grazing animals. Both species responded to this situation by using behavioral adaptations and avoidance mechanisms. The energy budget method over-estimated energy expenditures of sheep by 9 percent, and grossly underestimated the energy expenditures of goats by 39 percent. The nutritive value of the diets selected by both species was similar . However, goats had higher (P< .OS) organic matter, crude protein, gross energy, digestible protein and digestible energy intakes. The apparent crude protein digestibility coefficient for goats was 20 percent higher (P<.OS) than that for sheep. On the other hand, gross energy digestibility coefficients were similar for both species. Goats appeared to have an edge in meeting their dietary protein requirements under free- ranging conditions. CERT can predict energy expenditures within ± 8 percent of the mean. It is a feasible technique for assessing energy expenditures of small ruminants under range conditions. The energy budget method was not reliable for estimating energy costs in small ruminants, especially goats.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 91 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (DFREML) was used to calculate variance and covariance components for cumulative milk yield, cumulative fat yield and cumulative protein yield, of Alpine, Toggenburg, Saanen and Nubian dairy goat breeds. First lactation records of 691 Alpine, 641 Toggenburg, 439 Saanen and 433 Nubian goats freshening between 1986 and 1995, and a combined data set of all breeds, were analysed. Two basic models, either including or excluding coefficients for phantom groups, besides the random and fixed effects, were fitted for each trait and breed. Included fixed effects were age at first kidding and flock-year for the single breed data sets and an additional breed effect for the multiple breed data set. Random effects in sub-models were fitted to estimate direct effects (model 1), direct and maternal effects (model 2) and direct effects, maternal effects and the covariance between direct and maternal genetic effects (model 3). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of repeated superovulation and embryo recovery in 15 Boer goat does. Does were synchronised for oestrus using CIDR’s for 17 days and superovulated with pFSH during the natural breeding season (autumn). Cervical inseminations with fresh undiluted semen were performed 36 h and 48 h following CIDR removal and the embryos surgically flushed six days after the second AI. Does superovulated for the first time recorded a shorter mean (± s.e.) induced duration of oestrus (20.8 ± 1.0 h), when compared to those repeatedly superovulated (30.4 ± 6.7 h). The mean (±s.e.) number of structures and embryos recovered were significantly lower in does treated repeatedly (6.0 ± 1.7 and 3.8 ± 1.7) than does superovulated for the first time (12.9 ± 0.5 and 11.7 ± 0.5), respectively. The mean (±s.e.) number of unfertilised ova per donor was significantly higher in repeatedly superovulated does (5.5 ± 1.6), compared to does superovulated for the first time (0.1 ± 0.1). The fertilisation rate and the number of transferable embryos were significantly lower in does treated repeatedly, compared to does superovulated for the first time. These results indicate that the number of times that a Boer goat doe can be utilised as the embryo donor may be limited to three times.

Abstract Seventeen Boer goat does were used in this study to compare the effect of an intramuscular or subcutaneous route of administrating a superovulation treatment during the natural breeding season (autumn). The oestrous cycles of all does were synchronised for 17 days using CIDR dispensers and superovulated with pFSH administered in 7 dosages, at 12 h intervals—initiated 48 h prior to CIDR removal. Does were teased to test for the onset of oestrus at 8 h intervals, starting at CIDR removal. All does were cervically inseminated with fresh undiluted Boer goat semen at a fixed time (36 h and 48 h), following CIDR withdrawal. Embryos were surgically flushed on day 6 following the second AI, evaluated and classified according to their morphological appearance. The route of gonadotrophin (pFSH) administration had no effect on the response to oestrous synchronisation. The number of ovulations, structures and embryos recovered and fertilisation rate were also similar via both routes of gonadotrophin administration. The number of unfertilised ova per donor on the other hand, was significantly higher in does administered pFSH using the intramuscular (3.3±4.8), rather than the subcutaneous route (0.3±0.8). However, the number of degenerated embryos was higher when pFSH was administered subcutaneously (5.9±4.5), compared to intramuscularly (2.6±2.3). The overall number of transferable embryos was not affected by the route of gonadotrophin administration. The subcutaneous route of gonadotrophin administration led to a lower number of unfertilised ova, this beneficial effect was negated by an increase in the number of degenerate embryos—resulting in both routes of administration leading to a similar number of transferable embryos. Although no significant differences were found between subcutaneous and intramuscular routes of gonadotrophin administration regarding the number of transferable embryos, the subcutaneous route resulted in lower variances which may indicate a more predictable response.

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Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar, utilizando a técnica do abate comparativo, as exigências de energia e proteína para mantença e crescimento de caprinos Saanen, machos inteiros, machos castrados e fêmeas com peso corporal variando de 15 a 30 kg e, avaliar os modelos do AFRC (1998) e NRC (2007) para predizer o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e ganho de peso (GP) de caprinos Saanen em crescimento. Para determinar as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína para mantença foram utilizados 25 machos castrados, 26 machos inteiros e 24 fêmeas. Destes, sete machos castrados, oito machos inteiros e seis fêmeas foram selecionados aleatoriamente e abatidos com 15 kg de peso corporal para a estimativa da composição corporal inicial. Os animais restantes, 18 machos castrados, 18 machos inteiros e 18 fêmeas foram distribuídos nos tratamentos, que consistiram de três níveis de ingestão: ad libitum, 75% e 50% do consumo ad libitum. Dentro de cada sexo, foram formados seis blocos de três animais e dentro de cada bloco, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cada nível de ingestão. Assim, a alimentação foi estabelecida dentro de cada bloco com base no consumo dos animais alimentados ad libitum. Todos os animais dentro de um bloco foram abatidos quando o animal alimentado ad libitum atingiu 30 kg de peso corporal. A quantidade a ser fornecida aos animais submetidos aos tratamentos 75 e 50% do ad libitum foi determinada diariamente com base no CMS do animal alimentado ad libitum no dia anterior. As exigências de energia e proteína para crescimento foram obtidas usando 20 machos castrados, 20 machos inteiros e 18 fêmeas. Os animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 15, 23 e 30 kg de peso corporal. O sexo não afetou as necessidades de energia e proteína para mantença, bem como as exigências de proteína para o crescimento. No entanto, afetou as necessidades energéticas para o crescimento no qual ...
The objective of this research was to estimate, using the comparative slaughter technique, energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of castrated males, intact males and females Saanen goat kids between 15 and 30 kg of body weight and to evaluate the models from AFRC (1998) and NRC (2007) for predicting dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of growing goats. To determine net energy and net protein requirements for maintenance 25 castrate males, 26 intact males and 24 females were used, where 7 castrated males, 8 intact males and 6 females were randomly selected to estimate the initial empty body composition. The remaining animals, 18 castrate males, 18 intact males, and 18 females were used with dietary treatments that consisted of 3 levels of intake: ad libitum, 75% and 50% of ad libitum intake. Within each sex, six blocks of 3 animals each were formed. Within each block, one animal was randomly assigned to each level of intake. Thus, pair feeding was established within each block based on the intake of the animal fed ad libitum. All animals within a block were slaughtered when the animal fed ad libitum reached 30 kg of BW. The 75 and 50% of ad libitum rationing were determined daily based on the DMI of the animal fed ad libitum on the previous day. The net energy and net protein requirements for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 20 castrated males, 20 intact males and 18 females. The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW of 15, 23, and 30 kg. We found that sex did not affect energy and protein requirements for maintenance as well as protein requirements for growth. However it affected energy requirements for growth where castrated males and females had the same NEg comparing with intact males. To evaluate the models from AFRC (1998) and NRC (2007) for predicting DMI and ADG of growing goats, individual data of 37 Saanen goat kids (12 intact males, 13 castrated ...

A study was undertaken to determine and compare the grazing ecology of goats, red deer and South American camelids when pastured on three contrasting vegetation types typical of hill and upland ecosystems in Scotland: an established sown sward (Lolium perenne dominated); an indigenous grassland (Nardus stricta dominated); and a dwarf-shrub community (Calluna vulgaris dominated). Plots at each site were grazed in sequence with data collected during one spring (May/June) and two summer (August/September) experimental sessions. For each period at each site plant species composition, canopy structure and herbage biomass were characterized. Samples of the diet selected by up to five mature castrated goats, red deer and guanacos fistulated at the oesophagus were used to establish diet composition and in vitro digestibility of the diet. Herbage intake and diet digestibility of an additional five intact animals of each species were determined using n-alkane faecal markers. Total grazing time was estimated using vibracorders and bite rate data collected by observation. The influence of vegetation type and season on the diet composition and ingestive behaviour of each species was evaluated. Between species comparisons on each vegetation type were also made. Differences in selectivity for and against vegetation components indicate that guanacos are principally grazers while goats and red deer are intermediate feeders. On the Lolium sward the goats and red deer selected green leaf of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants whereas the guanacos selected only graminoids. On the Nardus community the main dietary component for all three animal species was broad-leaved grasses selected from the species-rich intertussock areas. On the dwarf-shrub community there was strong selection for and against graminoid species and Calluna vulgaris respectively, with the dominant species of plant only making a substantial contribution to the red deer diet. Where differences between estimates of diet digestibility were identified the digestibility of material consumed by each species of animal on the sown sward was higher than that from either indigenous community; and the digestibility of material selected from the indigenous grassland was higher than that from the dwarf-shrub community.

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina Almeida Teixeira
Banca: Iran Borges
Banca: Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior
Banca: Gilberto de Lima Macedo Junior
Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Resumo: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar, utilizando a técnica do abate comparativo, as exigências de energia e proteína para mantença e crescimento de caprinos Saanen, machos inteiros, machos castrados e fêmeas com peso corporal variando de 15 a 30 kg e, avaliar os modelos do AFRC (1998) e NRC (2007) para predizer o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e ganho de peso (GP) de caprinos Saanen em crescimento. Para determinar as exigências líquidas de energia e proteína para mantença foram utilizados 25 machos castrados, 26 machos inteiros e 24 fêmeas. Destes, sete machos castrados, oito machos inteiros e seis fêmeas foram selecionados aleatoriamente e abatidos com 15 kg de peso corporal para a estimativa da composição corporal inicial. Os animais restantes, 18 machos castrados, 18 machos inteiros e 18 fêmeas foram distribuídos nos tratamentos, que consistiram de três níveis de ingestão: ad libitum, 75% e 50% do consumo ad libitum. Dentro de cada sexo, foram formados seis blocos de três animais e dentro de cada bloco, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em cada nível de ingestão. Assim, a alimentação foi estabelecida dentro de cada bloco com base no consumo dos animais alimentados ad libitum. Todos os animais dentro de um bloco foram abatidos quando o animal alimentado ad libitum atingiu 30 kg de peso corporal. A quantidade a ser fornecida aos animais submetidos aos tratamentos 75 e 50% do ad libitum foi determinada diariamente com base no CMS do animal alimentado ad libitum no dia anterior. As exigências de energia e proteína para crescimento foram obtidas usando 20 machos castrados, 20 machos inteiros e 18 fêmeas. Os animais foram alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 15, 23 e 30 kg de peso corporal. O sexo não afetou as necessidades de energia e proteína para mantença, bem como as exigências de proteína para o crescimento. No entanto, afetou as necessidades energéticas para o crescimento no qual ...
Abstract: The objective of this research was to estimate, using the comparative slaughter technique, energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth of castrated males, intact males and females Saanen goat kids between 15 and 30 kg of body weight and to evaluate the models from AFRC (1998) and NRC (2007) for predicting dry matter intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) of growing goats. To determine net energy and net protein requirements for maintenance 25 castrate males, 26 intact males and 24 females were used, where 7 castrated males, 8 intact males and 6 females were randomly selected to estimate the initial empty body composition. The remaining animals, 18 castrate males, 18 intact males, and 18 females were used with dietary treatments that consisted of 3 levels of intake: ad libitum, 75% and 50% of ad libitum intake. Within each sex, six blocks of 3 animals each were formed. Within each block, one animal was randomly assigned to each level of intake. Thus, pair feeding was established within each block based on the intake of the animal fed ad libitum. All animals within a block were slaughtered when the animal fed ad libitum reached 30 kg of BW. The 75 and 50% of ad libitum rationing were determined daily based on the DMI of the animal fed ad libitum on the previous day. The net energy and net protein requirements for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 20 castrated males, 20 intact males and 18 females. The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW of 15, 23, and 30 kg. We found that sex did not affect energy and protein requirements for maintenance as well as protein requirements for growth. However it affected energy requirements for growth where castrated males and females had the same NEg comparing with intact males. To evaluate the models from AFRC (1998) and NRC (2007) for predicting DMI and ADG of growing goats, individual data of 37 Saanen goat kids (12 intact males, 13 castrated ...
Doutor

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) infects macrophages and causes severe lesions of chronic granulomatous enteritis in sheep and other ruminants (Johne's disease). In this study, ovine paratuberculosis cases were examined histologically, and the presence of two distinct forms of intestinal pathology confirmed, characterised by either multibacillary lesions which exhibited a positive correlation with the presence of a marked macrophage infiltrate (lepromatous cases), or paucibacillary lesions which showed correlation with a cellular infiltrate which was lymphocytic in nature (tuberculoid cases). The presence of acid-fast bacteria was also found to correlate with evidence of serum antibody. Genomic DNA was extracted from the ileum of infected sheep and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed using IS900 primers to confirm Map infection. Immunoperoxidase staining of ileum demonstrated that the lymphocyte populations differed in density and relative percentages between both histological groups. The tuberculoid group had higher densities of CD4+, CD8+ and γδTCR+ subsets, and the lepromatous group lower densities of CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, when compared with control animals. Tuberculoid cases were associated with an increase in the relative percentage of CD4+ lymphocytes, whereas lepromatous cases had an increased relative percentage of γδTCR+ cells. Flow cytometry of lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) isolated from the ileum of infected and control animals confirmed increased percentages of γδTCR+ cells in lepromatous cases than in controls, and higher percentages of CD8+ and γδTCR+ cells than in tuberculoid cases, which had correspondingly higher percentages of CD4+ cells. Higher percentages of γδTCR+ cells were also noted in mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (MLNL) from lepromatous cases compared with control animals. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of infected animals had increased percentages of B cells, and an associated increase in the percentage of MHC Class II positive cells compared with normal controls. The findings of this study suggest that ovine paratuberculosis is a disease with an immunological spectrum broadly comparable with that described for leprosy, with an apparent Thl like response in the tuberculoid form and a Th2 like response in the lepromatous form.

In this study 240 commercial dairy goats (130 Saanen, 51 Toggenburg and 59 British Alpine) were genotyped with a panel of 25 microsatellite markers, 16 of which were on the FAO/ISAG recommended list for genetic diversity studies in Capra hircus. A moderate MNA of 8 was observed for all markers across all three breeds (ranging from 3 to 12 alleles per locus), and the mean PIC of the panel was 0.60. None of the loci investigated in this study were discarded due to HWE deviation, although some did deviate significantly from HWE within the breeds (5 in the Saanen, and 6 each in the Toggenburg and British Alpine). The overall diversity observed for the Saanen, Toggenburg and British Alpine were 62.6%, 63.4% and 63.4% respectively, indicating moderate diversity. Wright’s FIS values for the three breeds ranged between -0.063 to -0.005. Population structure analysis revealed six distinct populations, where the British Alpine and Toggenburg each formed individual clusters, and the Saanen formed three clusters. A crossbred population was also identified. Pedigree analysis found that most of the does contained in the herd book were culled before their third lactation. Ne ranges were estimated based on the available pedigree data of the Saanen (36–341), Toggenburg (18–63) and British Alpine (13–53). Average inbreeding values were 0.0632, 0.1335 and 0.0993 respectively. This study presents an insight to the genetic diversity of dairy goats in South Africa, and can be applied in the genetic management of the existing populations.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Animal and Wildlife Science
MSc
Unrestricted

Orientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Resumo: A taxa de passagem da digesta (kp) em ruminantes é a passagem fracionada da digesta por hora, isto é /h. A kp é um processo complexo e dinâmico e afeta a digestão dos alimentos e o impacto ambiental da produção animal. Neste estudo, objetivamos compreender os fatores relacionados à kp em todo o trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de caprinos em crescimento e caprinos alimentados com níveis de alimentação e propor equações para prever kp de partículas e solutos no reticulo-rúmen. Para isso, utilizamos um banco de dados de dois estudos com caprinos Saanen, que foi dividido em dois bancos de dados diferentes: o banco de dados Crescimento foi composto por registros individuais de machos castrados (n = 36), fêmeas (n = 34) e machos intactos (n = 33) alimentados ad libitum e abatidos aos 15, 22, 30, 37 e 45 kg de peso corporal (PC); e, o banco de dados níveis de alimentação foi composto por registros individuais de machos castrados (n = 38), fêmeas (n = 33) e machos intactos (n = 36) alimentados ad libitum, 75 ou 50% ad libitum durante 109 ± 10 dias . Nossos resultados demonstraram que a taxa de passagem da digesta tem respostas diferentes, quando avaliada em cabras em crescimento ou cabras alimentadas com níveis de alimentação a longo prazo. O kp de partículas no reticulo-rúmen não foi afetado pelo crescimento animal ou pelo nível de alimentação. No entanto, o kp de partículas no reticulo-rúmen e o kp de partículas e solutos no intestino grosso demonstraram ser positivamente relacionados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The digesta passage rate (kp) in ruminants is a fractional passage of digesta per hour, i.e. /h. The kp is a very complex and dynamic process and affects feed digestion and the environmental impact of livestock. In this study, we aimed to understand the factors related to kp in the whole gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing goats and goats fed with feeding levels and propose equations for predicting kp of particles and solutes in reticulorumen. For that, we used a database from two studies with Saanen goats that was split into two different databases: database Growth was composed by individual records of castrated males (n = 36), females (n = 34), and intact males (n = 33) fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 15, 22, 30, 37, and 45 kg body weight (BW); and, database Feeding Levels was composed by individual records of castrated males (n = 38), females (n = 33), and intact males (n = 36) fed ad libitum, 75 or 50% of ad libitum over 109 ± 10 days. Our results demonstrated digesta passage rate had different responses whether evaluated in growing goats or goats fed with feeding levels over long-term. Reticulorumen kp of particles was not affected by growth or feeding level. However, reticulorumen kp of particles and large intestines kp of particles and solutes were positively related among them in growing goats. Reticulorumen kp of solutes decreased with aging followed by increasing on reticulorumen capacity and reducing on dry matter (DM) intake level and chewing investment (che... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

The aim of this study was to determine withdrawal periods and tissue tolerance of intramammary antibiotics (Curaclox LC, Spectrazol Milking Cow and Rilexine 200 LC) in goats, measured in different ways, and to evaluate the effects of related factors. Method: Three experimental trials were conducted. Trial 1 and Trial 2 were conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort using the goat herd of the Onderstepoort Teaching Animal Unit (OTAU) (Herd A), while Trial 3 was conducted on a commercial goat dairy in the Limpopo Province of South Africa (Herd B). In addition, four goats with clinical mastitis from a smallholding close to the Faculty of Veterinary Science at Onderstepoort were studied (Herd C). This herd consisted of 13 lactating Saanen and Saanen/Toggenburg crossbred dairy goats. In all trials foremilk was stripped, teats were disinfected and a milk sample was taken from each udder half of each goat (half-milk samples). In all three trials the following milk samples were taken: two sets of half samples and a composite sample (before, during and after treatment). The California Milk Cell Test (CMCT) and conductivity measurements were performed. In Trial 3 the conductivity meter became non-functional on the second day, and thus the conductivity test was eliminated from then on. Each udder half was milked separately and milk volume was recorded. The temperature of goats was taken and recorded to identify sick animals. All goats in the treatment group were treated. In all three trials after treatment, sampling continued until SCC returned to baseline and until there were at least two consecutive negative TRIS tests for each goat, approximately 10 days. Milk production was based on the following milk production groups: low (less than 1.3L), medium (1.3L to 1.5L) and high (greater than 1.5L) daily milk production. The antibiotics used in these trials were selected for being commonly used, broad-spectrum preparations. Trial 1, a semi-synthetic penicillin based intramammary preparation (Curaclox LC, which contains 75mg sodium ampicillin and 200mg sodium cloxacillin per dose plus blue dye). Curaclox LC G2615, (Norbrook (Pharmacia AH) P.O. Box 10698 Centurion, 0046), cloxacillin 200mg, ampicillin 75mg, blue dye/ 4.5g syringe. Trial 2, a cefuroxime 250mg based intramammary product (Spectrazol Milking Cow, Schering-Plough). Spectrazol milking cow, cefuroxime, 250mg, S4 Intramammary Injection 83/594, (Schering-Plough Animal Health, P.O. BOX 46, Isando, 1600). Trial 3, a cephalexin 100mg, neomycin sulphate 100mg and prednisolone based intramammary product, Rilexine (SA) 200LC injection 83/638, (Logos Agvet (Virbac), Private bag X115, Halfway House, 1685). Curaclox LC G2615, Norbrook (Pharmacia AH), cloxacillin 200mg, ampicillin 75mg, blue dye/ 4.5g syringes. In the clinical mastitis cases (Herd C); Goat 1 was treated with Spectrazol milking cow (as above), Goat 2 was treated with Curaclox LC (as above), Goat 3 was treated with Curaclox LC in the left udder half and Goat 4 was treated with Curaclox LC in the right udder half (as above). Results: Trial 1: Curaclox LC The mean withdrawal periods for the product Curaclox LC (intramammary) as measured by Thermo Resistant Inhibitory Substances (TRIS), colour dye, Parallux testing for cloxacillin and ampicillin, on eight relatively low producing Saanen dairy goats (Trial 1) were 74h ± 19.21; 90h ± 16.97; 99h ± 9.07 and 93h ± 11.41 respectively. The withdrawal period for Curaclox LC recommended for use in cattle (72h) was significantly shorter than the withdrawal periods as measured by colour dye (P < 0.001), Parallux testing for cloxacillin (P < 0.001) and Parallux testing for ampicillin (P < 0.05) in Trial 1. There was a significant difference of withdrawal periods as measured by TRIS (P < 0.05) and colour dye (P < 0.05) between goats with and without clinical mastitis in Trial 1 Trial 3: Curaclox LC The mean withdrawal periods for Curaclox LC as measured by TRIS, colour dye, Parallux testing for cloxacillin and ampicillin, on 12 relatively high producing Saanen and Saanen-Toggenburg crossbreed dairy goats (Trial 3) were 42h ± 7.08; 65h ± 60.26; 77h ± 13.56 and 71h ± 12.65 respectively. The withdrawal period for Curaclox LC recommended for use in cattle (72h) was significantly longer than the withdrawal periods as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) and colour dye (P < 0.001) in Trial 3. Curaclox LC: Trials 1&3 combined The mean withdrawal periods for Curaclox LC as measured by TRIS, colour dye, Parallux testing for cloxacillin and ampicillin, for Trials 1&3 combined were 59h ± 24.31; 76h ± 17.70; 87h ± 16.10 and 80h ± 16.23 respectively. The withdrawal period for Curaclox LC recommended for use in cattle (72h) was significantly longer than the withdrawal periods as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) in Trials 1&3 combined. Trial 2: Spectrazol Milking Cow The mean withdrawal periods for Spectrazol Milking Cow (intramammary) as measured by TRIS on seven relatively low producing Saanen dairy goats (Trial 2) was 95h ± 17.23. The withdrawal period for Spectrazol Milking Cow recommended for use in cattle (60h) was significantly shorter than the withdrawal period as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) in Trial 2. Trial 3: Rilexine 200 LC The mean withdrawal periods for Rilexine 200 LC (intramammary) as measured by TRIS on 20 relatively high producing Saanen and Saanen-Toggenburg crossbreed dairy goats (Trial 3) was 37h ± 9.94. The withdrawal period for Rilexine 200 LC recommended for use in cattle (96h) was significantly longer than the withdrawal period as measured by TRIS (P < 0.001) in Trial 3. The regression model for goats with clinical mastitis was: Withdrawal period as measured by TRIS = 30.21 + 4.692 (sampling time) + 22.11 (udder palpation) – 13.6 (floccules) – 0.00649 (volume) (R2 = 95.7%, standard error of regression = 3.41) There was great variation in Somatic Cell Count (SCC) between trials, ranging from 1928 X 103cells/mL to 9274 X 103cells/mL for infected udder halves and from 1817 X 103cells/mL to 3639 X 103cells/mL for non-infected udder halves, at the morning milking. At the evening milking SCC ranged from 1927 X 103cells/mL to 6415 X 103cells/mL for infected udder halves and from 2103 X 103cells/mL to 3304 X 103cells/mL for non-infected udder halves. SCC of udder halves with clinical mastitis ranged from 7053 X 103cells/mL to 7948 X 103cells/mL for udder halves in which bacteria could not be isolated and from 6476 X 103cells/mL to 8479 X 103cells/mL in udder halves from which bacteria was isolated. Most of the variation in SCC was unexplained. In this research all SCC values were determined using the Fossomatic 90 counter and the arithmetic means were reported. The factors valid for determining clinical mastitis were the presence of floccules in the milk and high SCC, with or without udder damage and/ or bacteria. Intramammary infection (IMI) was determined by the presence or absence of bacteria only. Conclusions and Recommendations: The variability in SCC was largely unexplained, and an increased SCC did not necessarily indicate an intramammary infection in goats, as it does in cows. Therefore further, research is required to assess SCC and all possible factors affecting it. Further research is also required to find a more reliable method for mastitis diagnosis apart from SCC, for example, NAGase. The “Goatside” tests used (California Milk Cell Tests, CMCT) and SCC on their own were not reliable methods of mastitis diagnosis and should be accompanied by microbiological tests. However, CMCT and SCC were indicators of tissue tolerance and udder irritation. Tissue irritation is considered to indicate the limit of tissue tolerance. In healthy goats Spectrazol Milking cow caused the least tissue irritation, followed by Rilexine 200 LC, and Curaclox LC. However, for goats with clinical mastitis Rilexine 200 LC caused the least tissue irritation followed by Curaclox LC; and Spectrazol Milking cow caused the most tissue irritation in goats with clinical mastitis. Withdrawal periods of healthy goats and goats with clinical mastitis also differed for each product. Further research is necessary to determine withdrawal periods and tissue irritation of different intramammary products on goats with clinical mastitis. Withdrawal period was affected by volume of milk produced, due to the dilution factor of continuous milk secretion. High producers had shorter withdrawal periods than low producers. However, treatment with intramammary antibiotics did not significantly affect the volume of milk produced. Further research is required to assess the effect of milk production volume on withdrawal periods when comparing withdrawal periods of different products. Antibiotic withdrawal periods on goat milk were different from those recommended for use in cattle for each of the products used and for the different intramammary antibiotics used. The withdrawal periods recommended for use cattle have a 24h safety margin added to the longest withdrawal period in the trial. In this research 24h safety margins were not added in the original tables. Therefore, in practice 24h safety margins should be added to all withdrawal periods in this research. Later the 24h safety margins were subtracted from the withdrawal periods recommended for use in cattle in order to obtain a rough estimate of the actual withdrawal periods in cattle. In this analysis all withdrawal periods measured by different methods for goats were significantly different from withdrawal periods recommended for use in cattle (-24h safety margin). However, in the original tables not all withdrawal periods for goats as measured by different methods were significantly different from those in cattle (with 24h safety margin). Conductivity was found to be an unreliable “Goatside” test.
Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Production Animal Studies
unrestricted