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1
Darlington, Jared L. Search direction by goal failure in goal-oriented programming. Sankt Augustin: Gesellschaft fur Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung, 1987.
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2
Uniting diverse organizations: Managing goal-oriented advocacy networks. New York: Routledge, 2012.
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Stanturf, John, Palle Madsen, and David Lamb, eds. A Goal-Oriented Approach to Forest Landscape Restoration. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5338-9.
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Illanko, Kandasamy. Extension of goal-oriented synthesis to functions of many variables. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.
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Swami, S. A. Self-excellence: Key to preventive stress management & goal-oriented living. Montgomery, WV: Minibook Pub. Co., 1987.
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R, Lankton Stephen, ed. Tales of enchantment: Goal-oriented metaphors for adults and children in therapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1989.
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7
Kim, Jinwon. A cube-based recursive goal-oriented method for the synthesis of Boolean logic functions. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.
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8
Spilker, Imke. Empowering horses to learn their way: Through independence, self-confidence and with goal-oriented play. North Pomfret, Vt: Trafalgar Square Books, 2009.
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9
al-Suwaida, Kerrayem. Developing a study to evaluate the impact of a goal-oriented, protocol-driven program with home telemonitoring on the blood pressure of type 2 diabetic patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2003.
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10
J, Stumbo Norma, ed. Leisure education III: More goal-oriented activities. State College, Pa: Venture Pub., 1997.
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Burstone, Charles J., and Michael R. Marcotte. Problem Solving in Orthodontics: Goal-Oriented Treatment Strategies. Quintessence Publishing (IL), 2000.
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12
Saz-Carranza, Angel. Uniting Diverse Organizations: Managing Goal-Oriented Advocacy Networks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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13
Olavarrieta, Liliana Diaz. Mapping-based synthesis using the goal-oriented method. 1988.
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14
Problems solving in orthodontics : goal-oriented treatment strategies. Quintessence, 2000.
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15
Lamb, David, John Stanturf, and Palle Madsen. A Goal-Oriented Approach to Forest Landscape Restoration. Ingramcontent, 2015.
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Stumbo, Norma J. Leisure Education III: More Goal-Oriented Activities (Leisure Education). Venture Publishing (PA), 1997.
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Goal Oriented Methodology and Applications in Nuclear Power Plants. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-04430-0.
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Moo-Young, Horace. Goal Oriented Learning Environments: E -learning Strategies for the Classroom. Trafford Publishing, 2006.
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Weiss, Donna. Goal oriented gross & fine motor lesson plans: For early childhood classes. VORT Corp, 1990.
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20
Career Preparation Clubs: Goal Oriented (Cocurricular Activities Their Values and Benefits). Mason Crest Publishers, 2005.
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Lankton, Carol H., and Stephan R. Lankton. Tales of Enchantment: Goal-Oriented Metaphors for Adults and Children in Therapy. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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Pearson, Mark W. The effect of a task-goal oriented exercise environment on intrinsic motivation. 2001.
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Walter, Salzer, ed. Nam Lang planning, 1985-1989: A goal oriented projected planning and management approach. Chiang Mai: Thai-German Highland Development Programme, 1991.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Results-oriented versus Process-oriented Human Service Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0010.
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This chapter explains the ARC principle of being results oriented versus process oriented. The results-oriented principle requires that human service organizations evaluate performance based on how much the well-being of clients improves. The principle addresses deficits in service caused by the conflicting priority of evaluating performance with process criteria such as the number of clients served, billable service hours, or the extent to which bureaucratic procedures such as the completion of paperwork are followed. Results-oriented organizations are described in detail, including case examples from decades of organizational change efforts by the authors in human service organizations. The chapter documents the importance of results-oriented approaches and underlying implicit beliefs to help the reader understand how mindsets and mental models shared among organizational members influence results-oriented approaches and effectiveness in practice. Supporting research, including feedback and goal-setting research are highlighted.
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Journals, Simple. Get Your Shit Together: An Undated Goal Oriented Productivity Workbook and Organizer with Action Plan for Setting Goals. Independently Published, 2019.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Behavior is Reward-oriented. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0005.
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Delving further into development, adaptation, and learning, this chapter considers the potential of reward-oriented optimization of behavior. Reinforcement learning (RL) is motivated from the Rescorla–Wagner model in psychology and behaviorism. Next, a detailed introduction to RL in artificial systems is provided. It is shown when and how RL works, but also current shortcomings and challenges are discussed. In conclusion, the chapter emphasizes that behavioral optimization and reward-based behavioral adaptations can be well-accomplished with RL. However, to be able to solve more challenging planning problems and to enable flexible, goal-oriented behavior, hierarchically and modularly structured models about the environment are necessary. Such models then also enable the pursuance of abstract reasoning and of thoughts that are fully detached from the current environmental state. The challenge remains how such models may actually be learned and structured.
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Klinger, Eric, Ernst H. W. Koster, and Igor Marchetti. Spontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.24.
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Spontaneous thoughts occur by default in the interstices between directed, task-oriented thoughts or moments of perceptual scrutiny. Their contents are overwhelmingly related to thinkers’ current goals, either directly or indirectly via associative networks, including past and future goals. Their evocation is accompanied by emotional responses that vary widely in type, valence, and intensity. Given these properties of thought flow, spontaneous thoughts are highly adaptive as (1) reminders of the individual’s larger agenda of goals while occupied with pursuing any one of them, (2) promotion of planning for future goal pursuits, (3) deeper understanding of past goal-related experiences, and (4) development of creative solutions to problems in goal pursuit. The same mechanisms may occasion repetitive but unproductive thoughts about the pursuit, the consequences of the failure, or the self, and strong negative emotions steering the train of thought may lead to narrowing of its focus, thus producing rumination.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Behavioral Flexibility and Anticipatory Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0006.
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While reward-oriented learning can adapt and optimize behavior, this chapter shows how behavior can become anticipatory and selectively goal-oriented. Flexibility and adaptability are necessary when living in changing environmental niches. As a consequence, different locations in the environment need to be distinguished to enable selective and optimally attuned interactions. To accomplish this, sensorimotor learning is necessary. With sufficient sensorimotor knowledge, the progressively abstract learning of environmental predictive models becomes possible. These models enable forward anticipations about action consequences and incoming sensory information. As a consequence, our own influences on the environment can be distinguished from other influences, following the re-afference principle. Moreover, inverse anticipations enable the selection of the behavior that is believed to reach current goals most effectively. Coupled with motivations, goal-directed behavior can be generated self-motivatedly. Furthermore, curious, information seeking, epistemic behavior can be generated. The remainder of the book addresses how the brain accomplishes this goal-oriented, self-motivated generation of behavior and thought, where the latter can be considered mental behavior.
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Cooper, Mick, and Duncan Law, eds. Working with Goals in Psychotherapy and Counselling. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780198793687.001.0001.
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Working with goals in counselling and psychotherapy provides a detailed guide to using goals in clinical practice, and the empirical and theoretical foundations for this work. The book is aimed at psychologists, psychotherapists, and counsellors of all orientations—both in training and in practice—who work with adults and/or with children and young people. The introduction to the book defines goals, looks at their development, and discusses the rationale for, and challenges of, goal-oriented practice. Chapter 2 explores philosophical perspectives on goals, critically examining the relevance of these ideas to therapeutic practice. Chapter 3 extends this by looking at the psychological evidence on goals and goal-setting, examining its relationship to emotions and wellbeing, and the dimensions along which goals can vary. The following chapter, written by service users, presents their perspective on working with goals: why they may find it helpful, what they want from it, and what they see as the challenges. Chapter 5 reviews the evidence on goal consensus and therapeutic outcomes; and this is followed by a review of the different measures that can be used for goal monitoring and feedback (Chapter 6). Chapters 7 and 8 focus specifically on clinical practice: identifying effective strategies for goal-setting; and for working with goals across the therapeutic encounter. Goal-oriented practices are then considered in relation to the principle therapeutic orientations (Chapter 9). The book concludes with the analogy of therapy as a ‘journey of discovery’ (Chapter 10), with the client’s individual goals setting the direction for travel.
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Rubinstein, Aynat. Straddling the line between attitude verbs and necessity modals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718208.003.0007.
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This chapter explores the semantic properties of verbs and adjectives with closely related meanings having to do with desires and goals. I evaluate recent work on verbs of desire (e.g. ‘want’) which has suggested that these attitude predicates require access to multiple alternatives for their interpretation (Villalta 2006, 2008). I argue that this heavy machinery is in fact not required, integrating important insights proposed in this recent work into a quantificational modal analysis of comparison-based attitudes. The proposed analysis highlights the similarities and differences between ‘want’ and ‘necessary’, an adjective that is shown (including naturalistic corpus data) to be primarily goal-oriented and to be semantically dependent to a certain degree on the syntactic configuration it appears in. Whether or not the modality is lexically relativized to an individual is also suggested to play a role in defining the semantic properties of desire- and goal-oriented modal expressions.
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Kindt, Sara, Liesbet Goubert, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Tine Vervoort. Chronic Pain and Interpersonal Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that one particular type of a caregiver’s behavioral response to pain cannot, in and of itself, be considered adaptive or maladaptive. It contends that to understand the complexity of the interaction between caregivers and pain sufferers, a goal or need-based framework may be useful. Self-Determination theory (SDT) is presented as a heuristic framework that identifies three basic psychological needs as essential for successful adaption. Whether behavioral responses are supportive and helpful depends upon the extent to which these responses support the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness of the sufferer. Drawing on an affective-motivational account on interpersonal dynamics in the context of pain, the chapter highlights how observer attunement toward sufferers’ needs may depend upon the regulation of various goals for caregiving, including self-oriented versus other-oriented goals and associated emotions.
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Kanie, Norichika, and Frank Biermann, eds. Governing through Goals. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035620.001.0001.
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In September 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals as an integral part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Sustainable Development Goals mark the most ambitious effort yet to place goal setting at the center of global governance and policy. This book is the first book addressing global governance through goals, asking three sets of questions. First, the book studies in detail the core characteristics of goal setting in global governance, asking when it is an appropriate strategy in global governance and what makes global governance through goals different from other approaches such as rule making or norm promotion. Second, the book analyze under what conditions a goal-oriented approach can ensure progress toward desired ends; what can be learned from other, earlier experiences of global goal setting, especially the Millennium Development Goals; and what governance arrangements are likely to facilitate progress in implementing the new Sustainable Development Goals. Third, the book studies the practical and operational challenges involved in global governance through goals in promoting sustainability and the prospects for achieving such a demanding new agenda. The book revealed that the approach of “global governance through goals”—and the Sustainable Development Goals as a prime example—is marked by a number of key characteristics, but none of those is specific to this type of governance. Yet all these characteristics together, in our view, amount to a unique and novel way of steering and distinct type of institutional arrangement in global governance.
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Wehmeyer, Michael, and Karrie A. Shogren. Self-Determination and Hope. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.5.
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This chapter introduces the self-determination construct and examines relationships between self-determination and hope, with an emphasis on issues pertaining to the development of self-determination. Self-determination is a construct situated in theories of human agentic behavior and autonomous motivation. People who are self-determined self-regulate action to satisfy basic psychological needs and to act as causal agents in their lives. The self-determination and hope constructs share common theoretical foundations in goal-oriented action, and understanding research in self-determination will assist in understanding pathways thinking, particularly in hope theory. The chapter ends with a summary and a list of questions for readers to consider.
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Shorey, Hal, Steven Bisgaier, and Scott Thien. Attachment Processes and the Social/Developmental Bases of Hope. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.28.
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Theory and research support a developmental model of hope, wherein hope is formed in the context of secure attachment to supportive parents in childhood. This chapter reviews the literature and articulates the many biopsychosocial processes involved in instilling a secure attachment style and the hopeful cognitive processes that go with it. In so doing, it highlights the critical balance between exploratory and attachment systems, with the need for approach-oriented goal pursuits on the one side and having a secure base to retreat to on the other. It demonstrates how both functions (exploration and attachment/proximity-seeking) are needed for hope to flourish and highlights key elements needed for use in resiliency and intervention efforts as well as for research on developmental positive psychology.
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Essen, Juliana. Buddhist Ethics in South and Southeast Asia. Edited by Daniel Cozort and James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.9.
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The anthropological literature dealing with Buddhist ethics in the Theravāda countries of South and Southeast Asia may be divided into five categories, whereby ethics is defined as guidelines for right action oriented toward a particular goal: (1) ethics of statehood or political ethics; (2) ethics of salvation or monastic ethics; (3) ethics of engagement, including both social and environmental ethics; (4) karmic ethics for the laity; and (5) ethics of worldly benefit, as emphasized by some modern urban Buddhist movements. These categories highlight debates that have historically occupied anthropological scholarship, countering claims that Buddhism is an apolitical, purely individualistic or asocial, world-renouncing religion that is divisible into ‘big’ and ‘little’ traditions. This review, covering both theory and rich ethnographic evidence from Thailand, demonstrates the plurality and complexity of ethical Buddhist practice in the region.
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Smith, Holly M. Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 examines ideal Pragmatic Responses to the problem of nonmoral error: responses which seek to identify a normatively acceptable moral code that is universally usable by all agents. Some proposed ideal codes are objectivized (an act’s rightness depends on its objective features), whereas others are subjectivized (an act’s rightness depends on the features its agent believes it to have). An ideal Pragmatic code would fulfill at least some of the conceptual and goal-oriented rationales for requiring a code to meet the Usability Demand. The most promising candidate code is the moral laundry list, which consists of a list of individual actions, each described in terms the agent can unerringly apply. However, since no agent has the knowledge to identify the correct moral laundry list, the chapter finds no Pragmatic Response that provides an effective remedy for the problem of error.
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Bietti, Lucas M., and Michael J. Baker. Multimodal Processes of Joint Remembering in Complex Collaborative Activities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737865.003.0010.
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The aim of this chapter is to expand research on joint remembering into real-world complex collaborative activities at the workplace. The text illustrates how the interweaving of verbal, corporal, social, and material resources supports joint remembering of relevant aspects of work projects during group interactions. As joint remembering does not represent a ubiquitous joint action in complex collaborative activities in the workplace, but rather a localized and goal-oriented interactional mechanism, here we focus on those interactional sequences concerning past actions and events, in relation to work projects, that are triggered by questions acting as reminders. Such sequences are called “multimodal remembering sequences.” The group interactions that are presented as illustrative examples to support our theoretical standpoint were taken from a corpus collected on the basis of two naturalistic studies on joint remembering collaborative design conducted with architects and animation designers at their workplaces.
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Smith, Holly M. Impediments to Usability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0003.
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The Usability Demand requires all moral theories to be usable for decision-making, arguably by each agent and on every occasion for decision-making. Chapter 3 first examines the ways in which common human epistemic deficiencies can cause a moral theory to fail the Usability Demand (lack of understanding; error, uncertainty, and ignorance [lack of belief] about relevant nonmoral facts; cognitive computational constraints; error, uncertainty, or ignorance about moral facts; and meta-moral error and uncertainty). Among these problems the book will focus on error and uncertainty about nonmoral facts. The chapter then describes the three salient responses to these problems: the Pragmatic, Austere, and Hybrid Responses. Finally, it lays out both conceptual rationales (such as the claim that the concept of morality requires usability) and goal-oriented rationales (such as the claim that a moral system must enhance social welfare) for accepting the Usability Demand.
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Fowles, Severin, and Barbara Mills. On History in Southwest Archaeology. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.1.
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As an introduction to the Handbook, this chapter examines the question of history in Southwest archaeology in two senses. First, it traces the intellectual history of research in the region: from the nineteenth-century inauguration of Southwest archaeology as an extension of American military conquest, to the museum-oriented expeditions of the turn of the century, to the scientific advances and the growth of culture resource management during the twentieth century, to the impacts of Indigenous critiques and the development of collaborative approaches most recently. Second, the chapter explores the shifting status of “history” as a central goal of archaeological practice. How have archaeologists constructed—or resisted—narratives to account for the contingent unfolding of Indigenous and colonial societies in the region? What bodies of method and theory have guided these efforts? In addressing these questions, the chapter marks and participates in a growing historical turn in Southwest archaeology.
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Batson, C. Daniel. The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis. Edited by Emma M. Seppälä, Emiliana Simon-Thomas, Stephanie L. Brown, Monica C. Worline, C. Daryl Cameron, and James R. Doty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464684.013.3.
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Do we humans ever, in any degree, care for others for their sakes and not simply for our own? The empathy-altruism hypothesis offers an affirmative answer to this question. It claims that empathic concern (defined as “other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of another in need”) produces altruistic motivation (“a motivational state with the ultimate goal of increasing the other’s welfare”). Research over the past 40 years testing this hypothesis against egoistic alternatives has provided quite strong support. Empathy-induced altruistic motivation does seem to be within the human repertoire. This empathy-induced altruism may have its biological roots in generalized parental nurturance. Practical implications of the empathy-altruism hypothesis include both benefits and liabilities—for the targets of empathy, for others, and for the person feeling empathic concern. Implications of the empathy-altruism research for the content and conduct of compassion science are suggested.
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Smith, Holly M. Hybrid and Austere Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 explores the Austere and Hybrid Responses to the problem of error. The two types of response are described in both ideal and non-ideal versions. Both are found wanting, but the Austere Response emerges as best. Codes endorsed by the Austere approach cannot be shown to meet the “goal-oriented” desiderata of maximizing social welfare, facilitating social cooperation and long-range planning, or guaranteeing the occurrence of the ideal pattern of actions. But Austere-endorsed codes do satisfy the conceptual desiderata for “usable” moral theories in the core (but not the extended) sense of “usability.” They are usable despite the agent’s false beliefs, and they provide agents with the opportunity to live a successful moral life according to the modest conception of this life. This chapter concludes that the only remedy for the problem of error is an Austere code containing a derivative duty for agents to gather information before acting.
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Pellerin, Denis, Nuno Cardim, and Christian Prinz. Hand-held echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0009.
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Pocket-size hand-held echocardiography (PHE) is low cost, portable, user friendly, and battery powered. Studies using PHE do not replace conventional echo studies and do not provide a complete diagnostic echocardiographic examination. PHE should be used for goal-oriented studies that include assessment of left ventricular (LV) cavity size, LV systolic function, detection of pericardial effusion, and haemodynamic compromise. Examinations using PHE have been demonstrated to be feasible and provide additional information to the physical examination. For potential users other than cardiology experts in echocardiography the accuracy of PHE data highly depends on training and competency. Emphasis must be placed on acquisition of good quality images and knowledge of pitfalls and limitations. The challenge is providing efficient training programmes to ensure competency in performing focused studies and have recognition of an appropriate threshold for seeking expert advice and full echo examination. PHE is a useful teaching tool and provides important complementary information for medical education.
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Levy, Brian, Robert Cameron, Ursula Hoadley, and Vinothan Naidoo, eds. The Politics and Governance of Basic Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.001.0001.
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This book brings together scholars from multiple disciplines to explore how political and institutional context influences the governance of basic education in South Africa at national, provincial, and school levels. A specific goal is to contribute to the crucial, ongoing challenge of improving educational outcomes in South Africa. A broader goal is to illustrate the value of an approach to the analysis of public bureaucracies, and of participatory approaches to service provision which puts politics and institutions at centre stage. Stark differences between the Eastern Cape and Western Cape provinces offer something of a natural experiment for exploring the influence of context. The Eastern Cape’s socio-economic, political, and institutional legacy resulted in a low-level equilibrium trap in which incentives transmitted from the political to the bureaucratic levels reinforced factionalized loyalty within multiple patronage networks, and which is difficult to escape. The Western Cape, by contrast, enjoyed a more supportive environment for the operation of public bureaucracy. However, bureaucracy need not be destiny. The research also shows that strong hierarchy can result in ‘isomorphic mimicry’—a combination of formal compliance and a low-level equilibrium of mediocrity. Participatory school-level governance potentially can improve outcomes—as a complement to strong bureaucracies, or as a partial institutional substitute where bureaucracies are weak. Whether this potential is realized depends on the relative strength of developmentally oriented and predatory actors, with the outcomes not fore-ordained by local context, but contingent and cumulative—with individual agency by stakeholders playing a significant role.
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Johnson-Hakim, Sharon, and Ashley Boal. Putting Your Training to Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0009.
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The search for a community practice-oriented job can be at once exciting and overwhelming, especially if it is your first job out of graduate school. Because the skill set and perspective of a community psychologist can be applied in a growing number of applied settings, the largest challenge is not in finding job opportunities outside of academia but rather in selling yourself in a non–community psychology world. Creativity and flexibility during the job search will prove to be valuable in identifying organizations and positions with roles that can be filled successfully by community psychologists. After identifying organizations and positions that align with your interests, it is vital to translate your competencies, experience, and values to match the job description and organization, and to demonstrate your ability to work with colleagues from different backgrounds. This chapter highlights aspects of the job search that are unique for practice (in contrast to academic) jobs, with the goal of serving as a resource for individuals as they begin to think about potential careers in community psychology practice.
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Williams, George W., Navneet Kaur Grewal, and Marc J. Popovich, eds. Anesthesiology Critical Care Board Review. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190908041.001.0001.
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Focused preparation for Critical Care Certification is needed to ensure success. The Anesthesiology Critical Care Certification examination in particular provides an objective assessment from the perspective of physicians who have a keen perioperative mindset and skillset, while simultaneously demonstrating comfort in caring for patients from every background and co-morbidity as all such patients frequently eventually require pre-operative or post-operative management. The Anesthesiology Critical Care board review provides Critical Care Examination style stems with an emphasis on being oriented toward Anesthesiology Critical Care certification, though examination preparation for the Internal Medicine (Pulmonary Critical Care), Neurocritical Care and Surgical Critical Care could easily be achieved with this text as part of one’s preparation strategy. The authors provide clinical vignettes with realistic images and values to test one’s diagnostic and critical thinking approach to the perioperative patient. Furthermore, every chapter is authored by a physician board certified in critical care medicine. While most authors are anesthesiologists, our text includes content from intensivists with core training in Surgery and Neurology in order to provide a well-rounded perspective on the cases in this book. Much like ICU rounds, this book is systems based and covers the keywords listed by the American Board of Anesthesiology for certification in Critical Care Medicine. Finally, as each area of content is covered, reference materials are available for the reader to gain further expertise in each topical area. The author’s goal is the impart this text to the reader as a formidable tool for Critical Care Examination Preparation.
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Deudney, Daniel. Dark Skies. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190903343.001.0001.
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Dark Skies is the first work to assess the full impacts of space expansion, past, present, and future. Thinking about space, and the visions fervently promoted by the global space movement, is dominated by geographic misperceptions and utopian illusions. The parts of space where almost all activity has occurred are part of the planet Earth, its astrosphere, and, in practical terms, are smaller than the atmosphere. Contrary to frontier visions, orbital space is already congested and degraded with dangerous space debris. The largest impact of actual space activities is an increased likelihood of catastrophic nuclear war stemming from the use of orbital space and space technology to lob nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances. Building large-scale orbital infrastructures will probably require or produce world government. The ultimate goal of space advocates, the colonization of Mars and asteroids, is promoted to guarantee the survival of humanity if major catastrophes strike Earth. But the spread of humanity into a multiplanet species will likely produce an interstate anarchy highly prone to total war, with Earth having many disadvantages. Altering the orbits of asteroids, a readily achievable technology vital for space colonization, also makes possible “planetoid bombs” with destructive potentials millions of times greater than all nuclear weapons. The biological diversification of humanity into multiple species, anticipated by space advocates, will further stoke interworld wars. Astrocide—the extinction of humanity resulting from significant space expansion—must join the lengthening list of potential threats to human survival. Large-scale space expansion should be relinquished in favor of an Earth-oriented space program of arms control and planetary security.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. How the Mind Comes into Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.001.0001.
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For more than 2000 years Greek philosophers have thought about the puzzling introspectively assessed dichotomy between our physical bodies and our seemingly non-physical minds. How is it that we can think highly abstract thoughts, seemingly fully detached from actual, physical reality? Despite the obvious interactions between mind and body (we get tired, we are hungry, we stay up late despite being tired, etc.), until today it remains puzzling how our mind controls our body, and vice versa, how our body shapes our mind. Despite a big movement towards embodied cognitive science over the last 20 years or so, introductory books with a functional and computational perspective on how human thought and language capabilities may actually have come about – and are coming about over and over again – are missing. This book fills that gap. Starting with a historical background on traditional cognitive science and resulting fundamental challenges that have not been resolved, embodied cognitive science is introduced and its implications for how human minds have come and continue to come into being are detailed. In particular, the book shows that evolution has produced biological bodies that provide “morphologically intelligent” structures, which foster the development of suitable behavioral and cognitive capabilities. While these capabilities can be modified and optimized given positive and negative reward as feedback, to reach abstract cognitive capabilities, evolution has furthermore produced particular anticipatory control-oriented mechanisms, which cause the development of particular types of predictive encodings, modularizations, and abstractions. Coupled with an embodied motivational system, versatile, goal-directed, self-motivated behavior, learning becomes possible. These lines of thought are introduced and detailed from interdisciplinary, evolutionary, ontogenetic, reinforcement learning, and anticipatory predictive encoding perspectives in the first part of the book. A short excursus then provides an introduction to neuroscience, including general knowledge about brain anatomy, and basic neural and brain functionality, as well as the main research methodologies. With reference to this knowledge, the subsequent chapters then focus on how the human brain manages to develop abstract thought and language. Sensory systems, motor systems, and their predictive, control-oriented interactions are detailed from a functional and computational perspective. Bayesian information processing is introduced along these lines as are generative models. Moreover, it is shown how particular modularizations can develop. When control and attention come into play, these structures develop also dependent on the available motor capabilities. Vice versa, the development of more versatile motor capabilities depends on structural development. Event-oriented abstractions enable conceptualizations and behavioral compositions, paving the path towards abstract thought and language. Also evolutionary drives towards social interactions play a crucial role. Based on the developing sensorimotor- and socially-grounded structures, the human mind becomes language ready. The development of language in each human child then further facilitates the self-motivated generation of abstract, compositional, highly flexible thought about the present, past, and future, as well as about others. In conclusion, the book gives an overview over how the human mind comes into being – sketching out a developmental pathway towards the mastery of abstract and reflective thought, while detailing the critical body and neural functionalities, and computational mechanisms, which enable this development.
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Kreitzer, Mary Jo, Mary Koithan, and Andrew Weil, eds. Integrative Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190851040.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Fully updated and revised, the second edition of Integrative Nursing is a complete roadmap to holistic patient care, providing a step-by-step guide to assess and clinically treat conditions through a variety of combined methodologies including traditional and alternative therapies with all aspects of lifestyle. This text identifies both the skills and theoretical frameworks for interprofessional systems leaders to consider and implement integrative healthcare strategies within institutions, including several case studies involving practical nursing-led initiatives. This volume covers the foundations of the field; the most effective ways to optimize wellbeing; principles of symptom management for many common disorders like sleep, anxiety, pain, and cognitive impairment; the application of integrative nursing techniques in a variety of clinical settings and among a diverse patient population; and integrative practices around the world and how they impact planetary health. The academic rigor of the text is balanced by practical and relevant content that can be readily implemented into practice for both established professionals as well as students enrolled in undergraduate or graduate nursing programs. Integrative health and medicine is defined as healing-oriented care that takes account of the whole person (body, mind, and spirit) as well as all aspects of lifestyle; it emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative. Series editor Andrew Weil, MD, is Professor and Director of the Arizona Center for Integrative Medicine at the University of Arizona. Dr. Weil’s program was the first such academic program in the U.S., and its stated goal is “to combine the best ideas and practices of conventional and alternative medicine into cost effective treatments without embracing alternative practices uncritically.”
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Michalopoulos, Constantine. Ending Global Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850175.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Ending poverty is a noble goal, relevant today as much as it was two decades ago when four women rose to prominent positions in their government and decided to make it their central objective. As the world strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, we may find inspiration in the work of Eveline Herfkens from the Netherlands, Hilde F. Johnson from Norway, Clare Short from the United Kingdom, and Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul from Germany who became ministers in charge of their governments’ international development policies in 1997–8. They believed that the best way to end global poverty was to join forces in changing the policies of the international institutions where decisions affecting the poor all over the world are made and to reform donor countries development programmes. They came to be known as the Utstein Four, after the Norwegian Utstein Abbey where they formalized their collaboration in 1999. They called their collaboration ‘a conspiracy of implementation’ to contrast their action-oriented approach with the lofty pronouncements leaders agree to in big global conferences only to forget them when they return home. This volume discusses Utstein’s many contributions ranging from helping relieve the poorest countries of their debt, using debt relief to actually lift individuals out of poverty, achieving primary education for all, especially girls, and putting developing country partners in charge of setting priorities and implementing programmes of assistance. It is a story of women’s empowerment which lasted for only about half a dozen years as the original Utstein Four moved on to other positions. But their influence continues to be felt because their approach to improve aid effectiveness was codified in international agreements and practices of global institutions. The last part of the book discusses the legacy of the Utstein group and the lessons that their experience offers to the continuing challenges of eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.