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1
Safonenkov, Pavel. Development of the administrative enforcement system in the context of customs integration. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02138-5.
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The monograph is devoted to the problem of administrative coercion used by customs authorities, the study of the theoretical, legal and methodological foundations of administrative coercion, its principles, structure and features, tasks and goals, the grounds for the use of coercive measures, the analysis of their content, factors that reduce the quality and effectiveness of their application, as well as conceptual issues of improving legal regulation and development of the administrative system coercion in the context of customs integration.
The monograph can be used by specialists in the field of administrative and customs law, teachers, graduate students,
students of the Russian Customs Academy and other law schools studying the legal foundations of the activities of customs authorities.
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Chernyavskiy, Aleksandr. The genesis of the emergence and development of the theory of separation of powers until the end of the XIX century: the place of teaching in the science of state law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1891876.
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The monograph is devoted to the most significant, and at the same time controversial issue in the field of the theory of state law, namely, the theory of separation of powers. It presents, if possible, the full literary development of this issue in the XVII-XIX centuries. The importance of such an analysis is explained by the fact that every theory itself is the result of the circumstances preceding it and is connected with the events accompanying it. More than ever, the question now arises of how the internal content and application of this theory are filled in a particular state, whether the forms and ideas developed by the history and science of Western states are suitable for our Fatherland.
The author proves that the doctrine of the separation of powers was not a momentary matter, was not caused by instantaneous political circumstances; connected with contemporary events, it was also the result of past ones. In addition, it would be unfair to other thinkers and an elevation beyond the measure of Montesquieu's merits to assert that everything was new in his teaching, since we know that writers, both ancient and medieval, and later, but before Montesquieu, expressed the idea of the separation of powers and even with some detail. Without a doubt, the separation of powers is a means for the better administration of State activity, so that it indicates the best way to achieve state goals, but at the same time it does not follow only from this basis, but follows from the content of state activity itself. At the same time, the question is raised and considered, of course, from the position of scientists of the period under consideration: can the separation of powers exist with their unity?
For students, postgraduates and teachers of law schools and faculties.
3
Mendelovici, Angela. Goals and Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863807.003.0002.
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This chapter introduces the goals that will structure much subsequent discussion, as well as two theory-independent ways of knowing about intentionality. The overall goal of the book is to provide a theory of intentionality, which is a theory that describes the deep nature of intentionality—i.e., what it really is, metaphysically speaking. However, much of the discussion in later chapters is structured around the more modest goal of providing a theory that specifies what gives rise to actual instances of original intentionality. In order to meet this goal, it is helpful to have a theory-independent way of testing the predictions of competing theories of intentionality. This chapter proposes two such ways: (1) introspection and (2) consideration of psychological role. Importantly, these methods tell us which contents we represent, not what they consists of. In other words, they tell us about the superficial character of intentional states and contents, not their deep natures.
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Snyder, C. R., Kevin L. Rand, and David R. Sigmon. Hope Theory. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.3.
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This chapter provides a conceptual introduction to and overview of Snyder’s hope theory. Hope is defined as “a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed energy) and (b) pathways (planning to meet goals)”. The interactions among the goals, agency, and pathways components of hope theory are identified as well as the role of emotions in hope theory and how hope motivates behavior in the face of obstacles. A brief overview of the two most widely used measures of hope (the trait hope scale and the state hope scale) is provided. The conceptual differences between hope theory and related positive psychology theories such as optimism and self-efficacy are identified. Finally, the role of hope in promoting positive functioning in academics, coping with stress, psychotherapy, and other life contexts is reviewed.
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Erez, Miriam. From Local to Cross-Cultural to Global Work Motivation and Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879228.003.0005.
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This chapter examines three phases of a programmatic research on work motivation. Phase one focuses on research on work motivation prior to considering the effect of culture on work motivation. This research identifies two boundary conditions of the goal-setting theory of motivation—knowledge of results, and goal commitment—two necessary conditions for goals to affect performance. It continues to examine the effect of participation in goal setting on goal acceptance and its consequent performance and discovers cross-cultural differences in the effect of participation on goal acceptance and performance. This has opened up phase two, which focuses on cross-cultural differences and similarities in work motivation. Phase three has paralleled the change toward a global, culturally diverse and geographically dispersed work context. This context stimulates new research questions and research paradigms that have specifically focused on understanding how to motivate employees’ behaviors in the global context and enhance their sense of belongingness to their multicultural teams.
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Klinger, Eric, Ernst H. W. Koster, and Igor Marchetti. Spontaneous Thought and Goal Pursuit. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.24.
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Spontaneous thoughts occur by default in the interstices between directed, task-oriented thoughts or moments of perceptual scrutiny. Their contents are overwhelmingly related to thinkers’ current goals, either directly or indirectly via associative networks, including past and future goals. Their evocation is accompanied by emotional responses that vary widely in type, valence, and intensity. Given these properties of thought flow, spontaneous thoughts are highly adaptive as (1) reminders of the individual’s larger agenda of goals while occupied with pursuing any one of them, (2) promotion of planning for future goal pursuits, (3) deeper understanding of past goal-related experiences, and (4) development of creative solutions to problems in goal pursuit. The same mechanisms may occasion repetitive but unproductive thoughts about the pursuit, the consequences of the failure, or the self, and strong negative emotions steering the train of thought may lead to narrowing of its focus, thus producing rumination.
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Gabrielson, Teena, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Introducing Environmental Political Theory. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.44.
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This introductory chapter offers an overview of the context, content, and history of environmental political theory (EPT) as a field of study within political science. It starts by differentiating EPT from both the subfield of political theory and other areas of sustainability and environmental studies, with its focus on the political nature of human/non-human relations. EPT’s development over the last twenty years is discussed, in terms of both substantive foci and maturation as a field. The chapter then turns to an overview of the structure and chapters of the Handbook, including chapters on EPT as a field of inquiry, the rethinking of nature and political subjects, the goals and ideals of EPT, various obstacles faced by environmental change, and the role of activism in environmental politics and thought.
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Gauvain, Mary. Sociocultural Contexts of Development. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0017.
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This chapter describes the mutually defining and supportive relations between psychological development and the sociocultural contexts in which development occurs. It begins with the historical and functional basis of these relations offered by evolutionary psychology. Then the chapter discusses sociocultural contexts and why they are important for understanding development. Two contexts are highlighted: (1) social interaction that conveys cultural knowledge and ways of thinking to children and (2) participation in everyday activities, cultural practices, and cultural tools that embody the goals, and means to reach these goals, that are valued in the culture. The chapter aims to demonstrate how studying the sociocultural contexts of development provides unique and valuable insight into psychological growth.
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Kindt, Sara, Liesbet Goubert, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Tine Vervoort. Chronic Pain and Interpersonal Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0007.
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This chapter argues that one particular type of a caregiver’s behavioral response to pain cannot, in and of itself, be considered adaptive or maladaptive. It contends that to understand the complexity of the interaction between caregivers and pain sufferers, a goal or need-based framework may be useful. Self-Determination theory (SDT) is presented as a heuristic framework that identifies three basic psychological needs as essential for successful adaption. Whether behavioral responses are supportive and helpful depends upon the extent to which these responses support the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness of the sufferer. Drawing on an affective-motivational account on interpersonal dynamics in the context of pain, the chapter highlights how observer attunement toward sufferers’ needs may depend upon the regulation of various goals for caregiving, including self-oriented versus other-oriented goals and associated emotions.
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Halbesleben, Jonathon, and Tom Bellairs. What Are the Motives for Employees to Exhibit Citizenship Behavior?: A Review of Prosocial and Instrumental Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Edited by Philip M. Podsakoff, Scott B. Mackenzie, and Nathan P. Podsakoff. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219000.013.16.
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In this chapter, we review the literature concerning motives for engaging in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and frame this review within the broader literature on the functional, goal-driven approach to behavior. We extend this approach by viewing OCB in a context of one’s future work self—aspirations based on one’s salient view of his or her future in a work context—and how individuals can accomplish many goals through a single behavior (i.e., multifinality) or substitute various means (i.e., equifinality) in order to best satisfy goal-driven approaches to connect individuals to their ideal future work selves. In essence, we argue that people are motivated to select behaviors that give them the best opportunity to achieve their future goals with respect to work, which often manifests as OCBs.
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Landau, Iddo. The Paradox of the End. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657666.003.0011.
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People try to achieve ends in the hope that attaining them will improve their condition. Paradoxically, however, when they do finally achieve those ends, their sense of meaning is sometimes diminished rather than enhanced. In reaching their goals, they lose the meaning they experienced while striving toward them. But if the goal is revealed to be of little or no worth, the efforts to realize it are rendered worthless as well. From this perspective, then, much of what we do is worthless, and our lives seem meaningless. This is “the paradox of the end,” with which this chapter contends.
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Siegrist, Michael, and Christina Hartmann. Overcoming the Challenges of Communicating Uncertainties Across National Contexts. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.47.
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The goal of risk communication is to provide information about risks and uncertainties in a way that enables people to make the best decisions, based on their own values. Various factors influence the success of risk communication. This chapter first highlights risk communication methods and formats that determine successful risk communication. For example, laypeople do not understand all presentation formats of numbers equally well, and risk comparisons help them improve their evaluation of risk information. It also introduces the influence of heuristics, trust, and cultural values for decisions under uncertainty conditions. In the case of controversial topics, heuristics and trust influence how people interpret uncertainties. Research suggests that most people depend on experts with whom they share salient values in a given context. Based on the available evidence, the chapter provides some recommendations for communicating uncertainties at the end of the chapter and further describe some avenues for research.
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Lepore, Ernie, and Matthew Stone. Explicit Indirection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738831.003.0007.
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Our goal in this chapter is to contest the traditional view of indirection in utterances such as, ‘Can you pass the salt?’ by developing a very different way of characterizing the interpretations involved. We argue that the felt “indirection” of such utterances reflects the kind of meaning the utterances have, rather than the way that meaning is derived. So understood, there is no presumption that indirect meanings involve the pragmatic derivation of enriched contents froma literal interpretation; rather, we argue that indirect meanings are explicitly encoded in grammar. We build on recent work on formalizing declarative, interrogative, and imperative meanings as distinct but compatible kinds of content for utterances.
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Stokes, Mark, and John Duncan. Dynamic Brain States for Preparatory Attention and Working Memory. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.032.
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This chapter considers how dynamic brain states continuously fine-tune processing to accommodate changes in behavioural context and task goals. First, the authors review the extant literature suggesting that content-specific patterns of preparatory activity bias competitive processing in visual cortex to favour behaviourally relevant input. Next, they consider how higher-level brain areas might provide a top-down attentional signal for modulating baseline visual activity. Extensive evidence suggests that working memory representations in prefrontal cortex are especially important for generating and maintaining biases in preparatory visual activity via modulatory feedback. Although it is often proposed that such working memory representations are maintained via persistent prefrontal activity, the authors review more recent evidence that rapid short-term synaptic plasticity provides a common substrate for maintaining the content of past experience and the rules for guiding future goal-directed processing.
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Shea, Nicholas. Functions for Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0003.
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What kind of functions are suited for grounding representational content? Do they derive from behaviour that is robust and apparently goal-directed, or from consequence etiology? Rather than choosing between these two elements the account here combines them: ‘robust outcome functions’ combine with ‘stabilized functions’ to form ‘task functions’, which are the functions-for-representation that offer a good basis for fixing content. Task functions allow space for contents on which they are based to have a distinctive kind of explanatory purchase.
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Oettingen, Gabriele, and Malin Patricia Chromik. How Hope Influences Goal-Directed Behavior. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.6.
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This chapter explores how hope affects goal-directed behavior. In contrast to expectancy-based hope theories, hope is defined as positive fantasies about the future despite having low expectations of reaching the desired future. Depending on whether people indulge in these positive fantasies or mentally contrast them with the present reality, and depending on the situational contexts, such positive fantasies can serve different functions. In situations in which action alternatives are possible, positive fantasies complemented with obstacles of the present reality allow people to selectively pursue desired futures. People invest their limited resources in feasible futures. However, in situations in which action alternatives are not possible and people can neither reach their desired future nor disengage from it, indulging in positive fantasies without contrasting them with the reality can help people to endure the difficult situations. The chapter also considers affective aspects of hope and discusses directions for future research.
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Breen, Paul, and Michèle le Roux, eds. Social Justice in EAP and ELT Contexts. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350351233.
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This book articulates an understanding of what is meant by the term social justice from a global perspective, drawing upon examples of practice from across a range of English for academic purposes (EAP) and English language teaching (ELT) higher education contexts. Presently, within western higher educational systems, there is a drive for greater integration of approaches that lend themselves to social justice. However, questions still remain about what that means in practice. This book seeks to answer that not by telling but by showing. It presents a series of chapters that act as vignettes into a diverse set of classrooms, contexts and countries, offering examples of how and where an epistemology of social justice has been put into practice in teaching and learning situations. Such situations range from cross-continental higher educational partnerships between east and west to instances of EAP practitioners’ work with refugees from North Africa and the Middle East. These examples are threaded together by the common goal of understanding what it is that defines an enactment of social justice and what the shared denominators are across these contexts. Through looking at these various examples, the authors produce a set of codes and themes that are common to practice across contexts and discuss how these might help inform practice in other areas of language education, higher education and educational development work in general.
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Alexandrova, Anna. Is There a Single Theory of Well-Being? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.003.0002.
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A theory of well-being, in the way that philosophers typically pursue it, is a maximally general account of goods noninstrumentally valuable to the agent. These theories purposefully leave out the context of the agent and the benefactor. When these high theories meet counterexamples, philosophers either bite the bullet, make theories more intricate, or combine them with other theories. The latter two reactions move these theories away from measurement and hence away from the goals of science. This chapter argues that to secure value-aptness for science, a single theory that acts as a general vending machine is unnecessary. This is the thesis of well-being variantism. Instead high theories, along with more context-specific mid-level theories, have a place in a toolbox that enables building theoretically motivated constructs for scientific practice.
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Miron-Spektor, Ella, and Miriam Erez. Looking at Creativity through a Paradox Lens. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.22.
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This chapter contributes to the research and practice of creativity by increasing awareness of the inherently paradoxical nature of creativity, and offering strategies for managing the paradox. The authors’ framework delineates contradictory yet interrelated creativity outcomes, processes and identities of individuals, leaders, and groups. They highlight the paradox of creativity from multiple perspectives and suggest that when engaging in creativity, people experience paradoxical thoughts, processes, goals, identities, and perspectives. Creative people need to be generative and evaluative, flexible and persistent, passionate and disciplined, and learning and performance orientated. Drawing from related research on innovation management, attention control, and goal setting, we discuss strategies for achieving both novelty and usefulness including using paradoxical frames, task switching, pursuing contradictory goals, and gaining experience in different cultural contexts that stress different aspects of the creative process.
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McGuire, James, and Lisa Wootton. Multiple agencies with diverse goals. Edited by Alec Buchanan and Lisa Wootton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198738664.003.0015.
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This chapter charts the relationships between three large areas of background knowledge and professional practice, at the intersection of which everyday work in forensic mental health takes place. We describe the three underpinning models (biomedical, psychological, and sociological) the differences between them in training and in outlook, and the relationship of each to the legal context in which all must operate. Representing different models of human problems and distress, we recognize that sometimes there is friction between them. Their diverse perspectives notwithstanding, these models can be integrated, and they all have an indispensable part to play in how we understand and respond to the difficulties of working with people with mental health problems who also break the law. We illustrate this with reference to how services are delivered, and conclude by discussing the role played by Multi- Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) in England and Wales.
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Love, Alan C. Evo-Devo and the Structure(s) of Evolutionary Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0005.
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Many researchers have argued that evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) constitutes a challenge to standard evolutionary theory, requiring the explicit inclusion of developmental processes that generate variation and attention to organismal form (rather than adaptive function). An analysis of these developmental-form challenges indicates that the primary concern is not the inclusion of specific content but the epistemic organization or structure of evolutionary theory. Proponents of developmental-form challenges favor moving their considerations to a more central location in evolutionary theorizing, in part because of a commitment to the value of mechanistic explanation. This chapter argues there are multiple legitimate structures for evolutionary theory, instead of a single, overarching or canonical organization, and different theory presentations can be understood as idealizations that serve different investigative and explanatory goals in evolutionary inquiry.
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Danielson, Michael S. A Theory of Migration and Municipal Politics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0006.
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This chapter develops a series of theoretical models of migrant hometown political engagement and municipal politics in Mexico. The models seek to represent the relationship between the dominant political group in the community and emerging migrant actors. The chapter begins by outlining a set of basic assumptions about the characteristics and goals of the key actors in a stylized municipality, before and after the emergence of migrants as an important group. After establishing this context, the model is simplified to focus on the strategic interactions between migrants and prevailing authorities, first with a dynamic algorithm and then as a game theory model. Both migrants and prevailing authorities can choose conforming or fighting strategies; and depending on what each chooses, four outcomes are possible. Game-theory methods are then used to predict actor choices under different conditions and several limits to these models are discussed.
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Labrador, Angela M., and Neil Asher Silberman, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Public Heritage Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676315.001.0001.
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The field of cultural heritage is no longer solely dependent on the expertise of art and architectural historians, archaeologists, conservators, curators, and site and museum administrators. It has dramatically expanded across disciplinary boundaries and social contexts, with even the basic definition of what constitutes cultural heritage being widened far beyond the traditional categories of architecture, artifacts, archives, and art. Heritage now includes vernacular architecture, intangible cultural practices, knowledge, and language, performances, and rituals, as well as cultural landscapes. Heritage has also become increasingly entangled with the broader social, political, and economic contexts in which heritage is created, managed, transmitted, protected, or even destroyed. Heritage protection now encompasses a growing set of methodological approaches whose objectives are not necessarily focused upon the maintenance of material fabric, which has traditionally been cultural heritage’s primary concern. This handbook charts some of the major sites of convergence between the humanities and the social sciences—where new disciplinary perspectives are being brought to bear on heritage. These convergences have the potential to provide the inter-disciplinary expertise needed not only to critique but also to achieve the intertwined intellectual, political, and socio-economic goals of cultural heritage in the twenty-first century. This volume highlights the potential contributions of development studies, political science, anthropology, management studies, human geography, ecology, psychology, sociology, cognitive studies, and education to heritage studies and management.
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A/L Bikar Singh, Soon Singh. GIS Integrated Teaching for Underachieving Geography Students. UMS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/gisintegratedumspress2019-978-967-2166-46-7.
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Recent studies show that the number of students who select to study Geography in Malaysian secondary schools, and their level of achievement in the subject, has decreased. The main factor is lack of motivation. Over multiple decades, a large and growing body of literature has indicated that ICT enhances students’ motivation to learn and their learning outcome. The studies demonstrate that the use of ICT in teaching activities provides more fun in an authentic learning environment, and increases learning autonomy, interaction, and collaboration. It is, therefore, a rich opportunity for motivating students to study. In addition, despite an increased interest among scholars to investigate the impact of ICT integrated Geography teaching on students’ motivation and achievement, none have investigated the effects of GIS as a new technological teaching tool on students’ Geography learning goals and their learning outcomes. The idea for this book originated from the author’s PhD study to examine the effects of GIS-based instruction on secondary school student Geography learning goals and their learning outcomes. This book is highly beneficial for Geography teachers to use multiple teaching methods and pedagogies in a GIS integrated teaching environment to cultivate underachieving students’ mastery goal, performance-approach goal and learning, and to decrease avoidance behaviour in learning the subject. Although GIS is widely used in Malaysia, it has not been embraced by the Malaysian education system and is absent from the Geography curriculums in the primary and secondary school contexts. Hence, writing of this book will also help the Curriculum Development Centre and Ministry of Education Malaysia develop a GIS-based teaching module to enhance the learning motivation of Geography and improve the student level of achievement.
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America, Carina, Nazeem Edwards, and Maureen Robinson, eds. Teacher Education for Transformative Agency: Critical perspectives on design, content and pedagogy. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928480938.
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Many teacher education programs globally are undergoing significant changes in response to government policy, imperatives driven by global competitiveness, as well as local conditions. This is particularly relevant in the South African context where teacher education seeks to navigate from the ravages of apartheid education towards addressing the developmental needs of the majority of its citizens. This book records and explores efforts by academic staff members within the Faculty of Education at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, responding to the demands of a new program in initial teacher education. It brings together diverse views seeking to present a coherent program in the Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). It examines how curriculum design unfolds across disciplines in the program, and crucially, the commonalities in the presentation of course material. Lecturers examine the purpose, structure and content of their teaching as they engage with putting democratic policy goals into practice in the core, as well as subject-specific modules of the program.
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Yeomans, Christopher. Hegel’s Philosophy of Action. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.22.
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Though Hegel has a strikingly pluralistic philosophy of action, he intends that philosophy to make good on a range of traditional commitments running from the necessity of alternate possibilities through the value of desire satisfaction to the centrality of goal-directedness. It is of course true that many of those possibilities, desires, and goals are essentially social and even collective, and that determining their nature is a public and often retrospective interpretive act. But that determination must also take its cue from the interpretive direction proposed with the act by the agent herself, and the notion of absolute modality is Hegel’s way of seeing that cue as consisting in the suggestion of a context of interpretation by way of marking out the contrast of the action with a certain range of other possible actions.
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Muders, Sebastian, ed. Human Dignity and Assisted Death. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675967.001.0001.
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Assisted death is an extremely contested topic in bioethics. Despite the strongly influential role human dignity plays in this debate, it still has not received the appropriate, multifaceted treatment it deserves. Studies show that the notion of dignity already plays an important role in medical contexts. However, its use in these contexts needs to be analyzed and explained in more detail. A detailed philosophical analysis of dignity and how it relates to assisted death will benefit both the general discussion and the specific bioethical context to which it is applied. The goal of this first in-depth examination of the application of human dignity to assisted suicide is threefold. First, it aims to enlighten and explain the widely shared intuitions about human dignity, which has a specific usage in the medical context of terminal illness, because opponents as well as supporters of assisted suicide lay claim to that notion. Second, it aims to push the debate an important step forward because arguments that are often taken for granted can be more fairly reconsidered once their relationship to dignity has been clarified. Third, by making sense of dignity even within the complex and seemingly confused context of this debate, one will have taken an important step toward a clarification of it in general, which might lead to its application in other contexts as well.
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Gillan, Claire M. Habits and Goals in OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0016.
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This chapter gives a broad overview of the “habit hypothesis” of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Most patients with OCD recognize that becoming trapped in seemingly never-ending streams of repetitive ritualistic behaviors defies reason. Importantly, this recognition is not enough to put a halt to these behaviors. It has been proposed that these compulsions are “bad habits”: that external cues trigger an urge to perform a familiar response, which the patient cannot resist. The chapter presents the basics of what habits are, and how they relate to what we call “goal-directed control” over action. Next, an in-depth analysis of a series of empirical investigations that tested this hypothesis will be presented. In the final section, the habit hypothesis of OCD will be put into the broader context of “compulsivity” as a putative trans-diagnostic trait that is relevant for many psychiatric disorders.
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Anderson, Cheryl P., and Debra L. Martin, eds. Massacres. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400691.001.0001.
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Bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology offer unique perspectives on studies of mass violence and present opportunities to interpret human skeletal remains in a broader cultural context. Massacres and other forms of large-scale violence have been documented in many different ancient and modern contexts. Moving the analysis from the victims to the broader political and cultural context necessitates using social theories about the nature of mass violence. Massacres can be seen as a process, that is, as the unfolding of nonrandom patterns or chains of events that precede the events and continue long after. Mass violence has a cultural logic of its own that is shaped by social and historical dynamics. Massacres can have varying aims, including subjugation or total eradication of a group based on status, ethnicity, or religion. The goal of this edited volume is to present case studies that integrate the evidence from human remains within the broader cultural and historical contexts through the utilization of social theory to provide a framework for interpretation. This volume highlights case studies of massacres across time and space that stress innovative theoretical models that help make sense of this unique form of violence. The primary focus will be on how massacres are used as a strategy of violence across time and cultural/geopolitical landscapes.
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Moseley, Mason W. Protest from the Top Down. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694005.003.0004.
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This chapter tests another observable implication of the protest state theory; namely that where protest has normalized as an everyday form of political voice, political elites actively mobilize demonstrators in pursuit of their goals. In other words, rather than serving only as a spontaneous political expression of the masses, protest is often orchestrated and managed by formal political organizations. I first investigate how linkages to political organizations fuel contentious behavior in protest states like Argentina and Bolivia, but are more strongly associated with conventional participation in strongly institutionalized contexts like Chile and Uruguay. Then, utilizing a unique battery of questions from the AmericasBarometer national surveys of Argentina and Bolivia, I also test the hypothesis that clientelism can motivate protest participation in a context where protest has normalized as a standard form of political voice.
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West, Joel, and Jonathan Sims. How Firms Leverage Crowds and Communities for Open Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816225.003.0004.
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There are many similarities in how firms pursuing an open innovation strategy can utilize crowds and communities as sources of external innovation. At the same time, the differences between these two network forms of collaboration have previously been blurred or overlooked. In this chapter, we integrate research on crowds and communities, identifying a third form—a crowd–community hybrid—that combines attributes of both. We compare examples of each of these three network forms, such as open source software communities, gated contests, crowdsourcing tournaments, user-generated content, and crowd science. We then summarize the intrinsic, extrinsic, and structural factors that enable individual and organizational participation in these collaborations. Finally, we contrast how these collaborative forms differ regarding their degree of innovativeness and relevance to firm goals. From this, we identify opportunities for future research on these topics.
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Délano Alonso, Alexandra. Consular Protection and Solidarity across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190688578.003.0004.
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This chapter demonstrates how Latin American governments with large populations of migrants with precarious legal status in the United States are working together to promote policies focusing on their well-being and integration. It identifies the context in which these processes of policy diffusion and collaboration have taken place as well as their limitations. Notwithstanding the differences in capacities and motivations based on the domestic political and economic contexts, there is a convergence of practices and policies of diaspora engagement among Latin American countries driven by the common challenges faced by their migrant populations in the United States and by the Latino population more generally. These policies, framed as an issue of rights protection and the promotion of migrants’ well-being, are presented as a form of regional solidarity and unity, and are also mobilized by the Mexican government as a political instrument serving its foreign policy goals.
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Giuseppe, Telesca. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782797.003.0001.
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The ambition of this book is to combine different bodies of scholarship that in the past have been interested in (1) providing social/structural analysis of financial elites, (2) measuring their influence, or (3) exploring their degree of persistence/circulation. The final goal of the volume is to investigate the adjustment of financial elites to institutional change, and to assess financial elites’ contribution to institutional change. To reach this goal, the nine chapters of the book introduced here look at financial elites’ role in different European societies and markets over time, and provide historical comparisons and country and cross-country analysis of their adaptation and contribution to the transformation of the national and international regulatory/cultural context in the wake of a crisis or in a longer term perspective.
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Fiechter, Joshua L., Aaron S. Benjamin, and Nash Unsworth. The Metacognitive Foundations of Effective Remembering. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.24.
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Learners’ success in remembering reflects their strategic approach to the demands that their memory places on them. Differences in success on memory tasks are usually taken to reveal memory ability; but things are more complicated. Memory performance is determined by the interplay of learners’ goals and motivations and the sophistication of the approaches they bring to a particular learning context. Thus, rememberers are burdened with choosing strategies that most efficiently meet their goals, given conditions at encoding or retrieval. Learners must navigate the costs and benefits of engaging select strategies, beginning with simple decisions such as how to distribute study time and ending with complex scenarios where they must infer superior learning strategies following exposure to an alternative strategy. Learners may modulate their use of beneficial strategies in accord with their goals but are much less successful at bringing completely new strategies to bear when the situation calls for them.
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Ebbesson, Jonas, and Ellen Hey, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of the Sustainable Development Goals and International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108769631.
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In 2015, the United Nations established seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that aimed 'to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all' by 2030. The chapters within this collection address each of these SDGs, considering how they relate to one another and international law, and what institutions could aid their implementation. Development has been a contentious topic since the decolonization period after World War II, and issues surrounding sustainable development are necessarily impacted by the multifaceted relationship between the Global South and Global North. Confronting the context and challenge of sustainable development, this collection outlines how the international economic system problematizes the attainment of the SDGs. Introducing a novel, cosmopolitan approach, this book offers new ways of understanding sustainable development and suggests potential solutions so that we might finally achieve it.
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Roberts, Ian, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Universal Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199573776.001.0001.
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The idea that all languages show affinities in their organisation, and particularly in grammar, is not a new one. It arguably originates in the thought of Plato and Aristotle, and manifests in medieval scholastic philosophy, in the 17th-century Port-Royal grammarians, and in modern linguistic theory. In modern linguistics, the concept of a universal set of structural principles that underlies the superficial grammatical diversity of the world’s languages has been most influentially developed by Noam Chomsky. The primary goal of this Handbook is to provide an overview and guide to this aspect of Chomsky’s thinking, to set Chomsky’s ideas in context, to look at their motivation, and to consider their implications. The Handbook is divided into five parts. Part I deals with the philosophical questions related to Universal Grammar (UG), Part II deals with general questions of linguistic theory, Part II with language acquisition, Part IV with comparative syntax and Part V with wider issues.
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Lemos, Maria Carmen, and Christine Kirchhoff. Climate Information and Water Management. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.17.
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Climate-change projections suggest water managers, policymakers, and planners will need to grapple both with increased stress on water supplies and more climate variability and extremes. In the context of water governance, climate information can play a critical role in informing planning preparedness and response options; however, research shows that the level of use of climate information among water managers is still relatively low. This review examines three different disconnects at the intersection of scientific knowledge and water management. First, it tackles the disconnect between the production of knowledge and that knowledge’s application in specific water-management decision contexts. Second, it explores the disconnect between what different water management models, such as integrated water resource management, should in principle do to foster the use of climate information and how well they accomplish this goal in practice. Third, it examines the potential disconnect between adoption of climate information and adaptive capacity building.
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Williams, Lloyd C. Business Decisions, Human Choices. www.praeger.com, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216187738.
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Dr. Williams contends that over the last 20 years a change has occurred in organizations that has created a syndrome of dysfunctions that are neither good for businesses nor for the people who work in them. Williams sees businesses as living entities, and argues that how they act and react will have an impact on their employees, and often a devastating impact. In much the same way as businesses make decisions, people make choices, and seldom are these decisions and choices congruent. Unless disparate self-interests and goals can be reconciled—unless a partnership can be restored between people and their organizations—not only will employees be damaged, but the success of their organization, upon which they depend for their livelihoods, will be jeopardized. How this dangerous situation came about, what it means, and how it can be remedied is the subjet of Dr. Williams' book. Research-based and always in touch with the realities of commerce, Dr. Williams will make business people aware that organizations and their people must become reunited, and then show them how it can be done. Dr. Williams makes clear he is not simply speculating or theorizing. His goal is to make management aware of the dysfunctions that are damaging their organizations, and how these are reflected in the behaviors of their employees. When he calls for a focus on humanity, spirit, and context, Dr. Williams is actually offering a workable, real-world strategy to breathe new life into organizations of all kinds—a strategy he calls The Trinity Process. Its purpose: to help management restore the essential partnership between organizational entities and the people who make them succeed or fail. In Part One he shows what it means to be part of any organization and, with anecdotes and cases from his own research, helps readers grasp the dynamics of their own organizations. In Part Two he proposes new or reframed paradigms that provide an underpinning for the reestablishment of equality between organizations and their employees. Then, in Part Three he presents The Trinity Process itself. The result is a remarkably lucid, readable, engrossing exploration of organizational life today, important reading for decision makers in all types of organizations, public as well as private, and for academics concerned with how organizations behave.
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Weisberg, Herb. Total Survey Error. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.22.
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The total survey error (TSE) approach is a useful schema for organizing the planning and evaluation of surveys. It classifies the several possible types of errors in surveys, including in respondent selection, response accuracy, and survey administration. While the goal is to minimize these errors, the TSE approach emphasizes that this must be done within limitations imposed by several constraints: the cost of minimizing each type of error, the time requirements for the survey, and ethical standards. In addition to survey errors and constraints, there are several survey effects for which there are no error-free solutions; the size of these effects can be studied even though they cannot be eliminated. The total survey quality (TSQ) approach further emphasizes the need for survey organizations to maximize the quality of the product they deliver to their clients, within the context of TSE tradeoffs between survey errors and costs.
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Karve, Dr Sunil, and Dr SHILPA SHINDE. MARKET RESEARCH - UNDERSTANDING & MEASURING B2B BUSINESS. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9798218244965.2023.tb.
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This book is designed with the admirable goal of giving students the necessary skill and confidence to recognize managerial difficulties that may be remedied by planning an appropriate research study and then putting it into practice. In fact, the book's contents are intended to provide readers with the skills necessary to play key roles and serve as industry icon in the future. The book explores many principles related to research in general and helping students complete their research studies more easily, from the initial stages of conceptualization through the last stages of inference-drawing from the data obtained.
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Ruiz-Funes, Marcela. On Teaching Foreign Languages. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216187479.
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The author reports on a qualitative, action-research project on theories and practices in foreign language education. The goal of the study was to relate the knowledge of foreign language teaching, learning, and acquisition gained through research to the beliefs and experiences of expert foreign language teachers. The four participating teachers represent real teachers who distinguish themselves from their peers for their excellence in teaching foreign languages and their success in serving as clinical teachers. Four theoretical issues are discussed in detail: the proficiency movement; the role of input; teaching language in context; and class participation, motivation, and discipline. These aspects were selected because (1) they pose major challenges to foreign language interns and (2) they play an essential role in the learning-acquisition process of second language students. The major contribution of this study is the integration of the theoretical and practical dimensions. The practical aspect is presented by the expert foreign language teachers who describe in their own words how and explain why they implement a given foreign language theory in their classrooms. This integration provides foreign language teachers with a realistic view of foreign language education and establishes a dialogue between the university and the school communities. A significant number of excerpts from discussion-interview sessions conducted with the teachers are included.
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Alexandrova, Anna. A Philosophy for the Science of Well-Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199300518.001.0001.
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Well-being, happiness, and quality of life are now established objects of social and medical research. Does this science produce knowledge that is properly about well-being? What sort of well-being? The definition and measurement of these objects rest on assumptions that are partly normative, partly empirical, and partly pragmatic, producing a great diversity of definitions depending on the project and the discipline. This book, written from the perspective of philosophy of science, formulates principles for the responsible production and interpretation of this diverse knowledge. Traditionally, a philosopher’s goal has been a single concept of well-being and a single theory about what it consists in. But for science this goal is both unlikely and unnecessary. Instead the promise and authority of the science depends on it focusing on the well-being of specific kinds of people in specific contexts. Sceptical arguments notwithstanding, this contextual well-being can be measured in a valid and credible way—but only if scientists broaden their methods to make room for normative considerations and address publicly and inclusively the value-based conflicts that inevitably arise when a measure of well-being is adopted. The science of well-being can be normative, empirical, and objective all at once, provided that we line up values to science and science to values.
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Rose, Sage, and Nicole Sieben. Hope Measurement. Edited by Matthew W. Gallagher and Shane J. Lopez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.7.
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This chapter covers the multiple measures currently used to assess hope theory. Hope, as theorized by Snyder and colleagues, was originally determined to be a global construct measuring agency and pathways toward goal attainment. Using much of the original theory, hope research has expanded, resulting in multiple measures across different applications and domains. By exploring the context specificity, these scales have been shown to consistently predict outcomes across differing domains, supporting the reliability and validity of new hope measurement. It is anticipated that with more specific hope measurement, the more accurate hope assessment and intervention can become. Concepts covered in this chapter include academic hope, math hope, writing hope, work hope, children’s hope, employment hope, and state hope.
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Ready, Jonathan L. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802556.003.0001.
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This chapter aims to convince Homerists and their fellow travelers in classical studies that they will find this entire book of value and to persuade those with interests in comparative literature, ethnography, folkloristics, and linguistic anthropology that they should at least read Part I. The chapter reviews the precedents for and goals of this study, defends the choice of the phrases “the Iliad poet” and “the Odyssey poet,” explains the comparative methods used, provides a bibliographical survey of the modern oral poetries investigated in the book, defines a simile, and summarizes the contents of each chapter.
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Sugirtharajah, R. S. Hindus and Their Christian Bible. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567711557.
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R.S. Sugirtharajah shows how at the height of European colonialism whilst the colonizers were studying the sacred texts of Hindus, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs and Zoroastrians, the Hindus were themselves scrutinizing the invader’s book – the Christian Bible. Sugirtharajah examines how these Hindus transformed the Bible into what they deemed fit for and suited to their contexts. The result was that the Bible acquired a totally different form and lost its authority as the Book of the Empire. Sugirtharajah shows how the resistant, subversive and at times antagonistic readings of the Hindus went beyond what the colonizer had intended. Sadly what these Hindus made of the Bible went largely unnoticed and was ignored by Western scholarship. This volume seeks to rectify this regrettable omission and to place both the Hindu reformers and nationalists attitude to the Bible in their own specific context and to allow them to speak on their own terms rather than reading them with Christian preconception. The Hindu reformers covered include figures such as Raja Rammohun Roy, Arumuga Navalar, Keshub Chunder Sen, Swami Vivekananda, Ponnambalam Ramanathan, M. K. Gandhi and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and nationalists such as Dhirendranath Chowdhary, Sita Ram Goel and Ram Swarup. The book contains the interpretative context; the textual negotiation that went on between these Hindus and the missionaries and orientalists; examples of their Hinduization of the Bible; and the hermeneutical impact on mainstream biblical interpretation.
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Piccinini, Gualtiero. Neurocognitive Mechanisms. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866282.001.0001.
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This book provides the foundations for a neurocomputational explanation of cognition based on contemporary cognitive neuroscience. An ontologically egalitarian account of composition and realization, according to which all levels are equally real, is defended. Multiple realizability and mechanisms are explicated in light of this ontologically egalitarian framework. A goal-contribution account of teleological functions is defended, and so is a mechanistic version of functionalism. This provides the foundation for a mechanistic account of computation, which in turn clarifies the ways in which the computational theory of cognition is a multilevel mechanistic theory supported by contemporary cognitive neuroscience. The book argues that cognition is computational at least in a generic sense. The computational theory of cognition is defended from standard objections yet a priori arguments for the computational theory of cognition are rebutted. The book contends that the typical vehicles of neural computations are representations and that, contrary to the received view, neural representations are observable and manipulable in the laboratory. The book also contends that neural computations are neither digital nor analog; instead, neural computations are sui generis. The book concludes by investigating the relation between computation and consciousness, suggesting that consciousness may have a functional yet not wholly computational nature.
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Shea, Nicholas. Descriptive and Directive Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812883.003.0007.
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A distinction between descriptive and directive representations can readily be drawn within the varitel framework. Neither decoupling, nor the ability to keep track of goal satisfaction, are constitutive of having directive content, although both imply that content will be directive. The distinction drawn here has plausible consequences when applied to the case studies based on UE information and UE structural correspondence in previous chapters. There are several other kinds of sophistication which, while going along with a descriptive–directive difference, are not constitutive of it. Interestingly, the rat navigation case gives us a possible subpersonal example of a mode of representing that goes beyond the descriptive or the directive. Something like supposing may be involved when place cell activity is used offline to calculate shortest routes.
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Yu, Angela J. Bayesian Models of Attention. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.025.
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Traditionally, attentional selection has been thought of as arising naturally from resource limitations, with a focus on what might be the most apt metaphor, e.g. whether it is a ‘bottleneck’ or ‘spotlight’. However, these simple metaphors cannot account for the specificity, flexibility, and heterogeneity of the way attentional selection manifests itself in different behavioural contexts. A recent body of theoretical work has taken a different approach, focusing on the computational needs of selective processing, relative to environmental constraints and behavioural goals. They typically adopt a normative computational framework, incorporating Bayes-optimal algorithms for information processing and action selection. This chapter reviews some of this recent modelling work, specifically in the context of attention for learning, covert spatial attention, and overt spatial attention.
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Siff, Stephen. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039195.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter describes the media hype over LSD and related psychedelic drugs: a grand arrival to a 1950s cultural landscape that had been deliberately scrubbed of alluring descriptions of drug use; the the picturesque drug trips related in mainstream magazines and newspapers; sensational television specials and radio discussions; the contradictory reactions in mass media as the drugs accrued both casualties and countercultural cachet; and, finally, the loss of interest in psychedelic drugs by mainstream media outlets at the end of the 1960s. Ultimately, the book's goal is to not build a general theory but to shed light on a particular case through close examination of the media content and circumstances surrounding it.
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Koskoff, Ellen. Afterword. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037245.003.0012.
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This concluding chapter explains how each of the articles in this collection illustrates an individual woman doing the work of feminism—that is, creating strategies that enable her to perform various identities, often in conjunction with so-called traditional ones, that resist and critique issues of gender within her specific context. Stripped of its theory, feminism is simply living a life guided by resistance to inherited or imposed gender norms, as found in specific cultural and historical moments. Feminist acts become political, in the sense of conscious activism, when they are explicit and public, voiced with the goal of social change. But, as feminists often remind people, every social act is political in some sense; how conscious the actor is of performing a political act, however, can vary considerably.