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Weise, David R., Xiangyang Zhou, Lulu Sun, and Shankar Mahalingam. "Fire spread in chaparral—'go or no-go?'." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 1 (2005): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04049.
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Current fire models are designed to model the spread of a linear fire front in dead, small-diameter fuels. Fires in predominantly living vegetation account for a large proportion of annual burned area in the United States. Prescribed burning is used to manage living fuels; however, prescribed burning is currently conducted under conditions that result in marginal burning. We do not understand quantitatively the relative importance of the fuel and environmental variables that determine spread in live vegetation. To address these weaknesses, laboratory fires have been burned to determine the effects of wind, slope, moisture content and fuel characteristics on fire spread in fuel beds of common chaparral species. Four species (Adenostoma fasciculatum, Ceanothus crassifolius, Quercus berberidifolia, Arctostaphylos parryana), two wind velocities (0 and 2 m s−1) and two fuel bed depths (20 and 40 cm) were used. Oven-dry moisture content of fine fuels (<0.63 cm diameter) ranged from 0.09 to 1.06. Seventy of 125 fires successfully propagated the length (2.0 m) of the elevated fuel bed. A logistic model to predict the probability of successful fire spread was developed using stepwise logistic regression. The variables selected to predict propagation were wind velocity, slope percent, moisture content, fuel loading, species and air temperature. Air temperature and species terms were removed from the model for parsimony. The final model correctly classified 94% of the observations. Comparison of results with an empirical decision matrix for prescribed burning in chaparral suggested some agreement between the laboratory data and the empirical tool.
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Nagler, Eve, Mangesh Pednekar, Daniel Gunderson, Glorian Sorensen, and Prakash Gupta. "Scaling up Tobacco Control in India: Comparing Smartphone to In-Person Training for Implementing an Evidence-Based Intervention to Reduce Tobacco Use Among Schoolteachers: Study Protocol." JCO Global Oncology 8, Supplement_1 (May 2022): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.22.59000.
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PURPOSE Tobacco-related deaths are rising rapidly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). In India, approximately 1.2 million people die each year from tobacco-related causes. Reducing tobacco-related deaths in LMICs will require large-scale implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) that promote tobacco control. Currently, implementation of tobacco control EBIs in LMICs relies on in-person training, which has inherent logistical challenges that limit the ability to scale up these programs. New training models are needed to ensure tobacco control EBIs can be implemented broadly and at low cost, especially in rural and under-resourced areas where tobacco use is prevalent. In India, schoolteachers are respected community leaders and role models, representing an important channel for promoting tobacco control. We previously demonstrated the effectiveness of the Tobacco-Free Teachers, Tobacco-Free Society (TFT-TFS) program in increasing tobacco use cessation. To scale this EBI, we will compare two TFT-TFS-training models for headmasters—in-person versus smartphone-based—and examine the effect of each model on TFT-TFS program implementation and effectiveness. METHODS Using a cluster-randomized design, we will randomize school headmasters in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh to receive in-person or smartphone training. Once trained, headmasters in both groups will implement TFT-TFS within their schools. Accordingly, our aims are to (1) use a participatory, qualitative approach to develop the in-person and smartphone-based training models; (2) compare program implementation fidelity, effectiveness, and cost for both training models using process evaluation and survey data; and (3) identify factors affecting program implementation using mixed methods. RESULTS This study will establish the effects of smartphone vs. in-person training on TFT-TFS implementation, effectiveness, and cost within schools in a low-resource setting. CONCLUSION Our findings will provide insight into scaling up tobacco control EBIs in schools across India and other LMICs and inform the application of smartphone-based training for other public health-related EBIs in resource-constrained areas.
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Koster, Rik, and Marieke Postma. "A no-go for no-go theorems prohibiting cosmic acceleration in extra dimensional models." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2011, no. 12 (December 19, 2011): 015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2011/12/015.
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Minakata, Katsumi, and Matthias Gondan. "Differential coactivation in a redundant signals task with weak and strong go/no-go stimuli." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (May 4, 2018): 922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818772033.
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When participants respond to stimuli of two sources, response times (RTs) are often faster when both stimuli are presented together relative to the RTs obtained when presented separately (redundant signals effect [RSE]). Race models and coactivation models can explain the RSE. In race models, separate channels process the two stimulus components, and the faster processing time determines the overall RT. In audiovisual experiments, the RSE is often higher than predicted by race models, and coactivation models have been proposed that assume integrated processing of the two stimuli. Where does coactivation occur? We implemented a go/no-go task with randomly intermixed weak and strong auditory, visual, and audiovisual stimuli. In one experimental session, participants had to respond to strong stimuli and withhold their response to weak stimuli. In the other session, these roles were reversed. Interestingly, coactivation was only observed in the experimental session in which participants had to respond to strong stimuli. If weak stimuli served as targets, results were widely consistent with the race model prediction. The pattern of results contradicts the inverse effectiveness law. We present two models that explain the result in terms of absolute and relative thresholds.
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Pujol, Oriol, Debora Gil, and Petia Radeva. "Fundamentals of Stop and Go active models." Image and Vision Computing 23, no. 8 (August 2005): 681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2005.03.007.
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Jallow, Fatou, Maria Teresa Bourlon, Mishka Kohli Cira, Kalina Duncan, Linsey Eldridge, Erinma Elibe, Taylor Estes, et al. "The 10th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research: New Models for Global Cancer Research, Training, and Control." JCO Global Oncology 8, Supplement_1 (May 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.22.00122.
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Bell, Bethany A., Grant B. Morgan, Jason A. Schoeneberger, Jeffrey D. Kromrey, and John M. Ferron. "How Low Can You Go?" Methodology 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000062.
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Whereas general sample size guidelines have been suggested when estimating multilevel models, they are only generalizable to a relatively limited number of data conditions and model structures, both of which are not very feasible for the applied researcher. In an effort to expand our understanding of two-level multilevel models under less than ideal conditions, Monte Carlo methods, through SAS/IML, were used to examine model convergence rates, parameter point estimates (statistical bias), parameter interval estimates (confidence interval accuracy and precision), and both Type I error control and statistical power of tests associated with the fixed effects from linear two-level models estimated with PROC MIXED. These outcomes were analyzed as a function of: (a) level-1 sample size, (b) level-2 sample size, (c) intercept variance, (d) slope variance, (e) collinearity, and (f) model complexity. Bias was minimal across nearly all conditions simulated. The 95% confidence interval coverage and Type I error rate tended to be slightly conservative. The degree of statistical power was related to sample sizes and level of fixed effects; higher power was observed with larger sample sizes and level-1 fixed effects.
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Gunduz, Murat, and Hamza M. A. Lutfi. "Go/No-Go Decision Model for Owners Using Exhaustive CHAID and QUEST Decision Tree Algorithms." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020815.
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Go/no-go execution decisions are one of the most important strategic decisions for owners during the early stages of construction projects. Restructuring the process of decision-making during these early stages may have sustainable results in the long run. The purpose of this paper is to establish proper go/no-go decision-tree models for owners. The decision-tree models were developed using Exhaustive Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (Exhaustive CHAID) and Quick, Unbiased, Efficient Statistical Tree (QUEST) algorithms. Twenty-three go/no-go key factors were collected through an extensive literature review. These factors were divided into four main risk categories: organizational, project/technical, legal, and financial/economic. In a questionnaire distributed among the construction professionals, the go/no-go variables were asked to be ranked according to their perceived significance. Split-sample validation was applied for testing and measuring the accuracy of the Exhaustive CHAID and QUEST models. Moreover, Spearman’s rank correlation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were employed to identify the statistical features of the 100 responses received. The result of this study benchmarks the current assessment models and develops a simple and user-friendly decision model for owners. The model is expected to evaluate anticipated risk factors in the project and reduce the level of uncertainty. The Exhaustive CHAID and QUEST models are validated by a case study. This paper contributes to the current body of knowledge by identifying the factors that have the biggest effect on an owner’s decision and introducing Exhaustive CHAID and QUEST decision-tree models for go/no-go decisions for the first time, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. From the “sustainability” viewpoint, this study is significant since the decisions of the owner, based on a rigorous model, will yield sustainable and efficient projects.
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Lucke, Kathleen T., Hernando Martinez, Thomas B. Mendez, and Lyda C. Arévalo-Flechas. "Resolving to Go Forward." Qualitative Health Research 23, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732312468062.
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Little is known about the experiences and needs of family caregivers of Latino/Hispanic individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) during the early years of recovery. The purpose of this grounded theory study was to describe the experiences and identify the informational, decisional, interpersonal, and resource support needs of family caregivers of newly injured Latino/Hispanic individuals with SCI during the first 2 years after undergoing rehabilitation. “Resolving to go forward” was the core category that emerged from two simultaneous processes of “learning to care for” and “getting through” during the initial years as the primary informal caregiver. Most caregivers felt alone and abandoned after the injured person returned home, and experienced barriers to services and resources primarily because of language issues and economic status. We recommend that researchers develop and evaluate culturally appropriate, informal caregiving models to improve outcomes for both Latino individuals with SCI and their family caregivers.
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Abrão, Fernando Conrado, Frederico Rafael Moreira, Igor Renato Louro Bruno de Abreu, Marcelo Giovanni Marciano, and Riad Naim Younes. "Real-Life Long-Term Cohort of Patients With Stage IIIA Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Overall Survival Related to Patients' Characteristics and Multiple Treatment Models." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (September 2021): 1572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.21.00219.
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PURPOSE This real-life cohort of patients describes the treatment patterns and compares the overall survival (OS) and hazard risk of utilization of multiple therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electronic medical registries of patients with stage III non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) regularly attended in 72 hospitals were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the primary patients' characteristics leading to better OS and cancer-specific survival. RESULTS A total of 3,363 patients with stage III NSCLC followed over 19 years were included in this study. The median age was 66.00 (58.00-72.00) years, 65% male, and 41.2% with squamous cell carcinoma followed by adenocarcinoma (34.6%) and undifferentiated carcinoma (13.1%) in clinical stage T3 (50.3%), T2 (29.3%), and T4 (12.3%). The median survival (in months) was 18.4 (95% CI, 16.9 to 19.5) in patients submitted to radiotherapy plus chemotherapy, 11.2 (95% CI, 10.5 to 12.1) to chemotherapy, 31.5 (95% CI, 25.9 to 37.7) to surgery plus chemotherapy, and 33.8 (95% CI, 28.3 to 47.8) to chemotherapy plus radiotherapy plus surgery. The median cancer-specific survival (in months) was 19.3 (95% CI, 17.9 to 20.9) in patients submitted to radiotherapy plus chemotherapy, 12.1 (95% CI, 11.1 to 12.9) to chemotherapy, 36.9 (95% CI, 29.6 to 43.2) to surgery plus chemotherapy, and 41.3 (95% CI, 32.1 to 61.3) to chemotherapy plus radiotherapy plus surgery. The patients treated with multiple chemotherapy plus radiotherapy followed by surgery had significantly better OS and lower mortality rates than those treated with other treatments (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.66; P < .001). At the end of the study, 11.2% and 10.7% of the patients were living with and without cancer, respectively. CONCLUSION Our real-life 19-year cohort study has shown that only 30.3% of the total patients with stage III NSCLC have been submitted to standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment. This may show a substantial difference between the recruited clinical trials' patients and the real-life patients' characteristics in daily routine treatment.
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Holowatyj, Andreana N., Aishatu Suleiman Maude, Halimatu Sadiya Musa, Ahmed Adamu, Sani Ibrahim, Adamu Abdullahi, Muhammad Manko, et al. "Patterns of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Nigerians and African Americans." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (October 2020): 1647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00272.
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PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence rates are increasing among individuals < 50 years of age (early-onset CRC) globally with causes unknown. Racial/ethnic disparities in early-onset CRC have also grown more pronounced, because Black individuals have higher early-onset CRC incidence and poorer survival compared with White individuals. We describe the prevalence and burden of early-onset CRC among Africans in Nigeria and African Americans (AAs) in the United States. PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified Black individuals diagnosed with a first primary CRC ages 18 to 49 years between 1989 and 2017 at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital in Zaria, Nigeria (Nigerians), and in the United States (AAs) using the National Institutes of Health/National Cancer Institute’s SEER program of cancer registries. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate clinical and demographic differences between Nigerians and AAs with early-onset CRC, adjusted for age, sex, tumor site, and histology. RESULTS A total of 5,019 Black individuals were diagnosed with early-onset CRC over the study period (379 Nigerians; 4,640 AAs). Overall, approximately one third of young Black patients were diagnosed with rectal tumors (35.8%). Nigerian individuals with early-onset CRC were eight-fold more likely to be diagnosed with rectal tumors (odds ratio [OR], 8.14; 95% CI, 6.23 to 10.62; P < .0001) and more likely to be diagnosed at younger ages (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.89; P < .0001) compared with young African Americans in adjusted models. CONCLUSION Compared with AA individuals diagnosed with early-onset CRC, Nigerian individuals harbor distinct features of early-onset CRC. Additional investigation of the histopathologic and biologic heterogeneity of early-onset CRCs among Black individuals is critical for understanding racial disparities in susceptibility and outcomes, which may have implications for tailored early-onset CRC prevention, detection, and treatment strategies.
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Zhang, Yawei, Baosen Zhou, Hongmei Zeng, Yongbing Xiang, Jinfeng Wang, Cairong Zhu, Yana Bai, et al. "Novel Approaches for Monitoring and Controlling Major Cancer Risk Factors in China." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.33000.
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PURPOSE Globally, approximately one fourth of newly diagnosed cancer cases (24%) and one third of cancer deaths (30%) in 2018 occurred in China. Despite advanced scientific knowledge about risk factors, the incidence of many cancers continuous to increase, which indicates an urgent need for an effective preventive strategy. METHODS For better monitoring and control of major cancer risk factors in China, a research program was launched at the end of 2016. The program aims to develop novel algorithms for cancer risk prediction and prevention, build tools for both real-time risk factor collection and for transmission of intervention-related messages, and to create a cancer prevention platform. It is funded by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology. The China National Cancer Center plays a leading role. RESULTS This research program includes 5 projects. The first project will develop a means of collecting data on major cancer risk factors and personalized prevention message-sending apps. The second project will establish 20 population-based, high-quality tumor registries with extensive information on cancer treatment and prognosis. The third project will validate the apps and models developed through the first project in 6 large prospective cohort studies involving diverse populations. The fourth project will apply temporal and spatial high-dimensional data-mining approaches and use historical data, including national cancer incidence and mortality data, air pollution monitoring data, national surveys on smoking and nutrition, etc, to develop a cancer incidence and mortality mapping system. The fifth project will build risk prediction models and establish a cancer prevention Web site to showcase results from other projects. CONCLUSION This study has the potential to revolutionize the path of current cancer prevention by leading it toward personalized cancer prevention.
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Edwards, Chris. "Digital Twin to Go the Distance." New Electronics 52, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0047-9624(22)61568-2.
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Middleton, Julie. "A fair go for Pacific women role models." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 14, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v14i1.935.
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Pasifika women are the backbones of their communities in the islands and in New Zealand, But so often, in New Zealand as in their homelands, their contributions and opinions have been invisble or under-documented... This book, then, is welcome. The author, New Zealand-born television journalist Sandra Kailahi, who describes herself as being Tongan and New Zealand descent, is a Fair Go staffer who formerly worked at Tagata Pasifika. This is her first book.
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Andersson, Lotta. "Improvements of Runoff Models What Way to Go?" Hydrology Research 23, no. 5 (October 1, 1992): 315–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1992.0022.
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Model performance before and after the introduction of some alternative routines for calculation of evaporation, snow accumulation and melt with the PULSE/HBV runoff model were compared. The results showed that improvements were, in the best cases, small. Sometimes model fits deteriorated as a result of increased model complexity. On the basis of these, and from other experiences of attempts of model improvements, the success potentials for various efforts of model sophistication are discussed. It is hypothesised that model improvement cannot be achieved by increasing the complexity of some sub-routines, without considering the problems that are linked to spatial resolution of driving variables and the spatial distribution of physiographic parameters. It is suggested that physically based and conceptual schools of modelling can meet in a landscape mosaic context, with development of distributed models, based on information generally available from maps, remote-sensing images and meteorological stations.
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Hull, C. J. "How Far Can We Go With Compartmental Models?" Anesthesiology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199003000-00001.
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Jiang, Ping, and Ulrich H. E. Hansmann. "Modeling Structural Flexibility of Proteins with Go-Models." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8, no. 6 (May 16, 2012): 2127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct3000469.
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Peter Boswijk, H., and Roy van der Weide. "Method of moments estimation of GO-GARCH models." Journal of Econometrics 163, no. 1 (July 2011): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.11.011.
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Salas-Estrada, Leslie A., Stephen J. Constable, Anthony Pane, and Alan Grossfield. "Identification of GPCR Transition Pathways using Go Models." Biophysical Journal 114, no. 3 (February 2018): 239a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.1332.
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Schutt, Stefan, and Dale Linegar. "We Learn as We Go." International Journal of Virtual and Personal Learning Environments 4, no. 2 (April 2013): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jvple.2013040107.
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The authors’ team has been working with virtual worlds since 2006, deploying them in diverse contexts including secondary schools, special schools, vocational education and training, higher education and the community sector. Here the authors outline their operational experience of the complex web of interrelated factors involved in running virtual world projects. The authors discuss project development models, institutional politics, activity types and working with teachers and students. They conclude that embedding virtual worlds in education can be rewarding but also difficult at times, with qualities of nimbleness and self-reinvention required of project teams.
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Osei-Fofie, Daniel. "Effective Innovative Models of Health Care Delivery in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic to Reduce Disparities in Cancer Care and for Cancer Control in Low-Middle Income Countries—South African Experience of the Cancer ECHO Model." JCO Global Oncology 8, Supplement_1 (May 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.22.17000.
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PURPOSE The Northern Cape province is the largest province in South Africa. However, it has the least resources for cancer care. Patients have to travel very long distances to access cancer care. Cancers are diagnosed in late stages due to lack of resources including trained health care personnel. There was the need for an innovative model for training health care personnel, mentorship and empowerment to enable provision of cancer care in the rural areas of the province. METHODS In 2017, the Northern Cape Health Department had a collaboration with the Project ECHO Institute, University of New Mexico. An Immersion training in ECHO was provided in Albuquerque under the sponsorship of Bristol Myers Squibb Foundation and the Project ECHO Institute. An ECHO Hub was established at the tertiary cancer center with spoke sites in two district hospitals. The first cancer ECHO in Africa was launched at Kimberley Hospital in July 2018 to provide training and mentorship in Lung cancer and Mesothelioma care. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the ECHO clinics were used on a more regular basis for patients' management. RESULTS Doctors, nurses and community healthcare workers have been trained using the ECHO model to provide cancer care in all the district hospitals. The ECHO clinics have now been expanded to cover other cancers. Palliative care ECHO has also been launched to improve provision of palliative care services. There has been retention of staff in the rural areas to provide cancer care due to mentorship and empowerment using the ECHO model. CONCLUSION ECHO is an effective innovative model to democratize knowledge and help reduce disparities and inequities in cancer care and for cancer control in low-middle income countries. In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, ECHO clinics can assist with effective patient care.
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Vu, Thi Thuy Duong, and Jaehee Jung. "Protein function prediction with gene ontology: from traditional to deep learning models." PeerJ 9 (August 24, 2021): e12019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12019.
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Protein function prediction is a crucial part of genome annotation. Prediction methods have recently witnessed rapid development, owing to the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Among the available databases for identifying protein function terms, Gene Ontology (GO) is an important resource that describes the functional properties of proteins. Researchers are employing various approaches to efficiently predict the GO terms. Meanwhile, deep learning, a fast-evolving discipline in data-driven approach, exhibits impressive potential with respect to assigning GO terms to amino acid sequences. Herein, we reviewed the currently available computational GO annotation methods for proteins, ranging from conventional to deep learning approach. Further, we selected some suitable predictors from among the reviewed tools and conducted a mini comparison of their performance using a worldwide challenge dataset. Finally, we discussed the remaining major challenges in the field, and emphasized the future directions for protein function prediction with GO.
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Hentschel, Viktoria, Frank Arnold, Thomas Seufferlein, Ninel Azoitei, Alexander Kleger, and Martin Müller. "Enteropathogenic Infections: Organoids Go Bacterial." Stem Cells International 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8847804.
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Enteric infections represent a major health care challenge which is particularly prevalent in countries with restricted access to clean water and sanitation and lacking personal hygiene precautions, altogether facilitating fecal-oral transmission of a heterogeneous spectrum of enteropathogenic microorganisms. Among these, bacterial species are responsible for a considerable proportion of illnesses, hospitalizations, and fatal cases, all of which have been continuously contributing to ignite researchers’ interest in further exploring their individual pathogenicity. Beyond the universally accepted animal models, intestinal organoids are increasingly valued for their ability to mimic key architectural and physiologic features of the native intestinal mucosa. As a consequence, they are regarded as the most versatile and naturalistic in vitro model of the gut, allowing monitoring of adherence, invasion, intracellular trafficking, and propagation as well as repurposing components of the host cell equipment. At the same time, infected intestinal organoids allow close characterization of the host epithelium’s immune response to enteropathogens. In this review, (i) we provide a profound update on intestinal organoid-based tissue engineering, (ii) we report the latest pathophysiological findings defining the infected intestinal organoids, and (iii) we discuss the advantages and limitations of this in vitro model.
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Hentschel, Viktoria, Frank Arnold, Thomas Seufferlein, Ninel Azoitei, Alexander Kleger, and Martin Müller. "Enteropathogenic Infections: Organoids Go Bacterial." Stem Cells International 2021 (January 7, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8847804.
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Enteric infections represent a major health care challenge which is particularly prevalent in countries with restricted access to clean water and sanitation and lacking personal hygiene precautions, altogether facilitating fecal-oral transmission of a heterogeneous spectrum of enteropathogenic microorganisms. Among these, bacterial species are responsible for a considerable proportion of illnesses, hospitalizations, and fatal cases, all of which have been continuously contributing to ignite researchers’ interest in further exploring their individual pathogenicity. Beyond the universally accepted animal models, intestinal organoids are increasingly valued for their ability to mimic key architectural and physiologic features of the native intestinal mucosa. As a consequence, they are regarded as the most versatile and naturalistic in vitro model of the gut, allowing monitoring of adherence, invasion, intracellular trafficking, and propagation as well as repurposing components of the host cell equipment. At the same time, infected intestinal organoids allow close characterization of the host epithelium’s immune response to enteropathogens. In this review, (i) we provide a profound update on intestinal organoid-based tissue engineering, (ii) we report the latest pathophysiological findings defining the infected intestinal organoids, and (iii) we discuss the advantages and limitations of this in vitro model.
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Morhason-Bello, Imran O., Yusuf Olushola Kareem, and Isaac F. Adewole. "Modeling for Predictors of Knowledge Score on Etiology and Prevention Strategies for Cervical Cancer Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ibadan." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00086.
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PURPOSE Poor knowledge regarding cervical cancer in at-risk populations directly affects health-seeking behavior and is associated with high mortality among women with cervical cancer. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge of women regarding the causes, risk factors, and prevention strategies of cervical cancer. METHODS A multistage cross-sectional study of 1,002 women of reproductive age (18-49 years) in Ibadan was conducted. Knowledge of cervical cancer risk causes and prevention strategies was assessed using 13 and 9 question items, respectively. The knowledge score was graded as 0 (no knowledge), 1-4 (poor knowledge), or ≥ 5 (good knowledge). The proportional or partial proportional odds model was used to fit 3 models using the forward stepwise selection. All analysis was performed using Stata 15.0 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). RESULTS The median age of participants was 29 years (interquartile range [IQR], 23-35 years). The median knowledge scores of participants on causes and prevention strategies of cervical cancer were 3 (IQR, 0-4) and 3 (IQR, 0-5), respectively. The assessment of knowledge on causes and prevention strategies for cervical cancer revealed that having multiple sexual partners and no previous opportunity for counseling on cervical cancer screening were factors associated with lower odds of knowledge. CONCLUSION The knowledge of women about the risk factors, causes, and prevention strategies of cervical cancer was poor. It is worrisome that poor knowledge was common among women with potential demographic risk factors for cervical cancer. We recommend innovative community mobilization to improve women’s knowledge of the risk factors associated with cervical cancer and prevention strategies.
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Shen, Yin Chen. "Models for Drone Go Aerial Disaster Relief Response System." International Business & Economics Studies 1, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ibes.v1n1p33.
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<p><em>According to the requirement, we established a non-linear programming model and a three-dimensional packing model and designed a Drone</em><em> </em><em>Go disaster response system meeting the demand of medical supplement and road video reconnaissance. We also determine the optimal location selection, container assembly schemes, as well as the UAV flight routes and flight plans. </em></p><p><em>First of all, we established a coordinate system to fit the topographic map of Puerto Rico through the digital image processing method and collect the road pixels in the topographic map. Then compared it with the detection range of the UAVs to analyze the exploration area and reconnaissance rate of different flight plans. </em></p><p><em>Second, we establish a nonlinear programming model with the constraint of the distance between the hospitals and the distribution of the medicine. Using time and exploration area as the target function to determine the optimal location and make a best decision by weighing both factors. </em></p><p><em>Third, we establish a model of three-dimensional packaging and using the heuristic algorithm to determine the best package solution of two iso container respectively. The constraint is to take enough medicine and drone to make the two highest utilization rates of the volume of the container, trying to reduce the use of buffer material. </em></p><em>Finally, the optimal flight plan is determined with the consideration of the highest flight safety and detection efficiency of UAV. In the stability analysis of our model, we prove the reliability of our model from different perspectives. Then we analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of our model.</em>
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Zheng, Lingyu, and William W. S. Wei. "Weighted scatter estimation method of the GO-GARCH models." Journal of Time Series Analysis 33, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2011.00741.x.
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Cieplak, Marek, and Trinh Xuan Hoang. "Folding of proteins in Go models with angular interactions." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 330, no. 1-2 (December 2003): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2003.08.034.
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Silke, A. "When Sums Go Bad: Mathematical Models and Hostage Situations." Terrorism and Political Violence 13, no. 2 (June 2001): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546550109609680.
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Amarin, Justin Z., Razan Mansour, Omar F. Nimri, and Maysa Al-Hussaini. "Incidence of Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults in Jordan, 2000-2017." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (June 2021): 934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.21.00007.
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PURPOSE The epidemiology of cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) is distinct and underinvestigated. Therefore, we investigated the incidence of cancer in AYAs in Jordan. PATIENTS AND METHODS We accessed all records submitted to the Jordan Cancer Registry between 2000 and 2017. We included all patients, age 15-39 years, who were ordinarily resident in Jordan. We then calculated frequencies, age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIRs), and annual percentage changes (APCs) and performed subgroup analyses by biologic sex, age subgroups, and site (SEER AYA site recode/WHO 2008). We also performed site-specific trend analyses using joinpoint models. RESULTS We identified 14,115 eligible patients, of whom 1,531 (10.8%), 4,278 (30.3%), and 8,306 (58.8%) were 15-19, 20-29, and 30-39 years old at diagnosis, respectively. The numbers of male and female AYAs were 5,792 (41.0%) and 8,323 (59.0%), respectively. The crude number of cases increased from 654 in 2000 to 954 in 2017 (APC, 2.6%). The overall AAIR ranged from 32.3 in 2000 to 24.3 in 2017 (APC, –1.7%). The AAIR was 27.6 over the full study period and was higher in females (34.1) than in males (21.6). Carcinomas, lymphomas, and leukemias were the most common cancers. The incidence rates of the majority of cancers trended downward over the study period. CONCLUSION The incidence of cancer in AYAs in Jordan is relatively low and declining. However, the absolute number of cases is increasing because this downtrend does not offset the effect of a high population growth rate; almost a 1,000 cases of cancer are now diagnosed every year, which represents a significant increase in the burden of cancer in a developing country with limited healthcare resources.
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Abrahão, Renata, Sandra Perdomo, Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto, Flávia Nascimento de Carvalho, Fernando Luis Dias, José Roberto V. de Podestá, Sandra Ventorin von Zeidler, et al. "Predictors of Survival After Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in South America: The InterCHANGE Study." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 486–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00014.
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PURPOSE Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) incidence is high in South America, where recent data on survival are sparse. We investigated the main predictors of HNSCC survival in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Colombia. METHODS Sociodemographic and lifestyle information was obtained from standardized interviews, and clinicopathologic data were extracted from medical records and pathologic reports. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Of 1,463 patients, 378 had a larynx cancer (LC), 78 hypopharynx cancer (HC), 599 oral cavity cancer (OC), and 408 oropharynx cancer (OPC). Most patients (55.5%) were diagnosed with stage IV disease, ranging from 47.6% for LC to 70.8% for OPC. Three-year survival rates were 56.0% for LC, 54.7% for OC, 48.0% for OPC, and 37.8% for HC. In multivariable models, patients with stage IV disease had approximately 7.6 (LC/HC), 11.7 (OC), and 3.5 (OPC) times higher mortality than patients with stage I disease. Current and former drinkers with LC or HC had approximately 2 times higher mortality than never-drinkers. In addition, older age at diagnosis was independently associated with worse survival for all sites. In a subset analysis of 198 patients with OPC with available human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 data, those with HPV-unrelated OPC had a significantly worse 3-year survival compared with those with HPV-related OPC (44.6% v 75.6%, respectively), corresponding to a 3.4 times higher mortality. CONCLUSION Late stage at diagnosis was the strongest predictor of lower HNSCC survival. Early cancer detection and reduction of harmful alcohol use are fundamental to decrease the high burden of HNSCC in South America.
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Semprini, Jason, and Olufunmilayo Olopade. "Evaluating the Effect of Medicaid Expansion on Black/White Breast Cancer Mortality Disparities: A Difference-in-Difference Analysis." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 1178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00068.
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PURPOSE Medicaid expansion was designed to increase access to health care. Evidence is mixed, but theory and empirical data suggest that lower cost of care through greater access to insurance increases health care utilization and possibly improves the health of poor and sick populations. However, this major health policy has yet to be thoroughly investigated for its effect on health disparities. The current study is motivated by one of today’s most stark inequalities: the disparity in breast cancer mortality rates between Black and White women. METHODS This analysis used a difference-in-difference fixed effects regression model to evaluate the impact of Medicaid expansion on the disparity between Black and White breast cancer mortality rates. State-level breast cancer mortality data were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Each state’s Medicaid expansion status was provided by a Kaiser Family Foundation white paper. Two tests were conducted, one compared all expanding states with all nonexpanding states, and the second compared all expanding states with nonexpanding states that voted to expand—but did not by 2014. The difference-in-difference regression models considered the year 2014 a washout period and compared 2012 and 2013 (pretreatment) with 2015 and 2016 (posttreatment). RESULTS Medicaid expansion did not lower the disparity in breast cancer mortality. In contrast to expectations, the Black/White mortality ratio increased in states expanding Medicaid for all Medicaid-eligible age groups, with significant effects in younger age groups ( P = .01 to .15). CONCLUSION These results suggest that states cannot solely rely on access to insurance to alleviate disparities in cancer or other chronic conditions. More exploration of the impacts of low-quality health systems is warranted.
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Tzavella, Loukia, Natalia S. Lawrence, Katherine S. Button, Elizabeth A. Hart, Natalie M. Holmes, Kimberley Houghton, Nina Badkar, et al. "Effects of go/no-go training on food-related action tendencies, liking and choice." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (August 2021): 210666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210666.
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Inhibitory control training effects on behaviour (e.g. ‘healthier’ food choices) can be driven by changes in affective evaluations of trained stimuli, and theoretical models indicate that changes in action tendencies may be a complementary mechanism. In this preregistered study, we investigated the effects of food-specific go/no-go training on action tendencies, liking and impulsive choices in healthy participants. In the training task, energy-dense foods were assigned to one of three conditions: 100% inhibition (no-go), 0% inhibition (go) or 50% inhibition (control). Automatic action tendencies and liking were measured pre- and post-training for each condition. We found that training did not lead to changes in approach bias towards trained foods (go and no-go relative to control), but we warrant caution in interpreting this finding as there are important limitations to consider for the employed approach–avoidance task. There was only anecdotal evidence for an effect on food liking, but there was evidence for contingency learning during training, and participants were on average less likely to choose a no-go food compared to a control food after training. We discuss these findings from both a methodological and theoretical standpoint and propose that the mechanisms of action behind training effects be investigated further.
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Ong, Hai Xiang, Yiyu Cai, Zi Meng Yi, Wen Hui Tee, Ryan Shea Tan Ying Cong, Wei Chong Tan, and Abu Bakr Azam. "Automated classification of disease response in radiology reports using natural language processing." JCO Global Oncology 9, Supplement_1 (August 2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.2023.9.supplement_1.108.
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108 Background: Classification of disease response is an essential task in cancer research and needs to be done at scale. Automating this process can improve efficiency in the generation of real-world evidence, potentially leading to better patient outcomes. We aim to develop and evaluate Natural Language Processing (NLP) models for this task. Methods: Using 6203 computed tomography (CT) and 1358 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports from 587 patients with lung cancer of all stages seen at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), we trained four NLP models (BioBERT, RadBERT-RoBERTA, BioClinicalBERT, GatorTron) to classify the reports into one of four categories: no evidence of disease, stable disease, partial response or disease progression. Model output was compared against human-curated ground truth and performance was evaluated by accuracy. Results: Of the 4 models, GatorTron performed the best (accuracy = 97.1%), followed by RadBERT-RoBERTA (accuracy = 96.2%), BioBERT (accuracy = 94.2%), with BioClinicalBERT being last (accuracy = 90.4%). NLP Model runtimes for the dataset were relatively short, with BioBERT and BioClinicalBERT taking 3 minutes per epoch, RadBERT-RoBERTA taking 6 minutes per epoch, and GatorTron taking 10 minutes per epoch on a single central processing unit (CPU). Conclusions: We have demonstrated the effectiveness of NLP models for classifying disease responses in radiology reports of lung cancer patients. This has the potential to help derive progression-free survival for real-world evidence generation.
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Ferrari, Bruno L., Carlos Gil Ferreira, Márcia Menezes, Pedro De Marchi, Jorge Canedo, Andréia Cristina de Melo, Alexandre A. Jácome, et al. "Determinants of COVID-19 Mortality in Patients With Cancer From a Community Oncology Practice in Brazil." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (March 2021): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00444.
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PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic remains a public health emergency of global concern. Determinants of mortality in the general population are now clear, but specific data on patients with cancer remain limited, particularly in Latin America. MATERIALS AND METHODS A longitudinal multicenter cohort study of patients with cancer and confirmed COVID-19 from Oncoclínicas community oncology practice in Brazil was conducted. The primary end point was all-cause mortality after isolation of the SARS-CoV-2 by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in patients initially diagnosed in an outpatient environment. We performed univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis and recursive partitioning modeling to define the baseline clinical determinants of death in the overall population. RESULTS From March 29 to July 4, 2020, 198 patients with COVID-19 were prospectively registered in the database, of which 167 (84%) had solid tumors and 31 (16%) had hematologic malignancies. Most patients were on active systemic therapy or radiotherapy (77%), largely for advanced or metastatic disease (64%). The overall mortality rate was 16.7% (95% CI, 11.9 to 22.7). In univariate models, factors associated with death after COVID-19 diagnosis were age ≥ 60 years, current or former smoking, coexisting comorbidities, respiratory tract cancer, and management in a noncurative setting ( P < .05). In multivariable logistic regression and recursive partitioning modeling, only age, smoking history, and noncurative disease setting remained significant determinants of mortality, ranging from 1% in cancer survivors under surveillance or (neo)adjuvant therapy to 60% in elderly smokers with advanced or metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Mortality after COVID-19 in patients with cancer is influenced by prognostic factors that also affect outcomes of the general population. Fragile patients and smokers are entitled to active preventive measures to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and close monitoring in the case of exposure or COVID-19-related symptoms.
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Okunade, Kehinde Sharafadeen, Adebola A. Adejimi, Ephraim O. Ohazurike, Omolola Salako, Benedetto Osunwusi, Muisi A. Adenekan, Aloy O. Ugwu, et al. "Predictors of Survival Outcomes After Primary Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer in Lagos, Nigeria." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (January 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00450.
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PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the clinicopathologic predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) following primary treatment in Lagos, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using data from a retrospective cohort of 126 patients who received treatment for EOC between 2010 and 2018, we identified 83 patients with a complete clinical record for subsequent data analysis. Patients' demographics and updated 2-year follow-up status were abstracted from medical records. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared using the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models were used for multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors of survivals following treatment in EOC patients. RESULTS The median PFS and OS were 12 and 24 months, respectively. After adjusting for covariates in the multivariate analysis, younger age ≤ 55 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.74; P = .01) and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I/II (HR = 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.08; P = .01) were independent predictors of improved PFS, whereas being premenopausal (HR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.16 to 4.75; P = .02) was an independent predictor of reduced OS after 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSION PFS could be predicted by the age and FIGO stage of the disease, whereas menopausal status was predictive of OS in patients with EOC. This knowledge should form the basis for counseling patients with ovarian cancer during their primary treatment and lend support to the importance of aggressive follow-up and monitoring for the older, premenopausal patients and those with an advanced stage of epithelial ovarian cancer. However, robust longitudinal research should be carried out to provide additional reliable insight to this information.
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Cool, Lieselot, Jana Missiaen, Philip Debruyne, Hans Pottel, Veerle Foulon, Tessa Lefebvre, Laura Tack, Petra Archie, Dominique Vandijck, and Koen Van Eygen. "Oncologic Home-Hospitalization Delivers a High-Quality and Patient-Centered Alternative to Standard Ambulatory Care: Results of a Randomized-Controlled Equivalence Trial." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (September 2021): 1564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.21.00158.
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PURPOSE Given the increasing burden of cancer on patients, health care providers, and payers, the shift of certain outpatient procedures to the patients' homes (further indicated as oncologic home-hospitalization [OHH]) might be a high-quality, patient-centered, and cost-effective alternative to standard ambulatory cancer care (SOC). METHODS A randomized-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the quality of a locally implemented model for OHH (n = 74) compared with SOC (n = 74). The model for OHH consisted of home administration of certain subcutaneous cancer drugs (full OHH) and home nursing assessments before ambulatory systemic cancer therapy (partial OHH). Quality was evaluated based on patient-reported quality of life (QoL) and related end points; service use and cost data; safety data; patient-reported satisfaction and preferences; and model efficiency. An equivalence design was used for primary end point analysis. Participants were followed during 12 weeks of systemic cancer treatment. RESULTS This trial demonstrated equivalence of both models (OHH v SOC) in terms of patient-reported QoL (95% CI not exceeding the equivalence margin of 10%). Full OHH resulted in significantly less hospital visits (mean of 5.6 ± 3.0 v 13.2 ± 4.6; P = .011). Partial OHH reduced waiting times for therapy administration at the day care unit with 45% per visit (2 hours 36 minutes ± 1 hour 4 minutes v 4 hours ± 1 hour 4 minutes; P < .001). No safety issues were detected. Of the intervention group, 88% reported to be highly satisfied with the OHH model, and 77% reported a positive impact on their QoL. At study end, 60% of both study arms preferred OHH above SOC. CONCLUSION The shift of particular procedures from the outpatient clinic to the patients' homes offers a high-quality and patient-centered alternative for a large proportion of patients with cancer. Further research is needed to evaluate potential cost-efficiency.
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Ayettey Anie, Hannah, Joel Yarney, Olutobi Sanuade, Shivanshu Awasthi, Tom Akuetteh Ndanu, Akash D. Parekh, Charles Aidoo, Mary Ann Dadzie, Verna Vanderpuye, and Kosj Yamoah. "Neoadjuvant or Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Retrospective Analysis of Recurrence and Survival in Women Treated for Breast Cancer at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (June 2021): 965–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00664.
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PURPOSE It is established that addition of systemic therapy to locoregional treatment for breast cancer improves survival. However, reliable data are lacking about the outcomes of such treatment in women with breast cancer in low middle-income countries. We compared the outcomes of treatment in patients who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) or adjuvant chemotherapy and examined the factors associated with breast cancer recurrence and survival at the National Radiotherapy Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study. The medical charts of women with breast cancer managed at the National Radiotherapy Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre from 2005 to 2014 were reviewed. A total of 388 patients with a median follow-up of 48 months were included in the study. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of recurrence. Survival was estimated using cox proportional hazards model. All models were adjusted with clinicopathologic variables. A P value of < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Fifty-nine percent received adjuvant chemotherapy. In an adjusted logistic model, no difference was observed in locoregional recurrence between patients receiving NACT compared with those receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (odds ratio = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.44 to 2.47). However, NACT recipients had a higher likelihood of distant recurrence (odds ratio = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.15). In a multivariable analysis, no differences were observed in overall survival between the two chemotherapy groups (hazard ratio = 1.43; 95% CI, 0.91 to 2.26). CONCLUSION NACT yields similar outcomes compared with adjuvant chemotherapy; however, recipients of NACT with advanced disease may have more distant failures. Early detection in a resource-limited setting is therefore crucial to optimal outcomes, significantly limiting recurrence and improving survival.
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Phoolcharoen, Natacha, Megan Kremzier, Vanessa Eaton, Vanessa Sarchet, Sandhya Chapagain Acharya, Eliza Shrestha, Jennifer Carns, et al. "American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Cervical Cancer Prevention Program: A Hands-On Training Course in Nepal." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (February 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00513.
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Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death among women in Nepal. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center collaborated with international and local experts to hold a cervical cancer prevention course in Nepal in November 2019. The course included didactic lectures and a hands-on workshop. The didactic lectures included the epidemiology of cervical cancer globally and locally, cervical cancer screening guidelines, human papillomavirus vaccination, colposcopy and visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), cervical dysplasia, and cervical cancer treatment. The hands-on workshop consisted of four stations: (1) VIA; (2) colposcopy, cervical biopsy, and endocervical curettage; (3) thermal ablation; and (4) loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). A train-the-trainer model short course was held by the international faculty to assist six local faculty to become familiar with the instruments, procedures, and models used in the hands-on training stations. Forty-two people (84% gynecologist, 8% radiation oncologist, and 8% other) attended the course. Following the course, the international faculty visited the regional hospitals for additional educational activities. Increased knowledge in cervical cancer screening guidelines and ability in performing VIA, colposcopy and cervical biopsy, thermal ablation, and LEEP were reported by 89%, 84%, 84%, 87%, and 84% of participants, respectively, from the postcourse on-site evaluations. From the 6-month follow-up survey, all respondents reported that they had made practice changes based on what they learned in the course and had implemented or tried to implement the cervical cancer screening guidelines presented at the course. In conclusion, the course evaluations suggested an improvement in participants' ability to perform cervical cancer screening and diagnostic procedures and reported the changes in practices after training.
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Ramdas, Yastira, Carol-Ann Benn, and Michelle van Heerden. "First Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Center in Africa: First 2 Years in Operation, Including COVID-19 Experiences." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (November 2020): 1696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00258.
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PURPOSE There is a shortage of radiation therapy service centers in low- to middle-income countries. TARGIT–intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) may offer a viable alternative to improve radiation treatment efficiency and alleviate hospital patient loads. The Breast Care Unit in Johannesburg became the first facility in Africa to offer TARGIT-IORT, and the purpose of this study was to present a retrospective review of patients receiving IORT at this center between November 2017 and May 2020. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patient selection criteria were based mainly on the latest American Society of Radiation Oncology guidelines. Selection criteria included early-stage breast carcinoma (luminal A) and luminal B with negative upfront sentinel lymph node biopsy that negated external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT). Patient characteristics, reasons for choosing IORT, histology, and use of oncoplastic surgery that resulted in complications were recorded. RESULTS One hundred seven patients successfully received IORT/TARGIT-IORT. Mean age was 60.8 years (standard deviation, 9.3 years). A total of 73.8% of patients presented with luminal A, 15.0% with luminal B, and 5.6% with triple-negative cancer. One patient who presented with locally advanced breast cancer (T4N2) opted for IORT as a boost in addition to planned EBRT. Eighty-seven patients underwent wide local excision (WLE) with mastopexy, and 12 underwent WLE with parenchymal. Primary reasons for selecting IORT/TARGIT-IORT were distance from the hospital (43.9%), choice (40.2%), and age (10.3%). CONCLUSION This retrospective study of IORT/TARGIT-IORT performed in Africa confirms its viability, with low complication rates and no detrimental effects with breast conservation, resulting in positive acceptance and the potential to reduce Oncology Center patient loads. Limitations of the study include the fact that only short-term data on local recurrence were available. Health and socioeconomic value models must still be addressed in the African setting.
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Fadelu, Temidayo, Ruth Damuse, Joarly Lormil, Elizabeth Pecan, Lauren Greenberg, Cyrille Dubuisson, Viergela Pierre, Scott A. Triedman, Lawrence N. Shulman, and Timothy R. Rebbeck. "Body Mass Index, Chemotherapy-Related Weight Changes, and Disease-Free Survival in Haitian Women With Nonmetastatic Breast Cancer." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (October 2020): 1656–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00307.
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PURPOSE Few studies have explored the relationship between body habitus and breast cancer outcomes in Caribbean women of African ancestry. This study evaluates the association between body mass index (BMI) and disease-free survival (DFS) in a retrospective cohort of 224 female Haitian patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS BMI was obtained from the medical records and categorized as normal weight (< 25 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 30 kg/m2). DFS was defined as time from surgical resection to disease recurrence, death, or censoring. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated, and the association between BMI and DFS was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models to control for multiple confounders. Exploratory analyses were conducted on weight changes during adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS Eighty-three patients (37.1%) were normal weight, 66 (29.5%) were overweight, and 75 (33.5%) were obese. There were no statistical differences in baseline characteristics or treatments received by BMI group. Twenty-six patients died and 73 had disease recurrence. Median DFS was 41.1 months. Kaplan-Meier estimates showed no significant DFS differences by BMI categories. After controlling for confounders, normal weight patients, when compared with overweight and obese patients, had adjusted hazard ratios of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.49 to 1.49) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.52 to 1.55), respectively. Overall, mean weight loss of 2% of body weight was noted over the course of adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients who were postmenopausal ( P = .007) and obese ( P = .05) lost more weight than other groups. However, chemotherapy-related weight changes did not have an impact on DFS. CONCLUSION Baseline BMI and weight changes during adjuvant chemotherapy did not have an impact on DFS in this cohort. Future prospective studies in similar Caribbean breast cancer cohorts are needed to verify study findings.
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Kireeva, N., S. L. Kuznetsov, A. A. Bykov, and A. Yu. Tsivadze. "Towardsin silicoidentification of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene channel blockers: discriminative vs. generative classification models." SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 24, no. 2 (February 2013): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1062936x.2012.742135.
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Ibrahim, Mutiat, Abayomi Adegboyega, Rotimi Adegboro, Margaret Ilomuanya, and Fatimah Abdulkareem. "Flavonoid and Organosulphur Phytoconstituents From Allium Sativum Inhibits Antiapoptotic Protein Bcl-2: A Computational Molecular Modeling Study." JCO Global Oncology 8, Supplement_1 (May 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.22.31000.
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PURPOSE Apoptosis resistance to anticancer treatments can occur due to over-expression of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins. Studies have shown the use of Allium sativum (garlic) as a herbal supplement among cancer patients. In this study, the inhibitory activity of phytochemicals from Allium sativum against Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein was demonstrated using a computational technique. METHODS Identified phytoconstituents from A. sativum were docked in receptor grid generated active sites of Bcl-2 (PDB-ID: 4AQ3) protein using the Glide-Ligand docking tool of Schrödinger Maestro 12.5. Receptor-ligand complex pharmacophore models were generated using the PHASE module, and the binding free energy of the complex was calculated using the MM-GBSA Prime panel. Potential lead compounds were screened for drug likeness using the Lipinski rule of five (RO5) and Veber rule. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/T) predictions of the leads were carried out using the PROTOX-II tool. Induced fit docking simulation was performed on the top ranked hit compound. RESULTS Extra precision docking results showed that myricetin, kaempferol, and apigenin (flavonoid); α and β-phellandrene (cyclic monoterpene); 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin, 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin and 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiine (organosulphur) were ranked highest, with docking scores range from -6.00 to -3.78 kcal/mol compared with -3.62 kcal/mol demonstrated by co-crystallized ligand. Apigenin (CID: 5280443), 3-vinyl-1,2-dithiin (CID: 10219489), and 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin (CID: 150636) were identified as the top three lead compounds with free binding energies of -33.83, -30.36, and -29.70 kcal/mol respectively. The identified lead compounds from A. sativum were in accordance with RO5 and Veber rule with good oral bio-availability and ADME/T profile. Similar to the co-crystallized ligand, apigenin interacted with important active site amino acid residues like Try 67, Asp 70, Leu 96, Arg 105, Ala 108 among others. CONCLUSION Some bioactive phytochemicals from A. sativum can be explored for development toward inhibition of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 in apoptosis resistance to anticancer treatments.
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Nawaratne, Sashiprabha, and Janaki Vidanapathirana. "Over Diagnosis or a Hidden Epidemic? The Rising Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in Sri Lanka." JCO Global Oncology 8, Supplement_1 (May 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.22.26000.
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PURPOSE Thyroid cancer (TC) is the second commonest cancer among females and the third commonest cancer in both sexes in Sri Lanka. In 2019 the age-standardized rates (ASR) of TC among females and males were greater than the South East Asian estimates and the global estimates of TC for females and males. The aim of the study was to assess the reason for the thyroid cancer burden in Sri Lanka. METHODS Secondary data was analyzed from the National Cancer Registry of Sri Lanka. ASR of thyroid cancer was extracted, and age-specific incidence rates were calculated for the respective years. JoinPoint software version 4.9.0.0 was used to analyze trends. Best fit models reported, by Annual Percentage Change and Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC), 95% CI. A P value < .05 were taken as the level of significance. RESULTS A total of Total 23,363 TC cases were reported from 2005 to 2019. Among women, ASR has increased threefold from 2005 to 2019 (5.6-17.3) with an AAPC of 7.5% (95% CI, 4.1 to 11.1, P < .05) and among males a two-fold rise was seen in ASR (1.7-3.9) with AAPC being 8.0% (95% CI, 5.5 to 10.6, P < .05). The highest age-specific incidence rates were seen among women in the reproductive age group (25-34 years). Differentiated thyroid carcinoma comprised 94% (n = 17,861) of all reported TC cases. Papillary TC was the main type of differentiated TC seen in both sexes (n = 14,036). CONCLUSION The incidence of TC in Sri Lanka reveals an increasing trend in both sexes. Increase incidence in women in the reproductive age group with a high incidence of papillary TC was highly suggestive of overdiagnosis. However, it cannot be confirmed due to the unavailability of staging and mortality data. Therefore, further studies are recommended to explore the reasons for this observed increase, and the National Cancer Registry should be further strengthened to ensure the completeness of cancer data.
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Ledesma-Bazan, Sabrina, Elba Vazquez, Geraldine Gueron, and Javier Cotignola. "Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) Dysregulated in Tumor Progression to Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer." JCO Global Oncology 8, Supplement_1 (May 2022): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.22.66000.
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PURPOSE The dysregulation of non-coding RNAs is implicated in the development and progression of different pathological processes, including cancer. Prostate cancer is known for having a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from an indolent tumor to a lethal metastatic castration resistant cancer (CRPC). However, the biology of the processes leading to these phenotypes remains elusive. The aim of this study was to identify lncRNAs involved in the progression of prostate tumors to CRPC. METHODS We browed public repositories and downloaded raw RNAseq data from primary prostate adenocarcinomas (pre- and post-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); n = 40 and n = 11 (paired to 11 pre-ADT), respectively) and CRPC (n = 8). We performed differential gene expression of 17,009 lncRNAs with R/Bioconductor using two statistical models: DESeq2 and edgeR. RESULTS We identified 12 lncRNAs that responded to ADT and were further dysregulated in CRPC; three of them were previously reported as players in prostate cancer development and progression (PCA3, PCAT18 and PCGEM1), validating the pipeline used in this study. Interestingly, all of them showed the same expression pattern: (1) post-ADT tumors had significantly lower expression compared with pre-ADT tumors; and (2) CRPCs showed significant higher levels compared with post-ADT tumors, and the expression was similar, or even higher, to primary pre-ADT tumors. Unsupervised clustering analysis revealed that the expression profile of these 12 lncRNAs could cluster post-ADT and CRPC samples apart. Primary tumors pre-ADT were more heterogeneous. This suggests that primary prostate tumors which might potentially progress to CRPC might be detected at the time of diagnosis according to their lncRNA expression profile. CONCLUSION Herein we describe a gene expression profile comprised of 12 lncRNAs that respond to hormone therapy and that are dysregulated in CRPC. The study of this expression signature might help to characterize primary tumors with low/high risk of progression to CRPC.
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Wagner, Claire M., Fidel Rubagumya, Miriam Mutebi, David Mutiibwa, Louis Ngendahayo, Sarah K. Nyagabona, Seriano Oromo, Paul E. Farmer, Agnes Binagwaho, and Dan A. Milner. "Access to Breast Cancer Diagnostic Devices in the East African Community: Moving the Needle." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.11000.
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PURPOSE Globally, two million women develop breast cancer each year. Low-income countries bear a disproportionate burden as a result of systems strapped by limited resources. Inadequate access to diagnostic services is widely recognized as a driver of unfavorable outcomes, yet baseline data on supply, use, and pricing for breast cancer diagnostic devices are scant. The purpose of this study was to assess access to cancer biopsy devices in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, and to ascertain related pricing, procurement, and payment models. METHODS We conducted an observational online survey to capture institution-based data that address demographics, facility capacity, human capital, pathology systems, device sourcing and pricing, supply chains, and workarounds. Additional manufacturer information was obtained through public sources and communication with industry. RESULTS We received 58 survey responses from the 6 East African Community countries, most representing urban public hospitals (68%). Pathology laboratory capacity varied drastically: Although basic histopathology was consistently performed (92% of respondents), hormone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and genetic studies were not (63%, 53%, and 11%, respectively). Training varied among practitioners performing biopsies—for example, surgeons or nurses—and most practitioners did not have ultrasound guidance (80%). Both disposable and reusable core needle devices were in use, and stockouts were reported by most respondents (69%). Workarounds included reuse of disposable devices, alternative procedures (eg, surgical excision or fine-needle aspiration), patient rescheduling, and referral. Most patients received results at follow up, but one fifth of all respondents reported that some patients never received results. Of importance, there was no observable pattern to procurement channels or pricing. CONCLUSION Reliable, accurate, and timely diagnosis is vital to improving outcomes for patients with breast cancer in low-income countries. Significant variation related to operations, human capital management, product mix, procurement methods, and pricing was observed between and within the East African Community countries. Additional investigation is needed to identify opportunities for applying best practices and leveraging regional synergies for impact.
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Su, Zheng, Meng-Na Wei, Ya-Guang Fan, Zhi-Wei Hu, Jian-Ning Wang, and You-Lin Qiao. "Long-Term Follow Up of an Occupational Cohort in Yunnan, People’s Republic of China: 20-Year Postscreening Follow Up and 8-Year Lung Cancer Screening." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.18000.
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PURPOSE There is no long-term, population-based cohort screening evidence for lung cancer in China. This study aimed to evaluate whether increased screening rounds could reduce mortality as a result of lung cancer. METHODS We conducted a one-armed, prospective lung cancer screening cohort study with chest radiography and sputum cytology in Yunnan, People’s Republic of China, from 1992 to 1999. A total of 9,295 tin miners age 40 years or older were enrolled in this study and follow up ended on December 31, 2018. We stratified patients into 4 subgroups on the basis of screening rounds—1-2, 3-4, 5-6, or 7-8 rounds within 8 years—and selected 1-2 screening rounds within 8 years as the control group. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the effect of screening rounds on mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS Of participants, 831 (8.9%) were lost to follow up, and 4,517 patients died, 1,600 from cancer (1,135 from lung cancer), 1,519 from circulatory system diseases, and 619 from respiratory diseases. Participants who received 7-8 screening rounds within 8 years had reduced lung cancer mortality by 46% (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.63 in all age groups. For those who received 5-6 screening rounds within 8 years, the benefit of reduction was mostly observed in patients older than age 52 years (HR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.77), and there was no effect among those age 52 years or younger (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.48 to 1.07). In contrast, only for those patients age 52 years or younger did 3-4 screening rounds within 8 years decrease mortality from lung cancer (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.87). CONCLUSION We showed that increased screening rounds could reduce lung cancer mortality in a high-risk population, but the effect is influenced by age group. The optimal screening strategy for different age groups needs additional investigation.
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Nagler, Eve, Mangesh Pednekar, Dhirendra Sinha, Keyuri Adhikari, Mary Vriniotis, Prakash Gupta, and Glorian Sorensen. "Disseminating an Evidence-Based Tobacco Control Intervention for School Teachers in India: Overview and Preliminary Findings." JCO Global Oncology 6, Supplement_1 (July 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.51000.
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PURPOSE In India in 2010, tobacco use accounted for more than 1 million deaths. There is a profound need for evidence-based interventions (EBIs) that promote tobacco control on a large scale, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Our goal was to identify creative strategies for the broad-based implementation of tobacco control EBIs that can be embedded in existing organizational infrastructures and accommodate the realities of low-resource settings. We built on an intervention for schoolteachers, called the Tobacco-Free Teachers/Tobacco-Free Society (TFT-TFS) program, which had been shown to be efficacious in increasing tobacco use cessation and tobacco policy implementation in a cluster randomized controlled trial in the Bihar School Teachers’ Study. Teachers in India are an important channel for promoting tobacco control given their roles as community leaders and role models. This study tested whether TFT-TFS can be successfully implemented by building capacity within the education department to train and support headmasters to implement TFT-TFS in their schools. METHODS Six blocks from 3 districts in Bihar, India, were randomly assigned into either the intervention or control arm. Using a cascade-training model, intervention cluster coordinators—who routinely interact with headmasters—were trained to train headmasters from their respective clusters to implement TFT-TFS over 1 academic year. This study used a noninferiority design to test if program implementation will not be inferior to the high standards demonstrated in the Bihar School Teachers’ Study and assessed program effectiveness in improving cessation and policy implementation. RESULTS Nearly all of the 46 trained intervention cluster coordinators further trained more than 90% of the 218 headmasters to implement TFT-TFS. Preliminary data also indicate that two thirds of headmasters reported implementing 3 of 4 program components. Additional findings will be available Spring 2020. CONCLUSION This research is innovative because it systematically examines the process of scaling up one of the first EBIs to promote tobacco use cessation among teachers in India.
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Merrill Jr., Kelly, and Bridget Rubenking. "Go Long or Go Often: Influences on Binge Watching Frequency and Duration among College Students." Social Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8010010.
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Binge watching, or serial viewing of a single program over an extended period of time, is a relatively new norm in television viewing that is becoming more popular than traditional appointment viewing. Previous research has explored various influences on binge watching; however, the current research is unique in exploring theoretically and empirically grounded predictors of both binge watching frequency and duration of binge watching sessions by means of a survey administered to college undergraduates (N = 651). Data show that binge watching frequency and duration are predicted by two non-overlapping sets of variables. Binge watching frequency was predicted by low self-regulation, greater tendency to use binge watching as both a reward and a form of procrastination, and less regret; while binge watching duration was associated with being female and experiencing greater enjoyment while binging. Self-control did not predict either binge watching frequency or duration, suggesting that alternative theoretical models should be explored. Findings also suggest that scholars should reconceptualize binge watching by including both frequency and duration measures in future studies.
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Marzano, Luca, Adam S. Darwich, Asaf Dan, Salomon Tendler, Jayanth Raghotama, Rolf Lewensohn, Luigi De Petris, and Sebastiaan Meijer. "Explainable machine learning to inform real-world evidence: A case study on small cell lung cancer survival analysis." JCO Global Oncology 9, Supplement_1 (August 2023): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.2023.9.supplement_1.113.
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113 Background: In recent years, machine learning algorithms for survival analysis have been developed as an alternative to traditional Cox regression. Despite the good performances, these are viewed as black box models that lack interpretability, which may limit their clinical applications. There has been a growing interest in explaining and interpreting machine learning models, which has led to the emergence of the field of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). However, few studies have focused on how these methods could be of benefit to survival analysis of real-world healthcare data. Methods: In this study, we explored the use of current XAI techniques to analyze the effects of platinum doublet chemotherapy on small cell lung cancer patients in developed machine learning models.The analyzed data included real-world patients treated at Karolinska University Hospital (n=570) and three phase III randomized clinical trials shared by the Project Data Sphere initiative (n=987). The real-world data covariates included were age, sex, TNM staging, ECOG performance status, lab values, brain metastasis, and concomitant radiotherapy. The aggregated dataset including the clinical trials contained the following variables: age, sex, performance status, brain metastasis, and protocol violations. Eight machine learning models were trained and compared with Cox regression. The performance of the models was evaluated using C-index, and the time variation of Brier Score and C/D AUC.Temporal feature importance and partial dependence were used to explore the overall covariate impact on overall survival (Global XAI). Ceteris-paribus and SurvShap(t) were used to investigate the covariate impact for the single patient prediction (local XAI). The models were firstly trained only on real-world data before aggregation with the clinical trials. Results: Ensemble machine learning provided the best performances. XAI techniques showed the potential to increase explainability of survival predictions in function of time. Global XAI showed the time range of the model reliability, trend inversions regarding treatment decisions and covariate importance along the time. Local XAI allowed to test the impact of covariates between long survival patients and the comparison between real-world and clinical trials. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the potential of XAI techniques applied to survival machine learning and real-world data, thus providing insights into the mechanisms driving model predictions and demonstrate the utility of this approach in clinical research.