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Journal articles on the topic 'GMR'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 June 2024

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1

Putri, Rika Diananing, and Imam Hanafi. "FORMULASI GARAM DAN MADU TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK MASKER WAJAH." Journal of Food Technology and Agroindustry 4, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24929/jfta.v4i1.1854.

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Salt is a natural product made from evaporation of sea water with the help of sunlight. The benefits of salt are many, both for food, health, and beauty needs. In addition, salt can treat skin diseases, overcome rough skin. Honey has good benefits for the health of the body, both externally and internally. The purpose of this study was to compile the ingredient formula and determine the effect of the raw material formula on the physical and organoleptic properties of facial mask products made from salt and honey. The use of salt into beauty products (masks for the face) by formulating salt and honey (as skin moisturizers) on physical and chemical characteristics. The stages of the research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2x3 factorial sequentially between honey and salt GM1 (6%:20%), GM2 (6%:30%), GM3 (6%:50%), GM4 (8% :20%), GM5 (8%:30%), GM6 (8%:50%), then chemically analyzed including initial analysis and product analysis (pH). The progress of research results, chemically, in the treatment of GM1-GM3 has a pH of 6, while GM4-GM6 has a pH of 5. In accordance with the skin pH between 4-8. Physically, the color produced is cream, the aroma is odorless, and the homogeneity is the same. External status must be achieved.

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2

Lin, Yongqing, Bixiong Ye, Qin Wang, and Shaoxia Dong. "Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors for Gastric Cancer in 14 Counties of the Huai River Basin from 2014 to 2018." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 15, 2022): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042213.

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To explore the potential relationship between environmental and socioeconomic factors and the risk of gastric cancer (GC) in the Huai River Basin, the GC incidence rate (GIR) and GC mortality rate (GMR) data from 2014 to 2018 in 14 counties of the Huai River Basin were collected from the Chinese Cancer Registration Annual Report. Environmental and socioeconomic parameters were collected through the Statistical Yearbook. The 14 counties were classified into three groups with low, moderate, and high risk of GC according to the point density of environmental factors (PDF) and index of socioeconomic factors (ISF). Significant differences in GIR and GMR were found among the counties with PDF (χ2 = 21.36, p < 0.01) and ISF (χ2 = 11.37, p < 0.05) levels. Meanwhile, significant differences in mortality rate were observed among counties with different PDF (χ2 = 11.25, p < 0.01) and ISF (χ2 = 18.74, p < 0.01), and the results showed that the ISF and PDF were increased while the GIR and GMR were decreased. Meanwhile, there was a lag effect between them, and we used two models to explore the lag effects between ISF, PDF and GIR and GMR; the coefficient influence between the ISF lag phase and GIR was −2.9768, and the coefficient influence between PDF and the lag phase on the GIR was −0.9332, and there were both significant impact when there was a probability of more than 95%. The results showed that the higher the ISF and PDF that lags in one stage, the more GIR was reduced, while the impact of the ISF and PDF on lag stage on mortality was not obvious. We used differential GMM to test the results, and also research results were relatively robust. Overall, GIR and GMR decreased with increasing point density of environmental factors and index of socioeconomic factors.

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3

Gibson, Robert W., Margaret Shepard, and Barbara Kunkel. "GMR Online*." Information Services & Use 5, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/isu-1985-5403.

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4

Peripheral Systems Laboratories, Fu. "Tunnel GMR." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 21, S_3_PMRC_97_3 (1997): S3_14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.21.s3_14.

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5

Daughton, J. M. "GMR applications." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 192, no. 2 (February 1999): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(98)00376-x.

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6

Depastas, T., G. A. Souliotis, K. Palli, A. Bonasera, and H. Zheng. "A Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) study of nuclear near-ground-state properties." EPJ Web of Conferences 252 (2021): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125207003.

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The Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) model is used to describe the properties of nuclear systems near the ground state. A procedure for global optimization of the initial conﬁgurations of the nuclei is developed. In addition, the neutron skins of various nuclear systems are calculated. Finally, the GDR and GMR spectra of medium-mass nuclear systems are studied. The effect of the model parameters to the spectra is explored. We conclude that an increased compressibility of K = 308 MeV results in increased GDR energy and decreased skin, while the total energy and the GMR energy remain almost unaltered.

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7

Wagner, Katharina, Sabine Kafert-Kasting, Gerhard Heil, Arnold Ganser, and Matthias Eder. "Inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor function by a splice variant of the common β-receptor subunit." Blood 98, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 2689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v98.9.2689.

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Abstract The receptors for human granuloctye-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 are composed of a ligand-specific α-chain (eg, α–GM-CSF receptor [α-GMR]) and a common β-subunit (β-GMR). Ligand binding is believed to induce assembly or conformational changes in preformed complexes containing more than one α- and β-subunit in the activated receptor complex. To analyze the function of a splice variant of β-GMR with a truncation in the intracellular domain (β-GMRIT), BaF-3 cells expressing human α-GMR plus β-GMR were transfected with β-GMRIT. In these cells, coexpression of β-GMRIT inhibits GM-CSF–mediated survival and proliferation in a GM-CSF concentration–dependent manner. To analyze the effect of cytoplasmic assembly of truncated and full-length intracellular β-GMR sequences, β-GMR and β-GMRIT were coexpressed with different chimeric α/β-GMR constructs. Whereas both β-GMR and β-GMRIT generate high-affinity GMR complexes in the presence of α/β-GMR, β-GMRITinhibits while β-GMR supports proliferation and cell survival mediated by α/β-GMR. Correspondingly, β-GMR, but not β-GMRIT, generates functional GMR complexes when coexpressed with a defective α/β-GMR construct. These data indicate that β-GMRIT can inhibit survival and mitogenic signaling of the wild-type GMR and demonstrate that recruitment of alternatively spliced receptor subunits may regulate the function of heteromeric cytokine receptors.

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8

Jubinsky, PT, AS Laurie, DG Nathan, J. Yetz-Aldepe, and CA Sieff. "Expression and function of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor receptor alpha subunit." Blood 84, no. 12 (December 15, 1994): 4174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.12.4174.bloodjournal84124174.

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To determine the expression and function of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor alpha chain (GMR alpha) during hematopoiesis and on leukemic cells, monoclonal antibodies were raised by immunizing mice with cells expressing high levels of human GMR alpha. A pool of five antibodies isolated from three different mice was used to characterize GMR alpha. This antibody pool (anti-GMR alpha) immunoprecipitated a protein with the expected molecular weight of GMR alpha from COS cells transiently transfected with the GMR alpha gene. In factor-dependent cells, GMR alpha existed as a phosphoprotein. However, its phosphorylation was not stimulated by the presence of GM- CSF. Anti-GMR alpha inhibited the GM-CSF-dependent growth of cell lines and normal bone marrow cells and inhibited the binding of iodinated GM- CSF to its receptor. Cell surface expression of GMR alpha was examined using anti-GMR alpha and flow cytometry. GMR alpha was readily detectable on both blood monocytes and neutrophils. In adherence- depleted normal bone marrow, two separate populations expressed GMR alpha. The most positive cells were predominantly macrophages, whereas the cells that expressed less GMR alpha were largely myelocytes and metamyelocytes. A small population of lin-CD34+ or CD34+CD38- cells also expressed GMR alpha, but they were not capable of significant growth in colony-forming assays. In contrast, the majority of lin-CD34+ and CD34+CD38- cells were GMR alpha-, yet they produced large numbers of myeloid and erythroid colonies in the same assay. Malignant cells from patients with leukemia were also tested for GMR alpha expression. All of the myeloid leukemias and only rare lymphoid leukemias surveyed tested positive for GMR alpha. These results show that anti-GMR alpha is useful for the functional characterization of the GMR alpha and for the detection of myeloid leukemia and that GMR alpha is expressed on certain lineages throughout hematopoietic development; however, progenitors that express the receptor may have a reduced capacity to proliferate in response to hematopoietic growth factors.

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9

Li, Nanzhe, and Nurbiha A Shukor. "Critical Thinking Process in Online Collaborative Learning Based on Different Group Metacognitive Regulation Levels." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 18, no. 23 (December 5, 2023): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i23.42839.

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Critical thinking (CT) is acknowledged as one of the core skills to survive in the future. Learner’s critical thinking skills (CTS) could be cultivated in online learning through collaborations, which are promoted by group metacognitive regulation (GMR). The existing studies on CTS mainly focus on improving students’ CTS levels but ignore the CT process. In this study, students collaborated online in small groups with the intervention of GMR for four tasks. GMR prompts were applied to guide students in regulating their collaboration. Facione’s CTS model was adopted to code students’ CTS for content analysis. Lag sequential analysis was conducted to reveal students’ CT processes based on different GMR levels. The result shows that GMR is positively significantly correlated with CTS. Students’ CT process differs upon at different GMR levels. High-GMR groups possess the highest frequency and balanced CT process, medium-GMR groups have the most sophisticated CT process, and low-GMR groups have the lowest frequency and simplest CT pattern, which reveals the usefulness of GMR in promoting students’ CTS.

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10

Mizuguchi, T., S. Terada, T. Miyauchi, and A. Matsuzono. "Characteristics of NiFe/CuNi multilayer GMR sensors for vertical GMR heads." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 34, no. 4 (July 1998): 1504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.706597.

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11

Jimpo, Mutsuko, and Toshikazu Kobayashi. "Improvement of GMR Effect by CPP-GMR and Specular Reflection Effect." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 76, no. 3 (2005): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.76.187.

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12

CAO, Zhengyan, Ning TANG, Zexiong CHEN, Peiyin WU, Jiarui ZHENG, Jiabao YE, Yanni LIU, et al. "Transcriptomic analysis reveals transcription factors involved in vascular bundle development and tissue maturation in ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51, no. 2 (June 7, 2023): 13131. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha51213131.

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Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important vegetable with medicinal value. Rhizome development determines ginger yield and quality. However, little information is available about the molecular features underlying rhizome expansion and maturation. In this study, we investigated anatomy characteristics, lignin accumulation and transcriptome profiles during rhizome development. In young rhizomes, the vascular bundle (VB) was generated with only vessels in it, whereas in matured rhizomes, three to five layers of fibre bundle in the xylem were formed, resulting in VB enlargement. It indicates VB development favouring rhizome swelling. With rhizome matured, the lignin content was remarkably elevated, thus facilitating tissue lignification. To explore the regulators for rhizome development, nine libraries including ginger young rhizomes (GYR), growing rhizomes (GGR), and matured rhizomes (GMR) were established for RNA-Seq, a total of 1264 transcription factors (TFs) were identified. Among them, 35, 116, and 14 differentially expressed TFs were obtained between GYR and GGR, GYR and GMR, and GGR and GMR, respectively. These TFs were further divided into three categories. Among them, three ZobHLHs (homologs of Arabidopsis LHW and AtbHLH096) as well as one DIVARICATA homolog in ginger might play crucial roles in controlling VB development. Four ZoWRKYs and two ZoNACs might be potential regulators associated with rhizome maturation. Three ZoAP2/ERFs and one ZoARF might participate in rhizome development via hormone signalling. This result provides a molecular basis for rhizome expansion and maturation in ginger.

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13

Fabisch, Alexander. "gmr: Gaussian Mixture Regression." Journal of Open Source Software 6, no. 62 (June 6, 2021): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.03054.

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14

Daughton, J. M. "Weakly coupled GMR sandwiches." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 30, no. 2 (March 1994): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.312288.

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15

Maqableh, Mazin M., Liwen Tan, Xiaobo Huang, Ryan Cobian, Greg Norby, R. H. Victora, and Bethanie J. H. Stadler. "CPP GMR Through Nanowires." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 48, no. 5 (May 2012): 1744–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2011.2174975.

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16

Ross, Michael. "GMR: An Attractive Resistance." Europhysics News 28, no. 4 (1997): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00770-997-0114-5.

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17

Daughton, J. M. "ChemInform Abstract: GMR Applications." ChemInform 30, no. 24 (June 15, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199924314.

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18

Niu, Linghao, David W. Golde, Juan Carlos Vera, and Mark L. Heaney. "Kinetic Resolution of Two Mechanisms for High-Affinity Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Binding to Its Receptor." Blood 94, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 3748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v94.11.3748.423k16_3748_3753.

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Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important hematopoietic cytokine that exerts its effects by interaction with the GM-CSF receptor (GMR) on the surface of responsive cells. The GM-CSF receptor consists of two subunits: GMR, which binds GM-CSF with low affinity, and GMRβ, which lacks intrinsic ligand-binding capability but complexes with GMR to form a high-affinity receptor (GMR/β). We conducted dynamic kinetic analyses of GM-CSF receptors to define the role of GMRβ in the interaction of ligand and receptor. Our data show that GMR/β exhibits a higher kon than GMR, indicating that GMRβ facilitates ligand acquisition to the binding pocket. Heterogeneity with regard to GM-CSF dissociation from GMR/β points to the presence of loose and tight ligand-receptor complexes in high-affinity binding. Although the loose complex has a koff similar to GMR, the lower koffindicates that GMRβ inhibits GM-CSF release from the tight receptor complex. The two rates of ligand dissociation may provide for discrete mechanisms of interaction between GM-CSF and its high-affinity receptor. These results show that the β subunit functions to stabilize ligand binding as well as to facilitate ligand acquisition.

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19

Durstin, M., R. C. Inhorn, and J. D. Griffin. "Tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc is not required for proliferation or viability signaling by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in hematopoietic cell lines." Journal of Immunology 157, no. 2 (July 15, 1996): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.157.2.534.

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Abstract The receptor for human granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF (GMR) is a heterodimer, consisting of an alpha-chain (GMR alpha) and a beta-chain (GMR beta). While GMR alpha is capable of binding GM-CSF, GMR beta is necessary for signal transduction. Phosphorylation of one or more tyrosine residues in GMR beta is an early event in signaling. We have recently demonstrated that tyrosine 750 (Y750) in GMR beta is a site of GM-CSF-induced phosphorylation and this site may contribute to the maintenance of cellular viability in response to GM-CSF. To investigate possible contributions made by additional GMR beta cytoplasmic tyrosine residues to receptor function, we mutated other selected tyrosine residues to phenylalanine and tested for any defects in signaling. in the present study, we show that Y577 is required for phosphorylation of Shc and an Shc-associated p140 in response to GM-CSF. Y577 is also required for association of Shc with GRB2. Y577 does not appear to be necessary for GM-CSF-induced proliferation and survival. GMR beta with a mutated Y577 is able to transduce signals leading to the activation of the Raf-1 pathway and the Jak-Stat pathway. Interestingly, mutation of Y750 reduced detectable GM-CSF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of GMR beta, suggesting that the reduction of Shc phosphorylation associated with that mutant might be actually due to a failure to phosphorylate Y577. These data indicate that the phosphorylation of Shc in response to GM-CSF is not required for proliferation or viability signaling in these cells.

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20

Wu, Cong Ming, Yang Shi, Zi Ping Xu, and Yu Xi Cheng. "Research of GMR-1 in GEO Satellite Mobile Communications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 1580–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.1580.

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At present, technology related to GEO is wide used in the civil and military fields. In this paper, firstly, the generation of GMR-1 was introduced and then a detail illustration of how to comprehend the GMR-1 system and its structure was made by comparison between GMR-1 specifications and GSM standard. These two specifications were compared in terms of the physical channel, logical channel, bursts, mapping and so on. The analysis indicates that GMR-1 modified the lower layers for the satellite channel. In the end, we are looking ahead to the future of the GMR-1.

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21

Djamal, Mitra. "Biosensor Based on Giant Magnetoresistance Material." International Journal of E-Health and Medical Communications 1, no. 3 (July 2010): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jehmc.2010070101.

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In recent years, giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors have shown a great potential as sensing elements for biomolecule detection. The resistance of a GMR sensor changes with the magnetic field applied to the sensor, so that a magnetically labeled biomolecule can induce a signal. Compared with the traditional optical detection that is widely used in biomedicine, GMR sensors are more sensitive, portable, and give a fully electronic readout. In addition, GMR sensors are inexpensive and the fabrication is compatible with the current VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. In this regard, GMR sensors can be easily integrated with electronics and microfluidics to detect many different analytes on a single chip. In this article, the authors demonstrate a comprehensive review on a novel approach in biosensors based on GMR material.

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22

Endrenyi, Laszlo, and Laszlo Tothfalusi. "Regulatory and Study Conditions for the Determination of Bioequivalence of Highly Variable Drugs." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, no. 1 (May 20, 2009): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3zw2c.

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Purpose. The FDA Working Group on Highly Variable (HV) Drugs recently presented interim procedures and conditions for determining the bioequivalence (BE) of HV drug products. They included analysis by the method of scaled average BE (SABE), a switching coefficient of variation of CVS = 30% and a regulatory standardized variation of CV0 = 25% for applying SABE, and the use of a secondary regulatory criterion restricting to 0.80-1.25 the point estimate for the ratio of estimated geometric means (GMR) of the two formulations. These conditions are scrutinized in the present communication. Methods. 3-period BE studies were simulated with various statistical and regulatory assumptions. Power curves, obtained by gradually increasing the true GMR, compared performances of the methods of SABE, a constrained point estimate of GMR (PE/GMR), and the composite of these two approaches. The consumer risk of each procedure was evaluated. Results. With CV0 = 30% and PE/GMR = 0.80-1.25, the composite criterion of BE relied on the confidence limits of SABE. In contrast, with CV0 = 25% and/or PE/GMR = 0.87-1.15, the composite criterion approached almost completely the features of the GMR point estimate, especially at high within-subject variation. The consumer risk was near 5% with CV0 = 30% but much higher when CV0 = 25%. Conclusions. The condition of CVS = CV0 = 30% and PE/GMR = 0.80-1.25 is recommended as a composite regulatory criterion. With alternative settings of the conditions, such as the recommended CV0 = 25% and/or PE/GMR = 0.87-1.15, the composite criterion would reflect almost entirely the GMR point estimate. This would be an undesirable outcome.

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23

Sun, Yu Cheng, Zheng Hong Qian, Ru Bai, Hua Chen Zhu, Jian Ping Li, and Jian Guo Zhu. "Characterization of Integrated GMR Sensor with Angular Variation." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.746.

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In this work, GMR multilayer films are deposited and then processed into GMR sensors. The transfer curves of GMR sensor are acquired by sweeping the signal magnetic field in different directions. In addition, the rotation behavior is measured by rotating a magnitude-fixed field around the sensing axis. The results are analyzed and it’s found that the angular dependence of GMR sensor can be characteristic with cosine function.

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24

Niu, Linghao, David W. Golde, Juan Carlos Vera, and Mark L. Heaney. "Kinetic Resolution of Two Mechanisms for High-Affinity Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Binding to Its Receptor." Blood 94, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 3748–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v94.11.3748.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important hematopoietic cytokine that exerts its effects by interaction with the GM-CSF receptor (GMR) on the surface of responsive cells. The GM-CSF receptor consists of two subunits: GMR, which binds GM-CSF with low affinity, and GMRβ, which lacks intrinsic ligand-binding capability but complexes with GMR to form a high-affinity receptor (GMR/β). We conducted dynamic kinetic analyses of GM-CSF receptors to define the role of GMRβ in the interaction of ligand and receptor. Our data show that GMR/β exhibits a higher kon than GMR, indicating that GMRβ facilitates ligand acquisition to the binding pocket. Heterogeneity with regard to GM-CSF dissociation from GMR/β points to the presence of loose and tight ligand-receptor complexes in high-affinity binding. Although the loose complex has a koff similar to GMR, the lower koffindicates that GMRβ inhibits GM-CSF release from the tight receptor complex. The two rates of ligand dissociation may provide for discrete mechanisms of interaction between GM-CSF and its high-affinity receptor. These results show that the β subunit functions to stabilize ligand binding as well as to facilitate ligand acquisition.

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25

Kulkarni, Prabhanjan D., Hitoshi Iwasaki, and Tomoya Nakatani. "The Effect of Geometrical Overlap between Giant Magnetoresistance Sensor and Magnetic Flux Concentrators: A Novel Comb-Shaped Sensor for Improved Sensitivity." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 9385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239385.

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The combination of magnetoresistive (MR) element and magnetic flux concentrators (MFCs) offers highly sensitive magnetic field sensors. To maximize the effect of MFC, the geometrical design between the MR element and MFCs is critical. In this paper, we present simulation and experimental studies on the effect of the geometrical relationship between current-in-plane giant magnetoresistive (GMR) element and MFCs made of a NiFeCuMo film. Finite element method (FEM) simulations showed that although an overlap between the MFCs and GMR element enhances their magneto-static coupling, it can lead to a loss of magnetoresistance ratio due to a magnetic shielding effect by the MFCs. Therefore, we propose a comb-shaped GMR element with alternate notches and fins. The FEM simulations showed that the fins of the comb-shaped GMR element provide a strong magneto-static coupling with the MFCs, whereas the electric current is confined within the main body of the comb-shaped GMR element, resulting in improved sensitivity. We experimentally demonstrated a higher sensitivity of the comb-shaped GMR sensor (36.5 %/mT) than that of a conventional rectangular GMR sensor (28 %/mT).

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26

Mattelin, Marie-Aline, Jeroen Missinne, Bert De Coensel, and Geert Van Steenberge. "Imprinted Polymer-Based Guided Mode Resonance Grating Strain Sensors." Sensors 20, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113221.

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Optical sensors based on guided mode resonance (GMR) realized in polymers are promising candidates for sensitive and cost effective strain sensors. The benefit of GMR grating sensors is the non-contact, easy optical read-out with large working distance, avoiding costly alignment and packaging procedures. The GMR gratings with resonance around 850–900 nm are fabricated using electron beam lithography and replicated using a soft stamp based imprinting technique on 175 μ m-thick foils to make them suitable for optical strain sensing. For the strain measurements, foils are realized with both GMR gratings and waveguides with Bragg gratings. The latter are used as reference sensors and allow extracting the absolute strain sensitivity of the GMR sensor foils. Following this method, it is shown that GMR gratings have an absolute strain sensitivity of 1.02 ± 0.05 pm / μ ε at 870 nm.

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27

Yang, Y., R. M. White, and M. Asheghi. "Thermal Characterization of Cu∕CoFe Multilayer for Giant Magnetoresistive Head Applications." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 2 (June 21, 2005): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2136916.

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Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) head technology is one of the latest advancements in the hard disk drive (HDD) storage industry. The GMR head multilayer structure consists of alternating layers of extremely thin metallic ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic films. A large decrease in the electrical resistivity from antiparallel to parallel alignment of the film magnetizations is observed, known as the GMR effect. The present work characterizes the in-plane electrical and thermal conductivities of Cu∕CoFe GMR multilayer structures in the temperature range of 50K to 340K using Joule-heating and electrical resistance thermometry on suspended bridges. The thermal conductivity of the GMR layer monotonically increases from 25Wm−1K−1 (at 55K) to nearly 50Wm−1K−1 (at room temperature). We also report a GMR ratio of 17% and a large magnetothermal resistance effect (GMTR) of 25% in the Cu∕CoFe multilayer structure.

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28

Zhou, Yi, Bowen Wang, Zhihe Guo, and Xiang Wu. "Guided Mode Resonance Sensors with Optimized Figure of Merit." Nanomaterials 9, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9060837.

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The guided mode resonance (GMR) effect is widely used in biosensing due to its advantages of narrow linewidth and high efficiency. However, the optimization of a figure of merit (FOM) has not been considered for most GMR sensors. Aimed at obtaining a higher FOM of GMR sensors, we proposed an effective design method for the optimization of FOM. Combining the analytical model and numerical simulations, the FOM of “grating–waveguide” GMR sensors for the wavelength and angular shift detection schemes were investigated systematically. In contrast with previously reported values, higher FOM values were obtained using this method. For the “waveguide–grating” GMR sensors, a linear relationship between the grating period and groove depth was obtained, which leads to excellent FOM values for both the angular and wavelength resonance. Such higher performance GMR sensors will pave the way to lower detection limits in biosensing.

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29

Lei, Lianfa, Zhenhui Wang, Yingying Ma, Jiang Qin, Lei Zhu, Rui Chen, and Jianping Lu. "Observing the Microwave Radiation of the Sun during a Solar Eclipse with a Ground-Based Multichannel Microwave Radiometer." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112665.

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A ground-based multichannel microwave radiometer (GMR) is commonly used to observe the atmospheric radiation brightness temperature (TB) in order to retrieve atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. At present, GMRs are used only in meteorology and climate monitoring. However, theoretical analysis showed that GMRs can be also used to observe the solar radiation. Therefore, we tried to improve the antenna servo control system of a GMR so that it could track and observe the sun, and the results showed that the GMR could respond to the variation of solar radiation. A further question was: can a GMR observe the variation of the sun during a solar eclipse? Fortunately, two solar eclipse events were captured by the GMR on 26 December 2019 and 21 June 2020 in Xi’an, China. We used the upgraded GMR to observe the variation of solar radiation during the two solar eclipses. The observation and analysis results showed that (1) the GMR could accurately track the sun and respond to the variation of solar radiation during the solar eclipse. We analyzed the variation features of the solar radiation by combining the solar phase during the two solar eclipses. (2) We found that the GMR could respond to the variation of the solar radiation arising from the Earth–Sun distance, and we further propose a novel method to measure the eccentricity of earth orbit with the GMR by using the passive solar observation. The results show that the eccentricity measured was 0.0169, which agreed quite well with the value of 0.0167 in the literature. (3) The average variation percentages of both the Earth–Sun distance and the intensity of the incident solar radiation throughout the year were estimated to be 3.44% and 6.6%, respectively. According to these results, the solar observation techniques can broaden the field usage of GMR.

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Tipton, Jimmy L. "CUTICULAR STRUCTURE IN MEXICAN REDBUD." HortScience 28, no. 5 (May 1993): 537d—537. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.537d.

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Mexican redbud (Cercis canadensis var. mexicana) plants exhibit leaf phenotypes with either a thin, dull cuticle or a thick, glossy cuticle. We compared leaf and cuticular structure of greenhouse-grown Eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis) (ER), Dull Mexican redbud (DMR), and Glossy Mexican redbud (GMR) seedlings via scanning electron microscopy. Mexican redbud leaves were almost twice as thick as ER and had a multilayered palisade parenchyma common among arid land plants. Both the lower (adaxial) and upper (abaxial) cuticles of MR were significantly thicker than those of ER. The surface of the upper cuticle in ER and DMR was covered with blocky crystalline structures. The surface of the upper cuticle in GMR was smooth. There was no difference in lower cuticle thickness or leaf thickness between DMR and GMR. The upper cuticle of GMR was significantly thicker than that of DMR. Mature DMR and GMR growing in a landscape in El Paso, Texas, had similar characteristics. Detached leaves of ER lost water at a significantly greater rate than did either DMR or GMR. There was no significant difference in water loss rates by detached leaves of DMR and GMR.

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Kok, K. Y., and I. K. Ng. "GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE (GMR): SPINNING FROM RESEARCH TO ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY." ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 19, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.336.

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In this paper, we aim to examine the research and development of materials demonstrating the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) property, a novel material property that has revolutionalised the advances of magnetic sensor and mass-memory technology today. A comprehensive outline for the fundamental materials aspects as well as the physics of the underlying mechanisms behind the GMR property is given. Recent development of GMR materials in data storage industry and other potential technological applications exploiting the GMR property are also discussed.

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Hütten, Andreas, and Gareth Thomas. "Materials science aspects in designing giant magnetoresistance in heterogeneous Cu1-xCox thin films." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 1018–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150927.

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The recent discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in heterogeneous Cu1-xCox thin films has brought new insights in the phenomenon of GMR, which was previously believed to be restricted to multilayered structures only. Subsequent theoretical analyses of GMR in this new materials class have shown that GMR is mainly controlled by the mean radius and the volume fraction of single domain ferromagnetic particles. In addition to these parameters, the mean free path for electron in the non-magnetic matrix as well as coherency between particles and matrix are influencing the amplitude of GMR. Clearly, the key to increase the amplitude of GMR is to determine the decomposition kinetics and from which to optimize the single domain ferromagnetic Co particle size distribution in heterogeneous Cu1-xCox thin films.Cu81Col9 films, 50 nm in thickness, have been deposited by dc magnetron sputtering from separate Cu and Co targets onto 30 nm thick silicon nitride electron transparent grids.

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Singh, Harvinder, Rashmi Kumar Aggarwal, and Aakriti Bansal. "GMR: grounded at the Maldives international airport." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 12, no. 1 (February 2, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-07-2021-0226.

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Learning outcomes The learning outcome of this paper is to understand the geopolitical aspects of international business. Assessing the political risk inherent in international investment projects. Maintaining a favorable corporate image in the host country despite apparent hostilities. Analyzing the risks associated with doing business in an emerging market. Case overview/synopsis In February 2019, local newspapers in the Maldives published unconfirmed reports that the Indian company GMR was reinvesting in the Maldives. GMR had secured a contract in 2010 for renovation/expansion of The Maldives International Airport. However, the contract created political turmoil, with opposition parties objecting to some clauses. People considered GMR closer to the incumbent President, Mohammed Nasheed. The unstable political scenario forced President Nasheed to resign amidst allegations of corruption. The new President showed hostility toward India and GMR while making overtures to China. He canceled the airport contract and awarded it to a Chinese company. GMR went to the international Tribunal in Singapore. The tribunal upheld the Maldivian government’s right to terminate the agreement but awarded GMR a compensation of US$270m. In 2019, a new government came to power in the Maldives, with Mohammed Nasheed enjoying a commanding position. The government pledged to accept the judgment of the Singapore International Tribunal. The local media discussed the possibility of the return of GMR to the Maldives after seeing some senior GMR officials in the Maldives. However, it was not clear whether it would be a good idea for GMR. Complexity academic level Master's level program. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CCS 11: Strategy.

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Yin, Cong, Dan Xie, Jian-Long Xu, and Tian-Ling Ren. "Two-step thinning fabrication of giant magnetoresistance sensors for flexible applications." Modern Physics Letters B 28, no. 10 (April 20, 2014): 1450081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798491450081x.

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Spin valve giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors were prepared by a two-step thinning method combining grind thinning and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching together. The fabrication processes of front GMR sensors and backside ICP etching were described in detail. Magnetoresistance ratio of about 4.24% and coercive field of approximately 11 Oe were obtained in a tested bendable GMR sensor. The variations of the magnetic property in GMR sensors were explained mainly from the temperature, ion beam damage and mechanical damage generated by the fabrication process.

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Ye, Rongli, Tian Gao, Haoyu Li, Xiao Liang, and Guixin Cao. "Anisotropic giant magnetoresistanceand de Hass–van Alphen oscillations in layered topological semimetal crystals." AIP Advances 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 045104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086414.

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Here, we report an anisotropic giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect and de Hass–van Alphen (dHvA) oscillation phenomena in nominal TaNiTe5 single crystals. TaNiTe5 exhibits the GMR effect with the maximum value of ∼3 × 103% at T = 1.7 K and B = 31 T, with no sign of saturation. The two-band model fitting of Hall resistivity indicates that the anomalous GMR effect was derived from the coexistence of electron and hole carriers. When the external magnetic field is applied to the electron–hole resonance, the GMR effect is enhanced. The dHvA oscillation data at multiple frequencies reveal the topological characteristics of high carrier mobility, low carrier effective mass, and a small Fermi surface pocket with a nontrivial Berry phase. Our work provides a new platform for the study of topological semimetals with significant anisotropic GMR effect.

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Romero-Arismendi, Nestor, Pedro Martínez-Ortiz, José H. Espina-Hernández, and José Pérez-Benítez. "Análisis de la sensibilidad, respuesta de pequeña señal y respuesta dinámica de un sensor GMR." Científica 25, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46842/ipn.cien.v25n2a01.

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En este trabajo se lleva a cabo el análisis de la sensibilidad de un sensor magnético, basado en el fenómeno de magnetorresistencia gigante (GMR), cuando se utiliza en la medición de campos magnéticos variantes en el tiempo en superposición con componentes estáticas. La característica de transferencia del sensor GMR se obtuvo experimentalmente midiendo el campo magnético generado por una bobina de Helmholtz. A partir de la característica de transferencia experimental se obtuvo computacionalmente la respuesta de sensibilidad del sensor GMR y posteriormente se validó experimentalmente. Se determinó una nueva región de operación del sensor GMR en la respuesta de sensibilidad del sensor GMR, la cual tiene un comportamiento lineal. Los resultados demuestran que, es indispensable utilizar un campo de polarización para garantizar un mejor desempeño del sensor GMR en las mediciones de campos magnéticos pequeños. El valor del campo de polarización utilizado depende del tipo de campo magnético en función del tiempo que se vaya a medir (AC o DC). Finalmente, en este artículo se presentan y proponen los correspondientes rangos de valores de los campos magnéticos de polarización.

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Rodrigues, Alessandra E., Marcio C. Mancini, Lorença Dalcanale, Maria Edna de Melo, Cíntia Cercato, and Alfredo Halpern. "Padronização do gasto metabólico de repouso e proposta de nova equação para uma população feminina brasileira." Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 54, no. 5 (2010): 470–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302010000500007.

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OBJETIVOS: Os objetivos do estudo foram normatizar o gasto metabólico de repouso (GMR) de mulheres brasileiras, avaliar a adequação da fórmula de Harris Benedict (HB), a relação entre suas variáveis e propor novas equações para estimativa do GMR. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Para tanto, foram utilizados 760 exames de calorimetria indireta (CI) de mulheres com idade entre 18 e 65 anos. Os resultados foram tabulados, a população foi dividida de acordo com quintis de peso e, então, realizaram-se as análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: A média de GMR variou entre 1.226 calorias/dia a 1.775 calorias/dia. A fórmula de HB superestimou o GMR em torno de 7%.Concluímos, a partir da correlação entre as variáveis, que o peso possui correlação positiva com o GMR, e a idade, uma correlação negativa. CONCLUSÃO: GMR assim como coeficiente respiratório (QR) podem ser utilizados como preditores de obesidade. Nosso estudo trouxe duas novas propostas de equações, uma para a população com índice de massa corpórea (IMC) > 35 kg/m² e outra para a população com IMC < 35 kg/m².

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Cu, Duy Thanh, Hong-Wei Wu, Hung-Pin Chen, Li-Chen Su, and Chien-Cheng Kuo. "Exploiting Thin-Film Properties and Guided-Mode Resonance for Designing Ultrahigh-Figure-of-Merit Refractive Index Sensors." Sensors 24, no. 3 (February 1, 2024): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24030960.

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Guided-mode resonance (GMR) gratings have emerged as a promising sensing technology, with a growing number of applications in diverse fields. This study aimed to identify the optimal design parameters of a simple-to-fabricate and high-performance one-dimensional GMR grating. The structural parameters of the GMR grating were optimized, and a high-refractive-index thin film was simulated on the grating surface, resulting in efficient confinement of the electric field energy within the waveguide. Numerical simulations demonstrated that the optimized GMR grating exhibited remarkable sensitivity (252 nm/RIU) and an extremely narrow full width at half maximum (2 × 10−4 nm), resulting in an ultra-high figure of merit (839,666) at an incident angle of 50°. This performance is several orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional GMR sensors. To broaden the scope of the study and to make it more relevant to practical applications, simulations were also conducted at incident angles of 60° and 70°. This holistic approach sought to develop a comprehensive understanding of the performance of the GMR-based sensor under diverse operational conditions.

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Saito, Shoji, Aiko Hasegawa, Mika Nagai, Yoichi Inada, Hirokazu Morokawa, Ikumi Nakashima, Daisuke Morita, et al. "Mutated GM-CSF-Based CAR T-Cells Targeting CD116/CD131 Complexes Exhibit Enhanced Anti-Tumor Effects Against Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-134395.

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Background: The prognosis of relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains poor; therefore, novel treatment strategies are required urgently. Meanwhile, recent clinical trials have demonstrated that CAR-T cells for AML have been less successful than those targeting CD19 for B cell malignancies. Recently, we developed piggyBac-modified ligand-based CAR-T cells that target CD116, also called granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor (GMR) α chain, for treating juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (Nakazawa, et al. J Hematol Oncol. 2016). Since CD116 is overexpressed in 60%-80% of AML cases, the present study aimed to develop a novel therapeutic method for R/R AML using GMR CAR-T cells. Methods: CD116 expression in AML cell lines or primary leukemia cells were examined using flow cytometry. The original piggyBac transposon plasmid for GMR CAR comprises GM-CSF as an antigen recognition site, IgG1 CH2CH3 hinge region, CD28 costimulatory domain, and CD3ζ chain. To improve the in vivo persistency and anti-tumor effects, two types of spacer (∆CH2H3 and G4S) that lack CH2CH3 lesion were newly constructed. In order to modulate the antigen recognition ability, mutated ligand-based GMR CAR vectors were constructed with a mutation at residue 21 of GM-CSF that is reported to play a critical role in its biological activity (Lopez, et al. Embo j. 1992). All the GMR CAR-T cells were generated with piggyBac gene modification. To investigate the in vitro anti-tumor activity, GMR CAR-T cells were co-cultured with AML cell lines. In order to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor effects, NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice were intravenously injected with THP-1, THP1-ffLuc, or MV4-11 and then treated with GMR CAR-T cells. To characterize the safety profile of GMR CAR-T cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells or polymorphonuclear cells were co-cultured with GMR CAR-T cells at an effector:target ratio of 1:1 for 3 days. Thereafter, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, and monocytes were quantified using flow cytometry using counting beads. Results: Approximately 80% of the AML cells predominant in myelomonocytic leukemia expressed CD116. PiggyBac-modified GMR CAR-T cells displayed a favorable CD45RA+CCR7+-dominant phenotype, consistent with our previous findings. GMR CAR-T cells exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against CD116+ AML cells in vitro. GMR CAR-T cells incorporating a G4S spacer significantly improved the long-term in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effects as compared to those incorporating a ∆CH2CH3 spacer. Furthermore, by employing a mutated GM-CSF at residue 21 (E21K and E21R) as an antigen recognition site, the in vivo anti-tumor effects were also substantially improved along with prolonged survival (Figure 1) over controls (PBS or CD19.CAR-T cells) (all, p < 0.01) as well as over GMR CAR-T cells with a wild-type GM-CSF ligand (E21R: p < 0.01; E21K: p = 0.02), with 4 out of 5 mice surviving for > 150 days. Safety tests revealed that the toxicity of GMR CAR-T cells was restricted to normal monocytes. It is noteworthy that the cytotoxic effects of GMR CAR-T cells on normal neutrophils, T cells, B cells, and NK cells were minimal. Conclusions: GMR CAR-T cell therapy appears to be a potentially useful strategy for CD116+ R/R AML. Based on the promising results, we plan to perform the first-in-human clinical trial of GMR CAR-T cells. Disclosures Saito: Toshiba Corporation: Research Funding. Hasegawa:Toshiba Corporation: Research Funding. Inada:Kissei Pharmaceuticals: Ended employment in the past 24 months. Nakashima:Toshiba Corporation: Research Funding. Yagyu:Toshiba Corporation: Research Funding. Nakazawa:Toshiba Corporation: Research Funding.

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Lam, Kin, May Chun Mei Wong, and Wing-Keung Wong. "New variance ratio tests to identify random walk from the general mean reversion model." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences 2006 (June 8, 2006): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jamds/2006/12314.

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We develop some properties on the autocorrelation of the k-period returns for the general mean reversion (GMR) process in which the stationary component is not restricted to the AR(1) process but takes the form of a general ARMA process. We then derive some properties of the GMR process and three new nonparametric tests comparing the relative variability of returns over different horizons to validate the GMR process as an alternative to random walk. We further examine the asymptotic properties of these tests which can then be applied to identify random walk models from the GMR processes.

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YAMAKAWA, Kiyoshi, Kazuhiko SHINTAKU, Naoki HONDA, and Kazuhiro OUCHI. "Yoke-type Vertical GMR Head." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 21, S_2_PMRC_97_2 (1997): S2_391–394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.21.s2_391.

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42

Pannetier-Lecoeur, M., H. Polovy, N. Sergeeva-Chollet, G. Cannies, C. Fermon, and L. Parkkonen. "Magnetocardiography with GMR-based sensors." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 303 (July 6, 2011): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/303/1/012054.

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43

Vopálenský, Michal, Pavel Ripka, Jan Kubı́k, and Mark Tondra. "Improved GMR sensor biasing design." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 110, no. 1-3 (February 2004): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2003.09.036.

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Sechovský, V., L. Havela, H. Nakotte, K. Prokeš, E. Brück, and F. R. de Boer. "GMR effects in actinide intermetallics." Physica B: Condensed Matter 206-207 (February 1995): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(94)00503-n.

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Chengtao Yu, Shuxiang Li, Minglang Yan, Wuyan Lai, and Zhenxi Wang. "Oscillatory GMR in sputtered multilayers." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 140-144 (February 1995): 561–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(94)00554-0.

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46

Daughton, J. M. "GMR and SDT sensor applications." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 5 (2000): 2773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.908586.

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Fukami, Tatsuya, Izuru Shinjo, Masahiro Yokotani, and Kazuhiko Tsutsumi. "GMR Revolution Sensors for Automobiles." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 120, no. 5 (2000): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.120.219.

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Bernieri, Andrea, Giovanni Betta, Luigi Ferrigno, and Marco Laracca. "Improving Performance of GMR Sensors." IEEE Sensors Journal 13, no. 11 (November 2013): 4513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2013.2271275.

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Bergenti, I., A. Deriu, L. Savini, E. Bonetti, E. Bosco, and M. Baricco. "Nanostructured systems with GMR behaviour." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 74 (December 1, 2002): s886—s888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390201637.

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50

Mattheis, R., W. Andrä, and D. V. Berkov. "Linear defects in GMR multilayers." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 154, no. 1 (March 1996): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(95)00570-6.

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