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Таран, О. І., and Олена Михайлівна Проскурня. "Реалізація нових вимог GMP на прикладі процесу "підготовка та отримання чистих середовищ" на фармацевтичному підприємстві"." Thesis, Національний фармацевтичний університет, 2015. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25029.
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Vyletová, Veronika. "Pravomoc Evropské unie regulovat GMO." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-204069.
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The thesis is devoted to legal regulation of genetically modified food and feed in the European Union. It tries to answer the question: whether and how to regulate use of GMO and the future of the regulation. Considerations are supplemented by European jurisprudence. The work also provides dispute between the European Union and the World Trade Organization concerning the adjustment of the use of genetically modified organisms. Based on available information, thesis leads to inviolable of the protection of the European consumers after the effectiveness of the Transatlantic trade and investment partnership between the European Union and the United States.
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Krug, Simone. "Die Finanzierung der GAP im Kontext des Finanzverfassungssystems der EU /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2008. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015607340&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Krug, Simone. "Die Finanzierung der GAP im Kontext des Finanzverfassungssystems der EU." Baden-Baden Nomos, 2005. http://d-nb.info/989829707/04.
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Slotwinska, Paulina. "Genmodifierade grödor och dess konsekvenser : För människa och miljö i Sydamerika, USA och EU." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1108.
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Uppsatsen behandlar GMO (genmodifierade grödor) och hur de påverkar människa och miljö i USA, Sydamerika (Argentina och Brasilien) och Europa. De geografiska områdena har valts då arealen över GMO-odlingar är störst i USA och Sydamerika samt för att mestadels av GMO exporteras till Europa. GMO-frågan har varit väldigt omdebatterad i Europa och andra delar av världen de senaste åren av miljöorganisationer, forskare och genteknikföretag. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka för- och nackdelarna med genmodifierade grödor.
Uppsatsens undersökning utgörs av två intervjuer med sakkunniga personer med skilda uppfattningar om genmodifierade grödor. I denna del behandlas även information från olika organisationer som t.ex. SNF (Svenska naturskyddsföreningen) och gmofri.se. Undersökningen genomfördes i syfte att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar. Hur påverkas människor och miljö av genmodifierade grödor i USA, Sydamerika och Europa? Kan genmodifierade grödor lösa problemet med världssvälten? Hur förhåller man sig till GMO i olika geografiska delar av världen och varför?
Uppsatsens resultat visar att miljöpåverkan är stor eftersom genmodifierade grödor är oförutsägbara och kan ge oväntade egenskaper. Det största miljöproblemet med GMO är påverkan av den biologiska mångfalden som sker p.g.a. spridning till naturliga växter. Människans påverkas då GMO kan bidra till allergiframkallning och även att människan kan få det svårare att bekämpa sjukdomar med hjälp av antibiotika. Människan påverkas även på andra områden än hälsan, exempelvis genom att människan förlorar kontroll över livsmedelsproduktionen då multinationella gentekniksföretag äger patent på 90 procent av all GMO. GMO är inte heller en lösning på svälten, man bör lösa svältens orsaker i första hand som bland annat krig. GMO som lösning på svält används som marknadsföring av genteknikföretag då det är ett faktum att det endast är dessa företag som tjänat på GMO hittills och majoriteten av GMO som odlas i perifera länder exporteras som foder till kärnländernas slaktdjur och för användning som biobränsle. Resultatet visar även att man vet för lite om genmodifierade grödors påverkan på miljö och framför allt på människan för att kommersialiseras.
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Lacková, Lucie. "Hodnocení výkonnosti systému DPH v zemích EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201563.
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The thesis assesses measurements of the VAT efficiency. It compares the tax quota, implicit tax rate and VAT revenue ratio. The first chapter deals with theoretical foundations for a flat rate consumption tax. Following chapters discuss the perquisites for VAT efficiency calculations (comparing actual VAT revenue and theoretical amount of tax base). Following chapters assess the above mentioned calculations, with special respect to VAT Revenue Ratio, which is analyzed in detail and to which is presented a comparison across the EU countries. The thesis further analyses Policy Efficiency Ratio (policy gap) and Compliance Efficiency Ratio (compliance gap). In its conclusion it summarizes the information gathered and presents a number of possible improvements.
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Jönsson, Johanna. "GMO-lagstiftningen i Sverige och EU : Frihandelns regler vs. miljö- och hälsoskydd." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61800.
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Syftet med denna rapport har varit att beskriva och undersöka GMO-lagstiftningen i EU och Sverige och hur denna påverkas av gällande frihandelsavtal samt kan komma att påverkas av frihandelsavtalet TTIP, mellan EU och USA. Frågan är huruvida det föreligger en risk att TTIP-avtalet, om det träder i kraft, kan leda till att mer GMO-produkter hamnar på EU:s marknad samt att den strikta lagstiftning som råder påverkas. Den rättsdogmatiska metoden har använts och material har därmed införskaffats från källor såsom doktrin, förarbeten och lagtexter. I de fall där dessa källor inte räckt till, har information hämtats från relevanta myndigheters hemsidor och nyhetsuppdateringar. Trots att EU framhållit att avtalet inte kommer att påverka EU:s syn på hälso- och miljöskyddsfrågor så råder ännu en skepticism bland konsumenter, jordbrukare och miljöorganisationer. Dessa pekar på att det ännu råder stora oklarheter kring avtalets utformning och att det kan finnas en dold agenda. Den nya politiska uppkomna situationen, med Donald Trump som USA:s nye president kan även komma att påverka utgången av TTIP. Kanske blir det inte något avtal alls alternativt att avtalet kommer modifieras om ordentligt.
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Zelenková, Jana. "Přístupy k měření chudoby se zaměřením na členské státy EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201951.
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This thesis focuses on current approaches to the measurement of poverty. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate if measuring poverty indicators and quality of life indicators used by United Nations Development Programme and Eurostat are meaningful enough. The theoretical part is an analysis of chosen indicators. The theoretical knowledge is followed by practical part, comparing poverty levels in member states of the European Union, and giving deeper insight into the analysis of sub-indicators. Furthermore, the thesis looks at informative value connected to mutual relations among the indicators. The comparison reveals that the level of human development is negatively related to aspects such as insufficient economic growth, inequality and low level of wealth redistribution. From an analytical point of view, new multi-criteria indicators are useful enough for the purpose of research on this topic, in spite of certain imperfections.
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Valová, Markéta. "Rakousko: ekonomický vývoj a integrace v rámci EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11831.
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This thesis characterizes the basic macroeconomic indicators of the economy of Austria and its economic development. Generaly I outlined the strengths of the Austrian economy, including the consequences of massive financial crisis. In the introduction I described the general characteristic and economy of Austria and all nine Federal Republics. I defined time periods the economy of Austria, which I generally characterized, with emphasis on the forecast of economic development in 2009 and 2010. The thesis also describes the preparation of Austria to join the European Union with a focus on economic co-operation of Austria and the European Community before its entry into the EU. Also, I attend to the economic development of Austria joining the EU. I deal with foreign trade of Austria with an emphasis on the commodity and territorial structure of exports and imports and the financial sector. The thesis also solves the questions of mutual cooperation of Austria and the Czech Republic.
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Marin, Joseph. "Determining Impacts of Partnership and the Euro within the European Union:: With a Focus on Accession Countries." Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104212.
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Thesis advisor: Robert MurphyThe primary goal of the European Union is to promote a high degree of competition between regions in an effort to allow for the creation of the single market. In the year 2004, the EU had allowed ten new member states to enter into the European Union. This paper looks at the potential positive or negative impact from entering into partnership with the EU. It looks at convergence between EU member states and a potential treatment effect in order to determine that this is indeed a localized phenomenon in the EU or is there a general convergence between all countries. The paper uses a fixed effects approach in order to determine the impact of partnership and use of the Euro within the EU. I find evidence of convergence and a positive benefit from partnership; however, using the Euro appears to have a negative impact on countries
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Departmental Honors
Discipline: Economics
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Perez, Francisco Seoane. "A communications gap? : a comparative study of regional engagement with EU politics in Yorkshire and Galicia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.550882.
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On the wake of the failed referenda of the European Union Constitution in France and the Netherlands in 2005, EU and European national leaders proclaimed the existence of a 'communications gap', by which the incomplete and scarce coverage of EU issues by the news media, along with the denial of national leaders to acknowledge the European dimension of political life, were behind Europeans' seeming rejection of further European integration and the lower participation levels in European Parliament elections. This thesis challenges this mediation theory to explain the lack of popular political engagement with European politics and suggests instead a cultural and structural explanation that would account for the distant and apolitical nature of EU affairs. Using in-depth interviews with a hundred EU political actors from two European regions in which the popular support for the EU is clearly divergent (Yorkshire in the UK, Eurosceptic, and Galicia in Spain, pro- EU), and drawing from evidence of a comparative content analysis of EU news in those regions' benchmark newspapers, I· argue the 'domesticisation' and 'politicisation' deficits of the EU are better explained by the elitist and anti-popular pattern of European integration, the neo-corporatist and diplomatic way of governing the EU, and the inexistence or incompleteness of a European political people (a demos). The EU political regime is found to be close to the 'managerial state' that Jurgen Habermas saw in post-World War II Germany. Even in those regions like Galicia where the EU is positively regarded, European affairs are an administrative (non political) matter, making the EU the sort of technocratic government that Carl Schmitt feared liberalism would lead to. The reasons why the EU is remote and difficult to politicise on a left versus right axis are, therefore, structural and cultural rather than communicational.
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Tobiczyk, Martin. "Vybrané problémy nominální a reálné konvergence ČR k EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75309.
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The aim of the submitted thesis "Nominal and Real Convergence of the Czech Republic to EU (selected issues)" is to analyze nominal and real convergence of the Czech Republic to EU member countries from macroeconomic point of view, by using comparison with other transition economies. It presents and discusses theoretical issues relating to convergent process. The thesis deals with analysis of convergence using these indicators: GDP per capita in purchasing power parities, comparative price level, Maastricht criteria and some other indicators.
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Johansson, Anders. "Biopolitics and Reflexivity : A Study of GMO Policymaking in the European Union." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema teknik och social förändring, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17478.
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The political discourse that has emerged as a consequence of establishing a European regulatory framework for GMOs has not been without problems. This dissertation addresses the political and regulatory challenges created by the development and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the EU. The underlying hypothesis in the dissertation is that the emergence of a European policy in the field of GMOs has appeared through new reflexive forms of governance. The aim of this research is to understand how these reflexive forms of regulation have emerged and operate within the EU, with a particular focus on the two GMO directives 90/220/EEC and 2001/18/EC. However, the study scrutinises the regulatory regimes from the 1970s onwards by investigating how the regulatory framework regarding GMOs has been developed and implemented in the EU. This is done through an analysis of the notion of ‘risk’ and the ‘precautionary principle’ since these concepts have been at the forefront of the GMO regulation debate. The empirical approach focuses on how the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Council as well as other actors and institutions articulate ambivalence, interpretations and uncertainties in the decision-making processes regarding regulative measures for GMOs, with an accent on risk and the precautionary principle. The main empirical material has been documents concerning the inter-institutional process involved in the regulatory process of making the two directives. The analysis indicates that during the process of implementing GMO regulations, new steering strategies have appeared within the EU’s decision-making institutions when the objective of the regulation has taken centre stage in political and scientific controversies.Den politiska diskursen som har uppstått som en följd av upprättandet av ett europeiskt regelverk för GMO har inte varit utan problem. Denna avhandling behandlar de politiska utmaningar som alstrats av skapandet och tillämpningen av genetiskt modifierade organismer (GMO) inom EU. Den underliggande hypotesen i avhandlingen är att framväxten av en europeisk politik på området för GMO har uppstått genom nya reflexiva regleringsformer. Syftet med denna forskning är att förstå hur reflexiva regleringsformer har uppkommit och opererar inom EU, med särskilt fokus på de två GMO direktiven 90/220/EEG och 2001/18/EG. Studien analyserar lagstiftning från 1970-talet och framåt genom att undersöka hur lagstiftningen om genetiskt modifierade organismer har utvecklats och implementerats i EU. Detta görs genom en analys av begreppen ‘risk’ och ‘försiktighetsprincipen’ eftersom dessa begrepp har varit centrala för debatten om GMO lagstiftningen. Den empiriska metoden fokuserar på hur Europeiska kommissionen, Europaparlamentet och Europeiska rådet samt andra aktörer och institutioner har uttryckt ambivalens, tolkningar och osäkerhet i beslutsfattandet gällande reglerings åtgärder för genetiskt modifierade organismer, med tonvikt på risk och försiktighetsprincipen. Det huvudsakliga empiriska materialet är dokument gällande den interinstitutionella processen som ägde rum när de två direktiven skapades. Analysen visar att implementeringen av GMO lagstiftningen har skapat nya styrningsstrategier i synnerhet i de fall där ändamålet med lagstiftningen har varit föremål för politiska och vetenskapliga kontroverser.
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Moncada, Paternò Castello Pietro. "Evolution of EU corporate R&D in the global economy: intensity gap, sectors' dynamics, specialisation and growth." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/258776.
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The Thesis is composed by three complementary research investigations on the economic and policy aspects of EU corporate R&D.Collectively, the work first reviews the theoretical and empirical literature of corporate R&D intensity decomposition; it then investigates the EU R&D intensity and its decomposition elements comparatively with most closed competitors and with emerging economies over the period 2005-2013. Finally, it inspects further some key aspects that can be associated to the EU R&D intensity gap: sectoral dynamics and the resulting sectoral and technological specialisations as well as the drivers for R&D investment growth across sectors and firms' age groups of top R&D investing firms over time. These studies also address the possible policy implications that derive from their outcomes.The investigations rely on literature as well as on company data, mainly from nine editions (2006-2014) of the EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. For analytical purposes they use literature review, meta-analysis, descriptive statistics, R&D intensity decomposition computational approach, Manhattan distance and Technological Revealed Comparative Advantage metrics, and a multinominal logit regression model. The results of these three research works are novel in several aspects. It indicates that literature results on R&D intensity decomposition differ because of data and methodological heterogeneities, and that the structural cause is the main determinant of EU R&D intensity gap if sector compositions of the countries are considered. It inspects how the use of different data sources and analytical methods impact differently on R&D intensity decomposition results, and what the analytical and policy implications are.The empirical research results of this Thesis confirm the structural nature of the EU R&D intensity gap. In the last decade the gap between the EU and the USA has widened, whereas the EU gap with Japan has remained relatively stable. In contrast, the emerging countries' R&D intensity gap compared to the EU has remained relatively stable, while companies from emerging economies are considerably reducing such gap. Besides, as novel contribution to the state of the art of the literature, this Thesis uncovers the differences between EU and US by inspecting which sectors, countries and firms are more accountable for the aggregate R&D intensity performance of these two economies, and it finds a high heterogeneity of firms' R&D intensity within sectors. Furthermore, it shows that there is a bigger population of both larger and smaller US top R&D firms which invest more strongly in R&D than competitors, and that the global R&D investment is concentrated in a few firms, countries and industries. Finally, the research founds a slightly higher EU R&D shift over sectors compared to the US, but not strongly enough towards high-tech sectors. Also, the EU has an even broader technological specialisation than its already broad industrial R&D sector specialisation, while the USA leads by number of technological fields belonging mostly to the industrial R&D sectors of its specialisation. Furthermore, the EU has been better able than the USA and Japan to maintain its world share of R&D investment even during the years of economic and financial crisis. Lastly, the study also indicates that firms make a complementary use of capital expenditures and R&D intensity for their R&D investment growth strategies and it reveals that there are differences in their use between firms' age classes across sectors. Overall, the main results of the Thesis suggest that to reach a more positive R&D dynamics and boost its competitiveness, the EU should adapt its industrial structure and increase the weight of high R&D intensive sectors. A focus on creating the conditions for firm creation and growth in new-emerging innovative sectors is advised together with favouring the exploitation of the full capacity of EU leading - but mature - sectors to also absorb high-technology from other sectors.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Dubinová, Petra. "Komparace daňových reforem během finanční a ekonomické krize v starých a nových zemích EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192601.
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This thesis deals with the comparison of tax reforms during the financial and economic crisis in the old and new EU countries. My main objective is to compare the reforms implemented in individual states during the financial and economic crisis and its impact on the tax quota and tax mix. The first part deals with the causes and development of the financial and economic crisis. In the second chapter is a description of the optimal tax system and history of the tax reforms. The final chapter describes the various changes and reforms in EU countries, the development of their tax quota, tax mix, the government expenditure to GDP ratio, the government debt to GDP ratio and the impact of certain changes to the amount of taxation on labor.
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Varsamidis, Aristotelis. "An assessment of the water development project (GAP) of Turkey meeting its objectives and eu criteria for Turkey's accession." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4968.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe World Commission on Dams (WCD) reports that most of large-scale water development projects around the world fail to achieve their objectives for sustainable human development. Moreover, the EU has set as primary requirements for those states' candidates for full membership, regional stability and respect of human rights in their domestic policies. In 1989, Turkey implemented a multisectoral Water Development Project (GAP) to bring socio-economic development in its undeveloped Southeastern Anatolia region by exploiting the Euphrates and Tigris water. However, the GAP project not only has failed in meeting its objectives, but also has raised more obstacles for Turkey's full membership to the EU. The thesis assesses the GAP project in terms of progress of its objectives by scrutinizing the agriculturalenergy sector and the socio-economic status of the Southeastern Anatolia region. Additionally, this thesis proceeds to conclude the assessment by focusing on the role of the project in the stability of the region made-up by Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, as well as the status of the internally displaced people as a result of the GAP project, within the context of human rights.
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Älgenäs, Clas. "Medborgarnas Förtroende för EU : En fråga om gemensam europeisk identitet?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-98999.
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Den Europeiska Unionen är en mångfacetterad samling länder med ett brett spektra av historisk bakgrund, geografisk placering och ekonomiska förhållanden. I denna uppsats undersöks huruvida en gemensam europeisk identitet kan bidra till en ökad tillit från medborgarna i unionen till EU som institution. Uppsatsens teoretiska underlag består av tidigare forskning. Denna forskning skapar ett fundament för den statistiska modell som används för att besvara frågeställningen. Med hjälp av data samlad ur bland annat Eurobarometerrapporter tar uppsatsen, via multipel linjär regression, fram en modell som förklarar förhållandet mellan den beroende variabeln ”förtroende för EU” och de oberoende variablerna ”uppfattning av gemensam europeisk identitet”, ”avstånd till Bryssel”, ”BNP per capita” och ”antal år som medlem i EU”. Resultatet visar en koppling mellan en högre grad av upplevd gemensam identitet hos medborgarna i ett land och ett ökat förtroende för EU. Vidare visar modellen ett negativt samband mellan förtroendet för EU och ett stigande värde på var och en av de övriga förklaringsvariablerna. Med andra ord: ju längre avstånd till Bryssel, ju högre BNP per capita och ju längre medlemskap i unionen desto lägre förtroende känner den genomsnittlige medborgaren för EU.The European Union is a diverse group of countries characterized by a wide spectra of historical background, geographical location and economic situation. The topic of this essay is whether a common European identity can contribute to an increased level of trust from the citizens towards the EU as an institution. Previous research constitute the theoretical basis of the essay. Using this research, I create the foundation for the statistical model used to answer the question at issue. Using multiple linear regression on data gathered from Eurobarometer reports and other sources, I create a statistical model that explains the relationship between the dependent variable “trust in EU” and the independent variables “feeling of being an EU-citizen”, “distance to Brussels”, “BNP per capita” and “number of years as member of EU”. The results shows a connection between a higher level of feeling of being an EU-citizen and a higher level of trust in EU. Moreover, the model shows a negative connection between trust in EU and an increasing value on each of the other independent variables. In other words: the further away the average citizen is from Brussels, the higher level of BNP per capita her country has and the longer her country has been a member of the EU, the lower trust she has in the EU.
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Efraimsson, Sanna. "Environmental Policies and the EKC : To what extent can national environmental policies contribute to the EKC theory? Sweden and EU." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-19142.
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The purpose of this thesis is see if national policies regarding aimed at combating climate change could work even if international ones, such as the Kyoto Protocol, are considered to fail. The question was if environmental policies could be included as an explanatory variable for the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The environmental polices of interest were the market-based instrument, environmental taxes. First, the hypothesis whether or not Sweden fit the EKC theory is tested, and this proves to be the case when looking at the years 1800-1996. Second, a hypothesis was tested to see if environmental taxes can help decreasing carbon emission intensity further once a country has reached its turning point. Comparing Sweden to six other countries from the European Union show that this is the case, although environmental taxes must be one of many tools and cannot work alone. The study shows that the role of taxes were significant, thus showing their importance for the work on climate change. It is also observed that national policies do work, while regional, or international, ones are harder to conduct. The importance of national policies is enhanced since they will be guiding countries when deciding whether or not to commit to international policies.
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Chytka, Miroslav. "Regionální a strukturální politika EU - ekonomické a právní aspekty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225439.
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The aim of my thesis on the topic „Regional and structural EU policy – economic and legislative aspect“ is a description of all important aspects of Regional policy EU and the performance of regional policy in the context of a specific project.
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Záveský, Martin. "Analýza vztahu výše daňové zátěže a průběhu hospodářského cyklu s přihlédnutím na koncepty daňové konkurence a harmonizace ve vybraných zemích EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191776.
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The field of taxation and its influence on economy has been a very actual topic in economic and political discussions recently. It is also a topic very controversial with two fierce groups of opponents standing against each other. Primary goal of this thesis is to analyze an influence of taxation on economy and find enough evidence to be able to say whether tax competition is beneficial or not. The paper is divided into theoretical part focusing on theories of taxation and concepts of international tax competition and practical part which analyses effects of taxation on GDP growth and other macroeconomic variables such as labor markets and international investment.
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Iosi, Alessandra. "GMO Food Safety and Regulations in the EU and the US: Analysis of the legal and scientific factors and their impact on releases." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15834/.
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Gli alimenti provenienti da Organismi Geneticamente modificati prodotti e consumati da diverse decadi negli Stati Uniti che detengono il primato per la produzione di tali beni. La tendenza statunitense si è poi propagata in altre nazioni dove produzione e consumo di OGM sono aumentati, tuttavia, l’Unione Europea che all’epoca della ricerca e dello sviluppo delle piante provenienti da tecnologie DNA-ricombinanti è stata una forte sostenitrice di questa tecnica, adesso è l’area geografica che impone più resistenza alla loro introduzione nei propri territori.
Attraverso direttive e regolamenti e con lo scopo di garantire la sicurezza dell’ambiente, delle persone e degli animali nei propri territori, l’UE applica dei criteri di sicurezza molto restrittivi, appellandosi al Principio di Precauzione. Sebbene giustificato, questo comportamento ha però un impatto negativo nell’economia di esportazione degli USA, paese in cui invece le regolamentazioni in merito sono meno stringenti.
Questo elaborato ha lo scopo di fotografare la situazione normativa attuale in EU ed USA, valutando e contestualizzando leggi e regolamenti in funzione nei rispettivi paesi, focalizzandosi sui punti critici dell’analisi del rischio quali gli allergeni e dei metodi utilizzati per la loro valutazione, di valutare le possibili conseguenze di questi comportamenti, eventualmente proponendo delle misure alternative a quelle ad oggi in atto.
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Lindgren, Jessica. "Extern granskning av gröna obligationer : Huruvida regulatoriska förändringar vad gäller betygsättning av gröna obligationer kan gynna marknaden för gröna obligationer." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-175188.
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Genom styrning av finansiella medel har gröna obligationer fått en viktig roll i utvecklingen mot ett miljömässigt hållbart samhälle. Extern granskning av gröna obligationer styrs idag genom frivilliga marknadsstandarder, varav GBP är den vanligaste. Dessutom har EU nyligen presenterat en egen frivillig standard med särskild tillsyn. Bättre tillgång till klimatrelaterad information samt tydliga och gemensamma definitioner av gröna aktiviteter är förutsättningar för att investerare mer effektivt ska flytta kapital till miljömässigt hållbara verksamheter för att stötta omställningen till en mindre fossilbaserad ekonomi. I den här uppsatsen visas att dagens betygsättning, olika bedömningsmetoder till trots, torde vara relativt pålitlig, men att det finns utrymme att önska högre jämförbarhet och därmed ökad investerartillit. Tydligare marknadsstandarder kan vara en viktig aspekt för att öka betygens pålitlighet allt eftersom marknaden för gröna obligationer expanderar. Analysen visar att lagstiftning som leder till ökad mängd publicerad granskning genom gröna betyg torde gynna transparensen samtidigt som ryktesrisken vid intressekonflikter bör innebära motvillighet gentemot felaktig bedömning. Samtidigt kan överdriven reglering begränsa möjligheterna för innovation, utveckling och expansion av marknaden som helhet. Det torde därmed vara i lagstiftarens intresse att inte införa alltför sträng reglering, eftersom risk att inte kunna uppnå den finansiering av klimatmålen som önskas då uppstår. Eftersom gröna obligationer är ett internationellt fenomen behöver världens länder arbeta tillsammans mot gemensamma standarder i syfte att nå klimatmålen. I det fall tvingande reglering ska införas bör den vara på som lägst EU-nivå. För marknadsbalans mellan aktörerna och jämförbarhet mellan obligationerna är det viktigt att regleringen inte upplevs otydlig. Regleringen måste dessutom vara generell och så pass flexibel att den kan möta teknologisk utveckling och förändrade förhållanden på marknaderna utan att processen blir för långdragen. Så länge målet är att ha en europeisk kapitalmarknad där aktörerna kan tillhandahålla finansiella tjänster nationsövergripande krävs finansiell tillsyn som inte stannar vid nationsgränserna. På sikt torde Esma vara lämpligast att överse samtliga granskare av gröna obligationer verksamma på den europeiska marknaden. För detta krävs utökad reglering som ger Esma ökad behörighet såväl som ökade resurser för att effektivt kunna utföra tillsynsarbetet.Through the management of financial resources, green bonds have received an important role in the development towards an environmentally sustainable society. External review of green bonds is today subject to voluntary market standards, of which GBP is the most common. In addition, the EU has recently presented its own voluntary standard, which includes supervision. Better access to climate-related information and clear and harmonised definitions of green activities are prerequisites for investors to move capital more efficiently to environmentally sustainable businesses to support the transition to a less fossil-based economy. With this paper it is shown that the current rating, despite different assessment methods, should be relatively reliable, but that there is room to wish for higher comparability and thus increased investor confidence. Clearer market standards can be an important aspect in increasing the reliability of ratings as the market for green bonds expands. The analysis shows that legislation that leads to an increased number of published reviews through green ratings should promote transparency, while the risk of rumors in the event of conflicts of interest should imply reluctance to make incorrect assessments. At the same time, excessive regulation may limit the opportunities for innovation, development and expansion of the market as a whole. Thus, it should be in the interest of the legislator not to introduce a regulation which is too strict, as the risk of not being able to achieve the desired financing of the climate goals then arises. As green bonds are an international phenomenon, all countries need to work together towards common standards in order to achieve the purpose of the climate goals. In the event that mandatory regulation is to be introduced, it should at least be at EU level. For market balance between the market participants as well as comparability between the bonds, it is important that the regulation is not perceived as unclear. In addition, regulation must be general and flexible enough to meet technological developments and new market conditions without the process becoming too lengthy. As long as the goal is to have a European capital market where market participants can provide financial services nationwide, financial supervision that does not stop at national borders is required. In the long run, ESMA should be the most appropriate authority to oversee all examiners of green bonds operating in the European market. This requires increased regulation that gives ESMA increased authority, as well as increased resources in order to be able to carry out the supervisory work effectively.
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Rodrigues, Rita de Pinho. "Ensaio sobre o desemprego jovem no contexto europeu : o caso português." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13085.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusOs níveis de desemprego jovem registados na UE, durante e após a crise económica internacional, geraram grandes preocupações a nível nacional e internacional, quer a nível social, quer a nível económico. Esta dissertação aborda a questão do desemprego jovem sob a perspetiva macroeconómica, relacionando o aumento do desemprego jovem nos países europeus com a desaceleração ou quebra do PIB. É estimada a Lei de Okun para o desemprego jovem e para o desemprego total na UE-25 e mais 14 países, em períodos temporais não inferiores a 15, que se iniciam antes da crise e terminam em 2015. É então possível confirmar uma relação inversa entre a variação anual do PIB e a variação anual da taxa de desemprego jovem, assim como, com a variação anual da taxa de desemprego total. Conclui-se também que os jovens estão muito mais expostos aos choques externos.
Youth unemployment levels registered in the EU, during and after the international economic crisis, generated major concerns at a national and international level or social level or the economic level. This essay addresses youth unemployment with a macroeconomic perspective, relating the increase in youth unemployment rates in European countries with the GDP slowdown or fall. We estimated Okun's Law for youth unemployment and total unemployment in the EU-25 and 14 other countries, in time periods not inferior to 15 years, beginning before the crisis and ending in 2015. It is possible to confirm an inverse relationship between the annual chage in GDP and annual change in youth unemployment rate, as well as with the annual change in the overall unemployment rate. It also concludes that youngesters are more exposed to external shocks.
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Knotková, Pavla. "Regionální a strukturální politika EU se zvláštním zřetelem na členské země střední a východní Evropy - vývoj, problémy, výhledy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-18182.
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Thesis is focused on regional policy of the European Union (known as cohesion policy). The goal of the regional policy is to reduce regional disparities among the member countries of the European Union. Therefore, regional policy has an important role among other policies of the European Union. In the period from 2007 to 2013, regional spending account for 36% of the EU budget. The recent enlargement to 27 Member States has dramatically increased disparity levels across the EU. The new Member States have lower levels of income per head and employment rates than other EU countries. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part characterizes development of the regional policy, its principles and financial instruments. The second part describes enlargement of the European Union to 27 member states, its impacts, reform of the regional policy and the time period from 2007 to 2013. Different views on impacts of the regional policy together with short case study are added. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the convergence process among the old and new Member states.
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Clausen, Jens R. "Paradigm Uncertainty in the Conduct of Monetary Policy : the Role of Monetary Aggregates and the Output Gap /." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/389232394.pdf.
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Sivertsson, Yulia, and Jenny Thorildsson. "International Standards on Auditing : Internationell standardisering med kulturella hinder?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20210.
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Syfte: International Standards on Auditing (ISA) är ett ramverk för revision som introducerats för att öka revisionskvaliteten globalt. Övergången till ISA ökar kontinuerligt bland världens länder. En bidragande orsak är att EU har antagit övergången i det åttonde bolagsrättsliga direktivet. Trots fördelarna råder ett visst motstånd mot ISA i delar av världen. Med stöd från tidigare litteratur antar vi att detta kan förklaras av kulturella skillnader, medlemskap i EU, skillnader av legalt system och marknadens orientering, samt storlek på ekonomin. Arbetets syfte är att undersöka om dessa faktorer påverkar den globala spridningen av ISA. Metod: Vi har inkluderat 60 länder i vår studie. De variabler som har undersökts för varje nation är: Hofstedes kulturella variabler, EU-medlemskap, BNP, legalt system samt ekonomisk inriktning. Sekundärdata har samlats in från allmänt accepterade källor. Insamlade data har sedan bearbetats med statistiska metoder. Resultat och slutsats: Resultaten från vår studie har visat att Hofstedes kulturella faktorer inte har samband med antagandet av ISA. Endast ett fåtal av de övriga variablerna visade signifikans med antagandet, nämligen EU-medlemskap och BNP. EU är därmed en viktig faktor för övergången till ISA. Variabeln EU visade ett signifikant samband med Hofstedes kulturella variabler. Det råder därmed kulturella skillnader mellan länderna inom och utanför EU, som i sin tur har påverkan på antagandet av ISA. Vår slutsats är att EU-medlemskap och storlek på ekonomin har påverkan på ländernas benägenhet för att anta ISA. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studiens komplexitet gör att det finns möjligheter att göra större fördjupningar med fler och annorlunda mätvariabler. Det finns även möjlighet till liknande studier av hur kulturella faktorer påverkar övergången till andra internationella ramverk inom finansiell rapportering. Uppsatsens bidrag: Föreliggande undersökning lämnar ett unikt bidrag till redovisningslitteraturen genom att vara den första studien att undersöka den internationella spridningen av revisionsstandarder i form av ISA och bidra till minskning av informationskostnader för företag runt om i världen.Aim: International Standards on Auditing (ISA) is a framework introduced to improve auditing quality globally. Adoption of ISA is increasing continuously around the world. An essential contributing factor is the accepting of the Eighth Company Law Directive by the EU. However, the ISA adoption is far from been accepted by all countries; despite its obvious advantages. Prior work identifies cultural differences, EU-membership, size of economy, and differences in legal systems and market orientation as key factors in this adoption process. The study aims to examine if these factors influence global spreading of ISA. Method: Our study includes 60 countries. The variables that have been introduced for each country are: Hofstede’s cultural variables, membership in the EU, GDP, type of legal system and economics. Secondary data were collected from generally accepted sources. The collected data were then analyzed using statistical methods. Result and conclusions: The results of our study have shown that Hofstede’s cultural factors are not associated with ISA adoption. Only few other variables have shown significance with the hypothesis. These variables are EU-membership and GDP. Therefore, EU is an important factor for ISA adoption. Variable EU has shown significance with Hofstede’s cultural factors. This proves cultural differences between EU and other countries, which in turn influences ISA adoption. Our conclusion is that EU-membership and economy size influence inclination to ISA-adoption. Suggestions for future research: The study's complexity gives opportunities to make future extensions by adding more variables. It is possible to conduct similar studies of cultural influence on the adoption of other international frameworks within financial reporting. Contribution of the thesis: Our research makes a unique contribution to the accounting literature by being the first study to examine the international spreading of auditing standards in form of ISA and contributing to reducing information costs in the companies all around the world.
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Seifert, Michaela. "Die Durchführung des Gemeinschaftsrechts durch die Europäische Kommission als Teil europäischer "Gesetzgebungstätigkeit". Aktuelle Rechtslage und Modell der Europäischen Verfassung." Europainstitut, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2006. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1262/1/document.pdf.
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Von der Europäischen Kommission im Wege des Komitologieverfahrens erlassene Durchführungsmaßnahmen stellen einen wichtigen Teilbereich europäischer "Gesetzgebungstätigkeit" dar. An die Öffentlichkeit gelangen idR jedoch nur besonders brisante Fälle, wie etwa die BSE-Krise oder die Aufhebung des Gen-Moratoriums. Eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen hingegen wird ohne öffentliche Diskussion von der Europäischen Kommission im Wege des Ausschusswesens hinter verschlossenen Türen beschlossen. Ein zentrales Thema der Untersuchung widmet sich daher der Frage nach den Grenzen der Delegierung von Gesetzgebungsbefugnissen vom Europäischen Gesetzgeber an die Europäischen Kommission als Exekutive. Neben der Darstellung der gegenwärtigen Rechtslage und Praxis wird auch das in der Europäischen Verfassung (EV) vorgeschlagene neue Durchführungsmodell beleuchtet, wonach eine Differenzierung der Durchführungsinstrumente in den Bereich der "Delegierten Europäischen Verordnungen" nach Art I-36 EV und den der "Durchführungsrechtsakte" nach Art I-37 EV erfolgen soll. Überdies nimmt auch die vieldiskutierte Frage nach der Einbindung des Europäischen Parlaments auf Durchführungsebene einen zentralen Stellenwert der Untersuchung ein, wobei Defizite im derzeitigen System und Schlussfolgerungen für das System der Europäischen Verfassung abgeleitet werden. Die Aktualität dieser Fragestellungen ist nach wie vor gegeben; denn sollte es tatsächlich zu einer (teilweisen) Änderung der EV kommen, so gilt es doch als sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die Regelungen zum Durchführungssystem unverändert beibehalten werden. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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SANDU, ROXANA IONELA. "The European Union: Voting, Turnout and Legitimacy." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1429.
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Perseguendo politiche comuni per gli Stati membri, l'Unione Europea si è trasformata da unione puramente economica ad unione politica. Tuttavia, per quanto riguarda quest'ultimo aspetto, è stato fatto poco. Lo scetticismo è venuto a caratterizzare il clima politico dell'Unione Europea e l’elevata eterogeneità nei termini degli Stati membri hanno causato difficoltà nel processo decisionale.
Questa tesi si concentra sulle politiche europee da tre aspetti: la legittimità, che si riferisce al sostegno politico dei cittadini, il comportamento di voto e di partecipazione dei cittadini. Una delle questioni principali della ricerca riguarda l’esistenza delle basi per la genesi di veri e propri partiti politici europei, come via d’uscita dalla crisi di legittimità dell'Unione Europea. Ci si chiede poi quali sono i principali fattori che influenzano la partecipazione alle elezioni del Parlamento Europeo, dal momento che esso è l'unica fonte diretta di legittimità. Infine, si studiano le cause del gap in affluenza per le elezioni europee e nazionali, guardando la quota di voto del partito. L'argomento principale per l’esistenza dei partiti pan-europei è quello di difendere gli stessi interessi e valori su scala europea. I risultati empirici sottolineano che la polarizzazione di classe sociale, è già presente nei primi 12 Stati membri dell'UE, e anche nei nuovi Stati membri, mentre nelle elezioni del Parlamento europeo gli elettori votano sinceramente. In conclusione: l'Europa soddisfa la base per la creazione di partiti pan-Europei che difendino vere e proprie politiche europee, mirate ai gruppi sociali che rappresentano, come una possibile soluzione per la crisi di legittimità.By pursuing common policies for its Member States, the European Union moved from being a purely economic union, to being a political one as well. However, little has been done to tackle the latter aspect. Skepticism has come to characterize the political climate of the European Union and high heterogeneity in terms of Member States has induced difficulties in the decision-making process. This thesis focuses on the European Politics from three aspects: legitimacy, which refers to citizens’ political support, voting behavior and turnout. One of the main research questions we address is whether or not the basis for the existence of true European party politics exists, as a way out of the European Union legitimacy crisis. Then, we ask what are the main factors that influence electoral participation in the European Parliament elections since it is the only source of direct legitimacy. Lastly, we investigate what are the causes for the turnout gap across European and National elections, looking at the party vote share. The main argument for pan-European to exist is to defend the same values and interests European-wide. Empirical results point out that social class's polarization already exists in the initial 12 EU Member States, as well as later entries, while in the European Parliament elections voters cast their vote sincerely. We conclude that Europe fulfils the base requirement for the creation of true European politics, party politics and social groups' targeted-policies being a possible solution for the legitimacy crisis.
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Brzac, Alisa, and Jessica Hellman. "Återetablering av förtroende inom revisionen : Ett aktieägarperspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-553.
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Bakgrund: Aktieägarnas förtroende för revisionen och de finansiella rapporterna har påverkats negativt på grund av de revisionsskandaler som har varit aktuella under senare tid. Skandalerna har lett till att pålitligheten i revisionen har ifrågasatts av de finansiella rapporternas användare. En av skandalerna som har varit aktuell under 2000-talet är skandalen med HQ-Bank, där revisorn hade misskött sitt arbete och bedragit aktieägare och kunder. På grund av skandaler som denna har krav på hårdare lagstiftning efterfrågats. Till följd av detta har det tagits fram åtgärder i form av ett revisionspaket. Det har dock funnits delade meningar om åtgärdernas effekt när det kommer till att åtgärda problemet. Det faktiska och det synliga oberoendet har haft en stor roll i diskussionen när det kommer till att återuppbygga och stärka förtroendet.Syfte: Studien syftar till att fördjupa diskussionen i frågan om de förtroendestärkande åtgärderna och undersöker hur aktieägarnas förtroende till revisionen kommer att påverkas av åtgärderna i revisionspaketet.Metod: Frågeställningen besvaras genom kvalitativa intervjuer och lämpliga teorier för att skapa en korrekt bild över forskningsområdet. Teorierna som är utvalda för studien ligger till grund för analysen av det insamlade datamaterialet.Resultat: Studien tyder på att revisionspaketets effekt inte kommer att bli särskilt märkvärd, och frågan är om det är rätt åtgärd att vidta. Orsaken till det negativa utfallet tycks bero på osunda relationer som bygger på sociala mekanismer. Utifrån detta kan regleringen ses som att den endast fyller en social funktion eftersom sociala mekanismer kan anses svårreglerade.Det kan vidare uppfattas som att det synliga oberoendet har fått en större roll än det faktiska oberoendet när det kommer till att etablera förtroende. Studien finner ytterligare problem i att det råder ett förväntningsgap i samhället som visar på kunskapsluckor gällande revisorns ansvar, något som revisionspaketet inte kommer åt. En utjämning av förväntningsgapet skulle kunna mildra problemet varför fokus kanske borde ligga på att reducera gapet.Orginalitet/värde: Studien har bidragit till diskussionen kring förtroendestärkande åtgärder inom revisionen och revisionspaketets effekt när det gäller att påverka aktieägarnas förtroende.Background: The shareholders trust in the auditing process has been affected negatively due to the recent audit scandals. The reliability of the audit has been questioned by the users of the financial statements due to the audit scandals. One of the main scandals during the 2000s is the scandal of HQ- Bank, where the auditor had mismanaged his work and defrauded shareholders and customers. Demands for stricter legislation has been requested because of the scandals. As a result of this, new arrangements in terms of a reform of the EU statutory audit market has been developed. However, there has been disagreements regarding the effectiveness when it comes to fixing the problem. The independence in fact and the independence in appearance has had a major role in this context when it comes to rebuilding strengthen the trust.Purpose: This study aims to deepen the discussion in trust-building actions and examines how the shareholders trust in the audit will be affected by the measures in the reform of the audit market.Methodology: The question is answered through qualitative interviews and appropriate theories to create an accurate picture of the research area. The theories that are selected for the study are the basis for the analysis of the collected dataFindings: The study indicates that the effect of the reform of the audit market will not be obvious, and the question is if it is the right move. The reason for the negative outcome appears to be due to unhealthy relationships based on social mechanisms. Based on this the regulation can be seen as only fulfilling a social function since social mechanisms can be difficult to regulate. It can further be seen as the independence in appearance has played a bigger role than the independence in fact when it comes to establishing the trust. The study finds further problems in the expectation gap in society that shows knowledge gaps regarding the auditor's responsibilities, which the reform of audit market cannot reach. A smoothing of the expectation gap might alleviate the problem as to why the focus should probably be on reducing the gap.Orginality/value: The study has contributed to the discussion regarding trust-building actions within the audit and the reform of the audit markets effect when it comes to influencing the shareholders trust.This thesis will continue in Swedish.
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Lindahl, Ida, and Elisabeth Wendel. "Revisorns oberoende vid fristående rådgivning : det ständiga dilemmat." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17853.
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Revisorn anlitas för att ge ett oberoende yttrande som ska säkerställa pålitligheten i företagensfinansiella rapporter. Denna tilltrosskapandande effekt kan endast uppnås om revisorn görsina bedömningar och fattar beslut utan att låta sig påverkas av andra personers viljor ellerönskningar. Att revisorn är oberoende är särskilt viktigt i de fall revisorernas arbete påverkarintressenters beslutsfattande. Diskussionen kring revisorns oberoende i samband medtillhandahållandet av fristående rådgivning har debatterats flitigt. Vissa menar att denfristående rådgivningen medför positiva effekter på revisionen, medan andra anser att denborde förbjudas då den utgör ett hot mot revisorns oberoende och påverkar förtroendet förbranschen. Genom införandet av revisionspaketet står revisionsbranschen inför nyaregleringar av oberoendet och den fristående rådgivningen. Denna uppsats ämnar fördjupadiskussionen och undersöka varför det kan upplevas som ett problem när en revisionsbyrå, irollen som oberoende kontrollorgan, erbjuder både fristående rådgivning och revision.Frågeställningen besvaras med hjälp av relevanta teorier, modeller och intervjuer medrevisorer, intressenter samt normgivande organ. Den fristående rådgivningen kan medföra attrevisorn inte uppfattas som oberoende och kan utmana förtroendet hos allmänheten. Vidarekan det upplevas som ett problem när den fristående rådgivningen sker på revisionsklienter.Medias skildring av debatten, att det verkar föreligga ett förväntningsgap samt en bristandetransparens kan även det vara bidragande orsaker till problematiken. Revisionspaketet kankomma att öka transparensen, minska förväntningsgapet samt stärka förtroendet för branschenoch kan således komma att minska problematiken med att ett oberoende kontrollorganerbjuder både fristående rådgivning och revision.Program: Civilekonomprogrammet
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Rasco, Clark Joseph. "Demographic trends in the European Union: political and strategic implications." Thesis, Monterey California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1526.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis analyzes adverse demographic trends in the European Union, including sub-replacement birthrates and increasing median ages. It investigates the implications of these trends for the EU's prospects for becoming a stronger and more influential actor in international affairs. Pressures arising from population trends in and near the EU could ultimately affect national and EU cohesion, governmental effectiveness, and social stability. Absent remedial measures, social programs in some EU countries will be unsustainable due to the mounting financial burden of pensions and health care for growing elderly populations. Such financial obligations hinder funding other national programs, including modernized military capabilities. Nationalism and national identity are at issue in immigrant integration and assimilation efforts. The role of population trends with regard to the growing threat of radical Islamic fundamentalism is explored. The thesis concludes with policy recommendations that might be considered to avert the looming economic, social, and security crises that may result from these demographic trends. In short, the security and financial consequences foreshadowed by the current demographic trends of an aging, economically weaker, and socially conflicted European Union could present dramatic implications for the vital national interests of the United States.
Lieutenant, United States Navy
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Petersson, Frida. "Sustainable investments : Transparency regulation as a tool to influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-156659.
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In March 2018 the European Commission published the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth. One of the main objectives with the actions presented in the action plan is to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments, i.e. to influence more investors to invest sustainably. The action plan was followed by three proposals for transparency regulation regarding an EU taxonomy on sustainability, sustainability benchmarks and sustainability disclosures. Furthermore, the action plan included actions regarding two other transparency measures – sustainability labels and sustainability ratings. The first purpose of the thesis is to investigate if transparency regulation in the EU can be used as a tool to influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds. One of the main aims of the actions presented in the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth, as well as the accompanying regulation proposals, is to reorient capital flows towards sustainable investments, i.e. to influence more investors to invest sustainably. In light of this, the Commission’s three proposed transparency regulations, as well as the concept of sustainability labels and ratings, are used as a basis for the investigation. The second purpose of the thesis is therefore to critically review the three regulation proposals and the concept of sustainability labels and ratings in order to gain an understanding of how different transparency measures can influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds. The transparency regulations and measures are analysed and critically reviewed in light of their objective to influence more investors to invest sustainably. A behavioural economics perspective, as well as consumer behaviour theories and decision-making models, are applied in order to analyse the transparency regulations and measures from an external perspective. Based on the analysis there are many indicators that transparency regulation can be used as a tool to influence investors to choose sustainable investment funds. However, to what extent transparency regulation can influence investor behaviour varies depending on which transparency measures are used and how they are designed. Sustainability benchmarks seem to have the least potential to influence investor behaviour, while the EU taxonomy on sustainability and sustainability labels seem to have the best potential to influence investor behaviour.
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Mammadova, Gunel. "EU Policy towards Eastern Partnership Countries. A Gap between Goals and Achievements." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-267786.
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This study seeks to examine and assess the effectiveness of the Eastern Partnership Policy (EaP) of the European Union. Beside introduction of positive novelties of the Eastern Partnership, this paper gives a premium attention to scrutinize the possible limitations and shortfalls of EaP. Hence, the study aims to analyze some internal and external factors that complicate the effective functioning of the EaP. The inconsistency of the EU policy structure, the role of Russia and its Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU) in EAP, the ambivalent policy of some Member States (Germany and Italy are examined) toward the EaP, unconsidered discrepancy of eastern partners are analyzed and considered as prime reasons of ineffectiveness. In addition, examined case studies of Ukraine and Azerbaijan reveal that the EU's commitment to their "shared values" are controversial. This paper presents that the EU should find a balance between its economic/energy interests and normative values vis-a-vis Eastern Partners in order to fill the gap between its goals and achievements.
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Růžičková, Karolína. "Bankovní poplatky v ČR a EU." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337379.
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This thesis deals with both theoretical and practical aspects of banking fee and commission income in the European Union. Since fee income represents the largest part of non-interest income earned by banks, it remains a major challenge for bank management to set and maintain an appropriate fee policy. Nevertheless, solving for the optimal fee structure has not yet been accomplished either on a theoretical level, or in actual practice. In the thesis, we analyse fee income in EU banking sectors. Our results show that the Czech banking sector was not abnormally dependent on fee income compared to other EU countries in the period 2007-2012. As a result, we argue that the high profitability of Czech banks cannot be attributed to abnormal banking fees and commission income, but rather other factors should be considered. Moreover, we study the determinants of fee income share in individual banks and discuss the impact of market concentration on the magnitude of banking fees. We conclude that banks facing higher competition tend to expand more aggressively into non- traditional activities and therefore they report higher fee income shares. We also study the relationship between banking fees and banks' performance. The results are mixed depending on applied profitability measure, but in general, banks with...
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Martinho, Manuel Costa Pereira São. "Determinants of VAT rate: evidence from 27 EU countries." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11470.
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Tax rates have become a matter of public discussion since the 20th century. On one side population wants to maximize its utility by having a good purchase power that allows it to afford a basket of products and services that make it possible to have a good quality of life and. On the other side, government wants taxes to be on a level that maximizes tax revenue at the same time that it respects the interests of their people. Nowadays, Europe faces a situation of country convergence in a broad number of economic, social, and political factors. This convergence is caused or stimulated by the European Union legislation, by the interest of each country and also by automatic adjustments on people’s behaviour. One should note that the free mobility of goods, services, people and capital as well as the implementation of a common currency, for the applicable cases, is something that changed the path of Europe. When speaking about Europe one means countries, people and companies. Therefore, it is important to study the new trends of taxes and, more specifically, Value Added Tax. In order to perform a complete study for the European Union, this thesis compiles data from the 27 European Union countries from the year 2005 to 2012, for which 15 different variables related to different fields are used. The results indicate that a rise in Consumption raises the VAT Rate, while rises in Compliance Rate and GDP per capita lower the VAT Rate instead.Os impostos tornaram-se uma questão de discussão pública desde o século XX. Por um lado, a população quer maximizar a sua utilidade e obter um bom poder de compra que lhe permita adquirir um cabaz de produtos e serviços que que ofereça uma boa qualidade de vida. Por outro lado, o governo quer definir os impostos a um nível que maximize a receita fiscal ao mesmo tempo que respeita os interesses do seu povo. Hoje em dia, a Europa enfrenta uma situação de convergência num leque abrangente de factores económicos, sociais e políticos. Esta convergência é causada ou estimulada pela legislação da União Europeia, pelo interesse de cada país e também por ajustes automáticos sobre o comportamento das pessoas. É de salientar que a livre mobilidade de bens, serviços, pessoas e capitais, bem como a implementação de uma moeda comum, nos casos aplicáveis, é algo que mudou o rumo da Europa. Por Europa entenda-se países, pessoas e empresas. Deste modo, é importante estudar as novas tendências dos impostos e, mais especificamente, do Imposto sobre Valor Acrescentado. De modo a realizar um estudo completo para a União Europeia, esta tese compila dados dos 27 países da União Europeia, entre os anos 2005 e 2012, com a utilização de 15 variáveis de diferentes áreas. Os resultados indicam que um aumento no Consumo tem como efeito um aumento na taxa de IVA, enquanto aumentos nas taxas de Complacência e do PIB per capita têm como efeito a diminuição da taxa de IVA.
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HSIAO, POWEN, and 蕭博文. "The Study of Spin Gap Effect of the Eu-Ba-Cu-O Sytem." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36222637309070066850.
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碩士淡江大學
物理學系
86
Spin gap effect on bulk system of Eu/sub 1+x/Ba/sub 2-x/Cu/sub 3/ O/sub delta/(x=0~0.4) were achieved by, rather than adjusting the oxygen deficiency,alternatively substituting Eu/sub 3+/ for Ba/sub 2+/ to control hole number.But thesamples were determined to be of impure phases, and the underdoping states under investigation were assumed to be of saturated oxygen concentration. In this study pure phase samples was first obtained through adjusting the molar number of Cu in the preparation process, where X-raypower diffraction analysis and EDAX were used to monitor the status of thesample. The relations between annealing time and oxygen concentration for samples of various underdoping state was found by weight measuring method, where the annealing time decreases from twenty -five days to three days as the doping concentration increases. However that spin gap temperature for most samples were determined to be above 230K was not predicted by RVB theory. This discrepancy was due possibly to the inhomogeneity of the bulk samplerevealed by magnetic measurements.
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Ou, Po-Hsiang, and 歐博翔. "Toward a Transnational Regulatory Model of Technology ─ in Light of EU GMO Laws." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14306977723175577331.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
97
The rapid development of technology brought risks to virtually every aspect in the society, from ethic, health, environment to economy, crossing national boarders and becoming an international issue. Due to the diffusing and circulating of science /technology, those current regulatory theories such as precautionary principle, substantial equivalence and risk analysis are restricted by the international law, which lacks an universal system and enforcing efficiency, thus producing a “transnational problematic,” having no effective control toward different technology applications in the age of globalization. This thesis aims to resolve this transnational problematic, meanwhile proposes some reforms for the international law. Facing these difficulties, the unified, centralized EU law with high effectiveness seems to be a way out; and among all issues of technology law, the GMO is the most controversial and representative one. Therefore, this article constructs a transnational regulatory model of technology, through analyzing the functions, institutions and principles of EU GMO laws. This “EU Model” could be described with a three-leveled picture: first using the precautionary principle to push the GMO legislation, in order to obey the EU protection duty; then establishing a transnational political negotiating panel to weight different related interests, which is confirmed and legitimized by democracy; finally, the constructed GMO legal system is a hierarchy institutional framework, with horizontal regulations and central enforcements. However, after the famous debate of the EC-Biotech case in WTO, whether this EU Model could be universalized into a global model became quite questionable. The failure of EU in that case has revealed a huge gap between the EU legal system and the current international law; but on the other hand, the EU Model also had some positive effects in the discourse of international agenda relating to technology laws. Hence it is still possible to reach a pragmatic solution by abstracting the three-leveled elements of the EU Model. Based on the changing definition of sovereignty in technology issues, the international community might develop a global protection duty, and then adjust the original WTO institution with deliberative democracy, in order to reach a global governance of technology with consensus on risk management and coordinated judicial practices. The three-leveled EU Model could be transformed into a universal tertiary structure with EU spirits in the WTO framework.
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KLOUDOVÁ, Veronika. "Vývoj rozpočtové odpovědnosti v členských státech EU." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261054.
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In my thesis I have dealt with the issue of Fiscal Responsibility in the EU, especially the position the EU Member States have on this issue. The first part defines the Budget responsibility and Fiscal policy at the level of the Czech Republic and level of European Union. There has been mainly described and analyzed the Stability and Growth Pact, and the Fiscal compact. The second part has been devoted to evaluation of individual member states and described how the legislative acts are used for effort to reach sustainable finances contributing to the overall generally maintain Responsible and Fiscal policy. At the end its summarized and compared the evolution of public debt and budget deficits and also characterized their independent Financial institution.
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Kortanová, Jana. "Vliv ekonomické krize na úroveň plodnosti ve státech EU." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347079.
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Impact of economic crisis on fertility level in EU member states Abstract The aim of this diploma thesis is to provide a detailed development overview of the selected indicators, i.e., GDP per capita, unemployment rate and total fertility rate, in the context of the Global Economic Crisis, which, on a European scale, started in 2008, and evaluate the impact of the crisis on fertility levels across EU countries. The diploma thesis further concerns itself with various approaches to the relation between economic development and fertility, briefly with the causes of the Global Economic Crisis and with family policy measures in response to worsening economic conditions. Using cluster and regression analyses, the relationship between the economic indicators and total fertility rates in relation to the onset of the crisis has been examined. Even though total fertility rates of individual EU countries were affected differently by the change of economic conditions, the results indicate that changes in unemployment rates affect fertility levels. The decline in fertility levels during the crisis, which occurred in most of the examined countries, is certainly the result of a large number of factors affecting reproductive behaviour. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the symptoms of the crisis significantly...
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Ševčík, Michal. "Environmentálně-ekonomická hlediska pěstování vybraných geneticky modifikovaných plodin v Evropské unii." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-430041.
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ŠEVČÍK, M. Environmental-economic aspects of cultivation of selected genetically modified plants in European Union. Diploma thesis. Mendel University in Brno. Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, 2017. This diploma thesis deals with the topic of cultivation of selected genetically modified crops in the EU. Literature part describes population development and food production in Europe after the Industrial Revolution, while the other parts are focused on the mechanism of genetic modification of crops, the potential impacts of their cultivation, as well as the perception of this issue in the public and interest groups followed by description of the past and current state of GM crop cultivation in the EU, with particular emphasis on the legislative and institutional framework of the issue. The literature part is concluded by comparison of the environmental and economic impacts of growing MON810 maize on the territory of the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia, and a subchapter on the potential benefits of growing Roundup Ready Soy in the EU. The practical part of the thesis presents the results of a one-year soybean experiment with the aim of finding the optimum types and dose of fertilizers for the highest yield and nutritional value of the seed. On the basis of these results, the author of the thesis then estimates the potential of introducing genetically modified soybean - Roundup Ready variety, in EU.
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Chiu, Pan shuo, and 邱攀碩. "The Study of Spin Gap Effect of the R(La、Nd、Eu)-Ba-Cu-O System." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09832607702097773932.
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碩士淡江大學
物理學系
87
Abstract: The bulk system of （La、Nd、Eu）1+xBa2-xCu3O7-δ（x=0~0.4） was studied.The relations between the oxygen concentration and the superconducting temperature Tc of the samples were investgated.X-ray diffraction analysis was used for determining the phase of the samples. EDAX was employed for monitorizing of the chemical composition of the sample. Weight measurement of the samples was carried out throughout the study in order to calibrate the oxygen concentration of the sample. It is found that the highest Tc was not for the fully oxygen-saturated sample. And annealing under Ar atomosphere was not the proper process for reducing the oxygen concentration of sample.
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You, Zheng Yi, and 游正義. "Spin gap effect of the R1+xBa2-xCu3O7-y (R=Eu,Nd)(X=0~0.4) bulks." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14461291167525213715.
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碩士淡江大學
物理學系
85
In this thesis, spin gap effect on the underdoping states of the bulk systemof R1+xBa2-xCu3O7-y (R=Eu or Nd and X=0~0.4) were investigated throughtransport property measurement. The underdoping ststes were achieved by,rather than adjusting the oxygen deficiency, alternatively substituting R(3+)for Ba(2+) ions in the system. The excess R(3+) ions were to occupy the Basites of the crystalline lattice as materials were observed to first undergo spin pairing transition in the temperature range well above Tc, and comeacross with superconducting transition at Tc. The increasing feature observedfor spin gap temperature and the decreasing one for Tc, as the concentrationof holes decreases, are in qualitatively good agreement with theoreticalpredictions from mean field RVB model.
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Valentsinovich, Hanna. "An analysis of economic convergence in EU from 2005 to 2016." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/18002.
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Mestrado APNOR e Belarus State Economic UniversityOne of the main priorities of the European Union is promoting growth-enhancing conditions and reducing inequalities between levels of development among its Member States, which are key targets of the European Cohesion Policy. Since its inception, the objective of the policy was defined as the promotion of convergence between EU regions, in particular economic convergence, the reduction of regional disparities in the level of development that has been measured as convergence of GDP per capita relative to the EU average. This indicator has become one of the main ways in evaluating the European Сohesion Policy’s effectiveness. The main purpose of this research is to assess if EU economies are converging. Therefore, the objectives of the research were: (1) to clarify the concepts of convergence: beta-convergence and sigma-convergence, (2) to review the different methods of convergence estimation and (3) to provide an update assessment of regional disparities in the European Union, using various estimation methods for the period from 2005 to 2016. For the study, it was used secondary data for 276 NUTS 2 level regions from Eurostat. The results of convergence estimation with help of Lorenz Curves, Gini coefficient and Robin Hood coefficient, kernel density estimation of the GDP per capita distribution and the cumulative frequency distribution curve showed existence of σ-convergence or reduction of disparities among regions in time. At the same time the results of increasing Variation coefficient detected divergence process. The results of linear regression analysis, Salter graph and Markov analysis of transition probability matrix indicated existence of β-convergence, defined as negative relationship between the initial income level and subsequent income growth rate. It means that poorer regions of EU tend to catch up with the rich ones in terms of the level of income per capita.
Uma das principais prioridades da União Europeia é a promoção de condições favoráveis ao crescimento e a redução das desigualdades entre os níveis de desenvolvimento dos seus Estados Membros, que são dos principais alvos da política de coesão europeia. Desde a sua criação, o objetivo da política foi definido como a promoção da convergência entre as regiões da UE, em particular, a convergência económica, a redução das disparidades regionais no nível de desenvolvimento que foi medido como a convergência do PIB per capita em relação à média da UE. Este indicador tornou-se uma das principais formas de avaliar a eficácia da política europeia de coesão. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é verificar se as economias da UE estão a convergir. Portanto, os objetivos da pesquisa foram: (1) esclarecer os conceitos de convergência: convergência beta e convergência sigma, (2) rever os diferentes métodos de estimação da convergência e (3) proporcionar uma avaliação atualizada das disparidades regionais na União Europeia, usando vários métodos de estimação para o período de 2005 a 2016. Para o estudo, foram utilizados dados secundários para 276 regiões do nível NUTS 2 do Eurostat. Os resultados da estimação da convergência com auxílio das Curvas de Lorenz, Coeficiente de Gini e Coeficiente de Robin Hood, estimativa da densidade da distribuição do PIB per capita e da curva de distribuição de frequência acumulada, mostraram existência de convergência sigma ou redução de disparidades entre regiões no tempo. Ao mesmo tempo, os resultados do aumento do coeficiente de variação detetaram um processo de divergência. Os resultados da análise de regressão linear, gráfico de Salter e da análise de Markov à matriz de probabilidades de transição, indicaram a existência de convergência beta, definida como relação negativa entre o nível de riqueza inicial e a taxa de crescimento da riqueza subsequente. Isso significa que as regiões mais pobres da UE tendem a alcançar as mais ricas em termos do nível de rendimento per capita.
Одним из основных приоритетов Европейского союза является содействие улучшению условий роста и сокращению неравенства между уровнями развития среди его государств-членов. Эти аспекты являются ключевыми задачами Европейской политики сплочения. С момента своего создания цель политики сплочения определялась как содействие конвергенции между регионами ЕС, в частности экономической конвергенции, сокращение региональных диспропорций в уровне развития, которое выражается как конвергенция показателя ВВП на душу населения по сравнению со средним показателем по ЕС, Этот критерий стал одним из основных методов оценки эффективности политики сплочения в рамках ЕС. Основная цель этого исследования - ответить на вопрос сближаются ли экономики стран ЕС в своем экономическом развитии. Поэтому цели исследования заключаются в следующем: (1) раскрыть понятие экономической конвергенции, а также пояснить концепции бета-конвергенции и сигма-конвергенции, (2) изучить методы оценки конвергенции, (3) предоставить актуальную оценку регионального неравенства в Европейском союзе с использованием различных методов в период с 2005 по 2016 гг. В ходе исследования использовались данные по 276 регионам 2 уровня Номенклатуры территориальных единиц для целей статистики статистической службы Европейского союза. Результаты оценки конвергенции с использованием кривых Лоренца, коэффициента Джини и коэффициента Робина Гуда, оценки плотности ядра распределения ВВП на душу населения, кривой кумулятивного распределения частот показали наличие σ-конвергенции или уменьшение различий между регионами во времени. В то же время результаты вычислений коэффициента вариации говорят o дивергенции регионов Европейского Союза. При этом результаты линейного регрессионного анализа, построения графика Солтера и анализ вероятностной матрицы цепного перехода Маркова свидетельствуют о β-конвергенции, определяемой как отрицательная связь между начальным уровнем дохода и последующим уровнем роста доходов. Это означает, что более бедные регионы ЕС склонны догонять регионы с более богатые с точки зрения уровня дохода на душу населения.
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PAVELEK, Milan. "Vývoj produktivity jednotlivých států EU při zohlednění jejich ekonomického vývoje." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-137045.
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The objective of this thesis is to describe the role of productivity in the economic development states of EU. Work is also trying to discover what factors have an impact on productivity. In this work was evaluated labor productivity, capital producitvity and total factor producitivty. The thesis contains models that consider human capital. It is also used linear regression and dynamic parameters.
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ŠURÝOVÁ, Helena. "Vývoj HDP v ČR před vstupem a po vstupu do EU." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136989.
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The aim of thesis is to describe development of the GDP, its components and other corresponding indicators. The experimental part describes development of the indicators during 1993 - 2010, analyses of performance on convergence criteria, analyses of the Czech Republic' competitiveness and evaluating the benefits of EU accession. In the conclusion data were analyzed using regression analysis of two periods, before and after joining EU.
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"Understanding the "conditionality gap" in Estonia and Latvia The influence of EU conditionality and Russia's activism on minority inclusion." THE GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3360117.
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Wu, Yo-ming, and 吳又茗. "Conflict and Resolution in the Biotech (GMO) Product Trade Dispute Taken to the WTO by the US and EU." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28076775423718460385.
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博士淡江大學
歐洲研究所博士班
98
Ever since the development of modern biotechnology, the EU has taken a more careful regulatory approach. The US, on the contrary, has largely adopted GMOs in agriculture. Thus differences of regulation and acceptance of GMOs between the US and the EU has led to a crucial trade dispute in the WTO framework. The European population is not fond of GMO products. Following the adoption of the WTO panel report on 21 November 2006, the three complainants (US, Canada and Argentina) and the EU agreed to engage in constructive discussions on the implementation of the WTO panel report. Following the expiry of the extended WTO panel report, the US decided to request the authorization to retaliate against the EU. However, the US and the EU reached a procedural agreement according to which arbitration on the level of the retaliation would be suspended until such time as a compliance panel would rule on the issue. However, member States of EU have invoked the safeguard clause, banning various authorized GMOs from their territory. This paper analyzes the decision-making dynamics that led to such an outcome. It argues that the external pressures on the Member States and the Commission prevented deliberation and consensual solutions. Furthermore, the conflict between states and Commission is a testimony of the debates in International relations (IR) theory that the controversial issues between the neo-realists and the neo-liberals have defended their arguments. Neo-liberal institutionalism (NLI), with inter-disciplinary research, provides a different approach for us to understand international realities. As Robert O. Keohane suggests, NLI places more emphasis on ideas, rules, beliefs, and practice of international region such as WTO than Neorealist do. This article also would like to research the empirical evidence by building up relative ideas concerning global governance, legalization, practices and norms in WTO framework.
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Tourancheau, Marine Clara. "The implementation of the sustainable development goals : a tool to bridge the gap between the EU and small-scale farming." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/35767.
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The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) within EU agriculture is as much a challenge as it is an opportunity. The agricultural sector is crucial for sustainable development and, more generally, for the future of all of us. However, many controversies exist between the EU and its farmers, especially small ones. Thus, in the following dissertation, we interviewed the main actors of small-scale farming about the impact of the EU and the SDGs on their daily life. Our results highlighted low trust in the EU, due to lack of knowledge and communication about existing policies. Furthermore, when discussing the SDGs more in depth, we acknowledged farmers’ interest and willingness to improve policies. We concluded that
trust and faith in EU regulations would be increased by educating all the stakeholders of agriculture (including EU regulators), especially in small-scale farming. We therefore propose a policy brief to improve dialogue and communication within EU agriculture policies, using the implementation of the SDGs as a tool and a basis for change. We also discuss the possibility, not to ameliorate the current system, but to transition to a more local structure, still using the SDGs as a guideline for change.A implementação dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), na agricultura da UE, tem tanto de desafio como de oportunidade. O setor agrícola é fundamental para o desenvolvimento sustentável e, de um modo mais geral, para o futuro de todos nós. No entanto, são várias as controvérsias que existem entre a UE e os seus agricultores, especialmente os mais pequenos. Portanto, nesta dissertação, foram entrevistados os principais agentes da agricultura de pequena escala acerca do impacto da UE e dos ODS na sua vida diária. Os resultados destacam pouca confiança na UE, devido à falta de conhecimento e comunicação sobre as políticas existentes. Adicionalmente, quando discutidos os ODS mais aprofundadamente, são reconhecidos o interesse e desejo dos agricultores em melhorar as políticas. Foi concluído que a confiança e a fé nas regulações da UE aumentaria através da educação de todos as partes interessadas na agricultura (incluindo os reguladores da UE), especialmente na agricultura de pequena escala. Consequentemente, é proposta linhas de ação para melhorar o diálogo e a comunicação entre as políticas agrícolas da UE, usando a implementação dos ODS como uma ferramenta e uma base para a mudança. Foi também discutida a possibilidade, não de melhorar o sistema atual, mas de passar para uma estrutura mais local, ainda utilizando os ODS como uma diretriz de mudança.
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Gomes, Barbara Marisa Moreira. "Consumo energético e crescimento económico: que relação é possível estabelecer? Análise para um painel de países da UE." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/82718.
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Trabalho de Projeto do Mestrado em Economia apresentado à Faculdade de EconomiaTomando em linha de conta a crescente importância do consumo de energia verificado nas últimas décadas, torna-se relevante averiguar se é possível estabelecer uma ligação entre esse consumo crescente e o crescimento económico, principalmente no âmbito de economias desenvolvidas. Este estudo prende-se com o objetivo de analisar a relação entre consumo de energia e crescimento económico tendo em conta outros fatores, como o nível inicial do produto per capita, o capital físico e humano e o comércio externo. Analisa-se a importância que estas variáveis têm no crescimento económico em catorze países da União Europeia (UE), para o período compreendido entre 1986 a 2013, estimando equações de convergência em painel pelo método GMM (Método dos Momentos Generalizados), dada a presença de endogeneidade das variáveis explicativas. Para além das variáveis habitualmente usadas e consideradas nos modelos de crescimento económico de base neoclássica, acrescentamos, para além de proxies de capital humano e comércio externo, aquela que para nós é a variável de interesse, o consumo energético (que representamos por duas proxies alternativas, consumo de energia primária e emissões de dióxido de carbono, de acordo com a literatura sobre o tema).Em termos gerais, concluímos pela existência de convergência condicional, que o capital físico e o comércio externo têm o tipo de impacto esperado de acordo com a teoria económica; quanto ao capital humano e consumo de energia, os resultados podem ser considerados inesperados à partida, embora igualmente justificáveis.
Taking into account the growing importance of energy consumption in the last decades, it is relevant to ascertain whether it is possible to establish a link between this growing consumption and economic growth, especially in the context of developed economies. This study aims at analyzing the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth, taking into account other factors, such as the initial per capita product level, physical and human capital and external trade. It is analyzed the importance of these variables for economic growth in fourteen European Union (EU) countries, for the period 1986 to 2013, by estimating panel convergence equations by the GMM (Generalized Moments Method) method, given the presence of endogeneity of the explanatory variables. In addition to the variables commonly used and considered in neoclassical economic growth models, we have added, in addition to human capital and foreign trade proxies, our variable of interest, the energy consumption (which we represent by two alternative proxies, primary energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, according to the literature on the subject).In general terms, we observe the existence of conditional convergence, that physical capital and external trade have expected kind of impact expected according to economic theory. With regard to human capital and energy consumption, the results can be considered to be unexpected at first, although justifiable. .
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Grethe, Harald. "Effects of Including Agricultural Products in the Customs Union between Turkey and the EU." Doctoral thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B03A-8.
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