Journal articles on the topic 'Glyphosate'
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1
Ye, Ziwei, Felicia Wu, and David A. Hennessy. "Environmental and economic concerns surrounding restrictions on glyphosate use in corn." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 26, 2021): e2017470118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017470118.
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Since the commercialization of transgenic glyphosate-tolerant (GT) crops in the mid-1990s, glyphosate has become the dominant herbicide to control weeds in corn, soybean, and other crops in the United States and elsewhere. However, recent public concerns over its potential carcinogenicity in humans have generated calls for glyphosate-restricting policies. Should a policy to restrict glyphosate use, such as a glyphosate tax, be implemented? The decision involves two types of tradeoffs: human health and environmental (HH-E) impacts versus market economic impacts, and the use of glyphosate versus alternative herbicides, where the alternatives potentially have more serious adverse HH-E effects. Accounting for farmers’ weed management choices, we provide empirical evaluation of the HH-E welfare and market economic welfare effects of a glyphosate use restriction policy on US corn production. Under a glyphosate tax, farmers would substitute glyphosate for a combination of other herbicides. Should a 10% glyphosate tax be imposed, then the most conservative welfare estimate is a net HH-E welfare gain with a monetized value of US$6 million per annum but also a net market economic loss of US$98 million per annum in the United States, which translates into a net loss in social welfare. This result of overall welfare loss is robust to a wide range of tax rates considered, from 10 to 50%, and to multiple scenarios of glyphosate’s HH-E effects, which are the primary sources of uncertainties about glyphosate’s effects.
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Pline-Srnic, Wendy. "Physiological Mechanisms of Glyphosate Resistance." Weed Technology 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-131r.1.
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Glyphosate, a nonselective herbicide and also the world's most widely used herbicide, inhibits 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), an enzyme in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Because of its broad-spectrum and potent weed control and favorable environmental characteristics, attempts to engineer glyphosate resistance have been intensive in the past few decades. The use of at least three different mechanisms has conferred glyphosate resistance in normally sensitive crop species. Early work focused on progressive adaptation of cultured plant cells to stepwise increases in glyphosate concentrations. The resulting cells were resistant to glyphosate because of EPSPS overexpression, EPSPS gene amplification, or increased enzyme stability. Further work aimed to achieve resistance by transforming plants with glyphosate metabolism genes. An enzyme from a soil microorganism, glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), cleaves the nitrogen– carbon bond in glyphosate yielding aminomethylphosphonic acid. Another metabolism gene, glyphosateN-acetyl transferase (gat), acetylates and deactivates glyphosate. A third mechanism, and the one found in all currently commercial glyphosate-resistant crops, is the insertion of a glyphosate-resistant form of the EPSPS enzyme. Several researchers have used site-directed mutagenesis or amino acid substitutions of EPSPS. However, the most glyphosate-resistant EPSPS enzyme to date has been isolated fromAgrobacteriumspp. strain CP4 and gives high levels of resistance in planta. Weeds resistant to glyphosate have offered further physiological mechanisms for glyphosate resistance. Resistant field bindweed had higher levels of 3-deoxy-d-arbino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase, the first enzyme in the shikimate pathway, suggesting that increased carbon flow through the shikimate pathway can provide glyphosate resistance. Resistant goosegrass has reduced translocation of glyphosate out of the treated area. Although glyphosate resistance has been achieved by numerous mechanisms, currently the only independent physiological mechanism to give adequate and stable resistance to glyphosate for commercialization of glyphosate-resistant crops has been glyphosate-resistant forms of EPSPS.
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Alvarez-Moya, Carlos, and Mónica Reynoso-Silva. "Assessment of Genetic Damage Induced via Glyphosate and Three Commercial Formulations with Adjuvants in Human Blood Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 5 (February 25, 2023): 4560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054560.
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There is considerable controversy regarding the genotoxicity of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine). It has been suggested that the genotoxicity of this herbicide is increased by the adjuvants added to commercial formulations based on glyphosate. The effect of various concentrations of glyphosate and three commercial glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) on human lymphocytes was evaluated. Human blood cells were exposed to glyphosates of 0.1, 1, 10 and 50 mM as well as to equivalent concentrations of glyphosate on commercial formulations. Genetic damage (p < 0.05) was observed in all concentrations with glyphosate and with FAENA and TACKLE formulations. These two commercial formulations showed genotoxicity that was concentration-dependent but in a higher proportion compared to pure glyphosate only. Higher glyphosate concentrations increased the frequency and range of tail lengths of some migration groups, and the same was observed for FAENA and TACKLE, while in CENTELLA the migration range decreased but the frequency of migration groups increased. We show that pure glyphosate and commercial GBH (FAENA, TACKLE and CENTELLA) gave signals of genotoxicity in human blood samples in the comet assay. The genotoxicity increased in the formulations, indicating genotoxic activity also in the added adjuvants present in these products. The use of the MG parameter allowed us to detect a certain type of genetic damage associated with different formulations.
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Soares, Diogo, Liliana Silva, Sofia Duarte, Angelina Pena, and André Pereira. "Glyphosate Use, Toxicity and Occurrence in Food." Foods 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112785.
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Glyphosate is a systemic, broad-spectrum and post-emergent herbicide. The use of glyphosate has grown in the last decades, and it is currently the most used herbicide worldwide. The rise of glyphosate consumption over the years also brought an increased concern about its possible toxicity and consequences for human health. However, a scientific community consensus does not exist at the present time, and glyphosate’s safety and health consequences are controversial. Since glyphosate is mainly applied in fields and can persist several months in the soil, concerns have been raised about the impact that its presence in food can cause in humans. Therefore, this work aims to review the glyphosate use, toxicity and occurrence in diverse food samples, which, in certain cases, occurs at violative levels. The incidence of glyphosate at levels above those legally allowed and the suspected toxic effects of this compound raise awareness regarding public health.
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Bewick, Thomas A., Larry K. Binning, and Nelson E. Balke. "Absorption and Translocation of Glyphosate by Carrot Infected by Swamp Dodder." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (November 1991): 1035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.1035.
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Absorption of “C-labeled glyphosate by whole carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants infected or not infected by swamp dodder (Cuscuta gronovii Willd ex R & S) increased from 14% 1 day after treatment to 56% 14 days after treatment. Absorption of 14C-labeled glyphosate did not increase from 14 to 45 days after treatment. 14Carbon-labeled glyphosate appeared in the carrot root 1 day after application and its concentration increased with time in both infected and noninfected plants until 14 days after treatment. From 14 to 45 days after treatment, the concentration of 14C-labeled glyphosate in the roots decreased. At 1 day after treatment, dodder tissue contained as much 14C-labeled glyphosate as any physiological sink in the carrot. At 45 days after treatment, dodder tissue contained more 14C-labeled glyphosate than all other physiological sinks, except the petiole of the treated leaf. Swamp dodder stems had absorbed 14C-labeled glyphosate directly from a solution within 1 day after treatment. Chemical name used: N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosphate).
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Valle, Anderson L., Anielle C. A. Silva, Noelio O. Dantas, Robinson Sabino-Silva, Francielli C. C. Melo, Cleumar S. Moreira, Guedmiller S. Oliveira, Luciano P. Rodrigues, and Luiz R. Goulart. "Application of ZnO Nanocrystals as a Surface-Enhancer FTIR for Glyphosate Detection." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020509.
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Glyphosate detection and quantification is still a challenge. After an extensive review of the literature, we observed that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) had practically not yet been used for detection or quantification. The interaction between zinc oxide (ZnO), silver oxide (Ag2O), and Ag-doped ZnO nanocrystals (NCs), as well as that between nanocomposite (Ag-doped ZnO/AgO) and glyphosate was analyzed with FTIR to determine whether nanomaterials could be used as signal enhancers for glyphosates. The results were further supported with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. The glyphosate commercial solutions were intensified 10,000 times when incorporated the ZnO NCs. However, strong chemical interactions between Ag and glyphosate may suppress signaling, making FTIR identification difficult. In short, we have shown for the first time that ZnO NCs are exciting tools with the potential to be used as signal amplifiers of glyphosate, the use of which may be explored in terms of the detection of other molecules based on nanocrystal affinity.
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Cerda, José Juan. "Combate químico de malezas en manzano (Pyrus malus L.): coadyuvantes." Agronomía Mesoamericana 10, no. 1 (June 3, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v10i1.17992.
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This study was carried out in order to determine the efficiency of paraquat and glyphosate herbicides mixed with four coadjutants for post-emergent weed control, as compared to mechanical control, as well as their economic feasibility. The study took place in Sierra de Arteaga, Coahuila, México. Information was collected 3, 13, 17, 31, and 83 days after application. A randomized block design with four repetitions was used. Glyphosato combined with adherent controlled 80% of weeds 83 days after application; glyphosate combined with moisturizer, and glyphosate combined with humic acid yielded 78.6 and 77.1% control respectively. Parquat mixed with humic acid controlled 88.4% 31 days after application and parquat mixed with adherent showed 75.1% control after 31 days. Overall, glyphosato combined with coadjutants showed better weed control 83 days after application. The cost of such treatment was $346.3 (Mexican currency), while the cost for the mechanical method was $810.00 (Mexican currency). The chemical method proved to be the most cost-efficient.
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Samsel, Anthony, and Stephanie Seneff. "Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0026.
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ABSTRACT Celiac disease, and, more generally, gluten intolerance, is a growing problem worldwide, but especially in North America and Europe, where an estimated 5% of the population now suffers from it. Symptoms include nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, macrocytic anemia and depression. It is a multifactorial disease associated with numerous nutritional deficiencies as well as reproductive issues and increased risk to thyroid disease, kidney failure and cancer. Here, we propose that glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide, Roundup®, is the most important causal factor in this epidemic. Fish exposed to glyphosate develop digestive problems that are reminiscent of celiac disease. Celiac disease is associated with imbalances in gut bacteria that can be fully explained by the known effects of glyphosate on gut bacteria. Characteristics of celiac disease point to impairment in many cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are involved with detoxifying environmental toxins, activating vitamin D3, catabolizing vitamin A, and maintaining bile acid production and sulfate supplies to the gut. Glyphosate is known to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes. Deficiencies in iron, cobalt, molybdenum, copper and other rare metals associated with celiac disease can be attributed to glyphosate’s strong ability to chelate these elements. Deficiencies in tryptophan, tyrosine, methionine and selenomethionine associated with celiac disease match glyphosate’s known depletion of these amino acids. Celiac disease patients have an increased risk to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, which has also been implicated in glyphosate exposure. Reproductive issues associated with celiac disease, such as infertility, miscarriages, and birth defects, can also be explained by glyphosate. Glyphosate residues in wheat and other crops are likely increasing recently due to the growing practice of crop desiccation just prior to the harvest. We argue that the practice of "ripening" sugar cane with glyphosate may explain the recent surge in kidney failure among agricultural workers in Central America. We conclude with a plea to governments to reconsider policies regarding the safety of glyphosate residues in foods
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Fattah, Yousif M., and Ali H. Omer. "Evaluation of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Glyphosate on Allium cepa." Technium BioChemMed 2, no. 1 (May 8, 2021): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/biochemmed.v2i1.3332.
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Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used mostly in crops. This study looked at the genotoxic and Glyphosate has a cytotoxic effect on Allium cepa. As toxicity markers, the Mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, formations of Micronucleus, germination percentage, root duration, and seed weight were used. Allium cepa seeds were afflicted with distinct concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 ml/l) of Glyphosate for 24 h treatment periods. The results reveal that pesticide Glyphosateis capable to reduce root growth and causes chromosomal aberrations;consisting of an anaphase bridge, ring chromosome, binucleated cells, multipolarity, Fragment chromosome, vagrant chromosome, chromatid gaps, star anaphase. With increasing Glyphosate concentration, the mitotic index decreased rapidly. In conclusion, our findings indicate that used pesticidemay be toxic to living organism.
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Döring, Julia, David Rettke, Gerhard Rödel, Tilo Pompe, and Kai Ostermann. "Surface Functionalization by Hydrophobin-EPSPS Fusion Protein Allows for the Fast and Simple Detection of Glyphosate." Biosensors 9, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9030104.
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Glyphosate, the most widely used pesticide worldwide, is under debate due to its potentially cancerogenic effects and harmful influence on biodiversity and environment. Therefore, the detection of glyphosate in water, food or environmental probes is of high interest. Currently detection of glyphosate usually requires specialized, costly instruments, is labor intensive and time consuming. Here we present a fast and simple method to detect glyphosate in the nanomolar range based on the surface immobilization of glyphosate’s target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) via fusion to the hydrophobin Ccg2 and determination of enzyme activity with a malachite green assay, which is a common photometric technique to measure inorganic phosphate (Pi). The assay demonstrates a new approach for a fast and simple detection of pesticides.
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Marino, Marianna, Elena Mele, Andrea Viggiano, Stefania Lucia Nori, Rosaria Meccariello, and Antonietta Santoro. "Pleiotropic Outcomes of Glyphosate Exposure: From Organ Damage to Effects on Inflammation, Cancer, Reproduction and Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212606.
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Glyphosate is widely used worldwide as a potent herbicide. Due to its ubiquitous use, it is detectable in air, water and foodstuffs and can accumulate in human biological fluids and tissues representing a severe human health risk. In plants, glyphosate acts as an inhibitor of the shikimate pathway, which is absent in vertebrates. Due to this, international scientific authorities have long-considered glyphosate as a compound that has no or weak toxicity in humans. However, increasing evidence has highlighted the toxicity of glyphosate and its formulations in animals and human cells and tissues. Thus, despite the extension of the authorization of the use of glyphosate in Europe until 2022, several countries have begun to take precautionary measures to reduce its diffusion. Glyphosate has been detected in urine, blood and maternal milk and has been found to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro and in animal models directly or indirectly through its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). This review aims to summarize the more relevant findings on the biological effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of glyphosate, with a particular focus on glyphosate's potential to induce inflammation, DNA damage and alterations in gene expression profiles as well as adverse effects on reproduction and development.
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Lopes Catão, Anderson José, and Alejandro López-Castillo. "On the degradation pathway of glyphosate and glycine." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, no. 8 (2018): 1148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8em00119g.
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Schulz, Arno, Thomas Münder, Heike Holländer-Czytko, and Nikolaus Amrhein. "Glyphosate Transport and Early Effects on Shikimate Metabolism and Its Compartmentation in Sink Leaves of Tomato and Spinach Plants." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-0539.
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Glyphosate (N[phosphonomethyl]glycine) applied to an assimilate-exporting leaf of tomato or spinach plants is translocated via the phloem to the young growing areas of the shoot apex and root where it causes the rapid accumulation of shikimate and shikimate 3-phosphate to up to 16% of the dry weight or these tissues. Using the technique of non-aqueous fractionation of spinach leaves it was shown that the herbicidal target of glyphosate, the shikimate pathway enzyme 5-enolpyruvlyshikimate 3-phosphate synthase, is located within the chloroplast and that, in the presence of glyphosate. shikimate 3-phosphate accumulates in the same organelle, while shikimate was preferentially localized in the vacuolc. The major part of [l4C]glyphosatc imported into the leaf via the phloem was detected in the cytosolic fraction of the mesophyll cells.
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van Wyk, Johanna W., Janine B. Adams, and Sophie von der Heyden. "Conservation implications of herbicides on seagrasses: sublethal glyphosate exposure decreases fitness in the endangered Zostera capensis." PeerJ 10 (November 15, 2022): e14295. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14295.
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Worldwide seagrass populations are in decline, calling for urgent measures in their conservation. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide globally, leading to increasing concern about its ecological impact, yet little is known about the prevalence or impact of glyphosate on seagrasses. In this study, we investigated the effect of sublethal glyphosate exposure on the endangered seagrass, Zostera capensis, to identify effects on growth, photosynthetic pigments and leaf morphology as measures of seagrass fitness. Seagrasses were exposed to a single dose of a commercial glyphosate formulation—ranging between 250 to 2,200 µg/L. After three weeks, the median leaf area decreased by up to 27%, with reductions of up to 31% in above ground biomass (p < 0.05). Photosynthetic pigment concentration showed no significant difference between groups. The observed effects on biomass and leaf area were seen at glyphosate levels below the regulatory limits set for surface water by several countries and may negatively affect the long-term resilience of this ecosystem engineer to additional stressors, such as those associated with climate change and anthropogenic pollution. As such, glyphosates and other herbicides that are washed into estuarine and marine ecosystems, pose a significant threat to the persistence of seagrasses and are important factors to consider in seagrass conservation, management and restoration efforts.
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Kadžienė, Gražina, Simona Pranaitienė, Ona Auškalnienė, Agnė Veršulienė, Skaidrė Supronienė, Renata Žvirdauskienė, Viktorija Gecaitė, Jurgita Cesevičienė, and Roma Semaškienė. "Oilseed Rape, Wheat, and Barley Grain Contamination as Affected by Different Glyphosate Usage." Plants 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061335.
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Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides, but is still in the spotlight due to its controversial impact on the environment and human health. The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of different glyphosate usages on harvested grain/seed contamination. Two field experiments of different glyphosate usage were carried out in Central Lithuania during 2015–2021. The first experiment was a pre-harvest application, with two timings, the first according to the label (14–10 days), and the other applied 4–2 days before harvest (off-label), performed in winter wheat and spring barley in 2015 and 2016. The second experiment consisted of glyphosate applications at label rate (1.44 kg ha−1) and double dose rate (2.88 kg ha−1) at two application timings (pre-emergence of crop and at pre-harvest), conducted in spring wheat and spring oilseed rape in 2019–2021. The results suggest that pre-emergence application at both dose rates did not affect the harvested spring wheat grain or spring oilseed rape seeds—no residues were found. The use of glyphosate at pre-harvest, despite the dosage and application timing, led to glyphosate’s, as well as its metabolite, aminomethosphonic acid’s, occurrence in grain/seeds, but the amounts did not reach the maximum residue levels according to Regulation (EC) No. 293/2013. The grain storage test showed that glyphosate residues remain in grain/seeds at steady concentrations for longer than one year. A one year study of glyphosate distribution within main and secondary products showed that glyphosate residues were mainly concentrated in wheat bran and oilseed rape meal, while no residues found in cold-pressed oil and wheat white flour, when glyphosate used at pre-harvest at the label rate.
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Kangas, Katie. "A Perspective on Glyphosate: The Expanding Prevalence of This Chemical Herbicide and Its Vast Impacts on Human and Animal Health." Journal of the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association 68, Fall (September 1, 2022): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56641/havk8952.
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Glyphosate is a chemical compound initially patented as an herbicide in 1974 and sold as the main ingredient in herbicides under the trade name Roundup®, with intended use for agriculture and farming. Its use promoted the creation of genetically modified plants to allow crops to withstand this chemical, providing a more labor- and cost-efficient method for weed control. Glyphosate usage has increased dramatically over the past several decades, extending beyond agricultural use to numerous applications, including weed control in forestry and trees, aquatic ponds, and commercial and residential lawns and gardens. The exposure rates for animals and humans are exponentially increasing through food, water, inhalation, and direct contact in the environment (skin exposure). Cumulative research reveals that glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) have adverse effects on the microbiome, nutrient levels, and cellular health. Increasing evidence shows this chemical compound to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, with carcinogenic properties. Additional known effects of glyphosate include endocrine disruption, destruction of the gut lining (and other mucosal barriers in the body), interference with microbiota, and increased antibiotic resistance. Glyphosate also impacts the health of animals and humans by significantly decreasing the nutritive value of plants and crops. Studies show exponentially increased exposure in humans in the United States over the past 2 decades. New information shows even higher levels of glyphosate exposure in companion animals. Veterinary studies reveal links between certain cancers (in dogs) and environmental exposure to glyphosates. More studies need to be done to determine the direct and indirect impacts of this widespread herbicide on degenerative disease, chronic disease, and cancers in humans and animals.
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Smith, Daniel F. Q., Emma Camacho, Raviraj Thakur, Alexander J. Barron, Yuemei Dong, George Dimopoulos, Nichole A. Broderick, and Arturo Casadevall. "Glyphosate inhibits melanization and increases susceptibility to infection in insects." PLOS Biology 19, no. 5 (May 12, 2021): e3001182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001182.
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Melanin, a black-brown pigment found throughout all kingdoms of life, has diverse biological functions including UV protection, thermoregulation, oxidant scavenging, arthropod immunity, and microbial virulence. Given melanin’s broad roles in the biosphere, particularly in insect immune defenses, it is important to understand how exposure to ubiquitous environmental contaminants affects melanization. Glyphosate—the most widely used herbicide globally—inhibits melanin production, which could have wide-ranging implications in the health of many organisms, including insects. Here, we demonstrate that glyphosate has deleterious effects on insect health in 2 evolutionary distant species, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), suggesting a broad effect in insects. Glyphosate reduced survival of G. mellonella caterpillars following infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans and decreased the size of melanized nodules formed in hemolymph, which normally help eliminate infection. Glyphosate also increased the burden of the malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum in A. gambiae mosquitoes, altered uninfected mosquito survival, and perturbed the microbial composition of adult mosquito midguts. Our results show that glyphosate’s mechanism of melanin inhibition involves antioxidant synergy and disruption of the reaction oxidation–reduction balance. Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosate’s environmental accumulation could render insects more susceptible to microbial pathogens due to melanin inhibition, immune impairment, and perturbations in microbiota composition, potentially contributing to declines in insect populations.
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Qiu, Fuguo, Chaoran Li, Shunxi Wang, and Shuang Li. "Adsorption of Glyphosate in Water Using Iron-Based Water Treatment Residuals Derived from Drinking Water Treatment Plants." Processes 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2024): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12071352.
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Glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide, poses a potential threat to human health and the ecosystem due to its toxicity. In this study, iron-based water treatment residuals (Fe-WTRs) were employed for glyphosate removal. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics, as well as the effects of pH, Fe-WTR particle size, and temperature, were explored. The results show that Fe-WTRs are an effective adsorbent for glyphosate adsorption, and the maximum uptake capacity was recorded as 30.25 mg/g. The Fe-WTR surface was positively charged, and low-valent iron dominated under acidic conditions, favoring glyphosate adsorption. Furthermore, smaller Fe-WTR particles (<0.125 mm) showed a faster absorption rate and 20% higher adsorption capacity than larger particles (2–5 mm). The kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption process exhibits a two-step profile, conforming to the pseudo-second-order model, and the thermodynamic analysis indicated that it is a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven reaction. Finally, the Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis revealed that this process is mainly associated with the formation of metal phosphate through the ligand exchange of the phosphate groups of glyphosates with the hydroxyl groups of iron present in Fe-WTRs. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of Fe-WTRs as a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent for glyphosate removal.
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Boniface, Ella Adakole, Azua Terese, Aguoru Celestine, Onekutu Amana, Ella Agbam Francis, and Addy Jose. "Sub lethal mutagenic effects of glyphosate herbicides on juveniles of Clarias gariepinus using randomly amplified DNA primers." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 6, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.006.03.0446.
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The use of herbicides to control weeds has been recognized as a part of agricultural practices throughout the world. Unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of these herbicides to improve agricultural production and yield may have impacts on non-target organisms, especially aquatic life forms and their environment. This study is aimed at assessing the sub lethal mutagenic effects of selected glyphosate herbicides on juveniles of Clarias gariepinus using Randomly Amplified DNA primers. Molecular work was carried out in a standard Biotechnology Laboratory (the Bioinformatics Services), Queen Elizabeth Road, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. There were 4 levels of treatments per glyphosate formulation; each replicated thrice (one tank per replicate). Each tank contained 10 juveniles of C. gariepinus. The Quick-DNA Miniprep Kit was used for the DNA extraction, while Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Based PCR was used for the amplification of the DNA strands. Plate 1 shows the gel image of genomic DNA extracted from C. gariepinus blood without gene amplification. (Plates 2-6) show the DNA amplicons obtained from random amplified primers of fish exposed to different glyphosate formulations at different sub lethal levels of concentrations as compared with the control treatment in order to check for possible mutation. Gel image of RAPD OPB04 primer (Plate 2) gave normal bands as in the control sample except in a sample exposed to Force-up glyphosate at 2.49 mg/L (B2) that gave a faint band. Genetic polymorphism was detected in amplicons of OPT10 primers (Plate 4) In OPT17 primer (Plate 5), there were no DNA bands in fish samples exposed to Force-up glyphosate at 4.98 mg/L (B3), Sunsate glyphosate at 1.21 mg/L (D2) and Touchdown glyphosate at 2.52 mg/L. (E2) or 5.03 mg/L (E3) levels. There were clear evidences of mutagenic effects of the glyphosates in C.gariepinus juveniles as established through the gel image of fish randomly amplified polymorphic DNA primers. The continuous use of the studied glyphosate formulation should be the concern of the public and regulatory bodies
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Dridiger, Viktor, and Natal'ya Gorshkova. "Influence of sowing dates and methods of weed control on the growth, development and productivity of sunflower in direct seeding technology." Agrarian Bulletin of the 204, no. 01 (March 13, 2021): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-204-01-2-10.
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Abstract. When cultivating sunflower using direct seeding technology, its yield largely depends on the time of sowing and the effectiveness of weed control. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of sowing dates and methods of weed control on the growth, development and productivity of sunflower cultivated using direct seeding technology in the zone of unstable moisture in the Stavropol territory. Methods. Field studies were conducted in the experimental field of the North Caucasus Federal research center (zone of unstable moisture of the Stavropol territory) in 2018–2019, where the objects of research were sunflower crops on April 5–10, April 25–30 and May 15–20, cultivated using direct seeding technology with herbicides according to the following scheme: without the use of herbicides (control), spraying of weeds with a continuous herbicide from the group of glyphosates 5–7 days before sowing sunflower (glyphosate), glyphosate + soil herbicide, which was sprayed on plots after sowing the crop, and glyphosate + herbicide Euro-Lightning, used in the phase of 3–4 pairs of real sunflower leaves. Results. It was found that the transfer of sunflower sowing dates from April to the second decade of may leads to an increase in field germination of seeds, reducing the negative impact of atmospheric and soil drought during the growing season of the crop, which ensures the formation of a significantly greater vegetative mass of plants compared to the April sowing dates. The highest yield is formed by sunflower when sown in the second decade of May with the pre-sowing application of a continuous herbicide from the group of glyphosates in combination with a soil herbicide (2.45 t/ha) and the same glyphosate with the spraying of crops with Euro-Lightning herbicide in the phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves – 2.41 t/ha. Sowing sunflower in April, as well as the refusal to use herbicides or only pre-sowing spraying of the soil with glyphosate leads to a significant decrease in crop yield.
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R., Oyelakin, and Aiyesanmi A. "Effect of Lead and Chromium on the Toxicity of Glyphosate Herbicides to African Catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell 1822)." African Journal of Environment and Natural Science Research 7, no. 2 (June 17, 2024): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajensr-nn6sz2hb.
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There is a growing increase in pollution of the aquatic ecosystems with a wide range of chemicals including herbicides and heavy metals input through anthropogenic activities, leading to disruption of ecological balance. This study used a static toxicity bioassay to examine the interaction between heavy metals (Pb and Cr) and organophosphorus herbicides (analytical grade glyphosate, commercially formulated - Roundup and Forceup) on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus BURCHELL 1822). Lethal concentrations (LC50) for roundup (RU), forceup (FU), analytical grade glyphosate (AGG), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) were 17.23 mg/l, 4877 mg/l, 131.12 mg/l, 21.16 mg/l, and 74.82 mg/l respectively. In addition, fish exposed to varying concentration of chromium (5.0 mg/l and 7.5 mg/l) and lead (20 mg/l and 25 mg/l) with glyphosate (RU: 10 mg/l; FU: 4300 mg/l; and AGG: 100 mg/l) for 96 hours were examined for biochemical parameters. Blood plasma examined for liver and kidney profile indices showed that kidney functions’ parameters (protein, albumin, AST-aspartate aminotransferase, ALT-alanine aminotransferase and Bilirubin) and liver functions parameters (urea and creatinine) increased significantly (p<0.05) when glyphosates combined with lead and chromium treated groups compared with the control group. This study therefore, showed that low concentrations of combined toxicants of glyphosates and heavy metals (Cr and Pb) will synergistically induce deleterious effects on the liver and kidney of Clarias gariepinus.
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Vicini, John L., William R. Reeves, John T. Swarthout, and Katherine A. Karberg. "Glyphosate in livestock: feed residues and animal health1." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 11 (September 9, 2019): 4509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz295.
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Abstract Glyphosate is a nonselective systemic herbicide used in agriculture since 1974. It inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase, an enzyme in the shikimate pathway present in cells of plants and some microorganisms but not human or other animal cells. Glyphosate-tolerant crops have been commercialized for more than 20 yr using a transgene from a resistant bacterial EPSP synthase that renders the crops insensitive to glyphosate. Much of the forage or grain from these crops are consumed by farm animals. Glyphosate protects crop yields, lowers the cost of feed production, and reduces CO2 emissions attributable to agriculture by reducing tillage and fuel usage. Despite these benefits and even though global regulatory agencies continue to reaffirm its safety, the public hears conflicting information about glyphosate's safety. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determines for every agricultural chemical a maximum daily allowable human exposure (called the reference dose, RfD). The RfD is based on amounts that are 1/100th (for sensitive populations) to 1/1,000th (for children) the no observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) identified through a comprehensive battery of animal toxicology studies. Recent surveys for residues have indicated that amounts of glyphosate in food/feed are at or below established tolerances and actual intakes for humans or livestock are much lower than these conservative exposure limits. While the EPSP synthase of some bacteria is sensitive to glyphosate, in vivo or in vitro dynamic culture systems with mixed bacteria and media that resembles rumen digesta have not demonstrated an impact on microbial function from adding glyphosate. Moreover, one chemical characteristic of glyphosate cited as a reason for concern is that it is a tridentate chelating ligand for divalent and trivalent metals; however, other more potent chelators are ubiquitous in livestock diets, such as certain amino acids. Regulatory testing identifies potential hazards, but risks of these hazards need to be evaluated in the context of realistic exposures and conditions. Conclusions about safety should be based on empirical results within the limitations of model systems or experimental design. This review summarizes how pesticide residues, particularly glyphosate, in food and feed are quantified, and how their safety is determined by regulatory agencies to establish safe use levels.
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Leonelli, Giulia Claudia. "The glyphosate saga and the fading democratic legitimacy of European Union risk regulation." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 25, no. 5 (October 2018): 582–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x18796981.
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This article endeavours to explore the glyphosate saga through the prism of a socially acceptable risk approach to the governance of public health and environmental risks in the European Union. After a brief overview on the nature and rationale of socially acceptable risk approaches, the article analyses the controversial case of glyphosate’s renewal of approval, casting light on the position of the agencies and institutions involved throughout the risk assessment and risk management phases. Against this overall backdrop, the article deconstructs the European Commission’s artificial legal narrative on ‘sound’ science and glyphosate and contends that the Commission had scientific and legal grounds, as well as compelling political reasons, to accept the requests put forward by the ‘Ban Glyphosate’ European Citizens’ Initiative and the European Parliament. The Commission relied on a narrow evidence-based approach, disregarding the widespread public perception that the uncertain risks posed by glyphosate are socially unacceptable, and ignoring the argument that the existing risk management measures are insufficient to achieve the intended EU level of public health and environmental protection. In so doing, the Commission has ultimately lost a crucial opportunity to re-legitimise and re-democratise EU risk regulation.
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Hoagland, Robert E., and Clyde Douglas Boyette. "Interaction of Gibberellic Acid and Glyphosate on Growth and Phenolic Metabolism in Soybean Seedlings." Agronomy 14, no. 4 (March 27, 2024): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040684.
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The plant growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA) and the herbicide glyphosate were examined for their possible interactions with growth and phenolic metabolism in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. Cv. Hill] seedlings. GA caused increases in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity (PAL) (per axis basis) above those of the control seedling levels 48 h after treatment in light-grown seedlings. This effect increased to two-fold greater than control levels by 72 and 96 h after treatment. In dark-grown plants, GA had no effect on PAL levels at 24 h, reduced levels at 48 and 72 h, and increased PAL at 96 h. Early studies in our lab reported that glyphosate increased PAL levels, and also reduced hydroxyphenolic compound accumulation in both light- and dark-grown soybean seedlings. Treatments of GA plus glyphosate caused additive increases in PAL activity in light-grown seedlings, but GA lowered glyphosate’s increase in PAL levels at 48–96 h after treatment in dark-grown seedlings. GA had little effect on hydroxyphenolic compound levels in either light- or dark-grown seedlings. GA treatment alone did not significantly affect root elongation, but stimulated hypocotyl and epicotyl elongation and caused marginal reversal of glyphosate inhibition of elongation in roots, hypocotyls, and epicotyls in light-grown plants. These results show some differential effects of GA and glyphosate on growth and phenolic metabolism, and their interactions that are dependent on plants grown in light or darkness.
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Tyurina, D. G., G. Y. Laptev, E. A. Yildirim, L. A. Ilyina, V. A. Filippova, E. A. Brazhnik, K. A. Kalitkina, et al. "Changes in the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in poultry under the influence of glyphosate and probiotic." Agrarian science, no. 12 (January 16, 2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-365-12-28-34.
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Relevance. There is increasing information that glyphosates can have a range of adverse effects on animal, bird and human health, raising serious concerns about global feed and animal and poultry product safety. Methods. The experiments were carried out in the vivarium of OOO “BIOTROF+” on broilers of the Ross 308 cross. The birds were divided into 3 groups: 1st (control), which received a diet without additives, 2nd (experimental), which received a diet with the addition of glyphosate, 3rd (experimental), which received a diet with the addition of glyphosate and a strain of the microorganism Bacillus sp. GL-8. Analysis of the gene expression of the caecum of the intestines of broilers was carried out using quantitative PCR with reverse transcription. To analyze mRNA expression, specific primers for antimicrobial peptide genes were selected. Amplification reactions were performed using “SsoAdvanced™ Universal SYBR® Green Supermix” (“Bio-Rad”). Results showed that the residual amounts of glyphosates which are present at sterns of broilers influence an expression of genes of antimicrobic peptides AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD4, AvBD6, CATH-2, NK-lysin, strengthening it. For example, in experimental group 2, there was an increase in gene expression of defensins AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD4, AvBD6 by 21.9, 29.9, 35.1 and 33.5 times, respectively, compared to control group 1 (Р ≤ 0,001). A decrease (31 to 41%) in LEAP-2 gene expression when feed is contaminated with glyphosates may likely lead to a decrease in resistance to bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica typhimurium, Streptococcus spp. and increased severity by the symptom of coccidiosis in poulty. The probiotic had a «leveling» effect on the expression of AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD4 and AvBD6 defensin genes. This is likely due to the enhancement in the probiotic-modified gut microbiota of glyphosate metabolic opportunities, which may have acted as a physical barrier.
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Hernández-Zamora, Miriam, Alma Rodríguez-Miguel, Laura Martínez-Jerónimo, and Fernando Martínez-Jerónimo. "Combined Toxicity of Glyphosate (Faena®) and Copper to the American Cladoceran Daphnia exilis—A Two-Generation Analysis." Water 15, no. 11 (May 26, 2023): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15112018.
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Glyphosate and copper are common pollutants in water and soil. Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide; despite being claimed to be a low-toxicity pesticide and easily degraded, several studies have demonstrated glyphosate’s occurrence and toxicity in freshwater ecosystems. Copper is an essential micronutrient; however, at high concentrations, it becomes toxic, and it is a persistent contaminant discharged from agricultural and industrial activities. Both glyphosate and Cu are agrochemicals that can occur in aquatic environments and produce stress in aquatic biota. Cladocerans are important zooplankters, and their sensitivity to chemical stressors has been widely documented. In this study, the North American cladoceran Daphnia exilis was exposed to glyphosate (Faena®) and Cu mixtures. The effects were assessed in two generations to determine toxicity impairment in the parental (P1) and filial (F1) generations. The 48 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of both chemicals was determined. After this, the generations P1 and F1 were exposed for 21 days to three concentrations of glyphosate and Cu mixtures (1.04 mg L−1 + 2.45 μg L−1, 1.24 mg L−1 + 3.09 μg L−1, and 1.57 mg L−1 + 4.31 μg L−1), starting from neonates. Survival and reproduction were recorded, and macromolecule content and the size of neonates were measured in the progeny. The LC50 was 4.22 mg L−1 for Faena® and 13.45 μg L−1 for copper. Exposure to glyphosate and copper reduced fecundity and the number of clutches per female, delayed age at first reproduction, and increased the number of aborted eggs; these effects were more evident in the F1 than in the P1. In both generations, the concentration of carbohydrates and lipids was significantly reduced. The treatment and the brood number influenced the total length of neonates, but the total length did not differ significantly, whereas body length and body width decreased in F1. Glyphosate and copper mixtures significantly increased toxicity in D. exilis in the F1 generation, probably because the parents produced impaired progenies. Results warn about transgenerational effects in planktonic species chronically exposed to pollutants.
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Soltani, Nader, Christian Willemse, and Peter H. Sikkema. "What Are the Most Efficacious Herbicides Applied Postemergence for Control of Multiple-Herbicide-Resistant Canada Fleabane [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] in Corn?" Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 9 (August 15, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n9p1.
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Multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) Canada fleabane [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] control has become a major concern for corn producers in Ontario. Postemergence (POST) herbicides are critical for the control of emerged MHR Canada fleabane in corn. A study that consisted of five field experiments was conducted in southwestern Ontario in fields with confirmed MHR Canada fleabane to evaluate various herbicide mixtures applied POST for the control of MHR Canada fleabane in corn. Glyphosate + 2,4-D amine, glyphosate/2,4-D choline, glyphosate + clopyralid, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/mesotrione/bicyclopyrone, glyphosate + tolpyralate + atrazine, glyphosate + dicamba, glyphosate + dicamba/atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/mesotrione/ atrazine, glyphosate + mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate + bromoxynil + atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/ mesotrione/bicyclopyrone/atrazine, glyphosate/S-metolachlor/mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione, glyphosate + tembotrione + bromoxynil, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione + atrazine, and glyphosate + tembotrione + atrazine applied POST provided 63-99% control, 77-100% density reduction, and 88-100% shoot biomass reduction of MHR Canada fleabane in corn. MHR Canada fleabane interference reduced corn yield up to 58%; reduced MHR Canada fleabane interference with all herbicide treatments resulted in corn yield similar to the weed-free control. Results of this study indicate that among the herbicide mixtures evaluated glyphosate + mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate + bromoxynil + atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/ mesotrione/bicyclopyrone/atrazine, glyphosate/S-metolachlor/mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione, glyphosate + tembotrione + bromoxynil, glyphosate/dicamba + tembotrione + atrazine, and glyphosate + tembotrione + atrazine applied POST provided the most consistent control of MHR Canada fleabane in corn.
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MORVILLO, Marta. "Glyphosate Effect: Has the Glyphosate Controversy Affected the EU’s Regulatory Epistemology?" European Journal of Risk Regulation 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/err.2020.11.
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Glyphosate’s authorisation will expire in 2022 and its re-approval will take place in a changed legal and political landscape: the national phase of risk assessment is entrusted to a taskforce of four Member States, and, from 2021, the reform of the general food law will apply, imposing, inter alia, more ambitious transparency standards. Taking stock of these developments, this contribution analyses, from a legal perspective, whether and how the glyphosate dispute has contributed to the development of the EU’s regulatory epistemology, with specific regard to food governance. It identifies the “manifesto” of the EU’s regulatory epistemology in the 2002 guidelines on the collection and use of expertise and reads them in the light of the glyphosate dispute. In particular, it focuses on the legal arrangements reflecting the principles established in the 2002 guidelines (quality, openness, effectiveness) and analyses them against the tensions that emerged throughout the dispute with regard to the sources, levels and purposes of EU regulatory knowledge-making. It then considers whether and how such tensions have been addressed by legislative reform and whether this has resulted in a further refinement of the EU’s regulatory epistemology.
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Elmore, Roger W., Fred W. Roeth, Robert N. Klein, Stevan Z. Knezevic, Alex Martin, Lenis A. Nelson, and Charles A. Shapiro. "Glyphosate‐Resistant Soybean Cultivar Response to Glyphosate." Agronomy Journal 93, no. 2 (March 2001): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.932404x.
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Afata, Tariku Neme, Seblework Mekonen, Trine Aulstad Sogn, Manoj K. Pandey, Eshetu Janka, and Gudina Terefe Tucho. "Examining the Effect of Agrochemicals on Soil Microbiological Activity, Micronutrient Availability, and Uptake by Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants." Agronomy 14, no. 6 (June 18, 2024): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061321.
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Agricultural practices profoundly influence soil microbial populations and physicochemical properties, vital for crop growth and quality. This study aims to explore the impact of diverse agrochemical applications on soil microbial dynamics, physicochemical properties, and maize yield and proximate properties. Topsoil samples, collected at depths of 1 to 15 cm, were transported to Jimma University for maize cultivation. Over 120 days, soil and maize samples were collected at specified intervals for analysis, including soil pH, microbial populations, and nutrient content. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) was conducted. Soil bacterial and fungal populations were measured on days 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120. The highest total mesophilic bacterial count (TMBC) was in compost-treated pots (G) and the lowest in those receiving macronutrient fertilizers and glyphosates (B). The highest total mesophilic fungal count (TMFC) was in pots with glyphosates and compost (F), and the lowest was in pots treated with macronutrient fertilizers and glyphosates (B). Pots treated with macronutrient fertilizers and glyphosates (B), macronutrient fertilizers (A), and micronutrient fertilizers (C) showed the lowest Fe and Zn levels. Maize in pots treated with macronutrient fertilizer combined with glyphosate (B) exhibited the lowest protein, fats, and carbohydrates. Notably, compost-treated soils showed the highest bacterial and fungal counts, Fe, and Zn concentrations, while micro-mineral fertilizer combined with glyphosate (B) depleted the soil. Agrochemical treatments negatively affected maize yield quality, indicating complex treatment-related changes in soil parameters.
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Moreira Perissato, Matheus, Alfredo Junior Paiola Albrecht, Leandro Paiola Albrecht, Willian Bosquette Rosa, Samara Moreira Perissato, and Willian Felipe Larini. "Eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis) na região oeste do Estado do Paraná." REVISTA DE AGRICULTURA NEOTROPICAL 10, no. 4 (October 19, 2023): e7243. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v10i4.7243.
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A trapoeraba (Commelina spp.) é considerada um gênero tolerante ao glyphosate, apresentando controle reduzido a esse herbicida em estádios avançados. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de controle das associações de glyphosate com herbicidas de diferentes mecanismos de ação em Commelina benghalensis. O experimento foi conduzido, após a colheita do milho safrinha em 2018, em Palotina-PR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com 12 tratamentos (Testemunha, glyphosate + 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D (aminol 806), glyphosate + dicamba, saflufenacil + glyphosate, glyphosate + dicamba + saflufenacil, diclosulam + glyphosate + saflufenacil, glyphosate + dicamba + chlorimuron, glyphosate + dicamba + glufosinato, glyphosate + dicamba + diclosula, glyphosate + dicamba + (sulfentrazona + diuron) e glyphosate + dicamba + (imazetapir + flumioxazina) e 4 repetições. O controle de C. benghalensis foi avaliado por notas visuais aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após a aplicação (DAA) e por meio da massa seca aos 28 DAA. Independente do tratamento, aos 7 DAA não houve controle eficaz. As notas foram crescentes ao longo do tempo, sendo que aos 28 DAA, os tratamentos glyphosate + 2,4-D para ambas as doses (1025+975 e 1080+1005); diclosulam + glyphosate + saflufenacil; glyphosate + dicamba + diclosulam e glyphosate + dicamba + (imazetapir + flumioxazina) foram os mais eficazes no controle e redução de massa seca, indicando ser potenciais associações no controle da trapoeraba.
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Thomas, Walter E., Ian C. Burke, and John W. Wilcut. "Weed Management in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn with Glyphosate and Halosulfuron." Weed Technology 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-03-222r.
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Three field studies were conducted at Lewiston Woodville, NC, in 2001 and 2002 to evaluate crop tolerance, weed control, grain yield, and net returns in glyphosate-resistant corn with various herbicide systems. Crop injury, weed control, and grain yield were not influenced by glyphosate formulation. Atrazine preemergence (PRE) and atrazine plus metolachlor PRE, averaged over postemergence (POST) systems, controlled Texas panicum at least 80 and 87%, respectively. Sequential glyphosate applications (early postemergence [EPOST] followed by [fb] POST) provided at least 99% control of Texas panicum compared with at least 86 and 88% control with glyphosate EPOST and glyphosate plus halosulfuron EPOST, respectively. Atrazine plus metolachlor PRE fb any glyphosate system controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass 89 to 100% and 94 to 100%, respectively. Sequential glyphosate treatments controlled large crabgrass and goosegrass at least 99 and 95%, respectively. Regardless of PRE system, glyphosate plus halosulfuron EPOST and sequential applications of glyphosate controlled common ragweed and common lambsquarters at least 99%, whereas glyphosate EPOST alone provided at least 88 and 96% control, respectively. Glyphosate plus halosulfuron EPOST and glyphosate sequentially controlled yellow nutsedge similarly and more consistently than glyphosate EPOST. Regardless of PRE treatment, sequential glyphosate applications provided at least 98% control of entireleaf and pitted morningglory, whereas glyphosate EPOST controlled at least 64 and 62%, respectively. Glyphosate EPOST and the sequential glyphosate EPOST fb POST systems yielded similarly at all three locations. Net returns were highest at all three locations with the glyphosate sequential system, with similar net returns obtained with glyphosate EPOST and glyphosate plus halosulfuron EPOST at two and one locations, respectively.
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Ponte, Islana Silva, Edmilson Igor Bernardo Almeida, Andreza Maciel de Sousa, Bruna da Silva Brito Ribeiro, Daniel Lobo de Sousa, Maria da Paz Pires Silva, Washington da Silva Sousa, Leonardo Bernardes Taverny de Oliveira, Bruno França da Trindade Lessa, and Jarlyson Brunno Costa Souza. "Aerial survey and glyphosate-resistant weeds control before soybean seeding." January 2024, no. 18(01):2024 (January 1, 2024): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.24.18.01.p4019.
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Interference from herbicide-resistant weeds is one of the biggest impediments in soybean crops. The aim was to evaluate the spatial dynamics and weed control under glyphosate and glufosinate combinations before soybean seeding. The experiment was conducted in a striped arrangement with thirteen treatments and seven replicates. The treatments consisted in no-treatment, glyphosate, glyphosate + fomesafen, glyphosate + saflufenacil, glyphosate + diclosulam, glyphosate + imazetapir, glyphosate + flumioxazine, glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl, glyphosate + imazetapyr + flumioxazine, glyphosate + glufosinate, glyphosate + flumioxazine + carfentrazone, glufosinate + saflufenacil, glufosinate + flumioxazine. The weed spatial dynamic was analyzed for geostatistics methods, while weed control by conventional and UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) methods. We identified twenty weed species, representing eighteen different genera and fourteen botanical families. It's worth noting that eudicotyledonous species were the dominant group, primarily characterized by an annual life cycle and sexual reproduction. The utilization of precision agricultural methods proved highly effective in conducting weed surveys before soybean seeding. Using glyphosate alone is not recommended in fields with a history of reactive management with this herbicide. Alternatively, combining glyphosate and glufosinate with Protox-inhibitors showed outstanding control efficacy against glyphosate-resistant or glyphosate-tolerant weeds, Cenchrus echinatus, Spermacoce verticillata and Turnera subulata
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Wehtje, Glenn, James E. Altland, and Charles H. Gilliam. "Interaction of Glyphosate and Diquat in Ready-To-Use Weed Control Products." Weed Technology 22, no. 3 (September 2008): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-07-181.1.
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Glyphosate-based, ready-to-use weed control products frequently contain diquat (typically, 0.04 by weight relative to glyphosate) under the supposition that the diquat, “makes glyphosate work faster.” However, in light of the known modes of actions of glyphosate and diquat, we hypothesize that diquat may be antagonistic to glyphosate activity. Greenhouse experiments using longstalked phyllanthus were conducted to test this hypothesis. Glyphosate was applied at a series of rates, ranging from 0.11 to 1.12 kg ae/ha, either alone or tank-mixed with either 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 diquat. Onset of visual injury was more pronounced with the glyphosate + diquat tank mixtures compared with glyphosate alone. However, long-term control, as expressed by regrowth suppression, was greater with glyphosate alone. Regression analysis indicated that, at marginally effective glyphosate rates, the amount of glyphosate must be increased by approximately 60% to compensate for the diquat-based antagonism. Absorption and translocation studies using 14C-glyphosate revealed that the antagonism of diquat toward glyphosate can be attributed to reduced translocation of absorbed glyphosate.
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Nandula, Vijay K., Chester L. Foy, and David M. Orcutt. "Glyphosate forOrobanche aegyptiacacontrol inVicia sativaandBrassica napus." Weed Science 47, no. 5 (October 1999): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500092158.
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Use of glyphosate in controllingOrobanche aegyptiaca(broomrape), a parasitic weed on dicotyledonous crops, was examined by determining glyphosate dose response and14C-labeled glyphosate absorption, translocation, and metabolism patterns inVicia sativa(common vetch) that is tolerant of low levels of glyphosate andBrassica napus(oilseed rape) that has been genetically engineered to be glyphosate resistant. Glyphosate provided excellent suppression ofO. aegyptiacagrowth in bothV. sativaandB. napus.Absorption and translocation of14C-glyphosate was similar between parasitized and nonparasitizedV. sativaplants.14C-Glyphosate was metabolized up to 32% inV. sativa, which could account for some of the tolerance ofV. sativato glyphosate. Approximately 27% of translocated14C-glyphosate accumulated inO. aegyptiacaattachments onV. sativa.Absorption and translocation patterns of14C-glyphosate were similar between parasitized and nonparasitizedB. napusplants. Nearly one-third (31%) of the translocated radioactivity was found inO. aegyptiacaattachments onB. napus.No metabolism of14C-glyphosate was detected inB. napus.
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Gonzini, Lisa C., Stephen E. Hart, and Loyd M. Wax. "Herbicide Combinations for Weed Management in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max)." Weed Technology 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00041853.
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Field experiments were conducted in 1995 and 1996 at DeKalb and Urbana, IL, to evaluate weed management systems in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in rows 76 cm wide. These experiments compared weed control using preemergence (PRE) herbicides followed by glyphosate or postemergence (POST) tank-mix combinations of glyphosate and acetolactate-synthase-inhibiting herbicides with glyphosate applied alone at 0.63 kg ae/ha in single or sequential applications. Overall, the use of a tank-mix partner or a PRE herbicide followed by glyphosate improved weed control compared to a single application of glyphosate. However, weed control with these treatments was not better than with sequential applications of glyphosate. Control of giant foxtail exceeded 90% for single applications of glyphosate except at DeKalb in 1995 when late emergence of giant foxtail occurred after POST applications had been made. A PRE grass herbicide or a late postemergence (LPOST) application of glyphosate was necessary for season-long control of late-emerging giant foxtail. Tank-mixing glyphosate with imazethapyr, cloransulammethyl, and CGA-277476 or applying glyphosate LPOST following these herbicides improved giant foxtail control compared with these herbicides applied alone. A single application of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters 88% or greater in two of three trials. At Urbana in 1995, a single application of glyphosate controlled common lambsquarters 78% compared to 88 to 96% control with PRE herbicides followed by glyphosate or sequential applications of glyphosate. Velvetleaf control with a single application of glyphosate ranged from 55 to 78%. A PRE application of chlorimuron + metribuzin, cloransulammethyl, or sulfentrazone followed by glyphosate POST, as well as sequential applications of glyphosate, consistently improved velvetleaf control compared to a single application of glyphosate. In some cases, adding glyphosate to a POST application of imazethapyr or CGA-277476 improved control of velvetleaf but decreased velvetleaf control when added to cloransulammethyl.
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Abouziena, H. F., R. A. Elmergawi, S. Sharma, A. A. Omar, and M. Singh. "Zinc Antagonizes Glyphosate Efficacy on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)." Weed Science 57, no. 1 (February 2009): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-08-084.1.
Full textAbstract:
Growers of glyphosate-resistant crops apply micronutrients tank-mixed with glyphosate to save time and production costs. Therefore, effect of zinc (Zn), as Zn sulfate, on absorption, translocation, and efficacy of glyphosate on yellow nutsedge was investigated. Glyphosate at 850 g ae ha−1provided 90% yellow nutsedge control at 5 wk after treatment (WAT). Presence of Zn at 1,000 ppmw in the glyphosate spray solution reduced yellow nutsedge control to 24 and 8%, 3 and 5 WAT, respectively. Yellow nutsedge control decreased with increasing Zn level (500 to 2,000 ppmw) in the spray solution. Yellow nutsedge treated with higher rates of Zn tank-mixed with glyphosate produced more tubers and tillers per plant than untreated plants. An abrupt decrease in absorption and translocation of14C–glyphosate occurred between 500 and 1,000 ppmw Zn. The antagonistic effect of Zn on glyphosate depended mainly on reduced absorption and translocation of14C–glyphosate within treated tissues. Less than 10% of applied14C–glyphosate was absorbed when glyphosate was mixed with 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 ppmw Zn as compared with 85% absorption for glyphosate alone. These treatments inhibited > 90% of14C–glyphosate translocation out of the treated leaf and > 50% of tuber translocation relative to glyphosate alone. Results indicate that micronutrients containing Zn are not suitable for tank-mixing with glyphosate.
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Howatt, Kirk A., Gregory J. Endres, Paul E. Hendrickson, Ezra Z. Aberle, John R. Lukach, Brian M. Jenks, Neil R. Riveland, Stephen A. Valenti, and Craig M. Rystedt. "Evaluation of Glyphosate-Resistant Hard Red Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum)." Weed Technology 20, no. 3 (September 2006): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-219r2.1.
Full textAbstract:
The potential for future commercialization of glyphosate-resistant wheat necessitates evaluation of agronomic merits of this technology. Experiments were established to evaluate glyphosate-resistant wheat and weed responses to glyphosate rate, application timing, and tank mixtures. Glyphosate at 1,680 g/ha did not injure wheat. Wheat response to glyphosate applied to one- to three- or three- to five-leaf wheat was not different from that of untreated wheat. Wheat was injured more from glyphosate plus thifensulfuron or glyphosate plus dicamba than from individual herbicides at one of six locations, but grain yield was not affected by glyphosate tank mixtures. Glyphosate application timing did not affect control of wild oat or common lambsquarters 56 d after treatment. Glyphosate when applied to one- to three-leaf wheat provided better control of wild buckwheat than later glyphosate application, whereas glyphosate applied to three- to five-leaf wheat provided the best control of green and yellow foxtail, redroot pigweed, and Canada thistle. Weed control with glyphosate tended to be better than with conventional herbicides, and wheat treated with glyphosate produced approximately 10% more grain than wheat treated with conventional herbicide tank mixes.
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Shaner, Dale L., Phil Westra, and Scott Nissen. "AMADS Increases the Efficacy of Glyphosate Formulations on Corn." Weed Technology 20, no. 1 (March 2006): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-04-332r3.1.
Full textAbstract:
Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of 1-aminomethanamide dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate (AMADS) as a spray adjuvant on the efficacy of three different glyphosate formulations, the isopropylamine salt (glyphosate-IPA), potassium salt (glyphosate-K), and the acid of glyphosate dissolved in AMADS (glyphosate-A). All formulations were tested at multiple rates with and without AMADS (2% v/v) on greenhouse-grown corn, and growth inhibition was determined by measuring the elongation of the newest emerging leaf between 1 and 7 d after treatment. AMADS increased the efficacy of all three glyphosate formulations by threefold to fourfold. The IC50 values for glyphosate-IPA, glyphosate-K, and glyphosate-A without AMADS on corn were 77, 54, and 53 g ae/ha, respectively; and with AMADS the values were 20, 18, and 21 g/ha, respectively. AMADS was more effective than ammonium sulfate (2% w/v) in overcoming the antagonism of hard water (200 parts per million Ca+2) on glyphosate-K efficacy on corn. The rainfastness of glyphosate-IPA, glyphosate-A, and glyphosate-K was improved with AMADS.
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Smyth, Caer. "What counts as expertise? The case of glyphosate and Jasanoff’s ‘three-body problem’." Environmental Law Review 19, no. 3 (September 2017): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461452917724137.
Full textAbstract:
In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organisation published a monograph stating that glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup, Monsanto’s leading herbicide, was ‘probably carcinogenic to humans’. Shortly after this, the European Food Safety Authority re-assessed glyphosate’s licence for use in the European Union, and deemed it to be safe for human use. Both of these expert advisory bodies faced condemnation and accusations of political bias as a result of these assessments. Employing Jasanoff’s ‘three-body problem’, this article examines the conflicting conclusions of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the European Food Safety Authority, exploring what the contested assessments of glyphosate reveal about the entangled relationship between scientific expertise and law-making.
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Flint, Jerry L., and Michael Barrett. "Antagonism of Glyphosate Toxicity to Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) by 2,4-D and Dicamba." Weed Science 37, no. 5 (September 1989): 700–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500072660.
Full textAbstract:
Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the basis for reduced johnsongrass control when glyphosate was applied in mixtures with 2,4-D or dicamba. Glyphosate was applied to johnsongrass at 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg/ha alone and in combination with 2,4-D or dicamba at 0.14, 0.28, 0.14, or 0.56 kg/ha. Johnsongrass shoot and root fresh weights measured 4 weeks after treatment were higher when glyphosate was applied with 2,4-D (0.28 kg/ha glyphosate) or dicamba (0.28 kg/ha or 0.56 kg/ha glyphosate) compared to glyphosate applied alone at these rates. The antagonism of johnsongrass control was not observed with combinations of some of the higher glyphosate rates with 2,4-D (0.56 or 0.84 kg/ha glyphosate) or dicamba (0.84 or 1.12 kg/ha glyphosate). The reduction of glyphosate activity on johnsongrass occurred when any of four forms of 2,4-D or two forms of dicamba were added to the glyphosate spray mixture. Glyphosate uptake into johnsongrass leaves and subsequent translocation to the roots was reduced by the presence of 2,4-D or dicamba. The reduced glyphosate uptake and translocation could account for the decreased toxicity of glyphosate to johnsongrass when applied with 2,4-D or dicamba.
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Scroggs, Derek M., Donnie K. Miller, Paul R. Vidrine, and Robert G. Downer. "Evaluation of Weed Control and Crop Tolerance with Co-application of Glyphosate and Pyraflufen-ethyl in Glyphosate-resistant Soybean (Glycine Max)." Weed Technology 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 1035–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-184.1.
Full textAbstract:
Field trials were conducted to evaluate weed control and soybean tolerance with co-application of pyraflufen-ethyl and glyphosate. Pyraflufen-ethyl applied at 11, 23, or 45 g ai/ha in combination with glyphosate did not affect control of barnyardgrass, browntop millet, redroot pigweed, sicklepod, or smellmelon compared to glyphosate alone or co-applied with chlorimuron. Initial benefit (7 DAT) to pitted morningglory control with pyraflufen-ethyl plus glyphosate compared to glyphosate alone or co-applied with chlorimuron was not observed 28 DAT. Hemp sesbania control was increased by pyraflufen-ethyl at 45 g/ha plus glyphosate and glyphosate plus chlorimuron relative to glyphosate applied alone. Pyraflufen-ethyl plus glyphosate resulted in significant visual soybean injury, and a reduction in soybean yield was observed with pyraflufen-ethyl at 45 g/ha relative to glyphosate applied alone or in combination with chlorimuron. Results from a weed-free study confirmed crop injury and yield reduction potential with pyraflufen-ethyl plus glyphosate. Overall results suggest no benefit with respect to weed control or crop tolerance to pyraflufen-ethyl inclusion in a glyphosate-resistant soybean weed control program over that observed with currently registered co-application of glyphosate and chlorimuron.
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Cahoon, Charles, Alan York, David Jordan, Richard Seagroves, Wesley Everman, and Katie Jennings. "Sequential and Co-Application of Glyphosate and Glufosinate in Cotton." Journal of Cotton Science 19, no. 2 (July 2015): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/duka8370.
Full textAbstract:
Glufosinate controls GR Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.), but might be less effective than glyphosate on certain weeds. Glyphosate and glufosinate applications in tolerant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars can broaden the spectrum of control and aid in resistance management. Research investigating sequential application and potential interactions with co-applications of glyphosate and glufosinate is limited. Field research at six locations evaluated Palmer amaranth and annual grass control with glyphosate and glufosinate co-applied or sequentially applied. Herbicides were applied to two-leaf cotton and repeated 14 d later. A GR biotype comprised 10 to 90% of the Palmer amaranth populations. Greater Palmer amaranth control was achieved following sequential applications of glufosinate compared with glyphosate. Co-application of glufosinate plus glyphosate was more effective than glyphosate alone at most locations but never more effective than glufosinate alone. Glyphosate controlled goosegrass (Eleusine indica [L.] Gaertn.) more than glufosinate and a similar response was observed for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis [L.] Scop.). Glufosinate and glyphosate co-applied were less effective than glyphosate alone on both grasses, but not more effective than glufosinate alone. Glufosinate followed by (fb) glyphosate was the preferred order for sequential application to control Palmer amaranth at most locations. With high percentages of the GR biotype, glufosinate applied sequentially was more effective than any other sequential applications. Glyphosate fb glufosinate and glufosinate fb glyphosate controlled large crabgrass similar to glyphosate applied sequentially and greater than glufosinate applied sequentially. For goosegrass, glyphosate fb glufosinate was more effective than the reverse. Seven days after the second postemergence application, sequential application of glyphosate fb glufosinate controlled goosegrass as well as glyphosate applied sequentially and better than glufosinate applied sequentially.
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Tao, Bo, Jingkai Zhou, Calvin G. Messersmith, and John D. Nalewaja. "Efficacy of Glyphosate Plus Bentazon or Quizalofop on Glyphosate-Resistant Canola or Corn." Weed Technology 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-193.1.
Full textAbstract:
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of glyphosate on efficacy of bentazon for glyphosate-resistant (GR) canola control and of quizalofop for GR corn control. Control also was evaluated for glyphosate plus bentazon on wild buckwheat and wheat and glyphosate plus quizalofop on velvetleaf. Glyphosate plus bentazon synergistically controlled GR canola and wild buckwheat but were antagonistic for wheat control. Glyphosate plus quizalofop were additive for control of GR corn and velvetleaf. Inert ingredients in glyphosate formulations, i.e., cationic surfactant, NH4, or K, contributed to glyphosate synergism of bentazon, but the major contribution came from glyphosate itself. Efficacy of glyphosate plus bentazon on GR canola was enhanced by ammonium nitrate (AMN), ammonium sulfate (AMS), nonionic surfactant (NIS), or silicone surfactant (SiS) but was slightly decreased by methylated seed oil (MSO) or petroleum oil concentrate. AMN, AMS, NIS, and SiS partially overcame the antagonism of bentazon to glyphosate for wheat control. NIS enhanced phytotoxicity of glyphosate plus quizalofop to GR corn and velvetleaf, but the enhancement was less than by SiS or MSO to GR corn and SiS or AMS to velvetleaf.
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Vila-Aiub, Martin M., Maria C. Balbi, Pedro E. Gundel, Claudio M. Ghersa, and Stephen B. Powles. "Evolution of Glyphosate-Resistant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean." Weed Science 55, no. 6 (December 2007): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-07-053.1.
Full textAbstract:
In Argentinean crop fields, weed control is mainly achieved by intense use of glyphosate as a nonselective and/or selective herbicide. Glyphosate use is very high as more than 95% of the 16 million ha soybean crop consists of glyphosate-resistant cultivars, always treated with this herbicide. From initial success, inconsistent glyphosate control of Johnsongrass, an invading C4 perennial grass of soybean crops, has become evident to producers from northern Argentina over the last 3 yr. Prior to this, glyphosate provided good control. This study evaluated the nature of these recurrent glyphosate failures in Johnsongrass. Experiments conducted with Johnsongrass plants obtained from seed and rhizome phytomers collected from fields with intense glyphosate use history showed that these populations showed differential survival and biomass productivity when glyphosate treated than Johnsongrass plants obtained from similar propagules collected from field sites with no history of glyphosate use. This empirical evidence establishes that the Johnsongrass survival in glyphosate-treated transgenic soybean fields from northern Argentina is due to evolved glyphosate resistance.
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Manogaran, Motharasan, Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai, and Mohd Yunus Shukor. "Characterization of a Glyphosate-degrading Bacterium from a Paddy Field in Kepala Batas, Penang." Bulletin of Environmental Science and Sustainable Management (e-ISSN 2716-5353) 7, no. 1 (July 31, 2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/bessm.v7i1.901.
Full textAbstract:
Bioremediation of contaminants, including glyphosate, a herbicide, is an economically viable and environmentally friendly technique. Glyphosate is the most utilized herbicides for weed management. Pollution from glyphosate is dangerous to wildlife and their habitats. Soil Pseudomonas sp. strain UMP-KB2 obtained from a paddy field was used as the only source of carbon and described for its capacity to degrade glyphosate. The growth of these bacteria was measured spectrophotometrically as A600 nm in response to changes in incubation time, g inoculum size, glyphosate concentration (carbon source), temperature and pH. The bacterium degrades glyphosate optimally at pH 7.0, glyphosate concentration of 0.5 g/L, temperatures of between 30 and 35 ºC, and inoculum size 1% (v/v). Growth at 0.5 g/L glyphosate shows a two-day lag period and nearly 90% degradation after six days of incubation. The isolation of a glyphosate-degrading bacterium that utilizes glyphosate as a carbon source will be very useful in mineralizing glyphosate in contaminated agriculture soil.
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Neve, Paul, Jason K. Norsworthy, Kenneth L. Smith, and Ian A. Zelaya. "Modeling Glyphosate Resistance Management Strategies for Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in Cotton." Weed Technology 25, no. 3 (September 2011): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00171.1.
Full textAbstract:
A simulation model is used to explore management options to mitigate risks of glyphosate resistance evolution in Palmer amaranth in glyphosate-resistant cotton in the southern United States. Our first analysis compares risks of glyphosate resistance evolution for seven weed-management strategies in continuous glyphosate-resistant cotton monoculture. In the “worst-case scenario” with five applications of glyphosate each year and no other herbicides applied, evolution of glyphosate resistance was predicted in 74% of simulated populations. In other strategies, glyphosate was applied with various combinations of preplant, PRE, and POST residual herbicides. The most effective strategy included four glyphosate applications with a preplant fomesafen application, and POST tank mixtures of glyphosate plusS-metolachlor followed by glyphosate plus flumioxazin. This strategy reduced the resistance risk to 12% of populations. A second series of simulations compared strategies where glyphosate-resistant cotton was grown in one-to-one rotations with corn or cotton with other herbicide resistance traits. In general, crop rotation reduced risks of resistance by approximately 50% and delayed the evolution of resistance by 2 to 3 yr. These analyses demonstrate that risks of glyphosate resistance evolution in Palmer amaranth can be reduced by reducing glyphosate use within and among years, controlling populations with diverse herbicide modes of action, and ensuring that population size is kept low. However, no strategy completely eliminated the risk of glyphosate resistance.
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Braz, Guilherme Braga Pereira, Eduardo Souza Freire, Bruno César Silva Pereira, Fernanda dos Santos Farnese, Matheus de Freitas Souza, Lucas Loram-Lourenço, and Letícia Ferreira de Sousa. "Agronomic Performance of RR® Soybean Submitted to Glyphosate Application Associated with a Product Based on Bacillus subtilis." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 2940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122940.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the great benefits arising from the adoption of Roundup Ready® (RR®) soybean, there are reports about the lack of selectivity of glyphosate for this crop. The use of growth-promoting microorganisms can help attenuate the injuries caused by herbicides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of RR® soybean submitted to the post-emergence application of glyphosate both isolated and in association with Bacillus subtilis. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the post-emergence applications of glyphosate (1296 g a.i. ha−1), glyphosate (2592 g a.i. ha−1), glyphosate/glyphosate (1296/1296 g a.i. ha−1), glyphosate + B. subtilis BV02 (1296 + 42 g a.i. ha−1), glyphosate + B. subtilis BV02 (2592 + 42 g a.i. ha−1), and glyphosate + B. subtilis BV02/glyphosate + B. subtilis BV02 (1296 + 42/1296 + 42 g a.i. ha−1). The application of glyphosate (2592 g a.i. ha−1) and the sequential application of glyphosate provides higher levels of intoxication. The association of B. subtilis BV02 with glyphosate (2592 g a.i. ha−1) prevented losses in the values of relative chlorophyll a and b and the total chlorophyll index. The soybean yield was reduced when the plants were submitted to a sequential application of glyphosate.
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Bradberry, Sally M., Alex T. Proudfoot, and J. Allister Vale. "Glyphosate Poisoning." Toxicological Reviews 23, no. 3 (2004): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00139709-200423030-00003.
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Kubis, Gabrielly Cristina, Raizza Zorman Marques, Rafael Shinji Akiyama Kitamura, Arthur Arrobas Martins Barroso, Philippe Juneau, and Marcelo Pedrosa Gomes. "Antioxidant Enzyme and Cytochrome P450 Activities Are Involved in Horseweed (Conyza Sumatrensis) Resistance to Glyphosate." Stresses 3, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses3010005.
Full textAbstract:
The intensive global use of glyphosate has led to the evolution of glyphosate resistant (GR) weed species, including the economically damaging horseweed (Conyza sumatrensis). We evaluated the glyphosate resistance mechanisms of C. sumatrensis. While 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase activity was similar between the glyphosate resistant (GR) and nonresistant biotypes, plants from the GR population accumulated lower shikimate levels than susceptible ones, suggesting the absence of target-site resistance mechanisms. Decreases over time in glyphosate concentrations in GR leaves were not accompanied by increases in glyphosate concentrations in their stem and roots, indicating lower glyphosate distribution rates in GR plants. The early appearance of aminomethylphosphonic acid (the main glyphosate metabolite) in leaves, as well as its presence only in the stems and roots of GR plants, suggests faster glyphosate metabolism in GR plants than in susceptible ones. GR plants treated with glyphosate also showed greater antioxidant (ascorbate peroxidase [APX] and catalase [CAT]) and cytochrome P450-enzyme activities, indicating their great capacity to avoid glyphosate-induced oxidative stress. Three non-target mechanisms (reduced glyphosate translocation, increased metabolism, and increased antioxidant activity) therefore confer glyphosate resistance in C. sumatrensis plants. This is the first time that APX, CAT and P450-enzyme activities are related to GR in C. sumatrensis.