Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Glycolyse – Modèles mathématiques – Prévision'
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Cousin, Charlotte. "La gestion des sources carbonées chez Bacillus subtilis - Stratégie de validation expérimentale guidée par le modèle mathématique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0008.
Full textIn this study, we established a dynamical differential equation model of glycolysis in Bacillus subtilis that couples enzymatic and transcriptional regulation. Full experimental validation of such a complex model is currently not feasible. Thus, we built a model-driven validation strategy to decrease the number of experiments and focus only on several key points of the regulation. Model analysis at steady-state pointed out: strong structural properties of glycolysis, key enzymes involved and enzymatic regulations that seem indispensable. Our objective was to validate the predicted enzymatic regulation, demonstrate the structural properties from a biological perspective and perturb them in order to validate the model. First, the model predicted critical enzymatic regulations that we verified experimentally. This in silico-driven approach led us to some unexpected discoveries. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were both predicted by the model to be inactivated by phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). We purified the enzymes from B. subtilis and were able to demonstrate uncompetitive inhibition by PEP for both of them. Moreover, pyruvate kinase, catalyzing the last step of glycolysis, was predicted to be activated by ribose-5-phosphate (R5P). Enzymatic assays with N-terminally tagged B. subtilis pyruvate kinase showed no activation by R5P, or any known activator of pyruvate kinases from other species. By contrast, enzymatic assays with C-terminally tagged B. subtilis pyruvate kinase showed the predicted R5P activation, suggesting the implication of the N-terminus in B. subtilis pyruvate kinase stability. Finally, the model analysis showed that pyruvate kinase and phosphofructokinase need to be strongly correlated to maintain the robustness of glycolysis. This notion is supported by the fact that genes coding for these enzymes constitute an operon (pfk-pyk). In order to perturb the robust regulation of glycolysis, we constructed B. subtilis with the genes pfk and pyk uncoupled, each under control of a separate inducible promoter. The results show high-robustness of B. subtilis glycolysis that was difficult to perturb. In the end, the mathematical model has been validated. This work has demonstrated the shortcomings and the advantages of working at the interface between mathematics and biology, which is necessary for full understanding of high-complexity biological networks
Ayadi, Karim. "La prévision des prix pétroliers." Paris 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA020050.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the way one can make very short run predictions of spot oil and petroleum derivatives prices. Broadly, there are two issues of interest: the autoregressive expectations and the price discovery role of oil futures prices. In the first part we examine two different forecasting methodologies: technical analysis and time series modelling. Our empirical results show evidence for predictive power of the moving average rule on spot oil prices. On the other hand, the statistical properties of these prices led us to apply arch/garch methodology. The empirical results show, among other things, the existence of mean and conditional variance "day of the week" effects. The second part of this thesis is concerned with the informational role of oil futures markets. We first describe the functioning of oil future markets. Then we test the informational role of the basis (difference between the spot and future prices). In the last chapter, an equilibrium model under rational expectations and asymmetric information is constructed to show that the equilibrium future price transfers informations. Empirical tests show that daily brent future prices doesn't contain interesting informations on the evolution of daily dated brent price. But contain useful information to predict the evolution of dated brent price volatility
Bergot, Thierry. "Modélisation du brouillard à l'aide d'un modèle 1D forcé par des champs mésoéchelle : application à la prévision." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30281.
Full textDespagne, Wilfried. "Construction, analyse et implémentation d'un modèle de prévision : déploiement sous forme d'un système de prévision chez un opérateur européen du transport et de la logistique." Phd thesis, Université Européenne de Bretagne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00487327.
Full textEzzahrioui, M'hamed. "Prévision dans les modèles conditionels en dimension finie." Littoral, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DUNK0187.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the survey of the asymptotic properties of conditional functional parameters in nonparametric statistics, when the explanatory variable takes values in an infinite dimension space. In this nonparametric setting, we consider the estimators of the usual functional parameters, as the conditional law, the conditional probability density, the conditional quantile, the conditional mode and the conditional hazard function, when the explanatory variable is functional. We are mainly interested in the problem of forecasting in non parametric conditional models, when the data are functional random variables. We propose an alternative to the method of regression while using the conditional mode or the conditional median. The survey of our functional estimators deals with i. I. D. As well as strong mixing data for which we generalize the classical finite-dimension results. Forecasting in parametric or nonparametric statistics is one of the most crucial questions to which the statisticians try to give answers for different frameworks. It is worth to note that the usual regression model does not answer to the problem of forecasting in some situations such as asymmetri densities or in the case where the density admits several peaks among which one is sufficiently large. The conditionnal mode/quantile are then alternatives to answer the mentioned problem. This thesis traces itself in the continuity of the existing works in infinite dimension. It develops a lot of aspects of both practical and theorical points of view. Our results are applied to real data (taken from climatology) and to simulated data
Bornancin, Plantier Audrey. "Conception de modèles de prévision des crues éclair par apprentissage artificiel." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066015.
Full textThe South of France is often subject to dramatic floods, which cause casualties and damages. Very intense, localized rainfalls generate fast, complex flash floods that are very difficult to forecast. The FLASH project (Flood forecasting with machine Learning, data Assimilation and Semi-pHysical modeling) was created in this context. It brings together several laboratories from different scientific fields, whose purpose is to provide the French Flood Surveillance Service (SCHAPI), with a model of flood forecasting. These forecasts will feed the real-time flood vigilance map that is available on the Internet. The main watershed under investigation here is the Gardon d’Anduze. Two types of neural networks are designed and trained to forecast the water level at Anduze from the past water levels and rainfalls. The selection of the number of hidden neurons, of the number of inputs, of some parameters of the training algorithm, and of the initialization of the networks parameters, which is crucial for estimating the generalization capability of the models, is performed by cross validation. The forecasts on the test events are satisfactory for 2 to 3 hour-ahead predictions, depending on the test event. An attempt at on-line training for model adaptation was unconvincing. Encouraging preliminary results are obtained by using rainfall estimates from radar images instead of rain gauge measurements. Finally, the methodology is applied to design predictive models of the water level of the Gardon at Remoulins, a watershed that includes the Gardon d’Anduze catchment. The level forecasts at Remoulins are statisfactory up to a prediction horizon of seven to nine hours
Hilali, Cherifa Haya. "Modèles de prévision du trafic aérien "passagers" : exemples d'application : la France et le Maroc." Paris 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA020011.
Full textIn an attempt to rationalize their operations in order to improve their investments, airline companies increasingly use econometric methods and or models. These tools have been developed especially for passenger traffic which remains, despite grouth in freight traffic, the main part of their operations. The essential role palyed by forecasting in modern management has led us to be particularty interested in this tool for aviation decision matiers. This research has led to comprehend the hinge between econometric technics and the complexity of "the aviation world". Because of this fact we have explored these two fields endeavoring to go beyond their complexities. A descriptive analysis of the principle methodological problems encountered throughout a traffic forecast has allowed us to point out the different orientations that should be taken into account with priority. Our goal was to provide an alternative to the method already in use in morocco in order to propose a detailed econometric model which would be used within the framework of the real life of this country. From our research, we managed to come up with basis results which can be used for domestic moroccan air traffic forecasts, notably for better control of investments of the orientation of the commercial policies of this type of transportation. Regressions concerning france as well as morocco, permitted the. .
Bénard, Élodie. "Impact populationnel de la vaccination contre les virus du papillome humain : revue systématique et synthèse des prédictions de 16 modèles mathématiques dynamiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27033.
Full textIntroduction: En 2015, 65 pays avaient des programmes de vaccination contre les VPH. La modélisation mathématique a joué un rôle crucial dans leur implantation. Objectifs: Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique et analysé les prédictions de modèles mathématiques de l’efficacité populationnelle de la vaccination sur la prévalence des VPH-16/18/6/11 chez les femmes et les hommes, afin d’évaluer la robustesse/variabilité des prédictions concernant l’immunité de groupe, le bénéfice ajouté par la vaccination des garçons et l’élimination potentielle des VPH-16/18/6/11. Méthodes: Nous avons cherché dans Medline/Embase afin d’identifier les modèles dynamiques simulant l’impact populationnel de la vaccination sur les infections par les VPH-16/18/6/11 chez les femmes et les hommes. Les équipes participantes ont réalisé des prédictions pour 19 simulations standardisées. Nous avons calculé la réduction relative de la prévalence (RRprev) 70 ans après l’introduction de la vaccination. Les résultats présentés correspondent à la médiane(10ème; 90èmeperccentiles) des prédictions. Les cibles de la vaccination étaient les filles seulement ou les filles & garçons. Résultats: 16/19 équipes éligibles ont transmis leurs prédictions. Lorsque 40% des filles sont vaccinées, la RRprev du VPH-16 est 53%(46%; 68%) chez les femmes et 36%(28%; 61%) chez les hommes. Lorsque 80% des filles sont vaccinées, la RRprev est 93%(90%; 100%) chez les femmes et 83%(75%; 100%) chez les hommes. Vacciner aussi les garçons augmente la RRprev de 18%(13%; 32%) chez les femmes et 35%(27%; 39%) chez les hommes à 40% de couverture, et 7%(0%; 10%) et 16%(1%; 25%) à 80% de couverture. Les RRprev étaient plus élevées pour les VPH-18/6/11 (vs. VPH-16). Si 80% des filles & garçons sont vaccinés, les VPH-16/18/6/11 pourraient être éliminés. Interprétation: Même si les modèles diffèrent entre eux, les prédictions s’accordent sur: 1)immunité de groupe élevée même à basse couverture, 2)RRprev supérieures pour les VPH-18/6/11 (vs. VPH-16), 3)augmenter la couverture chez les filles a un meilleur impact qu’ajouter les garçons, 4)vacciner 80% des filles & garçons pourraient éliminer les VPH-16/18/6/11.
Background: As of 2015, 65 countries have introduced HPV vaccination programmes. Mathematical models have played a key role in the implementation of these programmes. Objectives: We conducted a systematic review and pooled-analysis of model predictions of population-level effectiveness of HPV vaccination against HPV-16/18/6/11 infection in women and men, to examine the robustness/variability of predicted populationnal effects, incremental benefit of vaccinating boys, and potential for HPV vaccine-type elimination. Methods: We searched Medline and Embase (2009-2015) for transmission-dynamic modeling studies predicting the population-level impact of vaccination on HPV-16/18/6/11 infections among women and men in high-income countries. Participating modeling teams produced predictions for 19 standardized scenarios. We derived pooled relative reduction in HPV prevalence (RRprev) 70 years after vaccination, using the median (10th; 90thpercentile) of model predictions. Strategies investigated were Girls-Only and Girls & Boys vaccination at 12 years of age. Findings: 16/19 eligible models, from ten high-income countries provided predictions. With 40% Girls-Only vaccination coverage, HPV-16 RRprev among women and men was 53%(46%; 68%) and 36%(28%; 61%), respectively. With 80% Girls-Only vaccination coverage, HPV-16 RRprev among women and men was 93%(90%; 100%) and 83%(75%; 100%), respectively. Vaccinating boys in addition to girls increased HPV-16 RRprev among women and men by 18%(13%; 32%) and 35%(27%; 39%) for 40% coverage, and 7%(0%; 10%) and 16%(1%; 25%) for 80% coverage, respectively. RRprev were greater for HPV-18/6/11 than HPV-16 for all scenarios. Finally at 80% coverage, most models predicted that Girls & Boys vaccination would eliminate HPV-16/18/6/11, with a median RRprev of 100% for women and men for all types. Interpretation: Although HPV models differ in structure, data used for calibration and setting, population-level predictions were generally concordant: 1) strong herd effects from vaccinating Girls-Only, even with low coverage, 2) greater post-vaccination reductions in HPV-18/6/11 infection (vs. HPV-16), 3) increasing coverage in girls provides greater impact than including boys, and 4) reaching 80% coverage in Girls would eliminate HPV-16/18/6/11, with a median RRprev of 100% for women and men for all types. Interpretation: Although HPV models differ in structure, data used for calibration and setting, population-level predictions were generally concordant: 1) strong herd effects from vaccinating Girls-Only, even with low coverage, 2) greater post-vaccination reductions in HPV-18/6/11 infection (vs. HPV-16), 3) increasing coverage in girls provides greater impact than including boys, and 4) reaching 80% coverage in Girls would eliminate HPV-16/18/6/11, with a median RRprev of 100% for women and men for all types. Interpretation: Although HPV models differ in structure, data used for calibration and setting, population-level predictions were generally concordant: 1) strong herd effects from vaccinating Girls-Only, even with low coverage, 2) greater post-vaccination reductions in HPV-18/6/11 infection (vs. HPV-16), 3) increasing coverage in girls provides greater impact than including boys, and 4) reaching 80% coverage in Girls & Boys could eliminate HPV-16/18/6/11.
Ghattas, Badih. "Agrégation d'arbres de décision binaires : Application à la prévision de l'ozone dans les Bouches du Rhône." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22003.
Full textPeton, Nicolas. "Méthode du groupement par soustraction pour l'identification de modèle flou : amélioration et application à la prévision de la polution atmosphérique." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20158.
Full textAkrache, Radouane. "Prévision de la durée de vie en fatigue des structures 3D par la méthode des éléments finis." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1128.
Full textBubnova, Radmila. "Pouziti souradnice "hydrostaticky tlak" pro integraci elastického modelu dynamiky atmosféry v numerickém predpovednim systému ARPEGE/ALADIN=." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30067.
Full textHernandez, Lauriane. "Prévision du chiffre d'affaires pour l'implantation d'un hypermarché : comparaison de deux méthodes." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20229.
Full textAllain, Guillaume. "Prévision et analyse du trafic routier par des méthodes statistiques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/351/.
Full textThe industrial partner of this work is Mediamobile/V-trafic, a company which processes and broadcasts live road-traffic information. The goal of our work is to enhance traffic information with forecasting and spatial extending. Our approach is sometimes inspired by physical modelling of traffic dynamic, but it mainly uses statistical methods in order to propose self-organising and modular models suitable for industrial constraints. In the first part of this work, we describe a method to forecast trafic speed within a time frame of a few minutes up to several hours. Our method is based on the assumption that traffic on the a road network can be summarized by a few typical profiles. Those profiles are linked to the users' periodical behaviors. We therefore make the assumption that observed speed curves on each point of the network are stemming from a probabilistic mixture model. The following parts of our work will present how we can refine the general method. Medium term forecasting uses variables built from the calendar. The mixture model still stands. Additionnaly we use a fonctionnal regression model to forecast speed curves. We then introduces a local regression model in order to stimulate short-term trafic dynamics. The kernel function is built from real speed observations and we integrate some knowledge about traffic dynamics. The last part of our work focuses on the analysis of speed data from in traffic vehicles. These observations are gathered sporadically in time and on the road segment. The resulting data is completed and smoothed by local polynomial regression
Nono, Simplice Aimé, and Simplice Aimé Nono. "Three essays in international finance and macroeconomics." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28284.
Full textCette thèse examine l’effet de l’information sur la prévision macroéconomique. De façon spécifique, l’emphase est d’abord mise sur l’impact des frictions d’information en économie ouverte sur la prévision du taux de change bilatéral et ensuite sur le rôle de l’information issue des données d’enquêtes de conjoncture dans la prévision de l’activité économique réelle. Issu du paradigme de la nouvelle macroéconomie ouverte (NOEM), le premier essai intègre des frictions d’informations et des rigidités nominales dans un modèle d’équilibre général dynamique stochastique (DSGE) en économie ouverte. Il présente ensuite une analyse comparative des résultats de la prévision du taux de change obtenu en utilisant le modèle avec et sans ces frictions d’information. Tandis que le premier essai développe un modèle macroéconomique structurel de type DSGE pour analyser l’effet de la transmission des choc en information incomplète sur la dynamique du taux de change entre deux économies, le deuxième et troisième essais utilisent les modèles factorielles dynamiques avec ciblage pour mettre en exergue la contribution de l’information contenu dans les données d’enquêtes de confiance (soit au niveau de l’économie nationale que internationale) sur la prévision conjoncturelle de l’activité économique réelle. « The Forward Premium Puzzle : a Learning-based Explanation » (Essai 1) est une contribution à la littérature sur la prévision du taux de change. Cet essai a comme point de départ le résultat théorique selon lequel lorsque les taux d’intérêt sont plus élevés localement qu’ils le sont à l’étranger, cela annonce une dépréciation future de la monnaie locale. Cependant, les résultats empiriques obtenus sont généralement en contradiction avec cette intuition et cette contradiction a été baptisée l’énigme de la parité des taux d’intérêt non-couverte ou encore «énigme de la prime des contrats à terme ». L’essai propose une explication de cette énigme basée sur le mécanisme d’apprentissage des agents économiques. Sous l’hypothèse que les chocs de politique monétaire et de technologie peuvent être soit de type persistant et soit de type transitoire, le problème d’information survient lorsque les agents économiques ne sont pas en mesure d’observer directement le type de choc et doivent plutôt utiliser un mécanisme de filtrage de l’information pour inférer la nature du choc. Nous simulons le modèle en présence de ces frictions informationnelles, et ensuite en les éliminant, et nous vérifions si les données artificielles générées par les simulations présentent les symptômes de l’énigme de la prime des contrats à terme. Notre explication à l’énigme est validée si et seulement si seules les données générées par le modèle avec les frictions informationnelles répliquent l’énigme. « Using Confidence Data to Forecast the Canadian Business Cycle » (Essai 2) s’appuie sur l’observation selon laquelle la confiance des agents économiques figure désormais parmi les principaux indicateurs de la dynamique conjoncturelle. Cet essai analyse la qualité et la quantité d’information contenu dans les données d’enquêtes mesurant la confiance des agents économiques. A cet effet, il évalue la contribution des données de confiance dans la prévision des points de retournement (« turning points ») dans l’évolution de l’économie canadienne. Un cadre d’analyse avec des modèles de type probit à facteurs est spécifié et appliqué à un indicateur de l’état du cycle économique canadien produit par l’OCDE. Les variables explicatives comprennent toutes les données canadiennes disponibles sur la confiance des agents (qui proviennent de quatre enquêtes différentes) ainsi que diverses données macroéconomiques et financières. Le modèle est estimé par le maximum de vraisemblance et les données de confiance sont introduites dans les différents modèles sous la forme de variables individuelles, de moyennes simples (des « indices de confiance ») et de « facteurs de confiance » extraits d’un ensemble de données plus grand dans lequel toutes les données de confiance disponibles ont été regroupées via la méthode des composantes principales, . Nos résultats indiquent que le plein potentiel des données sur la confiance pour la prévision des cycles économiques canadiens est obtenu lorsque toutes les données sont utilisées et que les modèles factoriels sont utilisés. « Forecasting with Many Predictors: How Useful are National and International Confidence Data? » (Essai 3) est basé sur le fait que dans un environnement où les sources de données sont multiples, l’information est susceptible de devenir redondante d’une variable à l’autre et qu’une sélection serrée devient nécessaire pour identifier les principaux déterminants de la prévision. Cet essai analyse les conditions selon lesquelles les données de confiance constituent un des déterminants majeurs de la prévision de l’activité économique dans un tel environnement. La modélisation factorielle dynamique ciblée est utilisé pour évaluer le pouvoir prédictif des données des enquêtes nationales et internationales sur la confiance dans la prévision de la croissance du PIB Canadien. Nous considérons les données d’enquêtes de confiance désagrégées dans un environnement riche en données (c’est-à-dire contenant plus d’un millier de séries macro-économiques et financières) et évaluons leur contenu informatif au-delà de celui contenu dans les variables macroéconomiques et financières. De bout en bout, nous étudions le pouvoir prédictif des données de confiance en produisant des prévisions du PIB avec des modèles à facteurs dynamiques où les facteurs sont dérivés avec et sans données de confiance. Les résultats montrent que la capacité de prévision est améliorée de façon robuste lorsqu’on prend en compte l’information contenue dans les données nationales sur la confiance. En revanche, les données internationales de confiance ne sont utiles que lorsqu’elles sont combinées dans le même ensemble avec celles issues des enquêtes nationales. En outre, les gains les plus pertinents dans l’amelioration des prévisions sont obtenus à court terme (jusqu’à trois trimestres en avant).
This thesis examines the effect of information on macroeconomic forecasting. Specifically, the emphasis is firstly on the impact of information frictions in open economy in forecasting the bilateral exchange rate and then on the role of information from confidence survey data in forecasting real economic activity. Based on the new open-economy macroeconomics paradigm (NOEM), the first chapter incorporates information frictions and nominal rigidities in a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in open economy. Then, it presents a comparative analysis of the results of the exchange rate forecast obtained using the model with and without these information frictions. While the first chapter develops a structural macroeconomic model of DSGE type to analyze the effect of shock transmission in incomplete information on exchange rate dynamics between two economies, the second and third chapters use static and dynamic factor models with targeting to highlight the contribution of information contained in confidence-based survey data (either at the national or international level) in forecasting real economic activity. The first chapter is entitled The Forward Premium Puzzle: a Learning-based Explanation and is a contribution to the exchange rate forecasting literature. When interest rates are higher in one’s home country than abroad, economic intuition suggests this signals the home currency will depreciate in the future. However, empirical evidence has been found to be at odds with this intuition: this is the "forward premium puzzle." I propose a learning-based explanation for this puzzle. To do so, I embed an information problem in a two-country open-economy model with nominal rigidities. The information friction arises because economic agents do not directly observe whether shocks are transitory or permanent and must infer their nature using a filtering mechanism each period. We simulate the model with and without this informational friction and test whether the generated artificial data exhibits the symptoms of the forward premium puzzle. Our leaning-based explanation is validated as only the data generated with the active informational friction replicates the puzzle. The second chapter uses dynamic factor models to highlight the contribution of the information contained in Canadian confidence survey data for forecasting the Canadian business cycle: Using Confidence Data to Forecast the Canadian Business Cycle is based on the fact that confidence (or sentiment) is one key indicators of economic momentum. The chapter assesses the contribution of confidence -or sentiment-data in predicting Canadian economic slowdowns. A probit framework is applied to an indicator on the status of the Canadian business cycle produced by the OECD. Explanatory variables include all available Canadian data on sentiment (which arise from four different surveys) as well as various macroeconomic and financial data. Sentiment data are introduced either as individual variables, as simple averages (such as confidence indices) and as confidence factors extracted, via principal components’ decomposition, from a larger dataset in which all available sentiment data have been collected. Our findings indicate that the full potential of sentiment data for forecasting future business cycles in Canada is attained when all data are used through the use of factor models. The third chapter uses dynamic factor models to highlight the contribution of the information contained in confidence survey data (either in Canadian or International surveys) for forecasting the Canadian economic activity. This chapter entitled Forecasting with Many Predictors: How Useful are National and International Confidence Data? is based on the fact that in a data-rich environment, information may become redundant so that a selection of forecasting determinants based on the quality of information is required. The chapter investigates whether in such an environment; confidence data can constitute a major determinant of economic activity forecasting. To do so, a targeted dynamic factor model is used to evaluate the performance of national and international confidence survey data in predicting Canadian GDP growth. We first examine the relationship between Canadian GDP and confidence and assess whether Canadian and international (US) improve forecasting accuracy after controlling for classical predictors. We next consider dis-aggregated confidence survey data in a data-rich environment (i.e. containing more than a thousand macroeconomic and financial series) and assess their information content in excess of that contained in macroeconomic and financial variables. Throughout, we investigate the predictive power of confidence data by producing GDP forecasts with dynamic factor models where the factors are derived with and without confidence data. We find that forecasting ability is consistently improved by considering information from national confidence data; by contrast, the international counterpart are helpful only when combined in the same set with national confidence. Moreover most relevant gains in the forecast performance come in short-horizon (up to three-quarters-ahead).
This thesis examines the effect of information on macroeconomic forecasting. Specifically, the emphasis is firstly on the impact of information frictions in open economy in forecasting the bilateral exchange rate and then on the role of information from confidence survey data in forecasting real economic activity. Based on the new open-economy macroeconomics paradigm (NOEM), the first chapter incorporates information frictions and nominal rigidities in a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in open economy. Then, it presents a comparative analysis of the results of the exchange rate forecast obtained using the model with and without these information frictions. While the first chapter develops a structural macroeconomic model of DSGE type to analyze the effect of shock transmission in incomplete information on exchange rate dynamics between two economies, the second and third chapters use static and dynamic factor models with targeting to highlight the contribution of information contained in confidence-based survey data (either at the national or international level) in forecasting real economic activity. The first chapter is entitled The Forward Premium Puzzle: a Learning-based Explanation and is a contribution to the exchange rate forecasting literature. When interest rates are higher in one’s home country than abroad, economic intuition suggests this signals the home currency will depreciate in the future. However, empirical evidence has been found to be at odds with this intuition: this is the "forward premium puzzle." I propose a learning-based explanation for this puzzle. To do so, I embed an information problem in a two-country open-economy model with nominal rigidities. The information friction arises because economic agents do not directly observe whether shocks are transitory or permanent and must infer their nature using a filtering mechanism each period. We simulate the model with and without this informational friction and test whether the generated artificial data exhibits the symptoms of the forward premium puzzle. Our leaning-based explanation is validated as only the data generated with the active informational friction replicates the puzzle. The second chapter uses dynamic factor models to highlight the contribution of the information contained in Canadian confidence survey data for forecasting the Canadian business cycle: Using Confidence Data to Forecast the Canadian Business Cycle is based on the fact that confidence (or sentiment) is one key indicators of economic momentum. The chapter assesses the contribution of confidence -or sentiment-data in predicting Canadian economic slowdowns. A probit framework is applied to an indicator on the status of the Canadian business cycle produced by the OECD. Explanatory variables include all available Canadian data on sentiment (which arise from four different surveys) as well as various macroeconomic and financial data. Sentiment data are introduced either as individual variables, as simple averages (such as confidence indices) and as confidence factors extracted, via principal components’ decomposition, from a larger dataset in which all available sentiment data have been collected. Our findings indicate that the full potential of sentiment data for forecasting future business cycles in Canada is attained when all data are used through the use of factor models. The third chapter uses dynamic factor models to highlight the contribution of the information contained in confidence survey data (either in Canadian or International surveys) for forecasting the Canadian economic activity. This chapter entitled Forecasting with Many Predictors: How Useful are National and International Confidence Data? is based on the fact that in a data-rich environment, information may become redundant so that a selection of forecasting determinants based on the quality of information is required. The chapter investigates whether in such an environment; confidence data can constitute a major determinant of economic activity forecasting. To do so, a targeted dynamic factor model is used to evaluate the performance of national and international confidence survey data in predicting Canadian GDP growth. We first examine the relationship between Canadian GDP and confidence and assess whether Canadian and international (US) improve forecasting accuracy after controlling for classical predictors. We next consider dis-aggregated confidence survey data in a data-rich environment (i.e. containing more than a thousand macroeconomic and financial series) and assess their information content in excess of that contained in macroeconomic and financial variables. Throughout, we investigate the predictive power of confidence data by producing GDP forecasts with dynamic factor models where the factors are derived with and without confidence data. We find that forecasting ability is consistently improved by considering information from national confidence data; by contrast, the international counterpart are helpful only when combined in the same set with national confidence. Moreover most relevant gains in the forecast performance come in short-horizon (up to three-quarters-ahead).
Glade, Mathieu. "Modélisation des coûts de cycle de vie : prévision des coûts de maintenance et de la fiabilité : Application à l'aéronautique." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2005. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/mglade.pdf.
Full textIn its official definition, the term of functioning security represents four notions which are reliability, security, maintainability and availability. However, today this definition of functioning security involves a more general notion of economy, security or operational risk master. So in the initial domain of the technical failure, we will be interested in the piloting of the exploitation costs. This notion, have became the major stake of competitiveness, lead the manufacturers to develop approaches allowing a mastery of these parameters by their consideration from the pre-project phases. So this work consists first in proposing a model of maintenance costs and also in establishing analysis methods witch allows estimating product reliability. We will see how a design to maintenance cost perfectly corresponds with this new definition of the functioning security
Moradi, Azalia. "Proposition d'une démarche de modélisation pour la prévision de l'amorçage d'une fissure dans un assemblage collé sous des sollicitations statiques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066729.
Full textIn a context of aircraft weight reduction for a decrease of the fuel consumption, joining by bonding represents an interesting option to screwed assemblies. However, the advantages of bonded assemblies are not completely exploited especially because of the lack of confidence in the engineering design methods being used for them. That is why the purpose of this work was to propose a modelling approach for the prediction of a crack initiation in this kind of assemblies under static solicitations. Numerous parameters play a major role on the initiation in a bonded assembly. In particular, the initiation load depends highly on the adhesive thickness of the assembly. Therefore, on the other hand, the influence of this parameter has been estimated by a coupled criterion-based approach for which a new definition of the mode mixity has been proposed in order to express the dependency of the adhesive strength and toughness to the loading mode. The application of the coupled criterion enabled to confirm numerically the influence of the adhesive thickness on the initiation observed experimentally in a single lap joint test; namely the thinner the adhesive thickness, the greater initiation load. One the other hand, the knowledge gained has been built on by taking into account the adhesive thickness in a cohesive zone model composed of the same ingredients than the coupled criterion but which can be used in 3D structures. The cohesive zone model thus proposed shows the influence of the adhesive thickness on the initiation identified with the coupled criterion. Finally, the contributions and the limitations of the modelling approach proposed have been highlighted through comparisons with experimental results of literature
Thiriet, Romain. "Amélioration de la prévision des performances transitoires des turbines à gaz." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2349.
Full textFor a gas turbine preliminary design, the performances program has to simply integrate complex physical phenomena during transient conditions. This thesis addresses this issue and deals particularly with heat soakage, a transient effect which diminishes the gas turbine acceleration rate. The heat soakage modelling has been performed with the nodal method. This system approach enabled us to build simple heat transfer models for each engine component. After a detailed analysis of the air flow and the wall geometries characteristics usually found in a gas turbine, some laws, taken from experimental studies, have been used to model the convective and radiative heat transfers. A geometrical perimeter and a refining mesh study allowed us to reduce the models size without cartooning the described physical phenomena. A validation of the heat transfers model has been done by comparing the wall temperatures computed with those measured in a test bench. The update of the gas turbine performances program with the heat transfers models has diminished dramatically the prediction errors of the engine acceleration capabilities. This result is still valid within the whole flight envelope and for others turboshafts arrangements and several sizes. Eventually, in order to grasp the residual errors of prediction, the engine performances sensitivity to thermomechanical effects and combustion efficiency has been also studied
Khardani, Salah. "Prévision non paramétrique dans les modèles de censure via l'estimation du mode conditionnel." Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0277.
Full textIn this work, we address the problem of estimating the mode and conditional mode functions, for independent and dependent data, under random censorship. Firstly, we consider an independent and identically distributed (iid) sequence random variables (rvs) {T_i , i [equal to or higher than]1}, with density f. This sequence is right-censored by another iid sequence of rvs {Ci , i[equal to or higher than]1} which is supposed to be independent of {T_i , i [equal to or higher than]1}. We are interested in the regression problem of T given a covariable X. We state convergence and asymptomatic normality of Kernel-based estimators of conditional density and mode. Using the “plug-in” method for the unknown parameters, confidence intervals are gicen. Also simulations are drawn. In a second step we deal with the simple mode, given by par θ = arg max_{t. IR} f (t). Here, the sequence {T_i , i [equal to or higher than]1} is supposed to be stationary and strongly mixing whereas the {Ci , i[equal to or higher than]1} are iid. We build a mode estimator (based on a density kernel estimator) for which we state the almost sure consistency. Finally, we extend the conditional mode consistency results to the case where the {T_i , i [equal to or higher than]1} are strongly mixing
Velázquez, Zapata Juan Alberto. "Evaluation of hydrological ensemble prediction systems for operational forecasting." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22245.
Full textJacquin, Dimitri. "Modélisation de l'histoire thermomécanique des zones soudées en Friction Stir Welding : application à la prévision des microstructures." Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EMSE0001.
Full textA simple three dimensional thermomechanical model for FSW is presented. It is developed from the model proposed by Heurtier based on a combination of fluid mechanics numerical and analytical velocity fields. Those velocity fields are introduced in a steady state thermal calculation to compute the temperature field during the welding. The complete thermomechanical history of the material during the process can then be accessed by temperature and strain rate contours. Thermal diffusion and convection effects are accounted for by means of the particular derivative formula. A new formalism is introduced to better simulate the thermal effect of the shoulder on the upper surface of the metal sheet. The strains, strain rates and temperatures to which each element of the base metal is subjected as a function of time during the welding, is computed by integration along the flow lines. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental measurements performed on a AA2024-T3 alloy friction stir welded joint. An additional microstructural modelling based on the Gourdet-Montheillet CDRX modelling is use to validate the first thermomechanical model
Springer, Sabine. "La projection des ménages selon la taille pour tous les pays membres de l'ONU : utopie ou approche valable ?" Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40010.
Full textThe number and size of households are an important information for the political, administrative and private sector. The model used by UN-Habitat projects the number of households by size for all member countries of the UN. In case of insufficient data the total number is estimated. This work evaluates the technical feasibility, the reliability and the pertinence of the results of this model. It takes into account the avaibility and the quality of data and the comparability of results between countries, especially in what concerns definitions. The hypothesis of a universal evolution of households has to be questioned in the light of the differences observed between countries. But these can often be explained through differences in the age structure of the population and in urbanisation levels. A diversification of hypotheses on the future evolution of the total number of households is necessary so that this approach is valid and of utility for the majority of countries
Pattee-Gravel, Victor. "L'impact sur le cerveau du vieillissement cognitivement sain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66428.
Full textIn this memoir, we propose different models in order to predict the effect of aging on brain atrophy, computed from neuroimagery data. We begin with different statistical tests in order to chose between models and assert if different regions have significant asymmetry in their development. We then compute critical moments after which we predict that the measures of a region have significantly decreased. We use these critical moments to order the regions, as we suppose it’s a good indicator of fragility in aging. We finish by proposing a method of predicting the neurological age of an individual from it’s neuroimagery data.
Abbass, Fayad Atallah. "Étude de stabilité de fontis au toit des carrières souterraines et traitements apportés aux conséquences induites en surface." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPL035N.
Full textThe objective of the thesis is to improve the methods used to forecast of the sinkhole risk We studied the mechanisms as well as the evolution of the collapse processes the covering. Work based on the analysis of the well documented cases. A pragmatic and operational methodology was developed, to predict the risk of subsidence. It includes: 1. A numerical approach reserved for complex or exposed cases (including presence of major works, faults, water, seismity or dynamic heads). It is also recommended to improve the analytical method; 2. An analytical approach improved based on the theory of beams, able to take into account the elastoplastic behaviour of the recovery, the faults propgations, stifness and the bedding plane opening A parametric studies were led to analyse the failure according to the density of beds at the roof, the mechanical properties, the state of stress and the rigidity of the worked seam, etc
Godbillon, Brigitte. "Modèle d'équilibre séquentiel avec prévision parfaite et horizon fini pour une économie avec monnaie et banque." Aix-Marseille 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987AIX32019.
Full textThis thesis develops a sequence equilibrium model with perfect foresight and finite horizon for an economy with money and bank, composed of a finite number of agents. The agents live all the periods of the economy ; each agent receives, at the outset of the economy, an endowment of money, and at the beginning of the unique good available in the period. Only the bank can issue money. At each date, two competitive markets open successively. The first is the financial market where agents' lending and borrowing are centralized by the bank : agents' lending and borrowing plans depend on the discount rate. In the last period, all debts are settled. The bank manages the money stock through either open market policy or discount rate policy. The second market is the spot market where agents trade the consumption good available in the period with the money accumulated before the opening of the market ; these trades plans depend on the consumption good and money. The set of markets is incomplete and the money is the only asset which is traded in all markets. At the out set of the first period, the agents and the bank, assumed to have perfect foresight for all future prices, make their plans for all the duration of the economy : plans of consumptions and monetary holdings for the agents, plans of variations of the stock of money for the bank. Then, the equilibrium is a sequence of prices of consumption goods and money, of discount rates, of issues of money, of plans for which agents' and bank's supplies and demands are balanced on all the markets, at each period. The equilibrium reached depends of the monetary policy. The supplies and demands of agents result from a maximisation behavior of their utility function subject to a sequence of budget constraints (for the spot markets) and to a terminal solvability constraint (for the financial markets). The supplies and demands of the bank result from a passive behavior of adjusting to the need of finance in the economy. This model permits to obtain some results on the neutrality of money, on the efficiency and existence of non monetary or monetary sequence equilibria, depending to the monetary policy chosen by the bank
Nicoud, Franck. "Prévision des transferts thermiques sur les protections thermiques d'un propulseur à propergol solide." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT061H.
Full textCausse, Anne. "La valeur du temps de transport : de l'usage des théories micro-économiques de l'affectation du temps dans les modèles désagrégés aléatoires de transport : prévision de trafic, évaluation de projet." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON10039.
Full textCardot, Hervé. "Contribution à l'estimation et à la prévision statistique de données fonctionnelles." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30162.
Full textFilion, Mélanie. "Modélisation de la qualité de l'eau et prévision des débits par la méthode des réseaux de neurones." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24281/24281.pdf.
Full textCadren, Muriel. "Modélisation à court terme des consommations de produits pétroliers en France." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOE007.
Full textThe analysis of petroleum product demand became a privileged thrust of research following the modifications in terms of structure and level of the petroleum markets since eighties. The greatest importance to econometrics models of energy demand, joint works about nonstationary data, explained the development of error-correction models and the cointegration. In this context, the short term econometric modelling of petroleum product demand doesn't only focus on forecasts but also on the measure of the gain acquired from using error- correction techniques and cointegration. It's fitting to take the influence of technical improvement and environment pressures into account in econometric modelling of petroleum products demand. The first part presents the evolution of energy demand in France and more particularly the petroleum product demand since 1986. The objective is to determine the main characteristics of each product, which will help us to analyse and validate the econometrics models. The second part focus on the recent developments in times series modelling. We study the problem of nonstationary data and expose different unit root tests. We examine the main approaches to univariate and multivariate modelling with nonstationary data and distinguish the forecasts of the latter's. The third part is intended to applications. Its objective is to illustrate the theoretic developments of the second part with a comparison between the performances of different approaches (approach box and Jenkins, Johansen approach's and structural approach). The models will be applied to the main French petroleum market. The observed asymmetrical demand behaviour is also considered
Boussu, François. "Simulation de la filière textile - habillement - distribution : réduction de la complexité en vue d'une meilleure prévision des ventes." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-31.pdf.
Full textUne identification des methodes et modeles de prevision adaptes a l'environnement de vente des articles textiles est egalement proposee. L'application de six methodes de prevision, et leurs evaluations par des mesures differentes de l'erreur sur des donnees de vente reelles, a permis de mettre en valeur les capacites d'adaptation et de precision des methodes de lissage utilisant une procedure d'auto-regulation de leurs propres parametres. Enfin, la reduction du nombre de donnees a traiter tout en minimisant la perte d'information est abordee. Les methodologies de classification proposees constituent des methodes d'analyse des donnees de vente des articles textiles et fournissent l'essentiel de l'information pour l'identification d'un modele de prevision adapte. L'utilisation d'un algorithme genetique de classification, dont la capacite reside a explorer l'ensemble des solutions, a permis d'atteindre la repartition optimale globale
Maza, Elie. "Prévision de trafic routier par des méthodes statistiques : espérance structurelle d’une fonction aléatoire." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30238.
Full textIn the first part of this thesis, we describe a travel time forecasting method on the Parisian motorway network. This method is based on a mixture model. Parameters are estimated by an automatic classification method and a training concept. The second part is devoted to the study of a semi-parametric curve translation model. Estimates are carried out by an M-estimation method. We show the consistency and the asymptotic normality of the estimators. In the third part, we widen the function warping model by considering that the warping functions result from a random process. That enables us to define, in an intrinsic way, a concept of structural expectation and thus to get round the non identifiability of the model. We propose an empirical estimator of this structural expectation and we show consistency and asymptotic normality
Meredieu, Céline. "Croissance et branchaison du pin laricio (Pinus nigra Arnold ssp laricio (Poiret) Maire) : élaboration et évaluation d'un système de modèles pour la prévision de caractéristiques des arbres et du bois." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10242.
Full textNoirot, Pierre-Antoine. "Logiciels d'étude et de prévision des extractions par solvants : application à la valorisation des solutions de chlorure de nickel." Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10129.
Full textRugishi, Muhindo G. "Modélisation des fluctuations macroéconomiques et comparaison des performances de modèles dynamiques d'équilibre général estimés : une approche par l'estimation bayésienne et les modèles à facteurs." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19318.
Full textSeiller, Gregory. "Évaluation de la sensibilité des projections hydrologiques au choix des outils hydro-météorologiques globaux conceptuels - Approche multimodèle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30064/30064.pdf.
Full textModeling climate change impacts on water resources remains one of the major challenges for the scientific community. This task is complex and contains numerous cumulated uncertainties all along the modeling process, from the greenhouse gas scenarios definition to the hydrological projections. All the modeling tools can thus potentially affect our ability to render a diagnosis of the impacts of climate changes on water resources. In this context, modeling uncertainty related to 20 lumped conceptual hydrological models, 24 potential evapotranspiration formulations, and 7 snow modules was evaluated on two catchments: au Saumon (Province of Quebec, Canada) and Schlehdorf (State of Bavaria, Germany). This work first assessed the transposability in time of the hydrological models and examined the interest of the multimodel approach in a climate change context. Then, contribution of the different tools to cumulated uncertainty is evaluated, followed by an investigation of individual sensitivity origins. This analysis was based on performance criteria, discharge graphical displays, statistics tools, and hydrological indicators of changes in water resources. More, uncertainties related to climatic members are also appraised on the Quebec catchment to allow a direct comparison with the principal studied tools. Results demonstrated that our capacity to render a diagnosis of the impacts of climate change on water resources on the two studied catchments was highly connected to the choice of the hydro-meteorological lumped modeling tools. Each one contributed to the total uncertainty; however, with a larger prevalence for the potential evapotranspiration formulations and hydrological models, snow modules being more neutral. Nevertheless, comparative analysis showed that the selection of a climatic member was affecting the total uncertainty the most. This research proposed a detailed analysis on our capacity to realise a diagnosis of the impacts of climate change on water resources for two studied catchments and provided a specific and original methodology directly applicable and adjustable to other hydro-climatic contexts.
Jardet, Caroline. "Fondamentaux macroéconomiques, politique monétaire et structure par terme des taux d'intérêt." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010025.
Full textCaian, Mihaéla. "Maille variable ou domaine limité : quelle solution choisir pour la prévision à échelle fine ?" Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30226.
Full textKopoin, Alexandre. "Three essays in financial frictions and international macroeconomics." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25526.
Full textThis dissertation investigates the role of financial frictions stemming from asymmetric information in financial markets on the transmission of shocks, and the fluctuations in economic activity. Chapter 1 uses the targeted factor modeling to assess the contribution of national and international data to the task of forecasting provincial GDPs in Canada. Results indicate using national and especially US-based series can significantly improve the forecasting ability of targeted factor models. This effect is present and significant at shorter-term horizons but fades away for longerterm horizons. These results suggest that shocks originating at the national and international levels are transmitted to Canadian regions and thus reflected in the regional time series fairly rapidly. While Chapter 1 uses a non-structural, econometric model to tackle the issue of transmission of international shocks, the last two Chapters develop structural models, Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models to assess spillover effects of the transmission of national and international shocks. Chapter 2 presents an international DSGE framework with credit market frictions to assess issues regarding the propagation of national and international shocks. The theoretical framework includes the financial accelerator, the bank capital and exchange rate channels. Results suggest that the exchange rate channel, which has long been ignored, plays an important role in the propagation of shocks. Furthermore, with these three channels present, domestic and foreign shocks have an important quantitative role in explaining domestic aggregates. In addition, results suggest that economies whose banks remain well-capitalized when affected by adverse shock experience less severe downturns. These results highlight the importance of bank capital in an international framework and can be used to inform the worldwide debate over banking regulation. In Chapter 3, I develop a two-country DSGE model in which banks grant loans to domestic as well as to foreign firms to study effects of these cross-border banking activities in the transmission of national and international shocks. Results suggests that cross-border banking activities amplify the transmission of productivity and monetary policy shocks. However, the impact on consumption is limited, because of the cross-border saving possibility between the countries. Moreover, results suggests that under cross-border banking, bilateral correlations become greater than in the absence of these activities. Overall, results demonstrate sizable spillover effects of cross-border banking in the propagation of shocks and suggest that cross-border banking is an important source of the synchronization of business cycles.
Njimi, Hassane. "Mise en oeuvre de techniques de modélisation récentes pour la prévision statistique et économique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210441.
Full textFlageollet, Alexis. "Prévision de l'inflation et analyse des cycles économiques dans un environnement riche en données : une application des modèles à facteurs dynamiques à la zone euro." Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100044.
Full textWe have implemented several modeling strategies which are consistent with specific issues of the euro area, i. E. : the increasing amount of information available for euro area as well as the main concerns of the European Central Bank. In this thesis, we have investigated whether it is worth exploiting a large and heterogeneous set of data in order to forecast inflation and extract the common economic fluctuations in the euro area. The recent developments in statistics have allowed us to apply factor models to a large number of non-stationary data. We have been mainly focusing on providing a methodological approach in order to distinguish common effects from specific country effects on the one hand and short run dynamics from long run dynamics on the other hand. Finally, we have compared the forecasting performances of factor models to several indicator models and to a smaller-dimension model based on economic theory
Bengoubou-Valérius, Mendy. "Contribution à la connaissance de l'aléa sismique des Antilles Françaises : analyses des données sismologiques et accélérométriques régionales." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409021.
Full textThe Lesser Antilles is an area of high volcanic and earthquake activity, characterized by a 1000 km convergence zone resulting from the Atlantic plate subduction under the Caribbean plate with a slow convergent motion (2 cm/year). With five years of available data, the CDSA data base presents a more homogeneous vision of lesser Antilles arc seismicity and allows detecting low seismic activity zones, in the north near the Virgin Islands, and in the south between St-Lucia and Grenada. The accuracy improvements of location is used to better study the relationship between tectonic structures and seismicity, to better define the subduction slab geometry, and to analyse the spatial variations of the Gutenberg-Richter law b-value. Concerning the 21 november 2004 les Saintes earthquake, EMS98 intensities in les Saintes islands were evaluated from an individual request in les Saintes islands and hypocenter relocalisations of the les Saintes earthquake and the biggest aftershock of 14 february 2005 were made using a method of master/slave in order to contrain the seismic source of the mainchock. As seismic hazard assessment depends trom strong ground motion generated by earthquakes, the last part of this work concerns modeling accelerometric records of the les Saintes earthquakes, combining a composite source model with an empirical Green Function technique. In our study, we used les Saintes aftershocks as empirical green function
Laburthe, François. "Problème de stabilité linéaire et prévision de la transition dans des configurations tridimensionnelles, incompressibles et compressibles." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ESAE0019.
Full textBergeron, Guyard Alexandre. "Finding Optimal Paths on Dynamic Road Networks." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25830/25830.pdf.
Full textThis document examines different methods to compute optimal paths on dynamic graphs. Two general approaches are compared: deterministic and probabilistic. The deterministic approach takes for granted knowledge of the environment’s future behaviour. The probabilistic approach attempts to model and manage uncertainty. A dynamic version of Dijkstra’s algorithm is presented for the deterministic solution. Markov Decision Processes and Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes are analysed for the probabilistic context. Applications and measures of performance are given for each approach. We observe a reverse relationship between computability and applicability of the different approaches. Deterministic approaches prove a fast and efficient way to solve simpler versions of the problem. POMDPs are a powerful theoretical model that offers little potential of application. An alternative is described through the use of MDPs.
Moulin, Laetitia. "Prévision des crues rapides avec des modèles hydrologiques globaux : application aux bassins opérationnels de la Loire supérieure : évaluation des modélisations, prise en compte des incertitudes sur les précipitations moyennes spatiales et utilisation de prévisions météorologiques." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.paristech.org/5392/01/MOULIN_et_couverture.pdf.
Full textThe aim of the present work is the evaluation of lumped rainfall-runoff (RR) models for flood forecasting in the case of upper Loire river catchments. Following the description of Loire catchment at Bas-en-Basset, an analysis demonstrates both the worth and the flaws of presently available data sets. The high variability of these hydrometeorological events enables us to compare RR models in particularly difficult but interesting contexts. Simple conceptual models appear more robust and often more efficient than data-driven models. A further evaluation, based on specific criteria for flood forecasting, highlight the information about flood evolution provided by conceptual RR models, even though modelling errors remain altogether significant while the various models behave in a similar way. Estimation of mean areal precipitation is conducted with kriging tools and a model of uncertainty on mean areal precipitation estimation is proposed and validated on data. These uncertainties are then propagated within RR models. Their impact is reasonably different with respect to catchment size, as a variable part of the global modelling error may be explained. Finally, an exploratory work has demonstrated the usefulness of taking into account probabilistic precipitation forecast into a hydrometeorological chain: longer anticipation has consequently been obtained. Although pre-processing linked to these forecast availability is absolutely necessary As a conclusion, simple tools let us expect improvements in this very perfectible field
Dupland, Laure. "Modélisation de la turbulence thermique : modèles algébriques pour la prévision des flux de chaleur turbulents." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ESAE0023.
Full textCoevoet, Marie-Agnès. "Études théoriques et expérimentales de structures dynamiques non-linéaires dans le métabolisme du glucose chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1138.
Full textRoquelaure, Stevie. "Prévision d'ensemble locale des brouillards et nuages bas à l'aéroport International de Roissy Charles De Gaulle." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/101/.
Full textA Local Ensemble Prediction System (LEPS) designed for fog and low clouds short range prediction at Paris Charles de Gaulle airport is developed for providing short range likelihood of LVP (Low Visibility Procedure - visibility < 600m and/or ceiling < 60m) conditions over the airport. LEPS relies on the local operational deterministic prediction scheme COBEL-ISBA of LVP conditions used at Charles de Gaulle airport. The sources of uncertainty on COBEL-ISBA inputs have been identified for both the initial conditions and the mesoscale. A Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) calibration has been applied to improve the raw ensemble reliability. LEPS validation shows that this probabilistic system provides reliable short range forecast of the likelihood of LVP conditions over Charles de Gaulle airport. As a consequence, LEPS open up interesting perspectives for flight scheduling and the airport safety and management
Mathieu, Jordane. "Modèles d'impact statistiques en agriculture : de la prévision saisonnière à la prévision à long terme, en passant par les estimations annuelles." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE006/document.
Full textIn agriculture, weather is the main factor of variability between two consecutive years. This thesis aims to build large-scale statistical models that estimate the impact of weather conditions on agricultural yields. The scarcity of available agricultural data makes it necessary to construct simple models with few predictors, and to adapt model selection methods to avoid overfitting. Careful validation of statistical models is a major concern of this thesis. Neural networks and mixed effects models are compared, showing the importance of local specificities. Estimates of US corn yield at the end of the year show that temperature and precipitation information account for an average of 28% of yield variability. In several more weather-sensitive states, this score increases to nearly 70%. These results are consistent with recent studies on the subject. Mid-season maize crop yield forecasts are possible from July: as of July, the meteorological information available accounts for an average of 25% of the variability in final yield in the United States and close to 60% in more weather-sensitive states like Virginia. The northern and southeastern regions of the United States are the least well predicted. Predicting years for which extremely low yields are encountered is an important task. We use a specific method of classification, and show that with only 4 weather predictors, 71% of the very low yields are well detected on average. The impact of climate change on yields up to 2060 is also studied: the model we build provides information on the speed of evolution of yields in different counties of the United States. This highlights areas that will be most affected. For the most affected states (south and east coast), and with constant agricultural practice, the model predicts yields nearly divided by two in 2060, under the IPCC RCP 4.5 scenario. The northern states would be less affected. The statistical models we build can help for management on the short-term (seasonal forecasts) or to quantify the quality of the harvests before post-harvest surveys, as an aid to the monitoring (estimate at the end of the year). Estimations for the next 50 years help to anticipate the consequences of climate change on agricultural yields, and to define adaptation or mitigation strategies. The methodology used in this thesis is easily generalized to other cultures and other regions of the world
Baey, Charlotte. "Modélisation de la variabilité inter-individuelle dans les modèles de croissance de plantes et sélection de modèles pour la prévision." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985747.
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