Journal articles: 'Glycicne'

1

Stovold, GE, and HJP Smith. "The prevalence and severity of diseases in the coastal soybean crop of New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 4 (1991): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910545.

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Rainfed soybean (Glycine max) crops in the northern coastal region of New South Wales were surveyed from 1985 to 1987 for the prevalence and severity of diseases. Sixteen diseases were recorded over the 3 seasons, but only rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), black leaf blight (Arkoola nigra) and bacterial pustule (Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines) were present each season. Rust was the most significant disease, infecting 50, 20 and 6% of crops in 1985, 1986 and 1987. The severity of rust was related to rainfall and temperature after flowering, with the most severe outbreaks in the higher rainfall area of the lower Richmond Valley. Black leaf blight was also significant and occurred in 39, 10 and 27% of crops in 1985, 1986 and 1987, but in most crops severity was low. The other diseases recorded were downy mildew (Peronospora manschurica), root and stem rot (Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea), stem canker (Rhizoctonia sp.), pod and stem blight (Phomopsis spp.), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), seedling blight (Rhizoctonia sp.), stem rot (Phytophthora sp.), white mould (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), flower blight (Botrytis cinerea), leaf spot (Phoma sp.), bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea), mosaic (soybean mosaic virus) and orange bark (not identified). All of these diseases were generally of low prevalence and severity.

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2

Wilson, JG. "Phenolic Analogs of Amino Carboxylic Acid Ligands for 99mTc. 4. N-(2-Hydroxybenzyl)glycines (hbg)." Australian Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 7 (1990): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9901283.

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Ten tridentate ligands , N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) glycines ( hbg ) (5), were prepared by the Mannich reaction of a phenol with formaldehyde and glycine and/or by the reduction of the Schiff base of a substituted salicylaldehyde and glycine. In three instances the bis compounds (6b,c,i) were also formed by the first method.

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3

Charoenwongpaiboon, Thanapon, Nawapat Sommanat, Karan Wangpaiboon, Manatsanan Puangpathanachai, Piamsook Pongsawasdi, and Rath Pichyangkura. "Improving the thermostability and modulating the inulin profile of inulosucrase through rational glycine-to-proline substitution." RSC Advances 14, no. 4 (2024): 2346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra06896j.

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4

Watkins, Andrew J., Erwan G. Roussel, R. John Parkes, and Henrik Sass. "Glycine Betaine as a Direct Substrate for Methanogens (Methanococcoides spp.)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03076-13.

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ABSTRACTNine marine methanogenicMethanococcoidesstrains, including the type strains ofMethanococcoides methylutens,M. burtonii, andM. alaskense, were tested for the utilization ofN-methylated glycines. Three strains (NM1, PM2, and MKM1) used glycine betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) as a substrate for methanogenesis, partially demethylating it toN,N-dimethylglycine, whereas none of the strains usedN,N-dimethylglycine or sarcosine (N-methylglycine). Growth rates and growth yields per mole of substrate with glycine betaine (3.96 g [dry weight] per mol) were similar to those with trimethylamine (4.11 g [dry weight] per mol). However, as glycine betaine is only partially demethylated, the yield per methyl group was significantly higher than with trimethylamine. If glycine betaine and trimethylamine are provided together, trimethylamine is demethylated to dimethyl- and methylamine with limited glycine betaine utilization. After trimethylamine is depleted, dimethylamine and glycine betaine are consumed rapidly, before methylamine. Glycine betaine extends the range of substrates that can be directly utilized by some methanogens, allowing them to gain energy from the substrate without the need for syntrophic partners.

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5

BUZZELL, R. I., T. R. ANDERSON, A. S. HAMILL, and T. W. WELACKY. "HAROSON SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps89-150.

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Haroson is a backcross-derived soybean (Glycine max) cultivar which is similar to its recurrent parent, Hodgson, except for its resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea conferred by Rps1-c.Key words: Soybean cultivar, Haroson soybean

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6

Gao, X., T. A. Jackson, G. L. Hartman, and T. L. Niblack. "Interactions Between the Soybean Cyst Nematode and Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines Based on Greenhouse Factorial Experiments." Phytopathology® 96, no. 12 (December 2006): 1409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-1409.

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The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, and the fungus that causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean, Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, frequently co-infest soybean (Glycine max) fields. The interactions between H. glycines and F. solani f. sp. glycines were investigated in factorial greenhouse experiments with different inoculum levels of both organisms on a soybean cultivar susceptible to both pathogens. Measured responses included root and shoot dry weights, H. glycines reproduction, area under the SDS disease progress curve, and fungal colonization of roots. Both H. glycines and F. solani f. sp. glycines reduced the growth of soybeans. Reproduction of H. glycines was suppressed by high inoculum levels but not by low levels of F. solani f. sp. glycines. The infection of soybean roots by H. glycines did not affect root colonization by the fungus, as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Although both pathogens reduced the growth of soybeans, H. glycines did not increase SDS foliar symptoms, and statistical interactions between the two pathogens were seldom significant.

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7

ABLETT, G. R., and W. D. BEVERSDORF. "RCAT ALLIANCE SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 855–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-103.

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RCAT Alliance is a late Maturity Group I soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivar which carries the Rps1-c gene for resistance to the major races of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea in Ontario.Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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Ablett, G. R., B. T. Stirling, and J. D. Fischer. "RCAT Columbus soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 135–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-023.

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RCAT Columbus is a late Maturity Group II soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with excellent yield potential and lodging resistance and with good tolerance to phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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9

Schmidt, Robert W., and Meghan L. Thompson. "Glycinergic signaling in the human nervous system: An overview of therapeutic drug targets and clinical effects." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.11.266.

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Abstract Glycine and related endogenous compounds (d-serine, d-alanine, sarcosine) serve critical roles in both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and are influenced by a multitude of enzymes and transporters, including glycine transporter 1 and 2 (GlyT1 and GlyT2), d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO), serine racemase (SRR), alanine-serine-cysteine transporter 1 (Asc-1), and kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT). MEDLINE, Web of Science, and PsychINFO were searched for relevant human trials of compounds. Many studies utilizing exogenous administration of small molecule agonists of the glycineB site of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor have been studied as have a growing number of glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1) inhibitors. The clinical effects of these compounds are reviewed as are the potential effects of newer novel compounds.

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10

Ablett, G. R., and J. W. Tanner. "RCAT Angora soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 179–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-026.

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RCAT Angora is a mid-late Maturity Group II soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar with excellent yield potential and resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (RMG) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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11

Ablett, G. R., and W. D. Beversdorf. "RCAT Persian soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-018.

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RCAT Persian is a mid-late Maturity Group I soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] cultivar with excellent yield potential, good lodging tolerance and resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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12

Ablett, G. R., and J. W. Tanner. "Brock soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-024.

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Brock is a mid-Maturity Group I soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar with excellent yield potential and lodging tolerance and with resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (PMG) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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13

Ablett, G. R., and J. W. Tanner. "RCAT Tabby soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-148.

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RCAT Tabby is a mid Maturity Group II soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar with excellent yield potential, lodging resistance and with resistance to most races of phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (PMG) found in Ontario. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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14

Ramirez-Arcos, S., V. Greco, H. Douglas, D. Tessier, D. Fan, J. Szeto, J. Wang, and J. R. Dillon. "Conserved Glycines in the C Terminus of MinC Proteins Are Implicated in Their Functionality as Cell Division Inhibitors." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 9 (May 1, 2004): 2841–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.9.2841-2855.2004.

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ABSTRACT Alignment of 36 MinC sequences revealed four completely conserved C-terminal glycines. As MinC inhibits cytokinesis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli, the functional importance of these glycines in N. gonorrhoeae MinC (MinCNg) and E. coli MinC (MinCEc) was investigated through amino acid substitution by using site-directed mutagenesis. Each mutant was evaluated for its ability to arrest cell division and to interact with itself and MinD. In contrast to overexpression of wild-type MinC, overexpression of mutant proteins in E. coli did not induce filamentation, indicating that they lost functionality. Yeast two-hybrid studies showed that MinCEc interacts with itself and MinDEc; however, no interactions involving MinCNg were detected. Therefore, a recombinant MinC protein, with the N terminus of MinCEc and the C terminus of MinCNg, was designed to test for a MinCNg-MinDNg interaction. Each MinC mutant interacted with either MinC or MinD but not both, indicating the specificity of glycine residues for particular protein-protein interactions. Each glycine was mapped on the C-terminal surfaces (A, B, and C) of the solved Thermotoga maritima MinC structure. We found that MinCEc G161, residing in close proximity to the A surface, is involved in homodimerization, which is essential for MinC function. Glycines corresponding to MinCEc G135, G154, and G171, located within or adjacent to the B-C surface junction, are critical for MinC-MinD interactions. Circular dichroism revealed no gross structural perturbations of the mutant proteins, although the contribution of glycines to protein flexibility and stability cannot be discounted. Using molecular modeling, we propose that exposed conserved MinC glycines interact with exposed residues of the α-7 helix of MinD.

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15

Pizarro, Daniel, Myron M. Levine, Gloria Posada, and Leyla Sandi. "Comparison of Glucose/Electrolyte and Glucose/Glycine/Electrolyte Oral Rehydration Solutions in Hospitalized Children with Diarrhea in Costa Rica." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 7, no. 3 (May 1988): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1988.tb09557.x.

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SummaryThe experience of Nalin et al. and Palra et al. with a “super oral rehydration solution (ORS)” containing glucose plus glycinc to enhance the intestinal absorption of sodium and water prompted us to investigate a similar ORS containing the standard World Health Organization (WHO/ORS) plus either 55 or 110 mmol/L glycine in infants and small children with noncholera diarrhea. We did not find a statistically significant difference between the glycine‐fortified ORS and the standard WHO/ORS with respect to the clinical outcome and composition of serum electrolytes.

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16

Melnychuk, I. O., and V. H. Lyzogub. "Plasma amino acids spectrum as an important part of metabolomic pattern in patients with coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation." Medicni perspektivi 28, no. 4 (December 25, 2023): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2023.4.293976.

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The aim of our work was to estimate the plasma amino acid (AA) spectrum peculiarities in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and to check their connections with cardiometabolic risk factors and gu, microbiota metabolites. 300 patients were divided into three groups: first – 149 patients with CAD but without arrhythmias, second – 123 patients with CAD and AF paroxysm and control group – 28 patients without CAD and arrhythmias. Plasma AA level was detected by ion exchange liquid column chromatography method. The plasma AA spectrum changes in CAD patients with AF paroxysm were investigated: some plasma AA (glutamate, glutamine, glycine, alanine, valine, tyrosine) and their combinations (Isoleucine+Leucine/Valine, Glycine+Serine, Glycine/Methionine, Phenylalanine/Tyrosine, Glutamine/Glutamate) had significant changes in second group patients and had correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors (glycine, valine, arginine, glutamate, isoleucine, alanine, methionine (p<0.05)). Plasma AA combinations were revealed, the lattert could be used as an early marker of AF paroxysm in CAD patients by the results of ROC analysis: 2.44 * Isoleucine – Glycine; area under ROC-curve 0.8122 and 3.16 * Phenylalanine – Glycine, area under ROC-curve 0.8061. Plasma AA spectrum evaluation could be a new promising metabolic marker for AF paroxysm in CAD patients. Altered AA levels point to the depth of pathogenetic changes during AF paroxysm formation: disorders of AA metabolism with branched chain (isoleucine, leucine, valine), aromatic AA (phenylalanine, tyrosine), glutamine/glutamate, glycine/serine and glycine/methionine metabolism. A strong reliable connection between plasma AA spectrum and gut microbiota metabolites (trimethylamine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, total amount of fecal short chain fatty acids) was detected.

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Kang, Heonil, Hyoungrai Ko, Donggeun Kim, and Insoo Choi. "Occurrence of the White Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera sojae, and the Soybean Cyst Nematode, H. glycines, in Korea." Plant Disease 105, no. 1 (January 2021): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-19-1932-sc.

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Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines, SCN) is the most harmful pathogen of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) worldwide. In 2016, a new soybean-parasitic cyst nematode, Heterodera sojae (the white soybean cyst nematode) was found parasitizing the roots of soybean plants in Korea. To investigate the distribution and population density of H. sojae, 943 soil samples were collected from soybean fields in all nine provinces in Korea in 2017 to 2018. Cyst nematodes were detected in 343 samples (36.4%) from eight of the nine provinces, except the island of Jeju province. Among the 343 samples, H. glycines was found in 227 samples (66.2%), H. sojae in 95 samples (27.7%), and 21 samples (6.1%) were infested with both H. sojae and H. glycines. Wide distribution of H. sojae in soybean fields indicates that H. sojae is an important cyst nematode species parasitizing soybean together with H. glycines.

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18

ANDERSON, T. R., and R. I. BUZZELL. ""DEFEATED" Rps1 GENE IN SOYBEAN." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps88-026.

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Field testing of 10 backcross-derived Rps1Rps1 cultivars/lines of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and their recurrent rps1rps1 cultivars in the presence of compatible races of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea showed no residual effects of race-specific resistance on tolerance of soybean to the disease.Key words: Soybean, race-specific resistance, tolerance, phytophthora rot

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19

Beversdorf, W. D., D. J. Hume, P. Gostovic, J. C. Muscat, and S. Pararajasingham. "OAC Musca soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-067.

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OAC Musca is a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 3 d earlier than Hodgson and 2% higher in yield in Ontario trials. It has exhibited low field losses to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea in Ontario testing, is a tall cultivar and is intended for use on clay soils. Key words: Soybean, cultivar description

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Buzzell, R. I., T. R. Anderson, A. S. Hamill, and T. W. Welacky. "Harovinton soybean." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-075.

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Harovinton is a large-seeded soybean (Glycine max) cultivar with a greater protein content than oilseed cultivars and is suitable for tofu production. It is resistant to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Rps1-c) and tolerant of metribuzin herbicide (Hm). Production will be on a contract basis with Canada Packers, Inc. Key words: Cultivar description, Harovinton soybean

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21

Noon, Jason B., Tarek Hewezi, Thomas R. Maier, Carl Simmons, Jun-Zhi Wei, Gusui Wu, Victor Llaca, et al. "Eighteen New Candidate Effectors of the Phytonematode Heterodera glycines Produced Specifically in the Secretory Esophageal Gland Cells During Parasitism." Phytopathology® 105, no. 10 (October 2015): 1362–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-15-0049-r.

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Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is the number one pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). This nematode infects soybean roots and forms an elaborate feeding site in the vascular cylinder. H. glycines produces an arsenal of effector proteins in the secretory esophageal gland cells. More than 60 H. glycines candidate effectors were identified in previous gland-cell-mining projects. However, it is likely that additional candidate effectors remained unidentified. With the goal of identifying remaining H. glycines candidate effectors, we constructed and sequenced a large gland cell cDNA library resulting in 11,814 expressed sequence tags. After bioinformatic filtering for candidate effectors using a number of criteria, in situ hybridizations were performed in H. glycines whole-mount specimens to identify candidate effectors whose mRNA exclusively accumulated in the esophageal gland cells, which is a hallmark of many nematode effectors. This approach resulted in the identification of 18 new H. glycines esophageal gland-cell-specific candidate effectors. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were pioneers without similarities to known proteins while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism process.

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22

Clark, A. J., and K. L. Perry. "Transmissibility of Field Isolates of Soybean Viruses by Aphis glycines." Plant Disease 86, no. 11 (November 2002): 1219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.11.1219.

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During the 2001 growing season, 191 symptomatic soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants were dug from production plots in Indiana, Wisconsin, and Kentucky. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Peanut stunt virus (PSV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), and Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) were identified. No mixed infections were observed. The ability of the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsamura) to transmit field isolates of these viruses was tested. Using naturally infected field- or greenhouse-grown soybean plants as sources, six isolates of SMV and two isolates of AMV were transmitted using a short feeding assay. One of two isolates of TRSV was transmitted by A. glycines in one of four experiments using an extended feeding transmission assay. BPMV was not transmitted by A. glycines in assays involving 11 field isolates and over 840 aphids. One field isolate each of BYMV and PSV were tested and no transmission by A. glycines was observed.

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Wilson, Kirilee A., Séverine Bär, Anne L. Maerz, Marc Alizon, and Pantelis Poumbourios. "The Conserved Glycine-Rich Segment Linking the N-Terminal Fusion Peptide to the Coiled Coil of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Glycoprotein gp21 Is a Determinant of Membrane Fusion Function." Journal of Virology 79, no. 7 (April 1, 2005): 4533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.7.4533-4539.2005.

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ABSTRACT Retroviral transmembrane proteins (TMs) contain an N-terminal fusion peptide that initiates virus-cell membrane fusion. The fusion peptide is linked to the coiled-coil core through a conserved sequence that is often rich in glycines. We investigated the functional role of the glycine-rich segment, Met-326 to Ser-337, of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) TM, gp21, by alanine and proline scanning mutagenesis. Alanine substitution for the hydrophobic residue Ile-334 caused an ∼90% reduction in cell-cell fusion activity without detectable effects on the lipid-mixing and pore formation phases of fusion. Alanine substitutions at other positions had smaller effects (Gly-329, Val-330, and Gly-332) or no effect on fusion function. Proline substitution for glycine residues inhibited cell-cell fusion function with position-dependent effects on the three phases of fusion. Retroviral glycoprotein fusion function thus appears to require flexibility within the glycine-rich segment and hydrophobic contacts mediated by this segment.

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24

Lim, S. M. "Reactions of Perennial Wild Species of Genus Glycine to Septoria glycines." Plant Disease 71, no. 10 (1987): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-71-0891.

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Rupe, J. C., J. C. Correll, J. C. Guerber, C. M. Becton, E. E. Gbur, Jr., M. S. Cummings, and P. A. Yount. "Differentiation of the sudden death syndrome pathogen of soybean, Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines, from other isolates of F. solani based on cultural morphology, pathogenicity, and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-051.

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Forty-four isolates consisting of Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f.sp. glycines Roy, Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli (Burkholder) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans., and F. solani, collected from a variety of hosts and locations, were compared based on pathogenicity on soybean and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The 24 isolates of F. solani f.sp. glycines caused more severe sudden death syndrome (SDS) foliar symptoms and root rot on soybean compared with all other isolates. All isolates of F. solani f.sp. glycines belonged to a single mtDNA RFLP haplotype. The other isolates of F. solani belonged to nine mtDNA RFLP haplotypes distinct from that of the SDS pathogen and did not cause significant levels of SDS. Three isolates of F. solani f.sp. phaseoli in a single mtDNA RFLP haplotype were very similar to isolates of F. solani f.sp. glycines in culture. One of these isolates consistently produced SDS-like symptoms in pathogenicity tests, although at a low frequency. Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines represent a genetically distinct subgroup within F. solani but may be related to F. solani f.sp. phaseoli.Key words: Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli, Glycine max, sudden death syndrome (SDS), mtDNA.

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Burrows, M. E. Lee, C. M. Boerboom, J. M. Gaska, and C. R. Grau. "The Relationship Between Aphis glycines and Soybean mosaic virus Incidence in Different Pest Management Systems." Plant Disease 89, no. 9 (September 2005): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0926.

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The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, causes yield loss and transmits viruses such as Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) in soybean (Glycine max). Field experiments were designed to monitor the landing rate of A. glycines and transmission of SMV to soybean grown in six crop management environments. Management systems evaluated were the application of postemergence insecticide or no insecticide, and within each insecticide treatment no herbicide, glyphosate, or imazamox application. In 2001, early-season incidence of SMV was 2%, which increased to 80% within 18 days after the beginning of the A. glycines flight. In 2002, the incidence of SMV was 1% prior to the arrival of A. glycines, and increased to 44% within 21 days. The landing rate of A. glycines was fivefold higher in 2001 than in 2002. The incidence of SMV was lower in insecticide-treated plots in 2002, but no effect of insecticide was seen in 2001. Imazamox slowed the progression of SMV incidence, but the final incidence of SMV-infected plants was the same. Glyphosate had no consistent effect on SMV incidence. Yield was higher in the insecticide-treated plots in 2002, but not 2001. Insecticide and herbicide application had no substantial effects on seed quality.

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Wang, Congli, Edward P. Masler, and Stephen T. Rogers. "Responses of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita Infective Juveniles to Root Tissues, Root Exudates, and Root Extracts from Three Plant Species." Plant Disease 102, no. 9 (September 2018): 1733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-17-1445-re.

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The infective juvenile (J2) stage of endoparasitic plant nematodes uses plant chemical signals, released from roots, to localize and infect hosts. We examined the behaviors of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) J2 in the presence of root signals from marigold (Tagetes patula), soybean (Glycine max), and pepper (Capsicum annuum). Signals were obtained from sources commonly used in phytoparasitic nematode chemotaxis studies: root tips, root exudates, and root extracts. Root tips from each plant species attracted M. incognita but H. glycines was attracted only to soybean. In contrast, root exudates prepared from marigold, pepper, or soybean seedlings were attractive to H. glycines but were repellent to M. incognita. Root extracts had the same effect as exudates. Fractionation of exudates by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (acetonitrile [CH3CN] and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) revealed highly polar and less polar components affecting behaviors. Fractions eluting at 12% CH3CN from all three plants attracted H. glycines and repelled M. incognita. None of the less polar HPLC fractions (>15% CH3CN) affected H. glycines but those from G. max and T. patula repelled M. incognita. Differences among exudates and effects of fractionation on behavior are discussed.

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Marburger, David, Shawn Conley, Paul Esker, Ann MacGuidwin, and Damon Smith. "Relationship Between Fusarium virguliforme and Heterodera glycines in Commercial Soybean Fields in Wisconsin." Plant Health Progress 15, no. 1 (January 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-13-0107.

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Fusarium virguliforme (syn. Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines), the causal agent of sudden death syndrome, and Heterodera glycines, soybean cyst nematode (SCN), are economically important pathogens of soybean (Glycine max) in the Midwestern United States, including Wisconsin. In 2011 and 2012, samples submitted to a SCN detection program were assayed for SCN using a sieving/centrifugation method and for F. virguliforme using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) protocol. In 2011, 135 soil samples were submitted and H. glycines was detected in 56 samples, while 10 samples were positive for F. virguliforme. In 2012, 64 of 318 samples tested positive for H. glycines and 13 tested positive for F. virguliforme. The relationship between the occurrence of H. glycines and F. virguliforme was examined further for samples that were positive for H. glycines and/or F. virguliforme. Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient was −0.59 (P < 0.01), indicating a negative association. Furthermore, the best-fitting logistic regression model that described the probability of detecting H. glycines in a soil sample based on detecting F. virguliforme confirmed the negative correlation. This result suggests that SCN and F. virguliforme do not rely on each other to colonize fields, indicating that fields heavily infested with SCN are not necessarily at greater risk of F. virguliforme colonization. Accepted for publication 24 October 2013. Published 28 January 2014.

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Oliveira, Virgínia C. de, and Jefferson L. S. da Costa. "Compatibilidade vegetativa de nit-mutantes de Fusarium solani patogênicos e não-patogênicos ao feijoeiro e à soja." Fitopatologia Brasileira 28, no. 1 (January 2003): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582003000100013.

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Este trabalho objetivou determinar o grau de relacionamento entre 18 isolados de Fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli e F. solani f. sp. glycines. A maioria destes isolados (14) demonstrou inespecificidade de hospedeiro sendo patogênicos ao feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) e a soja (Glycine max). Grupos de compatibilidade vegetativa de nit-mutantes destes isolados foram então determinados. Utilizou-se, como indutor de mutação, o clorato de potássio (KClO3), sendo estes nit-mutantes justapostos sobre meio mínimo contendo NAN0(3) para verificar a formação de heterocariose. Dos 18 isolados de F. solani, 13 foram reunidos em um único GCV. Neste grupo os isolados nit-mutantes F42, f. sp. phaseoli e F46, f. sp. glycines, foram compatíveis entre si. Três isolados constituíram em membros únicos de GCVs diferentes, sendo um destes isolados considerado auto-incompatível. Encontrou-se, portanto, compatibilidade vegetativa entre isolados de F. solani f. sp. phaseoli e F. solani f. sp. glycines. Esta compatibilidade pode ser uma justificativa para existência de isolados patogênicos a ambas culturas.

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Díaz-Cruz, Gustavo A., Charlotte M. Smith, Kiana F. Wiebe, Sachi M. Villanueva, Adam R. Klonowski, and Bryan J. Cassone. "Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing for Large-Scale Pathogen Diagnoses in Soybean." Plant Disease 103, no. 6 (June 2019): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-18-0905-re.

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Soybean (Glycine max) has become an important crop in Manitoba, Canada, with a 10-fold increase in dedicated acreage over the past decade. Given the rapid increase in production, scarce information about foliar diseases present in the province has been recorded. In order to describe the foliar pathogens affecting this legume, we harnessed next-generation sequencing (NGS) to carry out a comprehensive survey across Manitoba in 2016. Fields were sampled during the V2/3 (33 fields) and R6 (70 fields) growth stages, with at least three symptomatic leaves per field collected and subjected to RNA sequencing. We successfully detected several bacteria, fungi, and viruses known to infect soybean, including Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea, Septoria glycines, and Peronospora manshurica, as well as pathogens not previously identified in the province (e.g., Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, Cercospora sojina, and Bean yellow mosaic virus). For some microorganisms, we were able to disentangle the different pathovars present and/or assemble their genome sequence. Since NGS generates data on the entire flora and fauna occupying a leaf sample, we also identified residual pathogens (i.e., pathogens of crops other than soybean) and multiple species of arthropod pests. Finally, the sequence information produced by NGS allowed for the development of polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostics for some of the most widespread and important pathogens. Although there are many benefits of using NGS for large-scale plant pathogen diagnoses, we also discuss some of the limitations of this technology.

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Melgar, J., K. W. Roy, and T. S. Abney. "Sudden death syndrome of soybean: etiology, symptomatology, and effects of irrigation and Heterodera glycines on incidence and severity under field conditions." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-202.

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Soybeans were grown in field microplots in sterile, noninfested soil versus soil infested with either Fusarium solani (form A), Heterodera glycines (the soybean cyst nematode), or both. Symptoms of sudden death syndrome occurred on plants in soil containing F. solani or F. solani plus H. glycines. Signs (macroconidia) sometimes occurred on symptomatic roots. Fusarium solani was reisolated from symptomatic plants but not from asymptomatic ones. Histological data further confirmed F. solani as the causal agent and documented the presence of F. solani chlamydospores in infected roots and cysts. Fusarium solani was not isolated from surface-disinfested seeds of infected plants. Irrigation increased disease incidence and severity. Heterodera glycines was not necessary for infection of plants by F. solani; however, when combined with F. solani, leaf symptoms occurred earlier and were more severe. Inoculation with F. solani plus H. glycines increased the incidence of tip dieback of pods, a disorder of uncertain cause. Fusarium solani was isolated in high frequency from roots of symptomatic plants sampled in the South and Midwest. However, F. solani form B was the most common isolate from roots. A significant positive correlation occurred between incidence of the two F. solani forms in roots of symptomatic plants. Key words: Glycine max, Fusarium solani, Heterodera glycines, etiology.

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Campos, Hercules Diniz, Vicente Paulo Campos, Juliana Resende Campos Silva, Luiz Henrique Carregal Pereira da Silva, Lilian Simara Abreu Soares Costa, and Willian César Terra. "Atração e penetração de Meloidogyne javanica e Heterodera glycines em raízes excisadas de soja." Ciência Rural 41, no. 9 (September 2011): 1496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782011000900002.

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Com vista ao estudo de atração e penetração de Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood e Heterodera glycines (Ichinoe) em soja (Glycine max L.), desenvolveu-se uma técnica empregando-se segmento de raiz com 2cm de comprimento. Nos segmentos de raiz de soja infectados, observou-se que a penetração de juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. javanica ocorre pela coifa seguida de migração entre os feixes vasculares do cilindro central. Juvenis de H. glycines penetraram, aproximadamente, 15mm da coifa. A região seccionada da raiz de soja atraiu três vezes mais J2 de M. javanica do que a região da coifa, mas esta não foi tão atrativa para J2 de H. glycines. A obstrução conjunta da coifa e do local seccionado reduziu (83%) a penetração de J2, tanto de M. javanica quanto de H. glycines. Quando apenas um desses locais foi obstruído, a outra extremidade livre compensou o processo atrativo. Portanto, as substâncias atrativas são liberadas por essas extremidades. A penetração de J2 de M. javanica foi maior no segmento de raiz quando comparada com a plântula intacta de soja. Entretanto, os J2 de H. glycines penetraram menos em segmentos de raiz e em plântulas sem folhas, quando comparados com plântulas intactas e com as seccionadas no colo. Portanto, na cultivar de soja "Embrapa 20", a atração e os locais de penetração de J2 de H. glycines e M. javanica são diferenciados. Esta técnica poderá ser útil nos estudos de atração e penetração de outros nematoides endoparasitas.

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Sabolová, Danica, Dana Mazagová, Pavol Kristian, Marián Antalík, Dušan Podhradský, and Ján Imrich. "Fluorescence Reagents for Labelling of Biomolecules. Part III. Study of the Reactions of 2- and 4-Substituted 9-Isothiocyanatoacridines with Glycine." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 7 (1994): 1682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941682.

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Kinetics of nucleophilic addition reaction of 2- and 4-substituted 9-isothiocyanatoacridines I - VII with glycine in buffered aqueous dimethylformamide has been studied. The addition products, N-(9-acridinylthiocarbamoyl)glycines VIII - XIV, were characterized by IR, UV, 1H NMR, mass and fluorescence spectra. Derivatives VIII, X and XII exhibited higher fluorescence intensity than the starting isothiocyanates; the highest fluorescence was found for the unsubstituted compound X. The reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of properties of the reaction products and kinetic characteristics.

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Gavassoni, W. L., G. L. Tylka, and G. P. Munkvold. "Effects of Tillage Practices on Dissemination and Spatial Patterns of Heterodera glycines and Soybean Yield." Plant Disease 91, no. 8 (August 2007): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-8-0973.

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Two field experiments were conducted in central Iowa to assess the effects of tillage on Heterodera glycines dissemination and reproduction and soybean (Glycine max) yield. Plots in both experiments were artificially infested with equivalent numbers of H. glycines cysts. In one experiment, plots were left noninfested or received aggregated or uniform infestation, and a susceptible soybean cultivar was grown for 3 years. By the end of the first growing season and through the second, H. glycines population densities were consistently greater (P ≤ 0.05) in uniformly infested plots than in plots with aggregated infestations. No differences in soybean yield among the treatments were detected. In a second experiment, a 1-m2 area of each plot was infested with H. glycines cysts, susceptible soybeans were grown for four seasons, and crop residue was managed with either ridge-, conventional-, reduced-, or no-tillage. After 1 year, nematode population densities were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater in conventional- and reduced-tillage treatments than in no- and ridge-tillage treatments. After 2 years, H. glycines had been disseminated 6.9 m from the infestation site in conventional- and reduced-tillage treatments but only 0.5 and 1.4 m for no-tillage and ridge-tillage treatments, respectively. After 3 years, H. glycines population densities were 10 times greater in conventional- and reduced-tillage treatments than in the no-tillage treatment; conventional-tillage was the only treatment with yield significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) than the noninfested control. Aggregation of H. glycines eggs was greater (P ≤ 0.05) in no- and ridge-tillage treatments than in conventional- and reduced-tillage treatments. Results indicate tillage can quickly disseminate H. glycines in newly infested fields, facilitating more rapid nematode reproduction and subsequent yield loss.

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Bobo, Enetia Disberia, Pias Munosiyei, Percy Jinga, and Emmanuel Zingoni. "Functional Characterisation of a Calmodulin-Binding Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase (GmCBRLCK1) in Glycine max (L.) Merr. using Bioinformatic Tools." International Annals of Science 7, no. 1 (May 24, 2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ias.7.1.38-47.

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An understanding of the function of signaling genes/proteins in soybean is vital for comprehending plant growth and development. The objective of this study was to functionally characterize a calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene (Glyma.13G161700) from Glycine max. Bioinformatic analyses were performed for the characterization. Expression profile of GmCBRLCK1 gene in soybean tissue was assessed using Genevisible. Functional genomic analysis for gene expression regulation and co-expression analysis was evaluated using micro array data from Affymetrix Soybean Genome Array platform in GENEVESTIGATOR v3. Gene ontology functional predictions were determined through FFPred 2.0. The results showed that the calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase gene is predominantly expressed in the pericycle and syncytium in root seedlings and in the palisade cells of the legume. The gene was shown to be highly upregulated in response to root exposure to Phytophthora sojae, Heterodera glycines and aluminium stress. Co-expressed genes during the legume development showed Pearson’s correlation co-efficient of 1 to Glyma.13G161700. Gene ontology predictions confirmed the signaling and metabolic functions of the kinase gene and its primary locations are the membrane and endomembrane system of G. max. The study therefore suggests that Glycine max calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (GmCBRLCK1) is involved in receptor signaling pathways to enhance seedling tolerance to root infection by P. sojae, H. glycines, and to aluminium stress. The kinase gene is also involved in regulation of metabolic processes that aid in growth and development of soybean seedling.

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Alkharouf, Nadim, Rana Khan, and Benjamin Matthews. "Analysis of expressed sequence tags from roots of resistant soybean infected by the soybean cyst nematode." Genome 47, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-114.

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The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) Heterodera glycines is the most devastating pest of soybean in the U.S.A. The resistance response elicited by SCN in soybean is complex, and genes involved in the response to a large extent are unknown and not well characterized. We constructed cDNA libraries made from mRNA extracted from roots of the resistant soybean Glycine max L. Merr. 'Peking' at 12 h, 2 to 4 days, and 6 to 8 days post inoculation with the soybean cyst nematode, population NL1-RHp, similar to race 3. Expressed sequence tag analysis of the libraries provides rapid discovery of genes involved in the response of soybean to the nematode. A total of 3454 cDNA clones were examined from the three libraries, of which 25 cDNAs were derived from nematode RNA. The levels of certain stress-induced genes such as SAM22 and glutathione S-transferase (GST8) were elevated in the SCN-infected roots relative to uninoculated roots. Early defense response genes, particularly ascorbate peroxidase and lipoxygenase, were abundant in the 12-h library. By 6–8 days, the expression of most of those genes was not as abundant, whereas genes coding for unknown proteins and stress-induced proteins continued to be highly expressed. These ESTs and associated information will be useful to scientists examining gene and protein interactions between nematodes and plants.Key words: expressed sequence tag, gene expression, Glycine max, Heterodera glycines, plant-pathogen interaction, transcript profile.

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YANG, XIAOYU, S. KENT HARRISON, and RICHARD M. RIEDEL. "Soybean (Glycine max) Response to Glyphosate and Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines)1." Weed Technology 16, no. 2 (April 2002): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037x(2002)016[0332:sgmrtg]2.0.co;2.

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Rennie, B. D., V. D. Beversdorf, R. I. Buzzell, and T. R. Anderson. "Evaluation of four Japanese soybean cultivars for Rps alleles conferring resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-022.

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Four Japanese soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) cultivars (Fujiotome (PI 360836), Misaodaizu (PI 360839), Nezumisaya (PI 360841) and Honiku 65 (PI 360837)) were evaluated for Rps alleles conferring resistance for Phytophthora megasperma (Drechs.) f. sp. glycinea (Hildeb.) Kuan & Erwin. Fujiotome contains Rps1-a and Rps5; Misaodaizu contains Rsp1-c and Rps3; and Nezumisaya contains Rps1-b and a new allele, designated Rps? (Nezumisaya). Honiku 65 is susceptible but two variants obtained from it each contain a new Rps allele designated Rps? (OX939) and Rps? (OX940).Key words: Soybean, Phytophthora resistance

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Neupane, Surendra, Jordan M. Purintun, Febina M. Mathew, Adam J. Varenhorst, and Madhav P. Nepal. "Molecular Basis of Soybean Resistance to Soybean Aphids and Soybean Cyst Nematodes." Plants 8, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8100374.

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Soybean aphid (SBA; Aphis glycines Matsumura) and soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichninohe) are major pests of the soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the genetic basis of limiting these pests in both model and non-model plant systems. Classical linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified major and minor quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in soybean. Studies on interactions of SBA and SCN effectors with host proteins have identified molecular cues in various signaling pathways, including those involved in plant disease resistance and phytohormone regulations. In this paper, we review the molecular basis of soybean resistance to SBA and SCN, and we provide a synthesis of recent studies of soybean QTLs/genes that could mitigate the effects of virulent SBA and SCN populations. We also review relevant studies of aphid–nematode interactions, particularly in the soybean–SBA–SCN system.

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Moreira, Janaina Alves de Almeida, Mirian Carvalho Tavares, Fernando Godinho de Araújo, and Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de Menezes. "Genetic diversity of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) populations in Southeastern Goiás state, Brasil." JULY 2020, no. 14(7):2020 (July 20, 2020): 1162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.07.p2470.

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Heterodera glycines, also known as Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN), is one of the phytosanitary issues that prevents high soybean yields (Glycine max) due to its dissemination capacity and high physiological race variability. The first step towards the proper and safe use of resistant cultivars lies on correctly identifying the physiological race of this nematode in the crop in order to avoid new breed-selection pressure. Thus, the aim of the present study was to genetically characterize the races of Heterodera glycines populations from soybean-producer counties belonging to the Railroad (Estrada de Ferro) Region (Goiás State, Brazil), as well as to investigate their molecular characterization based on RAPD markers. RAPD data were evaluated in a binary way, in which values (1) and (0) were attributed to the presence and absence of amplified bands for each primer, respectively. The binary matrix was used to estimate the genetic distance between populations, based on the Jaccard dissimilarity index. The clustering analysis was carried out based on the calculated genetic dissimilarity matrix, according to Ward’s method. Eight (8) different physiological Heterodera glycines races were found in the investigated counties. Only 10 out of 28 RAPD primers were polymorphic among SCN populations, whereas the remaining primers either did not amplify, or presented low amplification of the DNA fragment. Five genetically-different groups were recorded among H. glycines population accessions, which presented high genetic variability rate.

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Caspary, D. M., P. M. Backoff, P. G. Finlayson, and P. S. Palombi. "Inhibitory inputs modulate discharge rate within frequency receptive fields of anteroventral cochlear nucleus neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): 2124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.5.2124.

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1. The amino acid neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine function as inhibitory neurotransmitters associated with nonprimary inputs onto spherical bushy and stellate cells, two principal cell types located in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN). These neurons are characterized by primary-like (including phase-locked) and chopper temporal response patterns, respectively. 2. Inhibition directly adjacent to the excitatory response area has been hypothesized to sharpen or limit the breadth of the tonal frequency receptive field. This study was undertaken to test whether GABA and glycine circuits function primarily to sharpen the lateral edges of the tonal excitatory response area or to modulate discharge rate within central portions of the excitatory response area of AVCN neurons. 3. To test this, iontophoretic application of the glycineI antagonist, strychnine, or the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline, was used to block inhibitory inputs after obtaining control families of isointensity contours (response areas) from extracellularly recorded AVCN neurons. 4. Blockade of GABA and/or glycine inputs was found to increase discharge rate primarily within the excitatory response area of neurons displaying chopper and primary-like temporal responses with little or no change in bandwidth or in off-characteristic frequency (CF) discharge rate. 5. The principal sources of inhibitory inputs onto AVCN neurons are cells located in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex, which appear to be tonotopically matched to their targets. In agreement with these morphological studies, the data presented in this paper suggest that most GABA and/or glycine inhibition is tonotopically aligned with excitatory inputs. 6. These findings support models that suggest that GABA and/or glycine inputs onto AVCN neurons are involved in circuits that adjust gain to enable the detection of signals in noise by enhancing signal relative to background.

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Gupta, Malini C., Patricia L. Graham, and James M. Kramer. "Characterization of α1(IV) Collagen Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans and the Effects of α1 and α2(IV) Mutations on Type IV Collagen Distribution." Journal of Cell Biology 137, no. 5 (June 2, 1997): 1185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.137.5.1185.

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Type IV collagen is a major component of basement membranes. We have characterized 11 mutations in emb-9, the α1(IV) collagen gene of Caenorhabditis elegans, that result in a spectrum of phenotypes. Five are substitutions of glycines in the Gly-X-Y domain and cause semidominant, temperature-sensitive lethality at the twofold stage of embryogenesis. One is a glycine substitution that causes recessive, non–temperature-sensitive larval lethality. Three putative null alleles, two nonsense mutations and a deletion, all cause recessive, non–temperature-sensitive lethality at the threefold stage of embryogenesis. The less severe null phenotype indicates that glycine substitution containing mutant chains dominantly interfere with the function of other molecules. The emb-9 null mutants do not stain with anti–EMB-9 antisera and show intracellular accumulation of the α2(IV) chain, LET-2, indicating that LET-2 assembly and/or secretion requires EMB-9. Glycine substitutions in either EMB-9 or LET-2 cause intracellular accumulation of both chains. The degree of intracellular accumulation differs depending on the allele and temperature and correlates with the severity of the phenotype. Temperature sensitivity appears to result from reduced assembly/secretion of type IV collagen, not defective function in the basement membrane. Because the dominant interference of glycine substitution mutations is maximal when type IV collagen secretion is totally blocked, this interference appears to occur intracellularly, rather than in the basement membrane. We suggest that the nature of dominant interference caused by mutations in type IV collagen is different than that caused by mutations in fibrillar collagens.

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Masler, Edward P., Stephen T. Rogers, and Cerruti R. R. Hooks. "Behavioural differences of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita infective juveniles exposed to root extracts in vitro." Nematology 19, no. 2 (2017): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003038.

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In vitro behaviour of infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita was compared in the presence and absence of plant root extracts. In an agar plate attraction-retention assay, with samples applied by agar disc infused with water (control) or aqueous test solutions, H. glycines was 15-fold more responsive to a chemical attractant (CaCl2) than was M. incognita. Control discs retained H. glycines at a rate 2.9-fold greater than M. incognita. Crude extracts (slurries; 40 mg dry root (ml water)−1) from roots of six plant species (corn, Zea mays; cucumber, Cucumis sativus; marigold, Tagetes patula; mustard, Sinapis alba; pepper, Capsicum annuum; soybean, Glycine max) differentially affected the two nematodes. Cucumber, marigold, pepper and soybean each attracted H. glycines at rates between 2.2- and 3.6-fold greater than controls. No root preparations were attractive to M. incognita, which were significantly repelled by corn, cucumber, mustard and pepper, relative to controls. Preparation of selected root extract supernatants, which involved vacuum drying, decreased the attractiveness of marigold and soybean to H. glycines by 38 and 82%, respectively, but the effect of pepper was unchanged. Supernatant processing had no effect on M. incognita behaviour. In a liquid-based J2 movement assay, root supernatants from marigold, pepper and soybean at 1 mg dry root ml−1 each decreased the frequency of head movement in H. glycines and M. incognita relative to controls. However, dose responses were detected only with marigold, with maximum decreases in activity at 16 mg dry root ml−1 for each species. These decreases were significantly different at 46 and 66%, respectively, for H. glycines and M. incognita. The behaviour of the two nematodes was qualitatively different in assays that required detection of signals across a short distance (agar assay), whereas qualitative responses were similar when juveniles were immersed in treatment solution (liquid assay). In the latter, quantitative responses to marigold differed significantly between H. glycines and M. incognita J2.

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Wen, L., C. Yuan, T. K. Herman, and G. L. Hartman. "Accessions of Perennial Glycine Species With Resistance to Multiple Types of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines)." Plant Disease 101, no. 7 (July 2017): 1201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-16-1472-re.

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Soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines; HG) is a widely occurring and damaging pathogen that limits soybean production. Developing resistant cultivars is the most cost-effective method for managing this disease. Genes conferring SCN resistance in soybean have been identified; however, there are SCN populations that overcome known resistance genes. In order to identify additional sources of resistance and potentially new resistance genes, 223 plant introductions (PIs) of G. tomentella and 59 PIs of 12 other perennial Glycine species were inoculated with HG Types 0, HG 2, and HG 1.2.3, and then 36 PIs out of this set were further evaluated with HG Type 1.2.3.4.5.6.7, a population that overcomes all the resistance genes in soybean. Of 223 G. tomentella PIs evaluated, 86 were classified as resistant to three HG types, 69 as resistant to two HG types, and 22 as resistant to one HG type. Of the other 12 perennial Glycine species, all PIs of G. argyrea and G. pescadrensis were resistant to all three HG types. Of the 36 PIs challenged with HG Type 1.2.3.4.5.6.7, 35 were resistant with 16 showing no cyst reproduction. Our study confirms that there are high levels of resistance to SCN among the perennial Glycine species. This represents an untapped resource for use in genetic studies and for improving resistance to SCN in soybean.

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Miyauchi, Kosuke, Jun Komano, Yoshiyuki Yokomaku, Wataru Sugiura, Naoki Yamamoto, and Zene Matsuda. "Role of the Specific Amino Acid Sequence of the Membrane-Spanning Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Membrane Fusion." Journal of Virology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2005): 4720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.8.4720-4729.2005.

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ABSTRACT Fusion between cell and virus membranes mediated by gp41 initiates the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. In contrast to the many studies that have elucidated the structure-function relationship of the ectodomain, the study of the membrane-spanning domain (MSD) has been rather limited. In particular, the role that the MSD's specific amino acid sequences may have in membrane fusion as well as other gp41 functions is not well understood. The MSD of gp41 contains well-conserved glycine residues that form the GXXXG motif (G, glycine; X, other amino acid residues), a motif often found at the helix-helix interface of membrane spanning α-helices. Here we examined the role that the specific amino acid sequence of the gp41 MSD has in gp41 function, particularly in membrane fusion, by making two types of MSD mutants: (i) glycine substitution mutants in which glycine residues of the MSD were mutated to alanine or leucine residues, and (ii) replacement mutants in which the entire MSD was replaced with one derived from glycophorin A or from vesicular stomatitis virus G. The substitution of glycines did not affect gp41 function. MSD-replacement mutants, however, showed severely impaired fusion activity. The assay using the Env expression vector revealed defects in membrane fusion after CD4 binding steps in the MSD-replacement mutants. In addition, the change in Env processing was noted for MSD-replacement mutants. These results suggest that the MSD of gp41 has a relatively wide but not unlimited tolerance for mutations and plays a critical role in membrane fusion as well as in other steps of Env biogenesis.

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Bailey, Rasheed A., Derek L. Beahm, and I. Martha Skerrett. "The Complex and Critical Role of Glycine 12 (G12) in Beta-Connexins of Human Skin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052615.

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Glycine is an amino acid with unique properties because its side chain is composed of a single hydrogen atom. It confers conformational flexibility to proteins and conserved glycines are often indicative of protein domains involving tight turns or bends. All six beta-type connexins expressed in human epidermis (Cx26, Cx30, Cx30.3, Cx31, Cx31.1 and Cx32) contain a glycine at position 12 (G12). G12 is located about halfway through the cytoplasmic amino terminus and substitutions alter connexin function in a variety of ways, in some cases altering protein interactions and leading to cell death. There is also evidence that alteration of G12 changes the structure of the amino terminus in connexin- and amino acid- specific ways. This review integrates structural, functional and physiological information about the role of G12 in connexins, focusing on beta-connexins expressed in human epidermis. The importance of G12 substitutions in these beta-connexins is revealed in two hereditary skin disorders, keratitis ichthyosis and erythrokeratodermia variabilis, both of which result from missense mutations affecting G12.

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Vušak, Darko, Mia Jurković, Neven Smrečki, and Biserka Prugovečki. "Syntheses and Solid-State Characterizations of N-Alkylated Glycine Derivatives." Crystals 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13101438.

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Seven N-alkylated glycine derivatives were prepared and characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Chloride salts, H2EtGlyCl, H2(n-PrGly)Cl and H2(i-PrGly)Cl were prepared by aminolysis of chloroacetic acid with respective alkylamine. Nitrate salts, H2EtGlyNO3, H2(i-PrGly)NO3, H2(n-PrGly)NO3 and zwitterionic compound H(n-PrGly)·1/3H2O were prepared using ion exchange reactions from corresponding chloride salts. In all the N-alkylated glycine chloride salts, two N-alkylglycinium cations and two chloride anions were connected into centrosymmetric dimers that were additionally hydrogen bonded into endless chains. In the nitrate salts, 2D networks of different topologies were formed through hydrogen bonds between nitrate anions and N-alkylglycinium cations. In compound H(n-PrGly)·1/3H2O, the zwitterionic N-(n-propyl)glycines and water molecules of crystallization were connected into the 3D hydrogen bond networks. Chloride salts have significantly more H⋯H and O⋯C contacts than nitrate salts. All chloride salts decompose in endothermic, while nitrate salts decompose in exothermic thermal events.

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Wen, Yanhua, Susan L. F. Meyer, Margaret H. MacDonald, Liuchun Zheng, Chunyue Jing, and David J. Chitwood. "Nematotoxicity of Paeonia spp. Extracts and Camellia oleifera Tea Seed Cake and Extracts to Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita." Plant Disease 103, no. 9 (September 2019): 2191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-18-1663-re.

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Tea-oil camellia (Camellia oleifera) is grown for tea seed oil production, with tea seed cake produced as a byproduct. Rather than disposing of the cake, agricultural uses increase the value of oil production. Constituents of C. oleifera are also utilized for traditional Chinese medicine, as are compounds produced by tree peony roots. Consequently, the unused C. oleifera cake, and stems from two tree peony species, Paeonia rockii and Paeonia suffruticosa, were studied for compounds antagonistic to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Extracts from C. oleifera cake and P. rockii stems suppressed hatch and were nematotoxic to second-stage juveniles (J2) of both nematode species. P. rockii extracts were more effective than P. suffruticosa extracts for decreasing M. incognita hatch and J2 viability. In greenhouse trials with soybean (Glycine max ‘Essex’), powdered C. oleifera cake applied as a soil amendment suppressed H. glycines cysts/g root by up to 66% compared with nonamended controls. These results indicate that the extracts and cake contain compounds active against H. glycines and M. incognita, with activity varying between the two Paeonia species. C. oleifera tea seed cake, and constituents of the cake or of P. rockii, are candidates for further studies on management of these nematodes.

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Wendimu, Gebissa Yigezu. "Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Problems in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Crops and Its Management." Advances in Agriculture 2022 (March 31, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7816951.

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Soybean is a leguminous crop that originated from Southeast Asia, and it was domesticated in the northeastern parts of China. Recently, it has been highly produced in the United States of America, Brazil, and Argentina for cooking oil, protein, fiber and for the manufacturing of plastics, lubricants, candles, varnishes, soaps, and biodiesel. Nevertheless, in warm, moist, sandy soil conditions, its production is highly challenged by soybean cyst nematodes (Heterodera glycines). It caused more than 30% of soybean yield loss either alone or associated with other soybean pests under suitable environmental conditions. The second-stage juvenile (J2) of this pest inserted its stylet and penetrated into the cells to get its nourishment, shelter, and reproduction site on the soybean roots. Economically, the damage it caused was highly important because it had a wide host range and lacked adequate management methods. Hence, the reason behind the writing of this chapter is to explore the different published scientific papers related to soybean cyst nematode’s economic importance, distribution, symptoms, biology, life cycle, interaction with other pathogens, different management approaches, and its prospects. This chapter shall also embrace the advanced biotechnological innovations that help in achieving effective soybean cyst nematode management that will mitigate its infections in soybean production and will also serve as an asset for the researchers. This review chapter, in addition, plays a vital role in exploring necessary information concerning soybean cyst nematode management.

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Pant, Shankar R., Prachi D. Matsye, Brant T. McNeece, Keshav Sharma, Aparna Krishnavajhala, Gary W. Lawrence, and Vincent P. Klink. "Syntaxin 31 functions in Glycine max resistance to the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines." Plant Molecular Biology 85, no. 1-2 (January 23, 2014): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-014-0172-2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Glycicne'

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