Journal articles: 'Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)'

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Yugueros, Javier, Alejandro Temprano, Beatriz Berzal, Marı́a Sánchez, Carmen Hernanz, José Marı́a Luengo, and Germán Naharro. "Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Encoding Gene as a Useful Taxonomic Tool for Staphylococcusspp." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4351-4355.2000.

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The gap gene of Staphylococcus aureus, encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was used as a target to amplify a 933-bp DNA fragment by PCR with a pair of primers 26 and 25 nucleotides in length. PCR products, detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, were also amplified from 12 Staphylococcusspp. analyzed previously. Hybridization with an internal 279-bp DNA fragment probe was positive in all PCR-positive samples. No PCR products were amplified when other gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial genera were analyzed using the same pair of primers.AluI digestion of PCR-generated products gave 12 different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, one for each species analyzed. However, we could detect two intraspecies RFLP patterns in Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus simulans which were different from the other species. An identical RFLP pattern was observed for 112 S. aureusisolates from humans, cows, and sheep. The sensitivity of the PCR assays was very high, with a detection limit for S. aureuscells of 20 CFU when cells were suspended in saline. PCR amplification of the gap gene has the potential for rapid identification of at least 12 species belonging to the genusStaphylococcus, as it is highly specific.

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Yang, Shao-Qing, Jian Deng, Qian-Qian Wu, Heng Li, and Wen-Yun Gao. "A Specific Process to Purify 2-Methyl-D-Erythritol-4-Phosphate Enzymatically Converted from D-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate and Pyruvate." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 2 (February 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000233.

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A one-pot enzymatic cascade was established to synthesize MEP, one of the key intermediates in the MEP terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. D-GAP and sodium pyruvate were converted to MEP in a reaction catalyzed by DXP synthase and DXP reductoisomerase (DXR) in the presence of the coenzymes ThPP, NADPH, and Mg2+. The product was then isolated by using a specific two-step purification process and MEP was obtained in a yield of nearly 60% and high purity. Importantly, MEP prepared by this way was totally free from contamination by minor amounts of DXP that was not completely convertible by DXR.

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Komati Reddy, Gajendar, Steffen N. Lindner, and Volker F. Wendisch. "Metabolic Engineering of an ATP-Neutral Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway in Corynebacterium glutamicum: Growth Restoration by an Adaptive Point Mutation in NADH Dehydrogenase." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 6 (January 9, 2015): 1996–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03116-14.

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ABSTRACTCorynebacterium glutamicumuses the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway of glycolysis and gains 2 mol of ATP per mol of glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP). To engineer glycolysis without net ATP formation by SLP, endogenous phosphorylating NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was replaced by nonphosphorylating NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapN) fromClostridium acetobutylicum, which irreversibly converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) to 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG) without generating ATP. As shown recently (S. Takeno, R. Murata, R. Kobayashi, S. Mitsuhashi, and M. Ikeda, Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7154–7160, 2010,http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01464-10), this ATP-neutral, NADPH-generating glycolytic pathway did not allow for the growth ofCorynebacterium glutamicumwith glucose as the sole carbon source unless hitherto unknown suppressor mutations occurred; however, these mutations were not disclosed. In the present study, a suppressor mutation was identified, and it was shown that heterologous expression ofudhAencoding soluble transhydrogenase fromEscherichia colipartly restored growth, suggesting that growth was inhibited by NADPH accumulation. Moreover, genome sequence analysis of second-site suppressor mutants that were able to grow faster with glucose revealed a single point mutation in the gene of non-proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH-II) leading to the amino acid change D213G, which was shared by these suppressor mutants. Since related NDH-II enzymes accepting NADPH as the substrate possess asparagine or glutamine residues at this position, D213G, D213N, and D213Q variants ofC. glutamicumNDH-II were constructed and were shown to oxidize NADPH in addition to NADH. Taking these findings together, ATP-neutral glycolysis by the replacement of endogenous NAD-dependent GAPDH with NADP-dependent GapN became possible via oxidation of NADPH formed in this pathway by mutant NADPH-accepting NDH-IID213Gand thus by coupling to electron transport phosphorylation (ETP).

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Scott, Israel M., Gabriel M. Rubinstein, Farris L. Poole, Gina L. Lipscomb, Gerrit J. Schut, Amanda M. Williams-Rhaesa, David M. Stevenson, Daniel Amador-Noguez, Robert M. Kelly, and Michael W. W. Adams. "The thermophilic biomass-degrading bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii utilizes two enzymes to oxidize glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during glycolysis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, no. 25 (May 16, 2019): 9995–10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.007120.

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Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is an extremely thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium with a growth optimum at 78 °C and is the most thermophilic cellulose degrader known. It is an attractive target for biotechnological applications, but metabolic engineering will require an in-depth understanding of its primary pathways. A previous analysis of its genome uncovered evidence that C. bescii may have a completely uncharacterized aspect to its redox metabolism, involving a tungsten-containing oxidoreductase of unknown function. Herein, we purified and characterized this new member of the aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase family of tungstoenzymes. We show that it is a heterodimeric glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GOR) present not only in all known Caldicellulosiruptor species, but also in 44 mostly anaerobic bacterial genera. GOR is phylogenetically distinct from the monomeric GAP-oxidizing enzyme found previously in several Archaea. We found that its large subunit (GOR-L) contains a single tungstopterin site and one iron-sulfur [4Fe-4S] cluster, that the small subunit (GOR-S) contains four [4Fe-4S] clusters, and that GOR uses ferredoxin as an electron acceptor. Deletion of either subunit resulted in a distinct growth phenotype on both C5 and C6 sugars, with an increased lag phase, but higher cell densities. Using metabolomics and kinetic analyses, we show that GOR functions in parallel with the conventional GAP dehydrogenase, providing an alternative ferredoxin-dependent glycolytic pathway. These two pathways likely facilitate the recycling of reduced redox carriers (NADH and ferredoxin) in response to environmental H2 concentrations. This metabolic flexibility has important implications for the future engineering of this and related species.

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Vellanki, Ravi N., Ravichandra Potumarthi, Kiran K. Doddapaneni, Naveen Anubrolu, and Lakshmi N. Mangamoori. "Constitutive Optimized Production of Streptokinase inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeUtilizing Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Promoter ofPichia pastoris." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/268249.

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A novel expression vector constructed from genes ofPichia pastoriswas applied for heterologous gene expression inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant streptokinase (SK) was synthesized by cloning the region encoding mature SK under the control of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter ofPichia pastorisinSaccharomyces cerevisiae. SK was intracellularly expressed constitutively, as evidenced by lyticase-nitroanilide and caseinolytic assays. The functional activity was confirmed by plasminogen activation assay andin vitroclot lysis assay. Stability and absence of toxicity to the host with the recombinant expression vector as evidenced by southern analysis and growth profile indicate the application of this expression system for large-scale production of SK. Two-stage statistical approach, Plackett-Burman (PB) design and response surface methodology (RSM) was used for SK production medium optimization. In the first stage, carbon and organic nitrogen sources were qualitatively screened by PB design and in the second stage there was quantitative optimization of four process variables, yeast extract, dextrose, pH, and temperature, by RSM. PB design resulted in dextrose and peptone as best carbon and nitrogen sources for SK production. RSM method, proved as an efficient technique for optimizing process conditions which resulted in 110% increase in SK production, 2352 IU/mL, than for unoptimized conditions.

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del Castillo, Teresa, Estrella Duque, and Juan L. Ramos. "A Set of Activators and Repressors Control Peripheral Glucose Pathways in Pseudomonas putida To Yield a Common Central Intermediate." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 7 (February 1, 2008): 2331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01726-07.

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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas putida KT2440 channels glucose to the central Entner-Doudoroff intermediate 6-phosphogluconate through three convergent pathways. The genes for these convergent pathways are clustered in three independent regions on the host chromosome. A number of monocistronic units and operons coexist within each of these clusters, favoring coexpression of catabolic enzymes and transport systems. Expression of the three pathways is mediated by three transcriptional repressors, HexR, GnuR, and PtxS, and by a positive transcriptional regulator, GltR-2. In this study, we generated mutants in each of the regulators and carried out transcriptional assays using microarrays and transcriptional fusions. These studies revealed that HexR controls the genes that encode glucokinase/glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase that yield 6-phosphogluconate; the genes for the Entner-Doudoroff enzymes that yield glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate; and gap-1, which encodes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. GltR-2 is the transcriptional regulator that controls specific porins for the entry of glucose into the periplasmic space, as well as the gtsABCD operon for glucose transport through the inner membrane. GnuR is the repressor of gluconate transport and gluconokinase responsible for the conversion of gluconate into 6-phosphogluconate. PtxS, however, controls the enzymes for oxidation of gluconate to 2-ketogluconate, its transport and metabolism, and a set of genes unrelated to glucose metabolism.

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Risse, Karin, Karen Schlez, Tobias Eisenberg, Christina Geiger, Anna Balbutskaya, Osama Sammra, Christoph Lämmler, and Amir Abdulmawjood. "Phenotypical and Genotypical Properties of an Arcanobacterium pluranimalium Strain Isolated from a Juvenile Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)." Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014 (April 30, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/408724.

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The present study was designed to characterize phenotypically and genotypically an Arcanobacterium pluranimalium strain (A. pluranimalium 4868) following necropsy from a juvenile giraffe. The species identity could be confirmed by phenotypical investigations and by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, by sequencing the 16S rDNA, pluranimaliumlysin encoding gene pla, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene gap with sequence similarities to A. pluranimalium reference strain DSM 13483T of 99.2%, 89.9%, and 99.1%, respectively. To our knowledge, the present study is the first phenotypic and genotypic characterization of an A. pluranimalium strain isolated from a giraffe.

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Kormanec, J., A. Lempel'ova, R. Novakova, B. ReZuchova, and D. Homerova. "Expression of the Streptomyces aureofaciens glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gap) is developmentally regulated and induced by glucose." Microbiology 143, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 3555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-143-11-3555.

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Gilboa, Rotem, Alan Joseph Bauer, and Gil Shoham. "Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Sacchromyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 54, no. 6 (November 1, 1998): 1467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0907444997019720.

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Two related and not thoroughly resolved issues in biochemistry concern the role, if any, of enzyme surfaces in routine metabolism and the method by which metabolic intermediates move between enzyme active sites during multi-step degradation or synthesis. An important enzyme for which a detailed three-dimensional structural analysis has been initiated is yeast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (yGAP-DH). This enzyme is active as a tetramer of total molecular weight of 145 kDa and requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as cofactor. In this report, the crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of several crystal forms of yGAP-DH are described. Of the five distinct crystal forms, the most suitable was found to contain the holo-enzyme, and the crystals were grown by the vapor-diffusion method using polyethylene glycol 6000 as precipitant, sodium acetate as buffer (pH 4.6), and NAD+ and dithiothreitol as additives. The crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P21212, with cell dimensions of a = 87.33, b = 96.11 and c = 115.34 Å. These crystals are mechanically strong, relatively stable in the X-ray beam and diffract X-rays (from a normal rotating-anode radiation source) to better than 2 Å resolution. A full 2.1 Å resolution diffraction data set (98% completion) has been measured. The three-dimensional structures of related GAP-DH enzymes from several other sources have been determined and reported, and are available for a molecular replacement structure solution.

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McFarlane, Ciaran R., Nita R. Shah, Burak V. Kabasakal, Blanca Echeverria, Charles A. R. Cotton, Doryen Bubeck, and James W. Murray. "Structural basis of light-induced redox regulation in the Calvin–Benson cycle in cyanobacteria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 42 (September 30, 2019): 20984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906722116.

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Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria fix carbon dioxide to organic carbon with the Calvin–Benson (CB) cycle. Phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) are essential CB-cycle enzymes that control substrate availability for the carboxylation enzyme Rubisco. PRK consumes ATP to produce the Rubisco substrate ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). GAPDH catalyzes the reduction step of the CB cycle with NADPH to produce the sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), which is used for regeneration of RuBP and is the main exit point of the cycle. GAPDH and PRK are coregulated by the redox state of a conditionally disordered protein CP12, which forms a ternary complex with both enzymes. However, the structural basis of CB-cycle regulation by CP12 is unknown. Here, we show how CP12 modulates the activity of both GAPDH and PRK. Using thermophilic cyanobacterial homologs, we solve crystal structures of GAPDH with different cofactors and CP12 bound, and the ternary GAPDH-CP12-PRK complex by electron cryo-microscopy, we reveal that formation of the N-terminal disulfide preorders CP12 prior to binding the PRK active site, which is resolved in complex with CP12. We find that CP12 binding to GAPDH influences substrate accessibility of all GAPDH active sites in the binary and ternary inhibited complexes. Our structural and biochemical data explain how CP12 integrates responses from both redox state and nicotinamide dinucleotide availability to regulate carbon fixation.

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Cancilla, M. R., A. J. Hillier, and B. E. Davidson. "Lactococcus lactis glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene, gap: further evidence for strongly biased codon usage in glycolytic pathway genes." Microbiology 141, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 1027–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-4-1027.

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Hernández-Ochoa, Beatriz, Saúl Gómez-Manzo, Erick Alcaraz-Carmona, Hugo Serrano-Posada, Sara Centeno-Leija, Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa, Miguel Cuevas-Cruz, et al. "Gene Cloning, Recombinant Expression, Characterization, and Molecular Modeling of the Glycolytic Enzyme Triosephosphate Isomerase from Fusarium oxysporum." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010040.

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Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) is a glycolysis enzyme, which catalyzes the reversible isomerization between dihydroxyactetone-3-phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP). In pathogenic organisms, TPI is essential to obtain the energy used to survive and infect. Fusarium oxisporum (Fox) is a fungus of biotechnological importance due to its pathogenicity in different organisms, that is why the relevance of also biochemically analyzing its TPI, being the first report of its kind in a Fusarium. Moreover, the kinetic characteristics or structural determinants related to its function remain unknown. Here, the Tpi gene from F. oxysporum was isolated, cloned, and overexpressed. The recombinant protein named FoxTPI was purified (97% purity) showing a molecular mass of 27 kDa, with optimal activity at pH 8.0 and and temperature of 37 °C. The values obtained for Km and Vmax using the substrate GAP were 0.47 ± 0.1 mM, and 5331 μmol min−1 mg−1, respectively. Furthemore, a protein structural modeling showed that FoxTPI has the classical topology of TPIs conserved in other organisms, including the catalytic residues conserved in the active site (Lys12, His94 and Glu164). Finally, when FoxTPI was analyzed with inhibitors, it was found that one of them inhibits its activity, which gives us the perspective of future studies and its potential use against this pathogen.

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Imber, Marcel, Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen, Agnieszka J. Pietrzyk-Brzezinska, Vu Van Loi, Melanie Hillion, Jörg Bernhardt, Lena Thärichen, et al. "ProteinS-Bacillithiolation Functions in Thiol Protection and Redox Regulation of the Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gap inStaphylococcus aureusUnder Hypochlorite Stress." Antioxidants & Redox Signaling 28, no. 6 (February 20, 2018): 410–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2016.6897.

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Homerová, D., O. Sprušanský, E. Kutejová, and J. Kormanec. "Some features of DNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of theStreptomyces aureofaciens gap gene, encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase." Folia Microbiologica 47, no. 4 (August 2002): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02818688.

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Alssahen, Mazen, Geoffrey Foster, Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan, Jörg Rau, Christoph Lämmler, Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff, Tobias Eisenberg, Mathew Robinson, and Amir Abdulmawjood. "First isolation of Arcanobacterium pinnipediorum from a grey seal pup (Halichoerus grypus) in the UK." Folia Microbiologica 67, no. 2 (November 26, 2021): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00932-7.

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AbstractIn the present study, a single Arcanobacterium (A.) pinnipediorum strain isolated from discharge of a jaw swelling of a grey seal pup (Halichoerus grypus) in England, UK, was identified. This strain was further characterized by phenotypical investigations, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and genotypically by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and the genes gap encoding glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, tuf encoding elongation factor tu, and rpoB encoding the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. The present study gives a first detailed characterization of the species A. pinnipediorum from a grey seal in the UK. However, the route of infection of the grey seal with the bacterial pathogen remains unclear.

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Gawriljuk, Victor Oliveira, Rick Oerlemans, Robin M. Gierse, Riya Jotwani, Anna K. H. Hirsch, and Matthew R. Groves. "Structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase in Complex with Butylacetylphosphonate." Crystals 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13050737.

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Stagnation in the development of new antibiotics emphasizes the need for the discovery of drugs with novel modes of action that can tackle antibiotic resistance. Contrary to humans, most bacteria use the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway to synthesize crucial isoprenoid precursors. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway, making it an attractive target. Alkylacetylphosphonates (alkylAPs) are a class of pyruvate mimicking DXPS inhibitors that react with thiamin diphosphate (ThDP) to form a stable phosphonolactyl (PLThDP) adduct. Here, we present the first M. tuberculosis DXPS crystal structure in complex with an inhibitor (butylacetylphosphonate (BAP)) using a construct with improved crystallization properties. The 1.6 Å structure shows that the BAP adduct interacts with catalytically important His40 and several other conserved residues of the active site. In addition, a glycerol molecule, present in the D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (D-GAP) binding site and within 4 Å of the BAP adduct, indicates that there is space to extend and develop more potent alkylAPs. The structure reveals the BAP binding mode and provides insights for enhancing the activity of alkylAPs against M. tuberculosis, aiding in the development of novel antibiotics.

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Conley, T. R., S. C. Park, H. B. Kwon, H. P. Peng, and M. C. Shih. "Characterization of cis-acting elements in light regulation of the nuclear gene encoding the A subunit of chloroplast isozymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 4 (April 1994): 2525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.4.2525-2533.1994.

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We have characterized cis-acting elements involved in light regulation of the nuclear gene (GapA) encoding the A subunit of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that a 1.1-kb promoter fragment of the GapA gene is sufficient to confer light inducibility and organ specificity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) plants, using the beta-glucuronidase gene of Escherichia coli as the reporter gene. Deletion analysis indicates that the -359 to -110 bp region of the GapA gene is necessary for light responsiveness. Within this region there are three copies of a decamer repeat (termed the Gap box) having the consensus sequence 5'-CAAATGAA(A/G)A-3', which has not been characterized in the promoter regions of other light-regulated genes. A deletion (to -247) producing loss of one copy of these elements from the GapA promoter reduces light induction by two- to threefold compared with a promoter deletion (to -359) with all three Gap boxes present, while deletion of all three Gap boxes (to -110) abolishes light induction completely. Gel mobility shift experiments using tobacco nuclei as the source of nuclear proteins show that GapA promoter fragments that contain these repeats bind strongly to a factor in the nuclear extract and that binding can be abolished by synthetic competitors consisting only of a monomer or dimer of the Gap box. Furthermore, a trimer, dimer, and monomer of the Gap box show binding activity and, like the authentic GapA promoter-derived probes, show binding activities that are correlated with Gap box copy number. These results strongly suggest that these repeats play important roles in light regulation of the GapA gene of A. thaliana.

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Conley, T. R., S. C. Park, H. B. Kwon, H. P. Peng, and M. C. Shih. "Characterization of cis-acting elements in light regulation of the nuclear gene encoding the A subunit of chloroplast isozymes of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 4 (April 1994): 2525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.4.2525.

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We have characterized cis-acting elements involved in light regulation of the nuclear gene (GapA) encoding the A subunit of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results show that a 1.1-kb promoter fragment of the GapA gene is sufficient to confer light inducibility and organ specificity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) plants, using the beta-glucuronidase gene of Escherichia coli as the reporter gene. Deletion analysis indicates that the -359 to -110 bp region of the GapA gene is necessary for light responsiveness. Within this region there are three copies of a decamer repeat (termed the Gap box) having the consensus sequence 5'-CAAATGAA(A/G)A-3', which has not been characterized in the promoter regions of other light-regulated genes. A deletion (to -247) producing loss of one copy of these elements from the GapA promoter reduces light induction by two- to threefold compared with a promoter deletion (to -359) with all three Gap boxes present, while deletion of all three Gap boxes (to -110) abolishes light induction completely. Gel mobility shift experiments using tobacco nuclei as the source of nuclear proteins show that GapA promoter fragments that contain these repeats bind strongly to a factor in the nuclear extract and that binding can be abolished by synthetic competitors consisting only of a monomer or dimer of the Gap box. Furthermore, a trimer, dimer, and monomer of the Gap box show binding activity and, like the authentic GapA promoter-derived probes, show binding activities that are correlated with Gap box copy number. These results strongly suggest that these repeats play important roles in light regulation of the GapA gene of A. thaliana.

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Asanuma, Narito, and Tsuneo Hino. "Effects of pH and Energy Supply on Activity and Amount of Pyruvate Formate-Lyase in Streptococcus bovis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 3773–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.9.3773-3777.2000.

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ABSTRACT The enzyme system of pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) inStreptococcus bovis was investigated by isolating PFL and PFL-activating enzyme (PFL-AE) from S. bovis, flavodoxin from Escherichia coli, and chloroplasts from spinach. In this study, the PFL and PFL-AE in S. bovis were found to be similar to those in E. coli, suggesting that the activating mechanisms are similar. The optimal pH of S. bovis PFL was 7.5, which is in contrast to the optimal pH of S. bovislactate dehydrogenase, which is 5.5. The apparentKm of S. bovis PFL was 2 mM. The intermediates of glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) andd-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP), were shown to inhibit PFL activity. The concentrations of intracellular DHAP and GAP inS. bovis ranged from 1.9 mM to less than 0.1 mM and from 0.6 mM to less than 0.05 mM, respectively, depending on the energy supply. The wide variations in DHAP and GAP levels indicated that PFL activity is allosterically regulated by these triose phosphates in vivo. The amount of PFL protein, as determined by Western blot analysis with polyclonal antibody, changed in parallel with the level ofpfl-mRNA, responding to the culture conditions. These observations confirm that PFL synthesis is regulated at the transcriptional level and support the hypothesis that S. bovis shifts the fermentation pathway from acetate, formate, and ethanol production to lactate production when the pH is low and when excess energy is supplied.

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Meijer, W. G., E. R. van den Bergh, and L. M. Smith. "Induction of the gap-pgk operon encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of Xanthobacter flavus requires the LysR-type transcriptional activator CbbR." Journal of bacteriology 178, no. 3 (1996): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.178.3.881-887.1996.

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Zhou, Jieyu, Luying Yang, Alicia DeColli, Caren Freel Meyers, Natalia S. Nemeria, and Frank Jordan. "Conformational dynamics of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase on ligand binding revealed by H/D exchange MS." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 35 (August 14, 2017): 9355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619981114.

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The enzyme 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXPS) is a key enzyme in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway and is a target for the development of antibiotics, herbicides, and antimalarial drugs. DXPS catalyzes the formation of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), a branch point metabolite in isoprenoid biosynthesis, and is also used in the biosynthesis of thiamin (vitamin B1) and pyridoxal (vitamin B6). Previously, we found that DXPS is unique among the superfamily of thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes in stabilizing the predecarboxylation intermediate, C2-alpha-lactyl-thiamin diphosphate (LThDP), which has subsequent decarboxylation that is triggered by d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). Herein, we applied hydrogen–deuterium (H/D) exchange MS (HDX-MS) of full-length Escherichia coli DXPS to provide a snapshot of the conformational dynamics of this enzyme, leading to the following conclusions. (i) The high sequence coverage of DXPS allowed us to monitor structural changes throughout the entire enzyme, including two segments (spanning residues 183–238 and 292–317) not observed by X-ray crystallography. (ii) Three regions of DXPS (spanning residues 42–58, 183–199, and 278–298) near the active center displayed both EX1 (monomolecular) and EX2 (bimolecuar) H/D exchange (HDX) kinetic behavior in both ligand-free and ligand-bound states. All other peptides behaved according to the common EX2 kinetic mechanism. (iii) The observation of conformational changes on DXPS provides support for the role of conformational dynamics in the DXPS mechanism: The closed conformation of DXPS is critical for stabilization of LThDP, whereas addition of GAP converts DXPS to the open conformation that coincides with decarboxylation of LThDP and DXP release.

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Xiong, Liangrong, Hui Du, Keyan Zhang, Duo Lv, Huanle He, Junsong Pan, Run Cai, and Gang Wang. "A Mutation in CsYL2.1 Encoding a Plastid Isoform of Triose Phosphate Isomerase Leads to Yellow Leaf 2.1 (yl2.1) in Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010322.

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The leaf is an important photosynthetic organ and plays an essential role in the growth and development of plants. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying chlorophyll metabolism, chloroplast development, and photosynthesis. In this study, we identified an EMS-induced mutant, yl2.1, which exhibited yellow cotyledons and true leaves that did not turn green with leaf growth. The yl2.1 locus was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. The CsYL2.1 was mapped to a 166.7-kb genomic region on chromosome 2, which contains 24 predicted genes. Only one non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found between yl2.1 and wt-WD1 that was located in Exon 7 of Csa2G263900, resulting in an amino acid substitution. CsYL2.1 encodes a plastid isoform of triose phosphate isomerase (pdTPI), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) in chloroplasts. CsYL2.1 was highly expressed in the cotyledons and leaves. The mesophyll cells of the yl2.1 leaves contained reduced chlorophyll and abnormal chloroplasts. Correspondingly, the photosynthetic efficiency of the yl2.1 leaves was impaired. Identification of CsYL2.1 is helpful in elucidating the function of ptTPI in the chlorophyll metabolism and chloroplast development and understanding the molecular mechanism of this leaf color variant in cucumber.

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Wilding, E. Imogen, James R. Brown, Alexander P. Bryant, Alison F. Chalker, David J. Holmes, Karen A. Ingraham, Serban Iordanescu, Chi Y. So, Martin Rosenberg, and Michael N. Gwynn. "Identification, Evolution, and Essentiality of the Mevalonate Pathway for Isopentenyl Diphosphate Biosynthesis in Gram-Positive Cocci." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 15 (August 1, 2000): 4319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.15.4319-4327.2000.

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ABSTRACT The mevalonate pathway and the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP)–pyruvate pathway are alternative routes for the biosynthesis of the central isoprenoid precursor, isopentenyl diphosphate. Genomic analysis revealed that the staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci possess genes predicted to encode all of the enzymes of the mevalonate pathway and not the GAP-pyruvate pathway, unlike Bacillus subtilis and most gram-negative bacteria studied, which possess only components of the latter pathway. Phylogenetic and comparative genome analyses suggest that the genes for mevalonate biosynthesis in gram-positive cocci, which are highly divergent from those of mammals, were horizontally transferred from a primitive eukaryotic cell. Enterococci uniquely encode a bifunctional protein predicted to possess both 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activities. Genetic disruption experiments have shown that five genes encoding proteins involved in this pathway (HMG-CoA synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, and mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase) are essential for the in vitro growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae under standard conditions. Allelic replacement of the HMG-CoA synthase gene rendered the organism auxotrophic for mevalonate and severely attenuated in a murine respiratory tract infection model. The mevalonate pathway thus represents a potential antibacterial target in the low-G+C gram-positive cocci.

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Kang, Tae Sun, Darren R. Korber, and Takuji Tanaka. "Regulation of Dual Glycolytic Pathways for Fructose Metabolism in Heterofermentative Lactobacillus panis PM1." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 24 (October 4, 2013): 7818–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02377-13.

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ABSTRACTLactobacillus panisPM1 belongs to the group III heterofermentative lactobacilli that use the 6-phosphogluconate/phosphoketolase (6-PG/PK) pathway as their central metabolic pathway and are reportedly unable to grow on fructose as a sole carbon source. We isolated a variant PM1 strain capable of sporadic growth on fructose medium and observed its distinctive characteristics of fructose metabolism. The end product pattern was different from what is expected in typical group III lactobacilli using the 6-PG/PK pathway (i.e., more lactate, less acetate, and no mannitol). In addition,in silicoanalysis revealed the presence of genes encoding most of critical enzymes in the Embden-Meyerhof (EM) pathway. These observations indicated that fructose was metabolized via two pathways. Fructose metabolism in the PM1 strain was influenced by the activities of two enzymes, triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) and glucose 6-phosphate isomerase (PGI). A lack of TPI resulted in the intracellular accumulation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) in PM1, the toxicity of which caused early growth cessation during fructose fermentation. The activity of PGI was enhanced by the presence of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), which allowed additional fructose to enter into the 6-PG/PK pathway to avoid toxicity by DHAP. Exogenous TPI gene expression shifted fructose metabolism from heterolactic to homolactic fermentation, indicating that TPI enabled the PM1 strain to mainly use the EM pathway for fructose fermentation. These findings clearly demonstrate that the balance in the accumulation of GAP and DHAP determines the fate of fructose metabolism and the activity of TPI plays a critical role during fructose fermentation via the EM pathway inL. panisPM1.

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Richard, John P. "Enzymatic catalysis of proton transfer and decarboxylation reactions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 83, no. 8 (July 8, 2011): 1555–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-02-05.

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Deprotonation of carbon and decarboxylation at enzyme active sites proceed through the same carbanion intermediates as for the uncatalyzed reactions in water. The mechanism for the enzymatic reactions can be studied at the same level of detail as for nonenzymatic reactions, using the mechanistic tools developed by physical organic chemists. Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)-catalyzed interconversion of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is being studied as a prototype for enzyme-catalyzed proton transfer, and orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC)-catalyzed decarboxylation of orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) is being studied as a prototype for enzyme-catalyzed decarboxylation. 1H NMR spectroscopy is an excellent analytical method to monitor proton transfer to and from carbon catalyzed by these enzymes in D2O. Studies of these partial enzyme-catalyzed exchange reactions provide novel insight into the stability of carbanion reaction intermediates, which is not accessible in studies of the full enzymatic reaction. The importance of flexible enzyme loops and the contribution of interactions between these loops and the substrate phosphodianion to the enzymatic rate acceleration are discussed. The similarity in the interactions of OMPDC and TIM with the phosphodianion of bound substrate is emphasized.

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Lorite, María J., Ariana Casas-Román, Lourdes Girard, Sergio Encarnación, Natalia Díaz-Garrido, Josefa Badía, Laura Baldomá, Daniel Pérez-Mendoza, and Juan Sanjuán. "Impact of c-di-GMP on the Extracellular Proteome of Rhizobium etli." Biology 12, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010044.

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Extracellular matrix components of bacterial biofilms include biopolymers such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. Similar to polysaccharides, the secretion of adhesins and other matrix proteins can be regulated by the second messenger cyclic diguanylate (cdG). We have performed quantitative proteomics to determine the extracellular protein contents of a Rhizobium etli strain expressing high cdG intracellular levels. cdG promoted the exportation of proteins that likely participate in adhesion and biofilm formation: the rhizobial adhesion protein RapA and two previously undescribed likely adhesins, along with flagellins. Unexpectedly, cdG also promoted the selective exportation of cytoplasmic proteins. Nearly 50% of these cytoplasmic proteins have been previously described as moonlighting or candidate moonlighting proteins in other organisms, often found extracellularly. Western blot assays confirmed cdG-promoted export of two of these cytoplasmic proteins, the translation elongation factor (EF-Tu) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap). Transmission Electron Microscopy immunolabeling located the Gap protein in the cytoplasm but was also associated with cell membranes and extracellularly, indicative of an active process of exportation that would be enhanced by cdG. We also obtained evidence that cdG increases the number of extracellular Gap proteoforms, suggesting a link between cdG, the post-translational modification and the export of cytoplasmic proteins.

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GITZENDANNER, M. A., and P. S. SOLTIS. "GENETIC VARIATION IN RARE AND WIDESPREAD LOMATIUM SPECIES (APIACEAE): A COMPARISON OF AFLP AND SSCP DATA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 58, no. 2 (June 2001): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428601000671.

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Plant conservation genetics has been hampered by a lack of markers for studies of levels and patterns of variation in rare species. We investigated the levels of variation in several rare and widespread species of the western North American genus Lomatium Raf. (Apiaceae) using two relatively new molecular markers: AFLPs and single-strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs). For each species, approximately 150 AFLP loci have been scored, yielding estimates of species-level percent polymorphic loci in rare species ranging from near zero to over 80%. Levels of AFLP diversity were similar in two of the rare species, L. bradshawii (Rose ex Mathias) Mathas & Constance and L. ochocense Helliwell & Constance, and the widespread species. The third rare species, L. cookii Kagan, which has small populations, has low levels of diversity based on AFLPs. We also examined nucleotide diversity at the single-copy nuclear-DNA locus glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gap-C). PCR-amplified segments were analysed for allelic variation using SSCPs, and intrapopulational nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in both L. bradshawii and L. cookii. In the 211bp segment of Gap-C analysed, five nucleotide sites were segregating within populations of L. bradshawii and two in L. cookii.

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Ahmed, Marwa F. E., Mazen Alssahen, Christoph Lämmler, Bernd Köhler, Martin Metzner, Madeleine Plötz, and Amir Abdulmawjood. "Identification of Trueperella bernardiae isolated from peking ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) by phenotypical and genotypical investigations and by a newly developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay." Folia Microbiologica 67, no. 2 (November 15, 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12223-021-00927-4.

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AbstractTrueperella (T.) bernardiae is a well-known bacterial pathogen in infections of humans, rarely in animals. In the present study, five T. bernardiae isolates, isolated from five Peking ducks of four different farms, were identified by phenotypic properties, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis, and genotypically by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, the superoxide dismutase A encoding gene sodA, and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene gap. In addition, the T. bernardiae isolates could be identified with a newly developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on the gyrase encoding housekeeping gene gyrA. All these tests clearly identified the T. bernardiae isolates to the species level. However, the detection of the specific gene gyrA with the newly designed LAMP assay appeared with a high sensitivity and specificity, and could help to identify this bacterial species in human and animal infections in future. The importance of the T. bernardiae isolates for the clinical condition of the ducks and for the problems at farm level remains unclear.

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Elkhalfi, Bouchra, José Miguel Araya-Garay, Jorge Rodríguez-Castro, Manuel Rey-Méndez, Abdelaziz Soukri, and Aurelio Serrano Delgado. "Cloning and heterologous overexpression of three gap genes encoding different glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000." Protein Expression and Purification 89, no. 2 (June 2013): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pep.2013.02.005.

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Rupasinghe, H. P. V., K. C. Almquist, G. Paliyath, and D. P. Murr. "083 Is HMGR the Key Regulator of α-Farnesene Biosynthesis of Apple?" HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 403A—403. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.403a.

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We tested the hypothesis that conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG CoA) to mevalonate (MVA) catalyzed by HMG CoA reductase (HMGR) is the rate limiting step for α-farnesene biosynthesis of apples. In higher plants, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) is derived via two pathways: 1) the classical mevalonate pathway, and 2) the novel glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)/pyruvate pathway independent of HMGR action. When apple skin discs were incubated with MVA, or GAP and pyruvate, MVA increased α-farnesene levels in the skin but not GAP and pyruvate. Treating apple fruits with Lovastatin (1000 ppm), a competitive inhibitor of HMGR, inhibited α-farnesene accumulation in the skin by 20% to 50% during storage. Content of α-farnesene in the skin increased during the first 2 to 4 months in storage, and then decreased. In contrast, HMGR activity, as determined by the conversion of [4-3H]HMG CoA to MVA in the total membrane and soluble fraction, was the highest at the time of harvest and gradually decreased during 5 months of storage in air at 0 °C. The potent ethylene action inhibitor 1-MCP inhibited ethylene production and α-farnesene evolution by 99% and 97%, respectively. The effect of 1-MCP on in vitro activity of HMGR was marginal (≈30% inhibition). 1-MCP inhibited respiratory CO2 evolution by 50%, which suggests also that inhibition by 1-MCP of α-farnesene synthesis in apple could be regulated by the acetyl CoA pool. In plants, HMGR is encoded by a small gene family and differentially expressed. As the first step of studying the molecular mechanism of HMGR regulation, we have isolated a 444-bp fragment of apple hmgr gene using apple skin mRNA and degenerate oligonucleotides designed against conserved regions of plant hmgr genes.

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Arias-Álvarez, M., R. M. García-García, J. López-Tello, P. G. Rebollar, A. Gutiérrez-Adán, and P. L. Lorenzo. "In vivo and in vitro maturation of rabbit oocytes differently affects the gene expression profile, mitochondrial distribution, apoptosis and early embryo development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 9 (2017): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15553.

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In vivo-matured cumulus–oocyte complexes are valuable models in which to assess potential biomarkers of rabbit oocyte quality that contribute to enhanced IVM systems. In the present study we compared some gene markers of oocytes and cumulus cells (CCs) from immature, in vivo-matured and IVM oocytes. Moreover, apoptosis in CCs, nuclear maturation, mitochondrial reallocation and the developmental potential of oocytes after IVF were assessed. In relation to cumulus expansion, gene expression of gap junction protein, alpha 1, 43 kDa (Gja1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) was significantly lower in CCs after in vivo maturation than IVM. In addition, there were differences in gene expression after in vivo maturation versus IVM in both oocytes and CCs for genes related to cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue 1 (Akt1), tumour protein 53 (Tp53), caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease (Casp3)), oxidative response (superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (Sod2)) and metabolism (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh)). In vivo-matured CCs had a lower apoptosis rate than IVM and immature CCs. Meiotic progression, mitochondrial migration to the periphery and developmental competence were higher for in vivo-matured than IVM oocytes. In conclusion, differences in oocyte developmental capacity after IVM or in vivo maturation are accompanied by significant changes in transcript abundance in oocytes and their surrounding CCs, meiotic rate, mitochondrial distribution and apoptotic index. Some of the genes investigated, such as Gja1, could be potential biomarkers for oocyte developmental competence in the rabbit model, helping improve in vitro culture systems in these species.

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Valverde, F., M. Losada, and A. Serrano. "Functional complementation of an Escherichia coli gap mutant supports an amphibolic role for NAD(P)-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803." Journal of bacteriology 179, no. 14 (1997): 4513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.14.4513-4522.1997.

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Turner, R. T., S. N. Kapelner, and T. C. Spelsberg. "Tissue-specific expression of bone proteins in femora of growing rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 263, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): E724—E729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.263.4.e724.

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Total cellular RNA was extracted from bone cells of three different femoral compartments of 2-mo-old rats. The intact femora were first incubated with collagenase to obtain periosteal cells. The bisected periosteum-free diaphyses and metaphyses were then incubated with collagenase to obtain enriched populations of endosteal and cancellous bone cells, respectively. The total cellular RNA from these three tissues was separated by size using agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to nylon filters, hybridized to 32P-labeled cDNA probes for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP), pre-pro-alpha (I) type I collagen (collagen), osteocalcin (BGP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP), and the cDNA/mRNA hybrids were visualized by radioautography. Bone matrix deposition was measured in each tissue compartment by tetracycline-based dynamic bone histomorphometry. The bone formation and apposition rates were greatest in the periosteum and least in metaphysis. Mean mRNA levels for collagen and BGP were positively correlated with mean bone formation and mineral apposition rates. Interestingly, mean AP mRNA levels were not correlated with indexes of bone formation. These results demonstrate that the steady-state mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins in femora show pronounced site specificity and correlate with the rates of bone matrix deposition.

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BRANLANT, Guy, and Christiane BRANLANT. "Nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli gap gene. Different evolutionary behavior of the NAD+-binding domain and of the catalytic domain of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase." European Journal of Biochemistry 150, no. 1 (July 1985): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08988.x.

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Turner, R. T., and T. C. Spelsberg. "Correlation between mRNA levels for bone cell proteins and bone formation in long bones of maturing rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 261, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): E348—E353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.3.e348.

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This report describes the relationship between bone formation and mRNA levels for selected bone proteins. Dynamic bone histomorphometry was used to measure bone formation in tibial periosteum of male rats from weanling (3 wk) to 52 wk old. Northern blot analysis of freshly isolated periosteal cells from the long bones was used to determine steady-state mRNA levels for the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP), the bone matrix proteins osteocalcin (BGP), and prepro-alpha-2 (I) chain of type 1 precollagen (collagen), the osteoblast marker enzyme alkaline phosphatase (AP), and the osteoblast-derived signaling factor (growth factor) transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Radial growth at the tibial diaphysis achieved a maximum value in 8-wk-old rats and decreased progressively with age thereafter. This age-related decrease in the radial growth rate was initially due to reduced osteoblast activity; however, in older rats (greater than 17 wk old) reduced osteoblast number contributed to the decrease in bone formation. There was a strong correlation between the steady-state mRNA level for collagen and the periosteal bone formation rate. In contrast, the mRNA levels for the other bone proteins were more weakly correlated (TGF-beta and AP) or not correlated (BGP). These results suggest that the decreased bone matrix synthesis by periosteal cells in long bones of maturing rats is due to decreased expression of genes for bone matrix proteins.

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Ade, Julia, Katharina Hoelzle, Julia Stadler, Mathias Ritzmann, and Ludwig E. Hoelzle. "Occurrence of Mycoplasma parvum in German Pigs of Different Age Groups Using a Novel Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 1374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111374.

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Mycoplasma (M.) parvum is a chemotrophic bacterium circulating in the blood of pigs but is not considered a primary pathogen. Only a handful of studies dealing with this agent have been published since its first description in 1951, and many issues, including epidemiology and the impact of subclinical infections, are yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to establish a M. parvum specific real-time PCR for its detection and quantification in porcine blood and the application of this assay to obtain insights into the occurrence of M. parvum in German pigs. Furthermore, 16S rDNA amplicons of M. parvum positive blood samples were phylogenetically analyzed using MEGA 11 software. The established qPCR targeting the M. parvum glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene (gap) showed a lower detection limit of 10 gene copies per reaction and no cross-reactivity within the specificity test. A total of 36.0% (n = 72) of the sampled fattening pigs, 25.0% (n = 15) of the sows, and 4.37% (n = 8) of the boars tested M. parvum positive. The dendrogram showed the typical allocation of the M. parvum isolates into the “momentum” subgroup within the chemotrophic Mycoplasma species. Both the novel established qPCR and the obtained epidemiological data can serve as an important basis for future studies dealing with M. parvum.

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Schreiber, Wiebke, and Peter Dürre. "The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Clostridium acetobutylicum: isolation and purification of the enzyme, and sequencing and localization of the gap gene within a cluster of other glycolytic genes." Microbiology 145, no. 8 (August 1, 1999): 1839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/13500872-145-8-1839.

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Zou, Xiaojin, Zhanxiang Sun, Ning Yang, Lizhen Zhang, Wentao Sun, Shiwei Niu, Lining Tan, Huiyu Liu, Dario Fornara, and Long Li. "Interspecific root interactions enhance photosynthesis and biomass of intercropped millet and peanut plants." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 3 (2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18269.

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Intercropping is commonly practiced worldwide because of its benefits to plant productivity and resource-use efficiency. Belowground interactions in these species-diverse agro-ecosystems can greatly contribute to enhancing crop yields; however, our understanding remains quite limited of how plant roots might interact to influence crop biomass, photosynthetic rates, and the regulation of different proteins involved in CO2 fixation and photosynthesis. We address this research gap by using a pot experiment that included three root-barrier treatments with full, partial and no root interactions between foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) across two growing seasons. Biomass of millet and peanut plants in the treatment with full root interaction was 3.4 and 3.0 times higher, respectively, than in the treatment with no root interaction. Net photosynthetic rates also significantly increased by 112–127% and 275–306% in millet and peanut, respectively, with full root interaction compared with no root interaction. Root interactions (without barriers) contributed to the upregulation of key proteins in millet plants (i.e. ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase; chloroplast β-carbonic anhydrase; phosphoglucomutase, cytoplasmic 2; and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and in peanut plants (i.e. ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; and phosphoglycerate kinase). Our results provide experimental evidence of a molecular basis that interspecific facilitation driven by positive root interactions can contribute to enhancing plant productivity and photosynthesis.

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Schläpfer, Beatrice S., and Herbert Zuber. "Cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and triosephosphate isomerase (gap operon) from mesophilic Bacillus megaterium: comparison with corresponding sequences from thermophilic Bacillus stearothermophilus." Gene 122, no. 1 (December 1992): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(92)90031-j.

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Goswami, Ashis Kumar, Hemanta Kumar Sharma, Neelutpal Gogoi, and Bhaskar Jyoti Gogoi. "Network-Pharmacology and DFT Based Approach Towards Identification of Leads from Homalomena aromatica for Multi-Target In-Silico Screening on Entamoeba histolytica Proteins." Current Drug Therapy 15, no. 3 (October 14, 2020): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574885514666190801102336.

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Background: Entamoeba histolytica is the primary protozoan that causes amoebic dysentery and is prioritized as the third most prevalent protozoan causing parasitosis. Drug of choice in amoebic dysentery is metronidazole but it has unpleasant side effects with reports of development of resistance in certain cases. Homalomena aromatica Schott. is a plant which is used in different ethnomedicinal practices of South-east Asia to treat stomach ailments against intestinal parasites. Objective: the present study, a docking weighted network pharmacology-based approach was employed to understand the effects of a library of 71 natural molecules reported from Homalomena aromatica with reference to four proteins of Entamoeba histolytica namely thioredoxin reductase, cysteine synthase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and ornithine decarboxylase. Method: Molecular docking of the phytoconstituents of H. aromatica was performed in Biovia Discovery Studio 2017 R2 software suite on the selected proteins of E. histolytica. A connection was established between the proteins and molecules through network pharmacology weighted docking studies with the help of Cytoscape V3.4.0 software to select three molecules namely HM 7, HM 23 and HM 24 on the basis of the generated network between the molecules and targets. Quantum mechanics based Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis was performed on the filtered molecules to ascertain their viability with respect to LUMO-HOMO orbital energies of the filtered molecules. Results: On the basis of the docking studies of the natural molecules on the selected protein targets, a network of molecules was built. DFT based minimum energy gap was analysed to further ascertain the most potential inhbitors. Three molecules from H. aromatica; 3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3- yl acetate, α -methyl-α-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-oriranemethanol, and 7-octadiene-2,6-diol-2,6- dimethyl were predicted to be potential lead molecules against amoebiasis. Conclusion: The present study provides important evidence for the development of new drug molecules to treat amoebiasis.

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Park, Myong-Ok, Taeko Mizutani, and Patrik R. Jones. "Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase from Methanococcus maripaludis." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 20 (August 17, 2007): 7281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00828-07.

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ABSTRACT The genome sequence of the non-sugar-assimilating mesophile Methanococcus maripaludis contains three genes encoding enzymes: a nonphosphorylating NADP+-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GAPOR); all these enzymes are potentially capable of catalyzing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) metabolism. GAPOR, whose homologs have been found mainly in archaea, catalyzes the reduction of ferredoxin coupled with oxidation of G3P. GAPOR has previously been isolated and characterized only from a sugar-assimilating hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus (GAPORPf), and contains the rare metal tungsten as an irreplaceable cofactor. Active recombinant M. maripaludis GAPOR (GAPORMm) was purified from Escherichia coli grown in minimal medium containing 100 μM sodium molybdate. In contrast, GAPORMm obtained from cells grown in medium containing tungsten (W) and W and molybdenum (Mo) or in medium without added W and Mo did not display any activity. Activity and transcript analysis of putative G3P-metabolizing enzymes and corresponding genes were performed with M. maripaludis cultured under autotrophic conditions in chemically defined medium. The activity of GAPORMm was constitutive throughout the culture period and exceeded that of GAPDH at all time points. As GAPDH activity was detected in only the gluconeogenic direction and GAPN activity was completely absent, only GAPORMm catalyzes oxidation of G3P in M. maripaludis. Recombinant GAPORMm is posttranscriptionally regulated as it exhibits pronounced and irreversible substrate inhibition and is completely inhibited by 1 μM ATP. With support from flux balance analysis, it is concluded that the major physiological role of GAPORMm in M. maripaludis most likely involves only nonoptimal growth conditions.

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Sprušanský, O., B. Řežuchová, D. Homerová, and J. Kormanec. "Expression of the gap gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Streptomyces aureofaciens requires GapR, a member of the AraC/XylS family of transcriptional activators The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the sequence described in this paper is U21191." Microbiology 147, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 1291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-5-1291.

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Rubessa, M., S. Di Francesco, M. V. Suárez Novoa, L. Boccia, V. Longobardi, M. De Blasi, and B. Gasparrini. "125 EFFECT OF GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DURING BOVINE IN VITRO EMBRYO CULTURE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab125.

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Most systems for producing mammalian embryos in vitro use glucose as an energy source in the media despite putative toxic effects (Schini and Bavister 1988 Biol. Reprod. 39, 1183–1192; Takahashi and First 1992 Theriogenology 37, 963–978). Currently there is a tendency to identify other suitable energy sources in an attempt to replace glucose from culture media. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a glucose-derived high-energy compound, is the end product of the energy-consuming phase of glycolysis that enters the pay-off phase of the pathway characterised by a net gain of energy. The aim of this study was to determine whether G3P is a valid energy source for supporting in vitro embryo development in cattle. Abattoir-derived oocytes (n = 832, over 4 replicates) were matured in vitro in TCM-199 with 15% bovine serum (BS), 0.5 μg mL–1 FSH, 5 μg mL–1 LH, 0.8 mM L-glutamine, and 50 mg mL–1 gentamicin. Mature COC were fertilized in Tyrode’s modified medium, with 30 mg mL–1 heparin, 30 mM penicillamine, 15 mM hypotaurine, 0.15 mM epinephrine, and 1% BS. Both IVM and IVF were carried out at 39°C and 5% CO2 in air. After 20 to 22 h of gamete co-incubation, presumptive zygotes were denuded and cultured in SOF containing either 1.5 mM glucose (control group) or G3P at 3 different concentrations (0.125, 0.5, and 1.5 mM). It is worth specifying that in the 3 G3P-supplemented groups small amounts of glucose were left (0.15 mM) because it is known that a complete removal would affect embryo development by interfering with ribose synthesis through the pentose–phosphate pathway. In vitro culture was carried out at 39°C under humidified air with 5% CO2, 7% O2, and 88% N2 in air for 7 days, when the percentages of tight morulae-blastocysts (TMBL) and superior quality blastocysts (BL) were recorded. Differences in embryo yields among groups were analysed by chi-square test. Supplementation of IVC medium with 1.5 mM G3P reduced (P < 0.01) TMBL (5.0%) and BL (5.0%) rates compared with all other groups, indicating a toxic effect. However, when G3P was added at lower concentrations, no differences in TMBL (37.3 and 26.1, respectively, with 0.125 and 0.5 mM G3P) and in BL rates (35.3 and 25.5%, respectively, with 0.125 and 0.5 mM G3P) were observed compared with the control (32.7% TMBL and 31.4% BL, respectively). Within G3P-treated groups, the higher embryo yields were recorded with 0.125 mM compared with 0.5 mM (P < 0.05) and 1.5 mM (P < 0.01). Interestingly, embryos produced with G3P at the lower concentrations (0.125 and 0.5 mM) seemed to show a faster development compared with the control. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that G3P is a valid energy source for bovine preimplantation embryos and, hence, that G3P supplementation of IVC medium may be a suitable option for reducing glucose concentration in the media. However, further studies are needed to investigate lower concentrations of G3P and to better evaluate embryo viability.

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Song, Jiaqi, Huanran Sun, Shuai Zhang, and Changliang Shan. "The Multiple Roles of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Tumorigenesis and Cancer Chemoresistance." Life 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020271.

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a branch from glycolysis that begins from glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and ends up with fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GADP). Its primary physiological significance is to provide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and nucleotides for vital activities such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) defense and DNA synthesis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a housekeeping protein with 514 amino acids that is also the rate-limiting enzyme of PPP, catalyzing G6P into 6-phosphogluconolactone (6PGL) and producing the first NADPH of this pathway. Increasing evidence indicates that G6PD is upregulated in diverse cancers, and this dysfunction influences DNA synthesis, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and redox homeostasis, which provides advantageous conditions for cancer cell growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance. Thus, targeting G6PD by inhibitors has been shown as a promising strategy in treating cancer and reversing chemotherapeutic resistance. In this review, we will summarize the existing knowledge concerning G6PD and discuss its role, regulation and inhibitors in cancer development and chemotherapy resistance.

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Zhang, Li, Meiruo Liu, Luyao Bao, Kristina I. Boström, Yucheng Yao, Jixi Li, Shaohua Gu, and Chaoneng Ji. "Novel Structures of Type 1 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli Provide New Insights into the Mechanism of Generation of 1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric Acid." Biomolecules 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11111565.

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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a highly conserved enzyme involved in the ubiquitous process of glycolysis and presents a loop (residues 208–215 of Escherichia coli GAPDH) in two alternative conformations (I and II). It is uncertain what triggers this loop rearrangement, as well as which is the precise site from which phosphate attacks the thioacyl intermediate precursor of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). To clarify these uncertainties, we determined the crystal structures of complexes of wild-type GAPDH (WT) with NAD and phosphate or G3P, and of essentially inactive GAPDH mutants (C150S, H177A), trapping crystal structures for the thioacyl intermediate or for ternary complexes with NAD and either phosphate, BPG, or G3P. Analysis of these structures reported here lead us to propose that phosphate is located in the “new Pi site” attacks the thioester bond of the thioacyl intermediate to generate 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG). In the structure of the thioacyl intermediate, the mobile loop is in conformation II in subunits O, P, and R, while both conformations coexist in subunit Q. Moreover, only the Q subunit hosts bound NADH. In the R subunit, only the pyrophosphate part of NADH is well defined, and NADH is totally absent from the O and P subunits. Thus, the change in loop conformation appears to occur after NADH is produced, before NADH is released. In addition, two new D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) binding forms are observed in WT.NAD.G3P and C150A+H177A.NAD.G3P. In summary, this paper improves our understanding of the GAPDH catalytic mechanism, particularly regarding BPG formation.

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Zhang, Xuan, Yan-Bin Teng, Jian-Ping Liu, Yong-Xing He, Kang Zhou, Yuxing Chen, and Cong-Zhao Zhou. "Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of the yeast pyridoxal 5-phosphate synthase Snz1." Biochemical Journal 432, no. 3 (November 25, 2010): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20101241.

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In most eubacteria, fungi, apicomplexa, plants and some metazoans, the active form of vitamin B6, PLP (pyridoxal 5-phosphate), is de novo synthesized from three substrates, R5P (ribose 5-phosphate), DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) and ammonia hydrolysed from glutamine by a complexed glutaminase. Of the three active sites of DXP (deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate)independent PLP synthase (Pdx1), the R5P isomerization site has been assigned, but the sites for DHAP isomerization and PLP formation remain unknown. In the present study, we present the crystal structures of yeast Pdx1/Snz1, in apo-, G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)- and PLP-bound forms, at 2.3, 1.8 and 2.2 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) respectively. Structural and biochemical analysis enabled us to assign the PLP-formation site, a G3P-binding site and a G3P-transfer site. We propose a putative catalytic mechanism for Pdx1/Snz1 in which R5P and DHAP are isomerized at two distinct sites and transferred along well-defined routes to a final destination for PLP synthesis.

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Romani, Rita, Vincenzo Nicola Talesa, and Cinzia Antognelli. "The Glyoxalase System Is a Novel Cargo of Amniotic Fluid Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles." Antioxidants 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081524.

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The glyoxalase system is a ubiquitous cellular metabolic pathway whose main physiological role is the removal of methylglyoxal (MG). MG, a glycolysis byproduct formed by the spontaneous degradation of triosephosphates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) and dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP), is an arginine-directed glycating agent and precursor of the major advanced glycation end product arginine-derived, hydroimidazolone (MG-H1). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous family of lipid-bilayer-vesicular structures released by virtually all living cells, involved in cell-to-cell communication, specifically by transporting biomolecules to recipient cells, driving distinct biological responses. Emerging evidence suggests that included in the EVs cargo there are different metabolic enzymes. Specifically, recent research has pointed out that EVs derived from human amniotic fluid stem cell (HASC-EVs) contain glycolytic pay-off phase enzymes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Since GAPDH catalyzes the sixth step of glycolysis using as a substrate GA3P, from which MG spontaneously origins, we wanted to investigate whether MG-derived MG-H1, as well as glyoxalases, could be novel molecule cargo in these EVs. By using immunoassays and spectrophotometric methods, we found, for the first time ever, that HASC-EVs contain functional glyoxalases and MG-H1, pioneering research to novel and exciting roles of these eclectic proteins, bringing them to the limelight once more.

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Ershov, Yuri V., R. Raymond Gantt, Francis X. Cunningham,, and Elisabeth Gantt. "Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803 Is Stimulated by Compounds of the Pentose Phosphate Cycle but Not by Pyruvate or Deoxyxylulose-5-Phosphate." Journal of Bacteriology 184, no. 18 (September 15, 2002): 5045–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.184.18.5045-5051.2002.

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ABSTRACT The photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 possesses homologs of known genes of the non-mevalonate 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2-phosphate (MEP) pathway for synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Isoprenoid biosynthesis in extracts of this cyanobacterium, measured by incorporation of radiolabeled IPP, was not stimulated by pyruvate, an initial substrate of the MEP pathway in Escherichia coli, or by deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate, the first pathway intermediate in E. coli. However, high rates of IPP incorporation were obtained with addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P), as well as a variety of pentose phosphate cycle compounds. Fosmidomycin (at 1 μM and 1 mM), an inhibitor of deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, did not significantly inhibit phototrophic growth of the cyanobacterium, nor did it affect [14C]IPP incorporation stimulated by DHAP plus GA3P. To date, it has not been possible to unequivocally demonstrate IPP isomerase activity in this cyanobacterium. The combined results suggest that the MEP pathway, as described for E. coli, is not the primary path by which isoprenoids are synthesized under photosynthetic conditions in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. Our data support alternative routes of entry of pentose phosphate cycle substrates derived from photosynthesis.

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Deb, G. K., S. R. Dey, J. I. Bang, S. J. Cho, T. H. Kwon, and I. K. Kong. "254 9-cis RETINOIC ACID INHIBITS CUMULUS CELL APOPTOSIS DURING IN VITRO MATURATION OF BOVINE OOCYTES THROUGH INHIBITION OF AP-1 PATHWAY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 1 (2011): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab254.

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Cumulus cells (CC) play a critical role in oocyte maturation and fertilization via gap junctions. The oocyte itself maintains CC health to favour oocyte maturation via the secretion of paracrine growth factors. However, the antiapoptotic effects of oocyte-secreted factors follow a gradient from the site of the oocytes. Moreover, degrees of CC apoptosis are inversely related to the in vitro embryo development. Therefore, inhibition of CC apoptosis is important for efficient in vitro embryo development. The beneficial effects of retinoic acid (RA) during in vitro embryo production are well known in different species. However, the effect of RA on CC apoptosis is yet to be elucidated. All-trans RA and 9-cis RA are the natural components of retinoids, and all-trans RA are metabolized to 9-cis RA for physiological function. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 9-cis RA on the mechanism for inhibition of apoptosis in CC. Slaughterhouse cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were matured in vitro in TCM-199-based in vitro maturation medium containing 0 or 5 mM 9-cis RA for 23 to 24 h (15 COC/100 μL droplet) at 38.5°C and 5% CO2 in air with maximum humidity. Following in vitro maturation, COC of a droplet were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for TUNEL staining using In Situ Cell Death Detection Kit (Roche, Budapest, Hungary). The proportion of apoptotic cells was estimated using Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmBH (Olympus, Münster, Germany). The COC of the remaining droplet were denuded. The CC were frozen and stored at –80°C. The CC of 3 different cultures were pooled, and total RNA was extracted using RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). Total RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using Omniscript Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen). Relative expression of candidate genes was quantified using SYBER green real-time PCR with ΔΔ CT method. The expression was normalized against β-actin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 18s rRNA genes expression. The PCR efficiencies were calculated using relative calibration curves following 10-fold dilution series at 5 measuring points. Data were analysed for one-way ANOVA. The proportion of apoptotic cells was low in the 9-cis RA group (1.3 v. 3.3% of total CC; P < 0.05). Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (11.1 v. 1.0; P < 0.001), caspase9 (2.0 v. 1.0; P < 0.01), and caspase3 (2.1 v. 1.0; P < 0.001) genes was down-regulated in the 9-cis RA group, whereas expression of Bcl2 gene was increased (1.0 v. 2.6 fold; P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of c-fos gene of AP-1 pathway was down-regulated (1.9 v. 1 fold; P < 0.05) in the 9-cis RA group. Retinoic acid suppressed the expression of NF-kB, which in turn inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated caspase activity. However, the expression of NF-kB in CC was not affected by 9-cis RA (1.1 v. 1.0; P > 0.05). In conclusion, the present study indicated that 9-cis RA may inhibit cumulus cell apoptosis through suppression of AP-1 pathway. This work was partly supported by a scholarship from the BK21 program, the KRF (KRF-2008-211-F00011), the IPET (108068-03-1-SB010), and the KOSEF (10525010001-05N2501-00110).

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Guitart Font, Emma, and Georg A. Sprenger. "Opening a Novel Biosynthetic Pathway to Dihydroxyacetone and Glycerol in Escherichia coli Mutants through Expression of a Gene Variant (fsaAA129S) for Fructose 6-Phosphate Aldolase." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 9625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249625.

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Phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a pivotal role in glycolysis. By deletion of the genes pfkA, pfkB (encoding the two PFK isoenzymes), and zwf (glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase) in Escherichia coli K-12, a mutant strain (GL3) with a complete block in glucose catabolism was created. Introduction of plasmid-borne copies of the fsaA wild type gene (encoding E. coli fructose 6-phosphate aldolase, FSAA) did not allow a bypass by splitting fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) into dihydroxyacetone (DHA) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Although FSAA enzyme activity was detected, growth on glucose was not reestablished. A mutant allele encoding for FSAA with an amino acid exchange (Ala129Ser) which showed increased catalytic efficiency for F6P, allowed growth on glucose with a µ of about 0.12 h−1. A GL3 derivative with a chromosomally integrated copy of fsaAA129S (GL4) grew with 0.05 h−1 on glucose. A mutant strain from GL4 where dhaKLM genes were deleted (GL5) excreted DHA. By deletion of the gene glpK (glycerol kinase) and overexpression of gldA (of glycerol dehydrogenase), a strain (GL7) was created which showed glycerol formation (21.8 mM; yield approximately 70% of the theoretically maximal value) as main end product when grown on glucose. A new-to-nature pathway from glucose to glycerol was created.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP)'

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