Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Gluteal muscles'

Although traditional prevention and management strategies for hamstring injuries have focussed on optimising muscle strength, flexibility and endurance, incidence and/or recurrence rates of these injuries remains high. A theoretical framework was developed considering additional factors that increase the stabilising demand of the hamstrings. These factors included loss of related stability at the knee and lumbopelvic regions and extrinsic factors during functional and sporting activities. The aims of this research were to determine whether electromyographic (EMG) derived hamstrings, quadriceps and gluteal muscle activation patterns as well as isokinetic torque generation patterns could differentiate athletes who had incurred a hamstring injury from uninjured control athletes. It was hypothesised that the EMG activity of the injured participants would be decreased compared to uninjured control participants during maximal activities, but increased during weight bearing activities. The research included the identification of laboratory-based tasks relevant to the function of the hamstring muscles; test-retest reliability of EMG variables recorded during these tasks; and a comparative cross-sectional study of hamstring-injured (hamstring group, HG) and control athletes (control group, CG). Electromyographic activation patterns were determined during assessment of concentric and eccentric isokinetic strength of the thigh muscles, during transition from double- to single-leg stance, and forward lunging. Isokinetic and EMG onset and amplitude variables were compared both within- and between-groups. Despite no significant differences for peak torque, the HG injured limb generated lower average eccentric flexor torque towards the outer range of motion in comparison to the HG uninjured limb (P = 0.034) and the CG bilateral average (P = 0.025). Furthermore, the EMG root mean square (RMS) decrease from the start to the end range of the eccentric flexor contraction was greater for the HG injured limb hamstrings than the CG bilateral average. During the transition from double- to single-leg stance, the EMG onsets of the HG injured limb (biceps femoris [BF] P < 0.001, medial hamstrings [MH] P = 0.001), and the HG uninjured limb (BF P = 0.023, MH P = 0.011) were earlier in comparison to the CG bilateral average. The transition normalised EMG RMS was significantly higher for the HG injured side BF (P = 0.032), MH (P = 0.039) and vastus lateralis (VL, P = 0.037) in comparison to the CG bilateral average. During the forward lunge, no significant differences were observed within- and between-groups for the normalised EMG amplitude prior to and following initial foot contact. These results suggest that during maximal isokinetic eccentric flexor contractions, the average torque and EMG activity is decreased towards the lengthened position of the hamstring-injured limb. This may be due to structural changes or neurophysiological inhibitory mechanisms. During the static weight bearing task an earlier onset of the HG hamstring muscles was evident in comparison to controls. The hamstrings and the VL of the injured limbs were activated at greater normalised amplitude. The increased muscle activation in the hamstring-injured limbs during the support phase may indicate a greater demand towards stability of the kinetic chain or changes in proprioceptive function. Future research should consider the mechanisms and clinical implications underlying a loss of eccentric flexor torque towards the outer range of contraction, and investigate why increased activation of thigh muscles occurs during the static weight bearing task in hamstring-injured athletes.

Background: The presence of dynamic knee valgus on landing has been found to be a significant risk factor in the development non-contact anterior cruciate ligament ACL injury. Gluteal muscles especially gluteus maximus and medius are believed to have a role in controlling hip motion that is associated with dynamic knee valgus. Landing onto one leg is a common scenario of ACL injury mechanism and would appear to require considerable Gluteal muscle activity to control the forces if the relationship were true. Aim: the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the Gluteal muscles (strength and EMG activity) and the degree of dynamic knee valgus during Single Leg Squat (SLS) and multi-directional single leg landing. Methods: Thirty-four active, healthy participants comprising of 17 males and 17 females participated in this study. Hip extension and abduction isokinetic (concentric/eccentric) strength was assessed, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles Electromyography (EMG) activity was also assessed along with 3D motion lower limb biomechanics during SLS and multi-directional single leg landing tasks. Findings: Moderate correlations were found between gluteus medius EMG activity and hip adduction angles during all landing tasks with R2 ranging from 0.13 to 0.22. Gluteus medius EMG activity moderately correlated with knee abduction angle during right SLS and with internal hip rotation angle during left SLS. Significant moderate to strong correlations between hip abductors’ and extensors’ strength and knee abduction angle, hip adduction angle, knee abduction moment, hip adduction moment and internal hip rotation moment were found during landing tasks with R2 ranging from 0.11 to 0.26. Conclusion: There appears to be limited to moderate relationships existing between Gluteal muscles strength and EMG activity and lower limb biomechanical variables during SLS and multi-directional single leg landing tasks. Furthermore, the relationship appears also to be task, limb and gender dependent. Keywords: ACL, Landing, gluteal muscles, Hip, Strength, EMG, Biomechanics.

Muscle fiber architecture, innervation, and differences in fiber-type composition were examined in the gluteus medius of four horses. In the anatomical part of this study, the gluteus medius of four adult horses were extracted, soaked in a 10% formalin solution, and examined for fiber architecture and innervation patterns. Based on architectural and innervation differences, two distinct anatomical compartments were defined: the dorsal region and the ventral region. The histochemical portion of this study examined the fiber composition of each region by classifying the fiber types on the basis of myosin-ATPase. The dorsal region had a significantly higher percentage of Type I fibers than the ventral region; whereas the ventral region had a significantly higher percentage of Type IIB fibers than the dorsal region. These findings suggest that this subdivided structure may be designed to allow functional independence within the muscle.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Choice of the best technique to repair surgical transected deep gluteal muscles during total hip replacement in dogs is influenced by multiple factors: properties of the muscle, suture diameter and characteristics, suture pattern biomechanics, amount of foreign material and muscle healing. The best suturing technique has to resist the strength formed during early active exercise protocols while maintaining the margins of the incision in close proximity. In this study was tested the biomechanical properties of interrupted Horizontal Mattress pattern (HM), the best resistant to tension technique advocated to repair transected muscles, and Schiller Suture pattern (SS), a newly developed technique created by Dr. Teresa Schiller used to repair the incision of the deep gluteal muscle during total hip replacement in dogs. The mechanical properties of the patterns were assessed through vertical mechanical traction single pull-to-failure destructive tests on a custom-made tensiometer equipped with a WH-A08 portable scale. Forty 6x10cm unidirectional soft polyethylene foam samples were used as a matrix for implantation of the suture patterns. All samples were preloaded with 9.8 N during one minute and strain was employed through application of force at a rate of 0.415±0.063 N/s. The recorded variables were suture pull-out value (SPOV), Mode of failure (MOF), Total amount of foreign material (TSM), gap at preload (GAP), dynamic displacement at 1, 2, 3 and 4 Kgf, at 80% and 90% the SPOV and at SPOV. Stiffness was calculated at 2 Kgf. Results showed that no significant differences were found between SPOVs of both groups. According to MOF, all SS failed by cut-through, 35% of which failed in both margins. In HM 85% failed by transection and approximately 72% of the stitches failed in the site of knot implantation. Differences in TSM were not considerable in normal sized deep gluteal muscles. Displacement at SPOV was higher in the HM group (32.9 x10-3±2.79 x10-3m) than in SS group (22.6 x10-3±2.2 x10-3m), F (1, 38) = 177.95, p<0.001. GAP and other dynamic displacements were also significantly higher in HM group (U= 0, p<0.001). Stiffness was significantly greater for SS (Mdn= 4903.25 N/m) than for HM group (Mdn= 1634.42 N/m), U= 0, p<0.001, r= 0.87. For these reasons, we concluded that SS represents the best option to repair the incision of the deep gluteal muscles in dogs.
RESUMO - INVESTIGAÇÃO BIOMECÂNICA DE PADRÕES DE SUTURA PARA REPARAR INCISÕES DO GLÚTEO PROFUNDO DURANTE ARTROPLASTIA TOTAL DA ANCA EM CÃES - A escolha da melhor técnica para reparar incisões do glúteo profundo durante artroplastia total da anca em cães é influenciada por múltiplos fatores: propriedades do músculo, diâmetro e características da sutura, biomecânica do padrão de sutura, quantidade de sutura, e reparação celular dos músculos. A técnica de sutura tem que resistir às forças formadas durante os protocolos de atividade precoce enquanto mantém aproximadas as margens da incisão. Neste estudo testaram-se as propriedades biomecânicas do padrão de sutura em “U” horizontal (HM), o mais resistente à tensão utilizado na reparação de incisões de músculos, e do padrão de sutura de Schiller (SS), uma técnica recentemente desenvolvida pela Dra. Teresa Schiller utilizada na reparação do glúteo profundo durante artroplastia total da anca em cães. As propriedades mecânicas dos padrões de sutura foram obtidas através de testes de tração vertical destrutivos num tensiómetro baseado num projeto original equipado com uma balança portátil vertical WH-A08. Quarenta amostras de espuma de polietileno unidirecional com 6x10cm foram usadas como matriz para implantação dos padrões de sutura. Todas as amostras sofreram uma pré-carga de 9.8 N durante 1 minuto e em seguida a força de distensão foi aplicada a um ritmo de 0.415±0.063 N/s. As variáveis registadas foram “valor de arranque de sutura” (SPOV), modo de falha (MOF), material de sutura total (TSM), deslocamento na pré-carga (GAP), deslocamento dinâmico em 1, 2, 3 e 4 Kgf, a 80% e 90% da SPOV, e no SPOV. A rigidez foi calculada aos 2 Kgf. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os SPOVs de ambos os grupos. De acordo com o MOF, todos os SS falharam através de corte longitudinal, dos quais 35% falharam em ambas as margens. No HM 85% falharam por transecção e 72% dos pontos falharam no local de implantação do nó. As diferenças encontradas no TSM não foram consideráveis para músculos de tamanho normal. O deslocamento no SPOV foi maior no grupo HM (32.9 x10-3±2.79 x10-3m) que no grupo SS (22.6 x10-3±2.2 x10-3m), F (1, 38) = 177.95, p<0.001. O GAP e os restantes deslocamentos dinâmicos foram também superiores no grupo HM (U= 0, p<0.001). A rigidez foi maior no SS (Mdn= 4903.25 N/m) que no HM (Mdn= 1634.42 N/m), U= 0, p<0.001, r= 0.87. Por estas razões concluiu-se que o padrão SS representa a melhor opção para reparar a incisão do glúteo profundo em cães.

Abstract Background: The Gluteus Medius (GM) muscle has an important role in stabilizing the pelvis and controlling the knees during athletic activities. Weakness in the GM can affect performance negatively and increase the risk of lower extremity (LE) injuries. During functional activities different parts of the muscle becomes activated depending on the degree of hip flexion. However, many GM strength exercises only train the GM in one fixed degree of hip flexion. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a new training device designed to increase the muscle activation of the GM during progressive hip flexion in squats. Methods: The new device was developed to offer resistance training against hip abduction during squats. To be able to validate the new device in activating the GM, 32 female athletes (mean age 20 ± 3) with various athletic backgrounds was included in the study. All subjects performed squats on and off the device while surface electromyographical (SEMG) activity was recorded from GM on both sides of the body. Results: All test subjects were able to perform the squat and to activate the GM. When the squats were performed on the new device the muscle activation in GM was significantly higher compared to bodyweight squats (Z=-4.9, p < 0.001). Correlation tests between a complete sequence of five squats and one selected repetition revealed that activation was consistent throughout the exercise, (right GM: rs = 0.93, p < 0.001, left GM: rp = 0.92, p < 0.001) . No differences in activation were found between the right and left GM when squatting on the device. Conclusion: This study showed that the newly developed training device increased the muscle activity in GM during squats. Moreover, the results showed that squatting on the device activates the left and right side of the body equally and that the GM was activated during the whole exercise, under ongoing hip flexion. This information could be used to develop new training methods with the aim to improve stabilization of the pelvis and lower extremities during functional activities.
Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Gluteus medius (GM) fyller en viktig funktion vid idrottsliga aktiviteter genom att den stabiliserar bäckenet och kontrollerar knäna. Svaghet i GM kan påverka prestationen negativt samt öka risken för skador i de lägre extremiteterna (LE). Vid funktionella aktiviteter aktiveras olika delar av GM beroende på graden av höftflexion. Många styrkeövningar för GM tränar emellertid muskeln i endast en fixerad grad av höft flexion. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien har varit att utveckla samt validera ett nytt träningsredskap, designat för att optimera muskelaktiveringen av GM under höftflexion. Metod: Träningsredskapet utvecklades för att erbjuda motstånd mot abduktion vid knäböj. För att validera redskapets förmåga att aktivera GM inkluderades 32 kvinnliga idrottare (medelålder, 20 ± 3 år) med varierande idrottslig bakgrund. Alla försökspersoner utförde knäböjningar med och utan träningsredskapet samtidigt som elektromyografisk aktivitet mättes i höger och vänster GM. Resultat: Alla försökspersoner kunde utföra knäböjningar och lyckades aktivera GM. Knäböjningar som utfördes på träningsredskapet resulterade i signifikant högre aktivering av GM jämfört med knäböjningar utan redskapet (Z=-4.9, p < 0.001). Korrelations test mellan kompletta sekvenser om fem repetitioner och enstaka repetitioner visade att aktiveringen var konstant under hela övningen, (höger GM: rs = 0.93, p < 0.001, vänster GM: rp = 0.92, p < 0.001). Inga skillnader i aktivering hittades mellan höger och vänster GM vid knäböjningar på redskapet. Slutsats: Studien visade att det utvecklade träningsredskapet ökade aktiveringen av GM vid knäböjningar. Resultaten visade också att denna aktivitet var jämnt fördelad mellan höger och vänster GM samt att aktiveringen var konstant under hela övningen. Resultaten i denna studien kan användas för att utveckla nya träningsmetoder med syfte att förbättra stabiliseringen av bäckenet och de lägre extremiteterna vid funktionella aktiviteter.

Introduction: Loaded barbell squat is one of the most popular exercises among athletes and can be performed in many different ways to achieve different goals. The difference in muscle activation between a free and afixed vertical movement path (using Smith machine) has not been examined to a particularly large extent. Aim: To investigate differences in muscle activation of the gluteal and thigh muscles when performing the loaded barbell squat in a free movement path compared to a fixed vertical movement path in healthy athletes under standardized conditions. Methods: Repeated measures within-subjects design were used. Five squats  per condition was performed with a weight representing 100% of the participants bodyweight at a tempo of four seconds per repetition. Muscle activation was measured with the EMG-shorts MBody3. Both conditions tested on the same day and the participants was randomized to what condition to start with. Results: No difference was observed between the conditions for the mean value of muscle activation the whole squat. Mm. quadriceps and mm. hamstrings showed significantly higher muscle activation at the end of the eccentric and the beginning of the concentric phase of the squat when the squat is performed with the barbell in a free movement path. For m. gluteus maximus no difference was observed, neither in the whole squat nor in any parts of the squat. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that mm. quadriceps and mm. hamstrings muscle group show lower muscle activation in parts of the squat when performed in a Smith machine. No significant difference was observed considering the whole movement.
Introduktion: Knäböj med skivstång är en av de mest populära övningarna bland idrottare och kan utföras på många olika sätt för att uppnå olika mål. Skillnaden i muskelaktivering mellan fri och fixerad vertikal rörelsebana (med Smithmaskin) har inte undersökts i särskilt stor omfattning. Syfte: Att undersöka skillnader i muskelaktivering av sätes- och lårmuskler vid utförande av knäböj med skivstång i en fri jämfört med en fixerad vertikal rörelsebana hos friska idrottare under standardiserade förhållanden. Metod: Upprepade mätningar inom individer användes. Fem repetitioner knäböj per betingelse utfördes på en vikt som motsvarade 100% av deltagarnas egna kroppsvikt. Varje repetition genomfördes på fyra sekunder. Muskelaktivitet mättes med EMG-byxorna MBody3. Båda betingelserna testades under samma dag och deltagarna randomiserades till vilken förutsättning de skulle börja med. Resultat: Ingen skillnad observerades mellan betingelserna för medelvärdet av muskelaktiveringen under hela knäböjen. Mm. quadriceps och mm. hamstrings hade signifikant högre muskelaktivering i slutet av den excentriska och början av den koncentriska fasen av knäböjen då den utfördes i en fri rörelsebana. Ingen skillnad observerades, varken i hela eller delar av knäböjen, avseende m. gluteus maximus. Slutsats: Denna studie ger preliminära bevis på att muskelgrupperna mm. quadriceps och mm. hamstrings uppvisar lägre muskelaktivering i delar av knäböjen när den utförs i en Smithmaskin. Ingen signifikant skillnad observerades i muskelaktiveringen avseende hela rörelsen.

Zusammenfassung Histomorphometrische Befunde am M. gluteus medius von Pferden ausgewählter deutscher Warmblutrassen - Selektionskriterium für die sportliche Veranlagung? (96 S., 11 Abb., 52 Tab., 131 Lit.) Zur Untersuchung histomorphometrischer Indizes wurden aus dem M. gluteus medius von Warmblut-Pferden ausgewählter deutscher Zuchtgebiete Bioptate entnommen. Insgesamt standen 64 zweijährige Hengste zur Verfügung. Die Biopsien wurden an einem definierten Punkt und bei einer immer gleichen Entnahmetiefe von 5 cm mit der Biopsiekanüle nach BERGSTRÖM (1962) durchgeführt. Eine Auswertung der Muskelproben erfolgte im Hinblick auf die Rassenzugehörigkeit, hinsichtlich Züchtung der Pferde für den Dressur- bzw. Springsport, mit Bezug auf das Körurteil sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Abstammung von verschiedenen väterlichen Blutlinien. Dazu kam die histochemische Methode der sauren Kreuzkombination nach ZIEGAN (1979) zur Anwendung, welche neben den physiologischen auch die biochemischen Eigenschaften der Muskelfasern berücksichtigt. Demzufolge wurde eine Differenzierung in die Fasertypen STO (slow-twitch-oxidative), FTO (fast-twitch-oxidative), Fasern des Intermediärtyps und FTG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) vorgenommen. Für diese Fasertypen wurde die relative Anzahl, die absolute und die relative Faserquerschnittsfläche sowie die Quotienten schnell-/langsam-kontrahierende Fasern (F/S), oxidative/glykolytische (Ox/G) Muskelfasern und FTO/FTG ermittelt. Zwischen Pferden verschiedener deutscher Warmblutrassen ließen sich signifikante Unterschiede im STO- (p< 0,001) und FTO-Faseranteil (p< 0,01) nachweisen. Warmblutpferde Trakehner Abstammung wiesen dabei mit 35,9 % den größten Anteil langsamer Muskelfasern (STO) und mit 33,8 % den geringsten Anteil schnell-kontrahierender, oxidativer Fasern (FTO) auf. Die gegensätzlichen Extremwerte bezüglich dieser beiden Fasertypen nahmen die Pferde des Zuchtgebietes Westfalen ein. Auch die absoluten Faserquerschnittsflächen langsam-kontrahierender Muskelfasern von Pferden verschiedener Rassen waren signifikant (p< 0,05) verschieden. Wiederum nahmen mit 2957 µm2 die Trakehner eine Spitzenposition ein. Im Vergleich der Werte der relativen Faserquerschnittsfläche von Pferden verschiedener Rassen wurde auch ein signifikanter Unterschied bei den FTG-Fasern deutlich (p< 0,01). Dressurpferde besaßen mit 26,6 % einen signifikant (p< 0,05) höheren STO-Faseranteil als Springpferde mit einem Wert von 21,9 %. Umgekehrt verhielt sich der prozentuale FTO-Faseranteil mit 46,7 % bei Spring- und 38,8 % bei Dressurpferden (p< 0,05). Die Werte der relativen Faseranzahl und der relativen Faserfläche wiesen einen Korrelationskoeffizienten von r=0,92 auf. Demzufolge bestanden zwischen Dressur- und Springpferden auch bei der relativen Faserquerschnittsfläche signifikante Unterschiede für STO- (p< 0,05) und FTO-Fasern (p< 0,001). „Gekörte Hengste“ hatten mit 20 % signifikant (p< 0,05) weniger langsam-kontrahierende Muskelfasern als „Nicht gekörte“ Hengste mit 25 %. Auch für die relative Faserquerschnittsfläche traf dieses Verhältnis signifikant (p< 0,05) zu. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, daß Nachkommen von verschiedenen väterlichen Blutlinien signifikant im STO- (p< 0,01) und FTO-Faseranteil (p< 0,001) sowie bezüglich der relativen Faserquerschnittsfläche von STO- (p< 0,001), FTO- (p< 0,01) und FTG-Fasern (p< 0,05) und hinsichtlich der absoluten Faserfläche der langsamen Muskelfasern (p< 0,05) voneinander abweichen. Aus den Ergebnissen konnten folgende Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden: 1. Die Befunde weisen auf eine enge Abhängigkeit der Muskelfasertypenkomposition des Pferdes von genetischen Faktoren hin. 2. Bereits zwischen Pferden anderer Rassen beobachtete Unterschiede hinsichtlich morphologischer Muskelindizes lassen sich auch bei Pferden verschiedener deutscher Warmblut-Pferderassen aufzeigen. 3. Pferde, die seit mehreren Generationen speziell für eine Nutzung im Springsport gezüchtet worden sind, besitzen einen höheren prozentualen FTO-Faseranteil. Dieser verleiht ihnen wahrscheinlich die Fähigkeit, in der Absprungphase ein enormes Maß an Kraft zu generieren. Dressurpferde haben Arbeit von vergleichsweise niedriger Intensität, aber langer Dauer zu verrichten. Daraus ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, die Muskelbiopsie bereits bei jungen Pferden als Selektionskriterium einzusetzen. 4. Die Ergebnisse der „Gekörten Hengste“ weisen auf eine Selektion zugunsten der Individuen mit hohem FTO- und dementsprechend niedrigem STO-Faseranteil hin, was auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Muskelfasertypenzusammensetzung und der Bewegungsqualität eines Pferdes hindeutet
Summary Histomorphometric findings of the gluteus medius muscle of horses from selected german warm-blooded breeds - selection criterion for athletic ability? (96 p., 11 fig., 52 tables, 131 ref.) For examining the histomorphometric muscle indices biopsies were taken of warm-blooded horses descending from selected German breeds. Biopsies were taken at standardized depth of 5 cm from the left gluteus medius muscle of 64 two-year-old stallions using a BERGSTROEM biopsy needle (1962). Muscle samples were evaluated according to different breeds, the aptitude for dressage or show jumping, the possession of a breeding licence and the derivation of different paternal bloodlines. The histochemical method used was that described by ZIEGAN (1979), which considers the physiological as well as the biochemical properties of muscle fibres. Therefore muscle fibres were distinguished in STO, FTO, fibres of intermediate type and FTG. For these fibre the types relative number, absolute and relative cross-sectional fibre area as well as the quotient fast-/slow-twitch fibers, oxidative/glycolytic muscle fibers and FTO/FTG were determined. Between horses of different German warm-blooded breeds there were significant differences in the percentage of STO (p< 0,001) and FTO-fibres (p< 0,01). Trakehner horses had the highest percentage of slow-twitch fibres with 35,9 %, and the lowest percentage of FTO-fibres with 33,8 %. The other two extremes according to these fibre types occured in Westphalian horses. Absolute cross-sectional STO-fibre areas were also significantly different between horses of different breeds (p< 0,05). Again, the Trakehner horses were in the lead with 2956,89 µm2. Comparing the relative muscle fibre area of differently bred horses, FTG-fibres also turned out to be significantly different (p< 0,01) from each other. Dressage horses had with 26,6 % a significantly higher (p< 0,05) proportion of STO-fibres than show jumping horses with a percentage of 21,9 %. Show jumping horses had a higher percentage of FTO-fibres with 46,7 % than dressage horses with 38,8 % (p< 0,05). Expressing a high correlation of relative number and relative cross-sectional fibre area (r< 0,92), the latter criterion also turned out to be different for STO- (p< 0,05) and FTO-fibres (p< 0,001). Licenced breeding stallions showed a significantly (p< 0,05) lower proportion of slow-twitch fibres with 20 % than stallions without breeding permission with 25 %. This relation also turned out to be significant for the relative fibre area (p< 0,05) . Furthermore it was found that offsprings of different paternal bloodlines differ from one another according to the percentage of STO- (p< 0,01) and FTO-fibres (p< 0,001), according to relative cross-sectional fibre areas of STO- (p< 0,001), FTO- (p< 0,01) and FTG-fibres (p< 0,05) and according to absolute fibre areas of slow-twitch muscle fibres (p< 0,05). These results suggest following conclusions: 1. The findings show a high correlation between muscle fiber type composition and genetic factors in the horse. 2. Earlier observed differences in morphological muscle indices between different races of horses were also evident between horses of different german warm-blooded breeds. 3. Horses, which have been bred specifically for show jumping over numerous generations, possess a higher percentage of FTO-fibres. This probably enables them to generate an enormous amount of power in the moment of take-off. Dressage horses have to perform exercises of comparatively low intensity but long duration. Therefore the muscle biopsy is a usefull selection criterion in young horses. 4. The results from the licenced breeding stallions indicate selection in favour of individuals having a high percentage of FTO- and a low percentage of STO-fibers, which may be related to muscle fibre properties and the locomotor pattern of the horse

Orientador: José Corrêa de Lacerda Neto
Banca: Thiago Luiz de Salles Gomes
Banca: Claudia Acosta Duarte
Banca: Flora Helena de Freitas D'Angelis
Banca: Antonio de Queiroz Neto
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação com diferentes concentrações de óleo de soja e do treinamento de resistência nas adaptações do músculo glúteo médio de 20 eqüinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe. Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco grupos, cada grupo foi composto por quatro cavalos. O grupo controle não recebeu óleo e os demais foram suplementados com 6, 12, 18 e 24% de óleo. Os animais foram submetidos a sete semanas consecutivas de exercício em esteira rolante e trilha. Analisou-se a influência do treinamento e da suplementação com óleo sobre o peso e escore corporal, concentração de glicogênio muscular e características das fibras do músculo glúteo médio. Os resultados demonstraram que as diferentes concentrações de óleo na dieta não influenciaram as variáveis estudadas. Houve redução significativa do peso corpóreo após o treinamento, no entanto o escore corporal permaneceu constante. O músculo glúteo médio expressou três tipos de fibras puras: I, IIA, IIX. O treinamento não induziu hipertrofia das fibras do músculo glúteo médio. O treinamento ocasionou aumento na proporção e na área relativa das fibras tipo IIA em detrimento das fibras IIX, melhorando a capacidade oxidativa muscular. Tanto as dietas com óleo como o treinamento não aumentaram as concentrações de glicogênio muscular.
Abstract: The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of supplementation with different concentrations of soy oil and endurance training on gluteus medius muscle adaptations in twenty Arabian horses. The horses were randomized in five groups (four horses each group). The control group did not receive the oil and the other groups were supplemented with 6%, 12%, 18% and 24% of soy oil. The animals were submitted to seven weeks of exercise on treadmill and track. The influence of training and oil supplementation on body weight, corporal score, muscular glycogen stores and characteristics of the gluteus medius muscular fibers were analyzed. The results showed that the supplementation of soy oil in diet was not significantly effective on the studied parameters. There was a significant reduction of the body weight after the end of training; however the corporal score showed no changes. The gluteus medius muscle expressed three types of pure fibers: I, IIA and IIX. The training induced a increase in the proportion and relative area of the type IIA fibers in detriment of type IIX fibers, improving the oxidative capacity muscular. No hypertrophy of the muscular fibers was observed. There were no significant changes in the values of the total glycogen after the training period.
Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 martins_cb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1196655 bytes, checksum: ae351a11891c3264becc940e47280709 (MD5)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação com diferentes concentrações de óleo de soja e do treinamento de resistência nas adaptações do músculo glúteo médio de 20 eqüinos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe. Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco grupos, cada grupo foi composto por quatro cavalos. O grupo controle não recebeu óleo e os demais foram suplementados com 6, 12, 18 e 24% de óleo. Os animais foram submetidos a sete semanas consecutivas de exercício em esteira rolante e trilha. Analisou-se a influência do treinamento e da suplementação com óleo sobre o peso e escore corporal, concentração de glicogênio muscular e características das fibras do músculo glúteo médio. Os resultados demonstraram que as diferentes concentrações de óleo na dieta não influenciaram as variáveis estudadas. Houve redução significativa do peso corpóreo após o treinamento, no entanto o escore corporal permaneceu constante. O músculo glúteo médio expressou três tipos de fibras puras: I, IIA, IIX. O treinamento não induziu hipertrofia das fibras do músculo glúteo médio. O treinamento ocasionou aumento na proporção e na área relativa das fibras tipo IIA em detrimento das fibras IIX, melhorando a capacidade oxidativa muscular. Tanto as dietas com óleo como o treinamento não aumentaram as concentrações de glicogênio muscular.
The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of supplementation with different concentrations of soy oil and endurance training on gluteus medius muscle adaptations in twenty Arabian horses. The horses were randomized in five groups (four horses each group). The control group did not receive the oil and the other groups were supplemented with 6%, 12%, 18% and 24% of soy oil. The animals were submitted to seven weeks of exercise on treadmill and track. The influence of training and oil supplementation on body weight, corporal score, muscular glycogen stores and characteristics of the gluteus medius muscular fibers were analyzed. The results showed that the supplementation of soy oil in diet was not significantly effective on the studied parameters. There was a significant reduction of the body weight after the end of training; however the corporal score showed no changes. The gluteus medius muscle expressed three types of pure fibers: I, IIA and IIX. The training induced a increase in the proportion and relative area of the type IIA fibers in detriment of type IIX fibers, improving the oxidative capacity muscular. No hypertrophy of the muscular fibers was observed. There were no significant changes in the values of the total glycogen after the training period.

Women are four to eight times more likely to injure their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) compared to men. It is most commonly injured through a non-contact mechanism during game time situations. During landings, women display valgus collapse, where a less active gluteus medius muscle (GMed) may be unable to control the internal rotation of the thigh, causing an increase in knee joint abduction angle, augmenting the risk of ACL injury. This study’s purpose was to determine the difference between 12 male and 12 female athletes in muscle activity, specifically the GMed, and the 3D kinematics and kinetics of the lower-limb during drop jump landings from three heights; maximum vertical jump height, tibial length, and a commonly used height of 40cm. Results showed that females had greater hip adduction and knee abduction angles compared to men. The GMed activity showed no significant differences between sexes at each drop jump height.

Orientador: Fausto Berzin
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T19:58:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_ClaudiaReginaSgobbide_D.pdf: 3243711 bytes, checksum: 8998dea5e487c4ba53dc8e5e4dfe1df1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998
Resumo: O estudo eletromiográfico dos músculos eretor da espinha, reto do abdome, glúteo máximo e reto da coxa, foi realizado em 20 voluntários do sexo feminino na faixa etária de 18 a 27 anos previamente selecionados. A atividade elétrica dos músculos foi captada com eletrodos de superfície, durante a postura em pé e estática, com os membros superiores paralelo~ e horizontais com carga nas mãos. Foi dada ao voluntário cargas equivalentes a 5% e 10% do seu peso corporal e foi modificada a posição dos membrps superiores. Os voluntários permaneceram primeiramente com os cotovelos em extensão total depois foram mantidos a 900 com semi-flexão da articulaç?o glenoumeral e, posteriormente, flexão total da articulação glenoumeral e dos cotovelos posicionando a carga junto ao corpo. Para o estudo estatístico, foi utilizada uma análise de variância para experimentos casualisados em blocos com .esquema fatorial, e complementado com o teste de Tukey e estudo çe correlação de Pearson, sendo adotado, em todos os testes, o nível de significância de até 5%. De acordo com os resultados, a atividade elétrica dps músculos eretor da espinha e glúteo máximo, foi estatisticamente maior do que os demais músculos estudados, na posição que a carga estava a uma distância horizontal maior do corpo, ou seja, quando os membros superiores estavam paralelos na altura dos ombros e com os cotovelos em extensão total. Os músculos reto do abdome e o reto da coxa apresentaram uma atividade elétrica menor e, estatisticamente, significante. Portanto, foi observado que é vantajoso sustentar as cargas o mais próximo do corpo possível, tendo como objetivo diminuir fadigas e reduzir os riscos de lesões na região lombar, que são freqüentes em várias profissões. Neste estudo foi claramente observada a influência que a carga e a distância e.xercem sobre a musculatura estuqada, associada com a postura em pé e ereto
Abstract: The electromyographic study in erector spinae, rectus abdominis, glutaeous maximus and reto femoris muscles was accomplished in female volunteers from 18 to 27 years old, previously selected. The muscles elec~ric activities was caught with surface electrodes, in standing and static posture, with the parallels and horizontal upper limbs with load in this hands. The IQad was equivalent to 5% and 10% of the body wheight of each volunteer. The volunteers remained first with their elbows in total extension and then were kept in 90° with semi-flexing of the glenohumeralia articulation and finally with maximum flexing of the glenohumeralia articulation and elbows with the load near the body. For the statistical study it was used the analysis of variance to tpe causality experiments in blocks with fatorial scheme, and complemented with the Tukey's test with the significance levei of 5%. According to the results, the electric activity of the erector spinae and glutaeous maximus muscles was . statistically greater than the other muscles in the position where the load was in a horizontal distance greatest relating to the body, when the upper limbs were paralels in the same level of the shoulders and with the elbows in total extension. The reto abdominis and reto femoris present minor eletric activity ~ut also statistically significant. Therefore it was observed that it's better to maintain the loads as near the body as possible, in order to decrease fatigyes and avoid injuries in the lumbar region that are common in some professions. In this study it was clearly observed the influence of the load and the distance have over the studied musculature associated with the standing erect posture
Doutorado
Anatomia
Doutor em Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental

Gluteal tendinopathy is the most prevalent of all lower limb tendinopathies, and includes a spectrum of injury from inflammation to rupture/tear. The exact pathophysiology of tendinopathy is not understood with three theories currently being postulated. The vascular theory suggests that injury occurs at areas of hypovascularity within the tendon but a greater understanding of the intra-tendinous arterial supply of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles is important to examining the veracity of this theory. The aim was of this thesis was to describe and define the vascular supply of the gluteus medius and minimus tendons in the context of their macro- and micro-vasculature. A further aim was to examine the validity of using micro-computed tomography (CT) to visualise intra-tendinous arterial anatomy. First, sixteen embalmed Wistar rats were used to investigate the accuracy of two contrast media (barium sulfate and lead oxide) to visualise and measure the extent of contrast penetration and diameter of blood vessels using micro-CT. There was no difference (mean difference [MD] 0.05; MD 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.83 to 0.93) between the number of branching generations for either filled vessels. The mean difference between the contrast medium and true cannula diameter was greater for lead oxide (0.11 mm) than barium sulfate (0.03 mm) when the cannulae were scanned at high resolution. Therefore, barium sulphate was used for the embalmed human cadaveric investigation. Second, ten human cadaveric specimens were used to compare micro-CT angiography with three-dimensional (3-D) images and histological investigations (Haematoxylin and Eosin stain) of the intra-tendinous arterial supply of the gluteus medius and minimus muscle and tendons. Prior to micro-CT all specimens were injected with contrast into blood vessels proximal to the tendon and scanned using CT. No intra-tendinous arteries were seen on the micro-CT images or histological slides. However, capillaries were visualised within the tendon enthesis, two mm from the tidemark, likely resulting from neovascularisation secondary to tendinopathic changes. These changes occurred at the common sites of gluteal tendon tears. The contrast filled to the ascending branch of the LCFA proximal to the greater trochanteric attachment of the gluteal tendons in only 30% of specimens; and in only 40% of the transverse branch. All LCFAs originated from the profunda femoris artery (PFA) compared to 50% of MCFAs. The remaining MCFAs arose from the femoral artery (40%) and a common trunk with the PFA (10%). The modified Bonar scores, which quantified the extent of tendon degeneration ranged from 4 – 10 out of a possible 15 (worst). An incidental finding of muscle fat infiltrate was found distally in all specimens and proximally in only 50%. These results suggest that micro-CT may not be a good method for assessing intra-tendinous arterial supply. However, penetration of the contrast may have been inhibited by using embalmed cadaveric specimens. There were no intra-tendinous vessels detected except for signs of neovascularisation secondary to tendon degeneration potentially supporting the vascular theory of tendon degeneration. Future studies would benefit from using fresh and younger specimens or in vivo techniques.

碩士
國立體育大學
競技與教練科學研究所
101
Purpose: Pitching shoulder instability syndrome was related with the fatigue of shoulder surrounding muscles. When the pitcher fatigue occurs, stability structures may collapse. The ball control of the pitcher was being challenged; the shoulder may also be damaged as sports injuries. The kinetic chain of gluteal muscle groups push start of the Pitching help the throwing arm in the accelerated phase of the swing indirectly. This study investigated the muscle activity of the underlying muscles and pushes hip muscle strength and shoulder stability and the associated changes in ball speed. Method: Our subjects include nine persons high school baseball pitcher (age 17.23±1.17 years old) who have no shoulder surgery and no GIRD phenomenon. Four MMG receptors placed on Gluteal Maximus, Hamstring (2) and body center. Everytime threw 30 balls, repeat two times. The study will use Zebris pressure machine to test shoulder stability of dominant hand at pre-test, inter-test and post-test. Analysis: All data analysis using SPSS statistical software , Pearson product related to analysis the correlation of muscle activation of the gluteus maximus and hamstring with the shoulder stability and ball speed (p<0.05). Results: The results showed that the number of 30 balls when the muscle activation evoked a greater impact on the swing path (path γ = -0.82, α = 0.02), when the ball number came to 60, the shoulder stability would be influenced (P=0.02). But no significant effect on the ball velocity (γ=-0.38, α=0.68). The relation between the shoulder stability and the ball velocity was not significant (area p=0.51/path p=0.02). Discussion: Pitcher’s ability of push the hip have an impact on ball control if the game came in the posterior segment. We must pay attention to the pitcher’s fatigue conditions and observations have to focus on other sports injuries.

Introduction: The effect that an increased torso-pelvic separation (x-factor) has on driving performance and accuracy is well appreciated by golfers and golf instructors. Increased torso and pelvic separation produces a greater upper trunk energy store to be utilised for a more powerful downswing. Specific muscles’ contribution towards pelvic stability during the golf swing has not been well documented. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effect that gluteus medius Kinesio® Taping has on torso-pelvic separation, subsequent ball flight distance and accuracy. Method: The study was a one group pre-test-post test quasi-experimental design. A group of amateur golfers underwent a biomechanical golf swing analysis with iClub™ Body Motion System to determine torso-pelvic separation at the top of the backswing. Ball flight distance and accuracy (smash factor ratio) were measured with the FlightScope®. These outcomes were recorded with and without Kinesio® Tape application on the gluteus medius muscle. Each participant’s dominant gluteus medius muscle strength was tested with a Microfet Hand-held Dynamometer before and after Kinesio® Tape application. The data gathered in the taped and non-taped groups was analysed using a paired t-test, when testing at the 0.05 level of significance. Correlation between gluteus medius and x-factor, ball flight distance and smash factor ratio with and without KT application, was done using Pearson Correlation analysis. Results: The results showed that Kinesio® Tape is effective in improving gluteus medius muscle activation and thereby the relative muscle strength (p=0.00<0.05). With regard to the other aforementioned outcome measures, x-factor, ball distance and accuracy, results showed no statistical significance (p=0.28, p=0.53 and p=0.1 respectively). Correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between gluteus medius muscle strength and x-factor (r = -0.46, p = 0.01) and smash factor ratio (r = -0.33, p = 0.08) Discussion Kinesio® Tape has been shown to improve strength in target muscles. As the golf swing is so complex, involving the entire kinetic chain, each golfer differs significantly in his/her swing. This study showed that the gluteus medius strength improved with Kinesio® Tape application in the majority of the golfers tested, but affected each golfer’s shot differently. This highlights the fact that each golfer’s swing is unique and they utilise the kinetic chain differently. Conclusion: Kinesio® Tape is significantly effective in improving gluteus medius muscle activation and strength in amateur golfers. X-factor, ball distance and accuracy are dependent on a wide variety of body movements that act in harmony to produce the golf swing and a statistically significant result was not found regarding these outcome measures. It is thus difficult to isolate only one muscle in creating pelvic stability and only the pelvis in the motion of the golf swing.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-66). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

A dissertation presented in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003.
In recent years, sacroiliac syndrome has been widely accepted by many different health professions as one of the major contributors to low back pain. Manipulation to effect the relief of the condition has thus far proven to be one of the most effective methods. Comparatively little research has however been done on the different forms of physical therapy that can be used in conjunction with a manipulation so as to maximise its affect
M

碩士
國立臺灣大學
物理治療學研究所
95
Background：Previous literature reported that patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) have impaired hip abductors. Gluteus medius(Gm) is the major component of hip abductors muscle group. Janda V. stated in 1983 that weakness in the Gm leads to early firing, overactivation, and tightness of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) and iliotibial band(ITB). There are no electromyography studies of Gm and TFL in patients with PFPS, and no studies about the relationship between strength of hip abductors, flexibility of ITB and muscle activity patterns of Gm and TFL in this population. Purposes：To investigate the muscle activity patterns of Gm and TFL in a healthy control group and a group of patients with PFPS in submaximal isometric muscle contraction. If the results of the investigation show a difference, then a second phase of research will be conducted to identify the relationship between strength of hip abductors, flexibility of ITB and muscle activity patterns of Gm and TFL. Methods and Measurements：The experimental group was comprised of thirty patients with PFPF, while the control group for this study was composed of thirty gender- and age- matched healthy subjects. The study examined electromyography（BIOPAC MP100WSW system）firing patterns, including pre-motor time and muscle firing amplitude in gluteus medius and tensor fascia lata during eight second submaximal isometric muscle contraction while patients lied on their sides. Isokinetic muscle strength of hip abductors was tested using Cybex 6000 with the speed set at 30 degrees per second. ITB flexibility was measured with the Ober test using electro-inclinometer and pelvic stabilizer. Independent tests were performed on all variables between the two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to identify the relationship between strength of hip abductors, flexibility of ITB and muscle activity pattern of Gm and TFL. Results：In the PFPS group, Gm demonstrated delayed onset (p=.035) and higher muscle firing amplitude（p=.004）; TFL demonstrated lower muscle firing amplitude（p=.027）than the control group . The PFPS group had weak hip abductors(p=.014) and tightness of ITB(p<.000) . Muscle activity pattern of Gm and TFL only correlated with flexibility of ITB, not with strength of hip abductors. Conclusion：Patients with PFPS had significant neuromuscular dysfunction, including pre-motor time and muscle firing amplitude, in Gm and TFL compared with the healthy control group. But the hypothesis that weakness in the Gm leads to early firing, overactivation, and tightness of the tensor fascia lata (TFL) and iliotibial band(ITB) was not observed in this study.

M.Tech.
The term „myofascial‟ is derived from the word „myo‟ meaning muscle and „fascia‟ meaning connective tissue. Myofascial pain syndrome is a regional pain syndrome characterized by the presence of myofascial trigger points (Mense and Simons, 2001). The most crucial component of myofascial pain is muscle shortening from contracture (or „spasm‟). In fact, myofascial pain does not exist without muscle shortening. Prolonged shortening not only causes pain in the muscle but also physically pulls on tendons, thereby straining them and distressing the bone and joints they insert into and act upon (Gunn, 2002). Trigger points are most often discussed in the setting of myofascial pain syndromes, in which widespread or regional muscular pain is associated with hyperalgesia, psychological disturbance and significant restriction of daily activities (Huguenin, 2004).

M.Tech.
The aim of this research study was to determine the most effective way of treating sacroiliac joint dysfunction with associated gluteus medius trigger points, using adjusting of the sacroiliac joint or needling of the gluteus medius muscle or both. The participants were recruited randomly and placed in 3 different groups. Participants in group 1 were treated with an adjustment of the sacroiliac joint, as well as needling of the most prominent gluteus medius trigger point. Participants in group 2 were adjusted only and participants in group 3 were needled only. The treatment of the participants took place at the University of Johannesburg’s chiropractic day clinic. The objective data was acquired using a Digital Inclinometer to measure the ranges of motion at the spinal levels of the 5th lumbar vertebra and the first sacral vertebra (L5/ S1). An Algometer was used to measure the amount of pressure required to evoke pain, within the most prominent trigger point being treated. The subjective data was acquired using the Oswestry Pain and Disability Questionnaire, as well as the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. The results of the trial were of no statistical significance, but clinical improvement in both objective and subjective data was found. Group 2’s mean value percentage improvement was the greatest, when looking at range of motion. Group 1’s mean value percentage improvement was the greatest, with the Algometer and the subjective readings. The outcome of this study was that overall all three treatment protocols had a positive effect on the participants. Group 1 and group 2 had a slightly greater overall improvement. Thus it is suggested that when treating sacroiliac joint dysfunction with associated gluteus medius trigger points, the doctor can use an adjustment or adjusting with needling, both are effective. It is important to take the patients preference into account in order to make them feel at ease with the treatment they are receiving.

Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a high protein (60% crude protein), highly digestible feed ingredient widely used in diets for salmonids, however its use has been related to reduction in muscle pigmentation possibly due to pigment interaction. Therefore, laboratory scale and in vivo trials were conducted to reduce pigment level in CGM and to assess its effect on fish muscle pigmentation, respectively. In the first chapter, a bench-scale study was carried out to investigate factors that affect bleaching of carotenoids in CGM, using white soy flake flour (WSFF) as a lipoxygenase (LOX) source. Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken designs were used to screen and optimize factors, respectively. Furthermore, a 12-week growth trial was conducted in order to assess the effects of dietary regular and pigment bleached CGM on growth and muscle pigmentation of rainbow. In the second chapter, a 24-week growth trial was carried out in order to assess the effects of increasing levels of CGM on growth and muscle pigment deposition in rainbow trout. In the third chapter, a bench-scale (10 g) corn wet milling procedure was used to assess the bleaching of carotenoids from CGM during steeping. Studies from this thesis confirmed the negative effects of CGM on fillet pigmentation and highlighted the need for evaluation of muscle quality traits such as colour in response to inclusion of new feed ingredients. Furthermore, this thesis gives insight on how to reduce pigments from corn gluten meal using cost-effective and practical bleaching approaches.

M.Tech.
This study aimed to determine the difference between the standard dry needling technique versus the rapid dry needling technique with regards to which technique would provide quicker relief of symptoms, as measured by an increase in participant’s pressure tolerance and range of motion and a decrease in subjective pain. Subjectively it was seen that both groups had a statistical decrease in the participants perceived pain with the Oswestry Disability Index, the McGill’s Pain Questionnaire and the Numeral Pain Rating Scale. Both groups showed significant changes over the two time variables (pre-Treatment one and post-Treatment four) with regards to all the questionnaires. Group 2 showed the most significant change when comparing the two groups with regards to the Oswestry Disability Index and the Numeral Pain Rating Scale. From these results it is seen that subjectively all the participants felt relief with respect to their perceived pain. However, objectively the rapid dry needling technique proved to improve pain faster and more consistently throughout the treatment period over the standard intra-muscular dry needling technique. Therefore the rapid dry needling technique is more effective in treating active Gluteus medius muscle trigger points.

Zusammenfassung Histomorphometrische Befunde am M. gluteus medius von Pferden ausgewählter deutscher Warmblutrassen - Selektionskriterium für die sportliche Veranlagung? (96 S., 11 Abb., 52 Tab., 131 Lit.) Zur Untersuchung histomorphometrischer Indizes wurden aus dem M. gluteus medius von Warmblut-Pferden ausgewählter deutscher Zuchtgebiete Bioptate entnommen. Insgesamt standen 64 zweijährige Hengste zur Verfügung. Die Biopsien wurden an einem definierten Punkt und bei einer immer gleichen Entnahmetiefe von 5 cm mit der Biopsiekanüle nach BERGSTRÖM (1962) durchgeführt. Eine Auswertung der Muskelproben erfolgte im Hinblick auf die Rassenzugehörigkeit, hinsichtlich Züchtung der Pferde für den Dressur- bzw. Springsport, mit Bezug auf das Körurteil sowie unter Berücksichtigung der Abstammung von verschiedenen väterlichen Blutlinien. Dazu kam die histochemische Methode der sauren Kreuzkombination nach ZIEGAN (1979) zur Anwendung, welche neben den physiologischen auch die biochemischen Eigenschaften der Muskelfasern berücksichtigt. Demzufolge wurde eine Differenzierung in die Fasertypen STO (slow-twitch-oxidative), FTO (fast-twitch-oxidative), Fasern des Intermediärtyps und FTG (fast-twitch-glycolytic) vorgenommen. Für diese Fasertypen wurde die relative Anzahl, die absolute und die relative Faserquerschnittsfläche sowie die Quotienten schnell-/langsam-kontrahierende Fasern (F/S), oxidative/glykolytische (Ox/G) Muskelfasern und FTO/FTG ermittelt. Zwischen Pferden verschiedener deutscher Warmblutrassen ließen sich signifikante Unterschiede im STO- (p< 0,001) und FTO-Faseranteil (p< 0,01) nachweisen. Warmblutpferde Trakehner Abstammung wiesen dabei mit 35,9 % den größten Anteil langsamer Muskelfasern (STO) und mit 33,8 % den geringsten Anteil schnell-kontrahierender, oxidativer Fasern (FTO) auf. Die gegensätzlichen Extremwerte bezüglich dieser beiden Fasertypen nahmen die Pferde des Zuchtgebietes Westfalen ein. Auch die absoluten Faserquerschnittsflächen langsam-kontrahierender Muskelfasern von Pferden verschiedener Rassen waren signifikant (p< 0,05) verschieden. Wiederum nahmen mit 2957 µm2 die Trakehner eine Spitzenposition ein. Im Vergleich der Werte der relativen Faserquerschnittsfläche von Pferden verschiedener Rassen wurde auch ein signifikanter Unterschied bei den FTG-Fasern deutlich (p< 0,01). Dressurpferde besaßen mit 26,6 % einen signifikant (p< 0,05) höheren STO-Faseranteil als Springpferde mit einem Wert von 21,9 %. Umgekehrt verhielt sich der prozentuale FTO-Faseranteil mit 46,7 % bei Spring- und 38,8 % bei Dressurpferden (p< 0,05). Die Werte der relativen Faseranzahl und der relativen Faserfläche wiesen einen Korrelationskoeffizienten von r=0,92 auf. Demzufolge bestanden zwischen Dressur- und Springpferden auch bei der relativen Faserquerschnittsfläche signifikante Unterschiede für STO- (p< 0,05) und FTO-Fasern (p< 0,001). „Gekörte Hengste“ hatten mit 20 % signifikant (p< 0,05) weniger langsam-kontrahierende Muskelfasern als „Nicht gekörte“ Hengste mit 25 %. Auch für die relative Faserquerschnittsfläche traf dieses Verhältnis signifikant (p< 0,05) zu. Es konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, daß Nachkommen von verschiedenen väterlichen Blutlinien signifikant im STO- (p< 0,01) und FTO-Faseranteil (p< 0,001) sowie bezüglich der relativen Faserquerschnittsfläche von STO- (p< 0,001), FTO- (p< 0,01) und FTG-Fasern (p< 0,05) und hinsichtlich der absoluten Faserfläche der langsamen Muskelfasern (p< 0,05) voneinander abweichen. Aus den Ergebnissen konnten folgende Erkenntnisse gewonnen werden: 1. Die Befunde weisen auf eine enge Abhängigkeit der Muskelfasertypenkomposition des Pferdes von genetischen Faktoren hin. 2. Bereits zwischen Pferden anderer Rassen beobachtete Unterschiede hinsichtlich morphologischer Muskelindizes lassen sich auch bei Pferden verschiedener deutscher Warmblut-Pferderassen aufzeigen. 3. Pferde, die seit mehreren Generationen speziell für eine Nutzung im Springsport gezüchtet worden sind, besitzen einen höheren prozentualen FTO-Faseranteil. Dieser verleiht ihnen wahrscheinlich die Fähigkeit, in der Absprungphase ein enormes Maß an Kraft zu generieren. Dressurpferde haben Arbeit von vergleichsweise niedriger Intensität, aber langer Dauer zu verrichten. Daraus ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, die Muskelbiopsie bereits bei jungen Pferden als Selektionskriterium einzusetzen. 4. Die Ergebnisse der „Gekörten Hengste“ weisen auf eine Selektion zugunsten der Individuen mit hohem FTO- und dementsprechend niedrigem STO-Faseranteil hin, was auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Muskelfasertypenzusammensetzung und der Bewegungsqualität eines Pferdes hindeutet.
Summary Histomorphometric findings of the gluteus medius muscle of horses from selected german warm-blooded breeds - selection criterion for athletic ability? (96 p., 11 fig., 52 tables, 131 ref.) For examining the histomorphometric muscle indices biopsies were taken of warm-blooded horses descending from selected German breeds. Biopsies were taken at standardized depth of 5 cm from the left gluteus medius muscle of 64 two-year-old stallions using a BERGSTROEM biopsy needle (1962). Muscle samples were evaluated according to different breeds, the aptitude for dressage or show jumping, the possession of a breeding licence and the derivation of different paternal bloodlines. The histochemical method used was that described by ZIEGAN (1979), which considers the physiological as well as the biochemical properties of muscle fibres. Therefore muscle fibres were distinguished in STO, FTO, fibres of intermediate type and FTG. For these fibre the types relative number, absolute and relative cross-sectional fibre area as well as the quotient fast-/slow-twitch fibers, oxidative/glycolytic muscle fibers and FTO/FTG were determined. Between horses of different German warm-blooded breeds there were significant differences in the percentage of STO (p< 0,001) and FTO-fibres (p< 0,01). Trakehner horses had the highest percentage of slow-twitch fibres with 35,9 %, and the lowest percentage of FTO-fibres with 33,8 %. The other two extremes according to these fibre types occured in Westphalian horses. Absolute cross-sectional STO-fibre areas were also significantly different between horses of different breeds (p< 0,05). Again, the Trakehner horses were in the lead with 2956,89 µm2. Comparing the relative muscle fibre area of differently bred horses, FTG-fibres also turned out to be significantly different (p< 0,01) from each other. Dressage horses had with 26,6 % a significantly higher (p< 0,05) proportion of STO-fibres than show jumping horses with a percentage of 21,9 %. Show jumping horses had a higher percentage of FTO-fibres with 46,7 % than dressage horses with 38,8 % (p< 0,05). Expressing a high correlation of relative number and relative cross-sectional fibre area (r< 0,92), the latter criterion also turned out to be different for STO- (p< 0,05) and FTO-fibres (p< 0,001). Licenced breeding stallions showed a significantly (p< 0,05) lower proportion of slow-twitch fibres with 20 % than stallions without breeding permission with 25 %. This relation also turned out to be significant for the relative fibre area (p< 0,05) . Furthermore it was found that offsprings of different paternal bloodlines differ from one another according to the percentage of STO- (p< 0,01) and FTO-fibres (p< 0,001), according to relative cross-sectional fibre areas of STO- (p< 0,001), FTO- (p< 0,01) and FTG-fibres (p< 0,05) and according to absolute fibre areas of slow-twitch muscle fibres (p< 0,05). These results suggest following conclusions: 1. The findings show a high correlation between muscle fiber type composition and genetic factors in the horse. 2. Earlier observed differences in morphological muscle indices between different races of horses were also evident between horses of different german warm-blooded breeds. 3. Horses, which have been bred specifically for show jumping over numerous generations, possess a higher percentage of FTO-fibres. This probably enables them to generate an enormous amount of power in the moment of take-off. Dressage horses have to perform exercises of comparatively low intensity but long duration. Therefore the muscle biopsy is a usefull selection criterion in young horses. 4. The results from the licenced breeding stallions indicate selection in favour of individuals having a high percentage of FTO- and a low percentage of STO-fibers, which may be related to muscle fibre properties and the locomotor pattern of the horse.

A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1998.
The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the relative effectiveness of intermittent percussion versus dry needling in patients with low back pain of quadratus lumborum and gluteus medius myofascial origin, in terms of objective and subjective clinical findings. The objective of the study is to evaluate if either of the two treatments are effective and which of the two has the greater effect. This randomized comparative clinical trial consisted of a sample size of thirty patients, all suffering from low back pain of quadratus lumborum and gluteus medius myofascial origin. Patients were obtained by consecutive sampling, whereby, any patient presenting to the Technikon Natal Chiropractic Day Clinic suffering from low back pain was carefully assessed. Only patients that conformed to the strict inclusion criteria were accepted into the study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups of fifteen patients each. Group A received dry needling and Group B received intermittent percussion performed on all the active trigger points of the quadratus lumborum and gluteus medius muscles. Each patient received five treatments over a four week period, followed by are-evaluation consultation one month after the last treatment to determine the long term effects of the treatments. Objective data was collected using the goniometer (BROM II) and the algometer (Wagner Force Dial FDK 20) while subjective data was collected from three questionnaires: the Numerical Rating Scale 101, the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Data was collected at the beginning of the initial the final and the follow-up consultation
M

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2011.
Background: Myofascial pain is a disorder, characterized by the presence of trigger points (MTrP). It is recognised by unique features which include a tender point in a taut band of muscle, a local twitch response (LTR), a characteristic referred pain pattern, and the reproduction of the patient’s usual pain upon examination. A debate exists as to the precise diagnostic criteria used in identifying trigger points. This has hampered the standardized assessment and treatment of Myofascial Pain Syndrome and has led to contradictory findings being reported by various authors due to the lack of a reliable diagnostic tool. Objectives: The first objective was to determine the inter-examiner reliability of palpation of MTrPs in the trapezius and gluteus medius muscles. The second objective was to determine whether training and standardization in palpation techniques would improve inter-examiner reliability of palpation of MTrPs. Methods: This study was designed as a quantitative pre and post intervention interexaminer reliability study. Three examiners (one qualified Chiropractor, one senior chiropractic intern from the CDC and the researcher) were used to examine sixty patients (thirty symptomatic and thirty asymptomatic) for MTrPs. This study was conducted in two phases. During the myofascial examination of patients examiners were required to determine whether a MTrP was present or absent, differentiate whether the MTrP was active or latent and determine the presence or absence of the five characteristics of MTrP (tender point in a taut band of muscle, a local twitch response (LTR), a pain characteristic referred pain pattern, the reproduction of the patient’s usual pain and a jump sign) however, in phase one the researchers were blinded to the characteristics being investigated. Subsequent to phase one, examiners had to attend two, one hour discussion sessions to reduce individual variation in the application of palpation techniques. Results: Inter-examiner reliability was assessed using Fleiss Kappa statistic, percentage agreement and confidence intervals. The results show that three examiners are able to attain acceptable agreement in the palpation of MTrPs, since the features (described above) were shown to improve considerably in phase two after the training session in which standardization of techniques was emphasized. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that MTrP palpation is reliable and therefore, useful diagnostic tool in the identification of MTrPs and the diagnosis of Myofascial Pain Syndrome.